101
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Immediate and Persistent Effects of Salvinorin A on the Kappa Opioid Receptor in Rodents, Monitored In Vivo with PET. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:2865-72. [PMID: 26058662 PMCID: PMC4864638 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring changes in opioid receptor binding with positron emission tomography (PET) could lead to a better understanding of tolerance and addiction because altered opioid receptor dynamics following agonist exposure has been linked to tolerance mechanisms. We have studied changes in kappa opioid receptor (KOR) binding availability in vivo with PET following kappa opioid agonist administration. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=31) were anesthetized and treated with the (KOR) agonist salvinorin A (0.01-1.8 mg/kg, i.v.) before administration of the KOR selective radiotracer [(11)C]GR103545. When salvinorin A was administered 1 min prior to injection of the radiotracer, [(11)C]GR103545 binding potential (BPND) was decreased in a dose-dependent manner, indicating receptor binding competition. In addition, the unique pharmacokinetics of salvinorin A (half-life ~8 min in non-human primates) allowed us to study the residual impact on KOR after the drug had eliminated from the brain. Salvinorin A was administered up to 5 h prior to [(11)C]GR103545, and the changes in BPND were compared with baseline, 2.5 h, 1 h, and 1 min pretreatment times. At lower doses (0.18 mg/kg and 0.32 mg/kg) we observed no prolonged effect on KOR binding but at 0.60 mg/kg salvinorin A induced a sustained decrease in KOR binding (BPND decreased by 40-49%) which persisted up to 2.5 h post administration, long after salvinorin A had been eliminated from the brain. These data point towards an agonist-induced adaptive response by KOR, the dynamics of which have not been previously studied in vivo with PET.
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102
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NMR structure and dynamics of the agonist dynorphin peptide bound to the human kappa opioid receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:11852-7. [PMID: 26372966 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1510117112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure of the dynorphin (1-13) peptide (dynorphin) bound to the human kappa opioid receptor (KOR) has been determined by liquid-state NMR spectroscopy. (1)H and (15)N chemical shift variations indicated that free and bound peptide is in fast exchange in solutions containing 1 mM dynorphin and 0.01 mM KOR. Radioligand binding indicated an intermediate-affinity interaction, with a Kd of ∼200 nM. Transferred nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy was used to determine the structure of bound dynorphin. The N-terminal opioid signature, YGGF, was observed to be flexibly disordered, the central part of the peptide from L5 to R9 to form a helical turn, and the C-terminal segment from P10 to K13 to be flexibly disordered in this intermediate-affinity bound state. Combining molecular modeling with NMR provided an initial framework for understanding multistep activation of a G protein-coupled receptor by its cognate peptide ligand.
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103
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Synthetic Applications of the Parkins Nitrile Hydration Catalyst [PtH{(PMe2O)2H}(PMe2OH)]: A Review. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/app5030380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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104
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A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Single, Escalating Oral Doses of JDTic. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:2059-65. [PMID: 25628006 PMCID: PMC4613600 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Animal studies suggest that kappa opioid receptor antagonists (KORAn) potentially could treat a wide variety of addictive and depressive disorders. We assessed the KORAn JDTic for safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial evaluating single oral doses in healthy adult males. Predose and postdose safety assessments included orthostatic vital signs; 6-lead continuous telemetry monitoring (approximately 16 h predose to 24 h postdose); 12-lead electrocardiograms (ECGs); clinical chemistry, hematology, coagulation, and urinalysis; psychomotor functioning (using the Wayne Saccadic Fixator (WSF)); and adverse events. As a potential indicator of JDTic effects on affect, the POMS Standard instrument was administered predose and daily postdose Days 1-6. At 1 mg, 2 of the 6 JDTic (and 0/6 placebo) subjects experienced a single, asymptomatic event of multiple beats of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT). Their events were temporally similar with respect to time postdose (and the postdose timing of an NSVT event in a monkey). These events triggered a study stopping rule. No differences were observed between the placebo and JDTic subjects with respect to clinical chemistry, hematology, coagulation, urinalysis, orthostatic vital signs, WSF, or 12-lead ECG parameters. Plasma JDTic levels were below the lower limit of quantitation (0.1 nM) in all subjects. There were no significant differences in POMS scores between the placebo and JDTic groups. Although the evidence is circumstantial, it suggests that NSVT is a potential JDTic toxicity in humans. Given the therapeutic potential of KORAn, further investigation is needed to determine whether a significant JDTic human cardiac effect indeed exists, and if so, whether it is specific to JDTic or represents a KORAn class effect.
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105
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Chavkin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Diana Martinez
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
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106
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Frankowski KJ, Slauson SR, Lovell KM, Phillips AM, Streicher JM, Zhou L, Whipple DA, Schoenen FJ, Prisinzano TE, Bohn LM, Aubé J. Potency enhancement of the κ-opioid receptor antagonist probe ML140 through sulfonamide constraint utilizing a tetrahydroisoquinoline motif. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:3948-56. [PMID: 25593096 PMCID: PMC4468036 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Optimization of the sulfonamide-based kappa opioid receptor (KOR) antagonist probe molecule ML140 through constraint of the sulfonamide nitrogen within a tetrahydroisoquinoline moiety afforded a marked increase in potency. This strategy, when combined with additional structure-activity relationship exploration, has led to a compound only six-fold less potent than norBNI, a widely utilized KOR antagonist tool compound, but significantly more synthetically accessible. The new optimized probe is suitably potent for use as an in vivo tool to investigate the therapeutic potential of KOR antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Frankowski
- University of Kansas Specialized Chemistry Center, 2034 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047-3761, USA
| | - Stephen R Slauson
- University of Kansas Specialized Chemistry Center, 2034 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047-3761, USA
| | - Kimberly M Lovell
- Departments of Molecular Therapeutics and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, #2A2, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Angela M Phillips
- Departments of Molecular Therapeutics and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, #2A2, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - John M Streicher
- Departments of Molecular Therapeutics and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, #2A2, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Lei Zhou
- Departments of Molecular Therapeutics and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, #2A2, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - David A Whipple
- University of Kansas Specialized Chemistry Center, 2034 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047-3761, USA
| | - Frank J Schoenen
- University of Kansas Specialized Chemistry Center, 2034 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047-3761, USA
| | - Thomas E Prisinzano
- University of Kansas Specialized Chemistry Center, 2034 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047-3761, USA
| | - Laura M Bohn
- Departments of Molecular Therapeutics and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, #2A2, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
| | - Jeffrey Aubé
- University of Kansas Specialized Chemistry Center, 2034 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047-3761, USA.
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107
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Almatroudi A, Husbands SM, Bailey CP, Bailey SJ. Combined administration of buprenorphine and naltrexone produces antidepressant-like effects in mice. J Psychopharmacol 2015; 29:812-21. [PMID: 26045511 PMCID: PMC5075030 DOI: 10.1177/0269881115586937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Opiates have been used historically for the treatment of depression. Renewed interest in the use of opiates as antidepressants has focused on the development of kappa opioid receptor (κ-receptor) antagonists. Buprenorphine acts as a partial µ-opioid receptor agonist and a κ-receptor antagonist. By combining buprenorphine with the opioid antagonist naltrexone, the activation of µ-opioid receptors will be reduced and the κ-antagonist properties enhanced. We have established that a combination dose of buprenorphine (1 mg/kg) with naltrexone (1 mg/kg) functions as a short-acting κ-antagonist in the mouse tail withdrawal test. Furthermore, this dose combination is neither rewarding nor aversive in the conditioned place preference paradigm, and is without significant locomotor effects. We have shown for the first time that systemic co-administration of buprenorphine (1 mg/kg) with naltrexone (1 mg/kg) in CD-1 mice produced an antidepressant-like response in behaviours in both the forced swim test and novelty induced hypophagia task. Behaviours in the elevated plus maze and light dark box were not significantly altered by treatment with buprenorphine alone, or in combination with naltrexone. We propose that the combination of buprenorphine with naltrexone represents a novel, and potentially a readily translatable approach, to the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sarah J Bailey
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
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108
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Jackson KJ, Jackson A, Carroll FI, Damaj MI. Effects of orally-bioavailable short-acting kappa opioid receptor-selective antagonist LY2456302 on nicotine withdrawal in mice. Neuropharmacology 2015; 97:270-4. [PMID: 26044637 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Kappa opioid receptor (KOR) signaling has been implicated in mediating behavioral and biochemical effects associated with drug dependence. The most commonly used KOR antagonists, norbinaltorphimine (norBNI) and (3R)-7-Hydroxy-N{(1S)-1-{[(3R,4R)-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dimethyl-1-piperidinyl]methyl}-2-methylpropyl}-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-3-isoquinoline-carboxamide (JDTic), have provided a wealth of information in this area; however, the delayed onset and long-lasting effects of these antagonists complicate experimental design and interpretation of results, and make them less than ideal for clinical studies. Initial studies with the recently developed KOR antagonist, LY2456302, show that the compound is a short acting, high-affinity, selective KOR antagonist with therapeutic potential for mood disorders and ethanol use in animal models, and is well tolerated in humans. The goal of the current study was to evaluate the effectiveness of LY2456302 in alleviating the nicotine withdrawal syndrome in mice. Mice were chronically treated with nicotine for 14 days and physical and affective nicotine withdrawal signs were measured using a spontaneous nicotine withdrawal model and conditioned place aversion (CPA) following pre-treatment with LY2456302, administered orally. Vehicle treated nicotine withdrawn mice displayed significant anxiety-related behavior, somatic signs, hyperalgesia, and CPA. Similar to previous studies with norBNI and JDTic, LY2456302 alleviated the nicotine withdrawal syndrome, as evidenced by decreased expression of nicotine withdrawal induced anxiety-related behavior, somatic signs, and CPA, and increased hotplate latency in nicotine withdrawn mice following pre-treatment. Given the current results, and with its favorable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile, LY2456302 may be a useful therapeutic agent for treatment of multiple aspects of the nicotine withdrawal syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kia J Jackson
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E. Leigh St., Suite 390A, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
| | - Asti Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1220 E. Broad St., MMRB, Box 980613, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
| | - F Ivy Carroll
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - M Imad Damaj
- Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1220 E. Broad St., MMRB, Box 980613, Richmond, VA 23219, USA.
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109
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Negus SS, Neddenriep B, Altarifi AA, Carroll FI, Leitl MD, Miller LL. Effects of ketoprofen, morphine, and kappa opioids on pain-related depression of nesting in mice. Pain 2015; 156:1153-1160. [PMID: 25827812 PMCID: PMC4766843 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pain-related functional impairment and behavioral depression are diagnostic indicators of pain and targets for its treatment. Nesting is an innate behavior in mice that may be sensitive to pain manipulations and responsive to analgesics. The goal of this study was to develop and validate a procedure for evaluation of pain-related depression of nesting in mice. Male ICR mice were individually housed and tested in their home cages. On test days, a 5- × 5-cm Nestlet was subdivided into 6 pieces, the pieces were evenly distributed on the cage floor, and Nestlet consolidation was quantified during 100-minute sessions. Baseline nesting was stable within and between subjects, and nesting was depressed by 2 commonly used inflammatory pain stimuli (intraperitoneal injection of dilute acid; intraplantar injection of complete Freund adjuvant). Pain-related depression of nesting was alleviated by drugs from 2 classes of clinically effective analgesics (the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug ketoprofen and the μ-opioid receptor agonist morphine) but not by a drug from a class that has failed to yield effective analgesics (the centrally acting kappa opioid agonist U69,593). Neither ketoprofen nor morphine alleviated depression of nesting by U69,593, which suggests that ketoprofen and morphine effects were selective for pain-related depression of nesting. In contrast to ketoprofen and morphine, the kappa opioid receptor antagonist JDTic blocked depression of nesting by U69,593 but not by acid or complete Freund adjuvant. These results support utility of this procedure to assess expression and treatment of pain-related depression in mice.
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MESH Headings
- Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use
- Analysis of Variance
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/therapeutic use
- Benzeneacetamides/therapeutic use
- Depression/drug therapy
- Depression/etiology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Freund's Adjuvant/toxicity
- Ketoprofen/therapeutic use
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred ICR
- Morphine/therapeutic use
- Nesting Behavior/drug effects
- Nesting Behavior/physiology
- Pain/chemically induced
- Pain/complications
- Pain/drug therapy
- Piperidines/pharmacology
- Pyrrolidines/therapeutic use
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/metabolism
- Tetrahydroisoquinolines/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Stevens Negus
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond VA 23298
| | - Bradley Neddenriep
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond VA 23298
| | - Ahmad A. Altarifi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond VA 23298
- Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - F. Ivy Carroll
- Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Michael D. Leitl
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond VA 23298
| | - Laurence L. Miller
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond VA 23298
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30904
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110
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Beard C, Donahue RJ, Dillon DG, Van't Veer A, Webber C, Lee J, Barrick E, Hsu KJ, Foti D, Carroll FI, Carlezon Jr WA, Björgvinsson T, Pizzagalli DA. Abnormal error processing in depressive states: a translational examination in humans and rats. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5:e564. [PMID: 25966364 PMCID: PMC4471285 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression has been associated with poor performance following errors, but the clinical implications, response to treatment and neurobiological mechanisms of this post-error behavioral adjustment abnormality remain unclear. To fill this gap in knowledge, we tested depressed patients in a partial hospital setting before and after treatment (cognitive behavior therapy combined with medication) using a flanker task. To evaluate the translational relevance of this metric in rodents, we performed a secondary analysis on existing data from rats tested in the 5-choice serial reaction time task after treatment with corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), a stress peptide that produces depressive-like signs in rodent models relevant to depression. In addition, to examine the effect of treatment on post-error behavior in rodents, we examined a second cohort of rodents treated with JDTic, a kappa-opioid receptor antagonist that produces antidepressant-like effects in laboratory animals. In depressed patients, baseline post-error accuracy was lower than post-correct accuracy, and, as expected, post-error accuracy improved with treatment. Moreover, baseline post-error accuracy predicted attentional control and rumination (but not depressive symptoms) after treatment. In rats, CRF significantly degraded post-error accuracy, but not post-correct accuracy, and this effect was attenuated by JDTic. Our findings demonstrate deficits in post-error accuracy in depressed patients, as well as a rodent model relevant to depression. These deficits respond to intervention in both species. Although post-error behavior predicted treatment-related changes in attentional control and rumination, a relationship to depressive symptoms remains to be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Beard
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - R J Donahue
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - D G Dillon
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - A Van't Veer
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - C Webber
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - J Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - E Barrick
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - K J Hsu
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - D Foti
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - F I Carroll
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - W A Carlezon Jr
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - T Björgvinsson
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - D A Pizzagalli
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
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111
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Abstract
Drug withdrawal is often conceptualized as an aversive state that motivates drug-seeking and drug-taking behaviors in humans. Stress is more difficult to define, but is also frequently associated with aversive states. Here we describe evidence for the simple theory that drug withdrawal is a stress-like state, on the basis of common effects on behavioral, neurochemical, and molecular endpoints. We also describe data suggesting a more complex relationship between drug withdrawal and stress. As one example, we will highlight evidence that, depending on drug class, components of withdrawal can produce effects that have characteristics consistent with mood elevation. In addition, some stressors can act as positive reinforcers, defined as having the ability to increase the probability of a behavior that produces it. As such, accumulating evidence supports the general principles of opponent process theory, whereby processes that have an affective valence are followed in time by an opponent process that has the opposite valence. Throughout, we identify gaps in knowledge and propose future directions for research. A better understanding of the similarities, differences, and overlaps between drug withdrawal and stress will lead to the development of improved treatments for addiction, as well as for a vast array of neuropsychiatric conditions that are triggered or exacerbated by stress.
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112
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Guerrieri E, Mallareddy JR, Tóth G, Schmidhammer H, Spetea M. Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of [(3)H]HS665, a novel, highly selective radioligand for the kappa opioid receptor. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:456-63. [PMID: 25496417 DOI: 10.1021/cn5002792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein we report the radiolabeling and pharmacological investigation of a novel radioligand, the N-cyclobutylmethyl substituted diphenethylamine [(3)H]HS665, designed to bind selectively to the kappa opioid peptide (KOP) receptor, a target of therapeutic interest for the treatment of a variety of human disorders (i.e., pain, affective disorders, drug addiction, and psychotic disorders). HS665 was prepared in tritium-labeled form by a dehalotritiated method resulting in a specific activity of 30.65 Ci/mmol. Radioligand binding studies were performed to establish binding properties of [(3)H]HS665 to the recombinant human KOP receptor in membranes from Chinese hamster ovary cells stably expressing human KOP receptors (CHOhKOP) and to the native neuronal KOP receptor in guinea pig brain membranes. Binding of [(3)H]HS665 was specific and saturable in both tissue preparations. A single population of high affinity binding sites was labeled by [(3)H]HS665 in membranes from CHOhKOP cells and guinea pig brain with similar equilibrium dissociation constants, Kd, 0.45 and 0.64 nM, respectively. Average receptor density of [(3)H]HS665 recognition sites were 5564 and 154 fmol/mg protein in CHOhKOP cells and guinea pig brain, respectively. This study shows that the new radioligand distinguishes and labels KOP receptors specifically in neuronal and cellular systems expressing KOP receptors, making this molecule a valuable tool in probing structural and functional mechanisms governing ligand-KOP receptor interactions in both a recombinant and native in vitro setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Guerrieri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Center for Molecular Biosciences (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jayapal Reddy Mallareddy
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvari krt 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Géza Tóth
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvari krt 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Helmut Schmidhammer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Center for Molecular Biosciences (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mariana Spetea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Center for Molecular Biosciences (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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113
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Zhou X, Wang D, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Xiang D, Wang H. Activation of κ-opioid receptor by U50,488H improves vascular dysfunction in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. BMC Endocr Disord 2015; 15:7. [PMID: 25887435 PMCID: PMC4355970 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-015-0004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that activation of κ-opioid receptor (KOR) by U50,488H exhibits potential cardiovascular protective properties. However, the effects of U50,488H on vascular dysfunction in diabetes mellitus (DM) are still not clear. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of U50,488H on vascular dysfunction in diabetic rats and explore the underlying mechanisms involved. METHODS Rats were randomly divided into control, DM, DM + vehicle, DM + U50,488H and DM + nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI) groups. Streptozotocin injection was used to induce DM. Weight, blood glucose, blood pressure and plasma insulin for each group were measured. Arterial functions were assessed with isolated vessels mounted for isometric tension recordings. Angiotensin II (ANG II), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 levels were measured by ELISA, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) phosphorylation and NF-κB p65 translocation were measured by Western blot. RESULTS Activation of KOR by U50,488H reduced the enhanced contractility of aortas to KCl and noradrenaline and increased acetylcholine-induced vascular relaxation, which could also protect the aortal ultrastructure in DM. U50,488H treatment resulted in reduction in ANG II, sICAM-1, IL-6 and IL-8 levels and elevation in NO levels, while these effects were abolished by nor-BNI treatment. Further more, eNOS phosphorylation was increased, and NF-κB p65 translocation was decreased after U50,488H treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that U50,488H may have therapeutic effects on diabetic vascular dysfunction by improving endothelial dysfunction and attenuating chronic inflammation, which may be dependent on phosphorylation of eNOS and downstream inhibition of NF-кB.
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MESH Headings
- 3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer/pharmacology
- 3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Antihypertensive Agents/pharmacology
- Antihypertensive Agents/therapeutic use
- Aorta, Thoracic/drug effects
- Aorta, Thoracic/physiopathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/physiopathology
- Diabetic Angiopathies/physiopathology
- Diabetic Angiopathies/prevention & control
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology
- Male
- Pulmonary Artery/drug effects
- Pulmonary Artery/physiopathology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/agonists
- Streptozocin
- Vasoconstriction/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China.
- Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Guang Zhou Military Command, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510011, China.
| | - Dongjuan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China.
- Department of Cardiology, PLA Navy General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Yuyang Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China.
| | - Jinxia Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Guang Zhou Military Command, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510011, China.
| | - Dingcheng Xiang
- Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Guang Zhou Military Command, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510011, China.
| | - Haichang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China.
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114
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Cowan A, Kehner GB, Inan S. Targeting Itch with Ligands Selective for κ Opioid Receptors. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2015; 226:291-314. [PMID: 25861786 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-44605-8_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Several chemically diverse pruritogens, including bombesin, compound 48/80, norbinaltorphimine, and 5'-GNTI, cause rodents to scratch excessively in a stable, uniform manner and consequently provide convenient animal models of itch against which potential antipruritics may be evaluated, structure-activity relationships established, and the nature of spontaneous, repetitive behavior itself analyzed. Decreasing the number of scratching bouts in these apparently simple models has been the requisite first step in the progress of kappa opioid agonists such as nalbuphine, asimadoline, and CR845 toward clinical testing as antipruritics. Nalfurafine is the prime example of a kappa agonist spanning the developmental divide between scratching mice models and commercialization within 10 years. Patients undergoing hemodialysis and suffering from the itching associated with uremic pruritus, and potentially those inflicted with atopic dermatitis, are the beneficiaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Cowan
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA,
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115
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Schmitt S, Colloc'h N, Perrio C. Novel fluoroalkyl derivatives of selective kappa opioid receptor antagonist JDTic: Design, synthesis, pharmacology and molecular modeling studies. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 90:742-50. [PMID: 25513968 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Novel N- and O-fluoroalkyl derivatives of the highly potent KOR antagonist JDTic were designed and synthesized. Their opioid receptor properties were compared in both in vitro binding assays and modeling approach. All compounds displayed nanomolar affinities for KOR. The fluoropropyl derivatives were more active than their fluoroethyl analogues. N-Fluoroalkylation was preferable to O-alkylation to keep a selective KOR binding. Compared to JDTic, the N-fluoropropyl derivative 2 bound to KOR with an only 4-fold lower affinity and a higher selectivity relative to MOR and DOR [Ki(κ) = 1.6 nM; Ki(μ)/Ki(κ) = 12; Ki(δ)/Ki(κ) = 159 for 2versus Ki(κ) = 0.42 nM; Ki(μ)/Ki(κ) = 9; Ki(δ)/Ki(κ) = 85 for JDTic]. Modeling studies based on the crystal structure of the JDTic/KOR complex revealed that fluorine atom in ligand 2 was involved in specific KOR binding. Ligand 2 was concluded to merit further development for KOR exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Schmitt
- CNRS, UMR 6301 ISTCT, LDM-TEP, GIP CYCERON, Boulevard Henri Becquerel, 14074 Caen, France; Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Normandie Univ., France; CEA, DSV/I2BM, France
| | - Nathalie Colloc'h
- Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Normandie Univ., France; CEA, DSV/I2BM, France; CNRS, UMR 6301 ISTCT, CERVOxy group, GIP CYCERON, Boulevard Henri Becquerel, 14074 Caen, France
| | - Cécile Perrio
- CNRS, UMR 6301 ISTCT, LDM-TEP, GIP CYCERON, Boulevard Henri Becquerel, 14074 Caen, France; Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Normandie Univ., France; CEA, DSV/I2BM, France.
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116
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Ehrich JM, Phillips PEM, Chavkin C. Kappa opioid receptor activation potentiates the cocaine-induced increase in evoked dopamine release recorded in vivo in the mouse nucleus accumbens. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:3036-48. [PMID: 24971603 PMCID: PMC4229575 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Behavioral stressors increase addiction risk in humans and increase the rewarding valence of drugs of abuse including cocaine, nicotine and ethanol in animal models. Prior studies have established that this potentiation of drug reward was mediated by stress-induced release of the endogenous dynorphin opioids and subsequent kappa opioid receptor (KOR) activation. In this study, we used in vivo fast scan cyclic voltammetry to test the hypothesis that KOR activation before cocaine administration might potentiate the evoked release of dopamine from ventral tegmental (VTA) synaptic inputs to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and thereby increase the rewarding valence of cocaine. The KOR agonist U50488 inhibited dopamine release evoked by either medial forebrain bundle (MFB) or pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) activation of VTA inputs to the shell or core of the mouse NAc. Cocaine administration increased the dopamine response recorded in either the shell or core evoked by either MFB or PPTg stimulation. Administration of U50488 15 min before cocaine blocked the conditioned place preference (CPP) to cocaine, but only significantly reduced the effect of cocaine on the dopamine response evoked by PPTg stimulation to NAc core. In contrast, administration of U50488 60 min before cocaine significantly potentiated cocaine CPP and significantly increased the effects of cocaine on the dopamine response evoked by either MFB or PPTg stimulation, recorded in either NAc shell or core. Results of this study support the concept that stress-induced activation of KOR by endogenous dynorphin opioids may enhance the rewarding valence of drugs of abuse by potentiating the evoked dopamine response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Ehrich
- Graduate Program in Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA,Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Paul E M Phillips
- Graduate Program in Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA,Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Charles Chavkin
- Graduate Program in Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA,Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA,Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, PO Box 357280, Seattle, WA 98195, USA, Tel: +1 206 543 4266, Fax: +1 206 685 3822, E-mail:
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117
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Chavkin C, Ehrich JM. How does stress-induced activation of the kappa opioid system increase addiction risk? Biol Psychiatry 2014; 76:760-2. [PMID: 25442057 PMCID: PMC4684190 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles Chavkin
- Neuroscience Graduate Program and Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington.
| | - Jonathan M Ehrich
- Neuroscience Graduate Program and Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
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118
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Pietrzak RH, Naganawa M, Huang Y, Corsi-Travali S, Zheng MQ, Stein MB, Henry S, Lim K, Ropchan J, Lin SF, Carson RE, Neumeister A. Association of in vivo κ-opioid receptor availability and the transdiagnostic dimensional expression of trauma-related psychopathology. JAMA Psychiatry 2014; 71:1262-1271. [PMID: 25229257 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.1221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Exposure to trauma increases the risk for developing threat (ie, fear) symptoms, such as reexperiencing and hyperarousal symptoms, and loss (ie, dysphoria) symptoms, such as emotional numbing and depressive symptoms. While preclinical data have implicated the activated dynorphin/κ-opioid receptor (KOR) system in relation to these symptoms, the role of the KOR system in mediating these phenotypes in humans is unknown. Elucidation of molecular targets implicated in threat and loss symptoms is important because it can help inform the development of novel, mechanism-based treatments for trauma-related psychopathology. OBJECTIVE To use the newly developed [11C]LY2795050 radiotracer and high-resolution positron emission tomography to evaluate the relation between in vivo KOR availability in an amygdala-anterior cingulate cortex-ventral striatal neural circuit and the severity of threat and loss symptoms. We additionally evaluated the role of 24-hour urinary cortisol levels in mediating this association. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cross-sectional positron emission tomography study under resting conditions was conducted at an academic medical center. Thirty-five individuals representing a broad transdiagnostic and dimensional spectrum of trauma-related psychopathology, ranging from nontrauma-exposed psychiatrically healthy adults to trauma-exposed adults with severe trauma-related psychopathology (ie, posttraumatic stress disorder, major depressive disorder, and/or generalized anxiety disorder). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES [11C]LY2795050 volume of distribution values in amygdala-anterior cingulate cortex-ventral striatal neural circuit; composite measures of threat (ie, reexperiencing, avoidance, and hyperarousal symptoms) and loss (ie, emotional numbing, major depressive disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder symptoms) symptoms as assessed using the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, and Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety; and 24-hour urinary cortisol levels. RESULTS [11C]LY2795050 volume of distribution values in an amygdala-anterior cingulate cortex-ventral striatal neural circuit were negatively associated with severity of loss (r = -0.39; 95% CI, -0.08 to -0.66), but not threat (r = -0.03; 95% CI, -0.30 to 0.27), symptoms; this association was most pronounced for dysphoria symptoms (r = -0.45; 95% CI, -0.10 to -0.70). Path analysis revealed that lower [11C]LY2795050 volume of distribution values in this circuit was directly associated with greater severity of loss symptoms and indirectly mediated by 24-hour urinary cortisol levels. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Results of this study suggest that KOR availability in an amygdala-anterior cingulate cortex-ventral striatal neural circuit mediates the phenotypic expression of trauma-related loss (ie, dysphoria) symptoms. They further suggest that an activated corticotropin-releasing factor/hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis system, as assessed by 24-hour urinary cortisol levels, may indirectly mediate this association. These results may help inform the development of more targeted, mechanism-based transdiagnostic treatments for loss (ie, dysphoric) symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Pietrzak
- US Department of Veterans Affairs National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Clinical Neurosciences Division, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven.,Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Mika Naganawa
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Yiyun Huang
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Stefani Corsi-Travali
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York.,Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York
| | - Ming-Qiang Zheng
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Murray B Stein
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego.,Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego
| | - Shannan Henry
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Keunpoong Lim
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jim Ropchan
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Shu-Fei Lin
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Richard E Carson
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Alexander Neumeister
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York.,Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York.,Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center, New York, New York
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119
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Kormos CM, Gichinga MG, Maitra R, Runyon SP, Thomas JB, Brieaddy LE, Mascarella SW, Navarro HA, Carroll FI. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of (3R)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-7-hydroxy-N-[(1S)-1-[[(3R,4R)-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dimethyl-1-piperidinyl]methyl]-2-methylpropyl]-3-isoquinolinecarboxamide (JDTic) analogues: in vitro pharmacology and ADME profile. J Med Chem 2014; 57:7367-81. [PMID: 25133923 PMCID: PMC4161151 DOI: 10.1021/jm5008177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
![]()
JDTic analogues 4–15 which have
the hydroxyl groups replaced with other groups were synthesized and
their in vitro efficacy at the μ, δ, and κ opioid
receptors determined and compared to JDTic using [35S]GTPγS
assays. Compounds 4, 5, 6, 13, 14, and 15 had Ke = 0.024, 0.01, 0.039, 0.02, 0.11, and 0.041 nM compared
to the Ke = 0.02 nM for JDTic at the κ
receptor and were highly selective for the κ receptor relative
to the μ and δ opioid receptors. Unexpectedly, replacement
of the 3-hydroxyl substituent of the 4-(3-hydroxyphenyl) group of
JDTic with a H, F, or Cl substituent leads to potent and selective
KOR antagonists. In vitro studies to determine various ADME properties
combined with calculated TPSA, clogP, and logBB values suggests that
the potent and selective κ opioid receptors 4, 5, 13, and 14 deserve consideration
for further development toward potential drugs for CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad M Kormos
- Research Triangle Institute , 3040 Cornwallis Road, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-6679, United States
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120
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Lowe SL, Wong CJ, Witcher J, Gonzales CR, Dickinson GL, Bell RL, Rorick-Kehn L, Weller M, Stoltz RR, Royalty J, Tauscher-Wisniewski S. Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetic evaluation of single- and multiple-ascending doses of a novel kappa opioid receptor antagonist LY2456302 and drug interaction with ethanol in healthy subjects. J Clin Pharmacol 2014; 54:968-78. [DOI: 10.1002/jcph.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen L. Lowe
- Lilly-NUS Centre for Clinical Pharmacology; National University of Singapore; Singapore Singapore
| | - Conrad J. Wong
- Eli Lilly and Company; Lilly Corporate Center; Indianapolis IN USA
| | - Jennifer Witcher
- Eli Lilly and Company; Lilly Corporate Center; Indianapolis IN USA
| | | | | | - Robert L. Bell
- Eli Lilly and Company; Lilly Corporate Center; Indianapolis IN USA
| | | | | | | | - Jane Royalty
- Covance Clinical Research Unit, Inc.; Evansville IN USA
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121
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Urbano M, Guerrero M, Rosen H, Roberts E. Antagonists of the kappa opioid receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:2021-32. [PMID: 24690494 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The research community has increasingly focused on the development of OPRK antagonists as pharmacotherapies for the treatment of depression, anxiety, addictive disorders and other psychiatric conditions produced or exacerbated by stress. Short-acting OPRK antagonists have been recently developed as a potential improvement over long-acting prototypic ligands including nor-BNI and JDTic. Remarkably the short-acting LY2456302 is undergoing phase II clinical trials for the augmentation of the antidepressant therapy in treatment-resistant depression. This Letter reviews relevant chemical and pharmacological advances in the identification and development of OPRK antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Urbano
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Miguel Guerrero
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Hugh Rosen
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States; The Scripps Research Institute Molecular Screening Center, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States; Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Edward Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States.
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122
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Hypocretin (orexin) facilitates reward by attenuating the antireward effects of its cotransmitter dynorphin in ventral tegmental area. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E1648-55. [PMID: 24706819 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1315542111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypocretin (orexin) and dynorphin are neuropeptides with opposing actions on motivated behavior. Orexin is implicated in states of arousal and reward, whereas dynorphin is implicated in depressive-like states. We show that, despite their opposing actions, these peptides are packaged in the same synaptic vesicles within the hypothalamus. Disruption of orexin function blunts the rewarding effects of lateral hypothalamic (LH) stimulation, eliminates cocaine-induced impulsivity, and reduces cocaine self-administration. Concomitant disruption of dynorphin function reverses these behavioral changes. We also show that orexin and dynorphin have opposing actions on excitability of ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons, a prominent target of orexin-containing neurons, and that intra-VTA orexin antagonism causes decreases in cocaine self-administration and LH self-stimulation that are reversed by dynorphin antagonism. Our findings identify a unique cellular process by which orexin can occlude the reward threshold-elevating effects of coreleased dynorphin and thereby act in a permissive fashion to facilitate reward.
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123
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Casal-Dominguez JJ, Furkert D, Ostovar M, Teintang L, Clark MJ, Traynor JR, Husbands SM, Bailey SJ. Characterization of BU09059: a novel potent selective κ-receptor antagonist. ACS Chem Neurosci 2014; 5:177-84. [PMID: 24410326 DOI: 10.1021/cn4001507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Kappa-opioid receptor (κ) antagonists are potential therapeutic agents for a range of psychiatric disorders. The feasibility of developing κ-antagonists has been limited by the pharmacodynamic properties of prototypic κ-selective antagonists; that is, they inhibit receptor signaling for weeks after a single administration. To address this issue, novel trans-(3R,4R)-dimethyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl) piperidine derivatives, based on JDTic, were designed using soft-drug principles. The aim was to determine if the phenylpiperidine-based series of κ-antagonists was amenable to incorporation of a potentially metabolically labile group, while retaining good affinity and selectivity for the κ-receptor. Opioid receptor binding affinity and selectivity of three novel compounds (BU09057, BU09058, and BU09059) were tested. BU09059, which most closely resembles JDTic, had nanomolar affinity for the κ-receptor, with 15-fold and 616-fold selectivity over μ- and δ-receptors, respectively. In isolated tissues, BU09059 was a potent and selective κ-antagonist (pA2 8.62) compared with BU09057 (pA2 6.87) and BU09058 (pA2 6.76) which were not κ-selective. In vivo, BU09059 (3 and 10 mg/kg) significantly blocked U50,488-induced antinociception and was as potent as, but shorter acting than, the prototypic selective κ-antagonist norBNI. These data show that a new JDTic analogue, BU09059, retains high affinity and selectivity for the κ-receptor and has a shorter duration of κ-antagonist action in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Furkert
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Mehrnoosh Ostovar
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Linnea Teintang
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Mary J. Clark
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - John R. Traynor
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Stephen. M. Husbands
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah J. Bailey
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
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124
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Hartung A, Beutler JA, Navarro HA, Wiemer DF, Neighbors JD. Stilbenes as κ-selective, non-nitrogenous opioid receptor antagonists. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2014; 77:311-319. [PMID: 24456556 PMCID: PMC3993902 DOI: 10.1021/np4009046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The natural stilbene pawhuskin A has been shown to function as an opioid receptor antagonist, with preferential binding to the κ receptor. This finding encouraged assembly of a set of analogues to probe the importance of key structural features. Assays on these compounds determined that one (compound 29) shows potent opioid receptor binding activity and significantly improved selectivity for the κ receptor. These studies begin to illuminate the structural features of these non-nitrogenous opioid receptor antagonists that are required for activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa
M. Hartung
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Iowa, Chemistry Building, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - John A. Beutler
- Molecular
Targets Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Hernán A. Navarro
- Discovery
Sciences, RTI International, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - David F. Wiemer
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Iowa, Chemistry Building, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Jeffrey D. Neighbors
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Iowa, Chemistry Building, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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125
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Cai J, Song B, Cai Y, Ma Y, Lam AL, Magiera J, Sekar S, Wyse BD, Ambo A, Sasaki Y, Lazarus LH, Smith MT, Li T. Endomorphin analogues with mixed μ-opioid (MOP) receptor agonism/δ-opioid (DOP) receptor antagonism and lacking β-arrestin2 recruitment activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:2208-19. [PMID: 24613457 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Analogues of endomorphin (Dmt-Pro-Xaa-Xaa-NH2) modified at position 4 or at positions 4 and 3, and tripeptides (Dmt-Pro-Xaa-NH2) modified at position 3, with various phenylalanine analogues (Xaa=Trp, 1-Nal, 2-Nal, Tmp, Dmp, Dmt) were synthesized and their effects on in vitro opioid activity were investigated. Most of the peptides exhibited high μ-opioid (MOP) receptor binding affinity (KiMOP=0.13-0.81nM), modest MOP-selectivity (Kiδ-opioid (DOP)/KiMOP=3.5-316), and potent functional MOP agonism (GPI, IC50=0.274-249nM) without DOP and κ-opioid (KOP) receptor agonism. Among them, compounds 7 (Dmt-Pro-Tmp-Tmp-NH2) and 9 (Dmt-Pro-1-Nal-NH2) were opioids with potent mixed MOP receptor agonism/DOP receptor antagonism and devoid of β-arrestin2 recruitment activity. They may offer a unique template for the discovery of potent analgesics that produce less respiratory depression, less gastrointestinal dysfunction and that have a lower propensity to induce tolerance and dependence compared with morphine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Cai
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Bowen Song
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yunxin Cai
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yu Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Ai-Leen Lam
- Centre for Integrated Preclinical Drug Development, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Julia Magiera
- Centre for Integrated Preclinical Drug Development, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Sunder Sekar
- Centre for Integrated Preclinical Drug Development, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Bruce D Wyse
- Centre for Integrated Preclinical Drug Development, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Akihiro Ambo
- Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, 4-1 Komatsushima 4-chome, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sasaki
- Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, 4-1 Komatsushima 4-chome, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
| | - Lawrence H Lazarus
- Medicinal Chemistry Group, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Science, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Maree T Smith
- Centre for Integrated Preclinical Drug Development, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Tingyou Li
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
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126
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Kivell BM, Ewald AWM, Prisinzano TE. Salvinorin A analogs and other κ-opioid receptor compounds as treatments for cocaine abuse. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2014; 69:481-511. [PMID: 24484985 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-420118-7.00012-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Acute activation of kappa-opioid receptors produces anti-addictive effects by regulating dopamine levels in the brain. Unfortunately, classic kappa-opioid agonists have undesired side effects such as sedation, aversion, and depression, which restrict their clinical use. Salvinorin A (Sal A), a novel kappa-opioid receptor agonist extracted from the plant Salvia divinorum, has been identified as a potential therapy for drug abuse and addiction. Here, we review the preclinical effects of Sal A in comparison with traditional kappa-opioid agonists and several new analogs. Sal A retains the anti-addictive properties of traditional kappa-opioid receptor agonists with several improvements including reduced side effects. However, the rapid metabolism of Sal A makes it undesirable for clinical development. In an effort to improve the pharmacokinetics and tolerability of this compound, kappa-opioid receptor agonists based on the structure of Sal A have been synthesized. While work in this field is still in progress, several analogs with improved pharmacokinetic profiles have been shown to have anti-addictive effects. While in its infancy, it is clear that these compounds hold promise for the future development of anti-addictive therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronwyn M Kivell
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Amy W M Ewald
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Thomas E Prisinzano
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA.
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Lalanne L, Ayranci G, Kieffer BL, Lutz PE. The kappa opioid receptor: from addiction to depression, and back. Front Psychiatry 2014; 5:170. [PMID: 25538632 PMCID: PMC4258993 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Comorbidity is a major issue in psychiatry that notably associates with more severe symptoms, longer illness duration, and higher service utilization. Therefore, identifying key clusters of comorbidity and exploring the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms represent important steps toward improving mental health care. In the present review, we focus on the frequent association between addiction and depression. In particular, we summarize the large body of evidence from preclinical models indicating that the kappa opioid receptor (KOR), a member of the opioid neuromodulatory system, represents a central player in the regulation of both reward and mood processes. Current data suggest that the KOR modulates overlapping neuronal networks linking brainstem monoaminergic nuclei with forebrain limbic structures. Rewarding properties of both drugs of abuse and natural stimuli, as well as the neurobiological effects of stressful experiences, strongly interact at the level of KOR signaling. In addiction models, activity of the KOR is potentiated by stressors and critically controls drug-seeking and relapse. In depression paradigms, KOR signaling is responsive to a variety of stressors, and mediates despair-like responses. Altogether, the KOR represents a prototypical substrate of comorbidity, whereby life experiences converge upon common brain mechanisms to trigger behavioral dysregulation and increased risk for distinct but interacting psychopathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Lalanne
- CNRS UMR-7104, Translational Medicine and Neurogenetics, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM U-964, Université de Strasbourg , Illkirch , France ; Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Strasbourg and Medical School of Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France
| | - Gulebru Ayranci
- CNRS UMR-7104, Translational Medicine and Neurogenetics, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM U-964, Université de Strasbourg , Illkirch , France ; Douglas Mental Health Institute, McGill University , Montréal, QC , Canada
| | - Brigitte L Kieffer
- Douglas Mental Health Institute, McGill University , Montréal, QC , Canada
| | - Pierre-Eric Lutz
- Douglas Mental Health Institute, McGill University , Montréal, QC , Canada
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Anand JP, Porter-Barrus VR, Waldschmidt HV, Yeomans L, Pogozheva ID, Traynor JR, Mosberg HI. Translation of structure-activity relationships from cyclic mixed efficacy opioid peptides to linear analogues. Biopolymers 2014; 102:107-14. [PMID: 24436042 PMCID: PMC4132888 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Most opioid analgesics used in the treatment of pain are mu opioid receptor (MOR) agonists. While effective, there are significant drawbacks to opioid use, including the development of tolerance and dependence. However, the coadministration of a MOR agonist with a delta opioid receptor (DOR) antagonist slows the development of MOR-related side effects, while maintaining analgesia. We have previously reported a series of cyclic mixed efficacy MOR agonist/DOR antagonist ligands. Here we describe the transfer of key features from these cyclic analogs to linear sequences. Using the linear MOR/DOR agonist, Tyr-DThr-Gly-Phe-Leu-Ser-NH2 (DTLES), as a lead scaffold, we replaced Phe(4) with bulkier and/or constrained aromatic residues shown to confer DOR antagonism in our cyclic ligands. These replacements failed to confer DOR antagonism in the DTLES analogs, presumably because the more flexible linear ligands can adopt binding poses that will fit in the narrow binding pocket of the active conformations of both MOR and DOR. Nonetheless, the pharmacological profile observed in this series, high affinity and efficacy for MOR and DOR with selectivity relative to KOR, has also been shown to reduce the development of unwanted side effects. We further modified our lead MOR/DOR agonist with a C-terminal glucoserine to improve bioavailability. The resulting ligand displayed high efficacy and potency at both MOR and DOR and no efficacy at KOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica P Anand
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109
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129
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Kappa opioid receptors on dopaminergic neurons are necessary for kappa-mediated place aversion. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38:2623-31. [PMID: 23921954 PMCID: PMC3828533 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Kappa-opioid receptor (KOR) agonists have dysphoric properties in humans and are aversive in rodents. This has been attributed to the activation of KORs within the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) system. However, the role of DA in KOR-mediated aversion and stress remains divisive as recent studies have suggested that activation of KORs on serotonergic neurons may be sufficient to mediate aversive behaviors. To address this question, we used conditional knock-out (KO) mice with KORs deleted on DA neurons (DAT(Cre/wt)/KOR(loxp/loxp), or DATCre-KOR KO). In agreement with previous findings, control mice (DAT(Cre/wt)/KOR(wt/wt) or WT) showed conditioned place aversion (CPA) to the systemically administered KOR agonist U69,593. In contrast, DATCre-KOR KO mice did not exhibit CPA with this same agonist. In addition, in vivo microdialysis showed that systemic U69,593 decreased overflow of DA in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) in WT mice, but had no effect in DATCre-KOR KO mice. Intra- ventral tegmental area (VTA) delivery of KORs using an adeno-associated viral gene construct, resulted in phenotypic rescue of the KOR-mediated NAc DA response and aversive behavior in DATCre-KOR KO animals. These results provide evidence that KORs on VTA DA neurons are necessary to mediate KOR-mediated aversive behavior. Therefore, our data, along with recent findings, suggest that the neuronal mechanisms of KOR-mediated aversive behavior may include both dopaminergic and serotonergic components.
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130
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Van't Veer A, Carlezon WA. Role of kappa-opioid receptors in stress and anxiety-related behavior. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 229:435-52. [PMID: 23836029 PMCID: PMC3770816 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3195-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Accumulating evidence indicates that brain kappa-opioid receptors (KORs) and dynorphin, the endogenous ligand that binds at these receptors, are involved in regulating states of motivation and emotion. These findings have stimulated interest in the development of KOR-targeted ligands as therapeutic agents. As one example, it has been suggested that KOR antagonists might have a wide range of indications, including the treatment of depressive, anxiety, and addictive disorders, as well as conditions characterized by co-morbidity of these disorders (e.g., post-traumatic stress disorder) A general effect of reducing the impact of stress may explain how KOR antagonists can have efficacy in such a variety of animal models that would appear to represent different disease states. OBJECTIVE Here, we review evidence that disruption of KOR function attenuates prominent effects of stress. We will describe behavioral and molecular endpoints including those from studies that characterize the effects of KOR antagonists and KOR ablation on the effects of stress itself, as well as on the effects of exogenously delivered corticotropin-releasing factor, a brain peptide that mediates key effects of stress. CONCLUSION Collectively, available data suggest that KOR disruption produces anti-stress effects and under some conditions can prevent the development of stress-induced adaptations. As such, KOR antagonists may have unique potential as therapeutic agents for the treatment and even prevention of stress-related psychiatric illness, a therapeutic niche that is currently unfilled.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Anxiety Agents/pharmacology
- Anti-Anxiety Agents/therapeutic use
- Anxiety Disorders/drug therapy
- Anxiety Disorders/metabolism
- Anxiety Disorders/psychology
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/physiopathology
- Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/metabolism
- Dynorphins/genetics
- Dynorphins/metabolism
- Humans
- Ligands
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/genetics
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/metabolism
- Stress, Psychological/drug therapy
- Stress, Psychological/metabolism
- Stress, Psychological/psychology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlee Van't Veer
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, MRC 217, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
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131
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Van't Veer A, Bechtholt AJ, Onvani S, Potter D, Wang Y, Liu-Chen LY, Schütz G, Chartoff EH, Rudolph U, Cohen BM, Carlezon WA. Ablation of kappa-opioid receptors from brain dopamine neurons has anxiolytic-like effects and enhances cocaine-induced plasticity. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38:1585-97. [PMID: 23446450 PMCID: PMC3682153 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Brain kappa-opioid receptors (KORs) are implicated in states of motivation and emotion. Activation of KORs negatively regulates mesolimbic dopamine (DA) neurons, and KOR agonists produce depressive-like behavioral effects. To further evaluate how KOR function affects behavior, we developed mutant mice in which exon 3 of the KOR gene (Oprk1) was flanked with Cre-lox recombination (loxP) sites. By breeding these mice with lines that express Cre-recombinase (Cre) in early embryogenesis (EIIa-Cre) or only in DA neurons (dopamine transporter (DAT)-Cre), we developed constitutive KOR knockouts (KOR(-/-)) and conditional knockouts that lack KORs in DA-containing neurons (DAT-KOR(lox/lox)). Autoradiography demonstrated complete ablation of KOR binding in the KOR(-/-) mutants, and reduced binding in the DAT-KOR(lox/lox) mutants. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qPCR) studies confirmed that KOR mRNA is undetectable in the constitutive mutants and reduced in the midbrain DA systems of the conditional mutants. Behavioral characterization demonstrated that these mutant lines do not differ from controls in metrics, including hearing, vision, weight, and locomotor activity. Whereas KOR(-/-) mice appeared normal in the open field and light/dark box tests, DAT-KOR(lox/lox) mice showed reduced anxiety-like behavior, an effect that is broadly consistent with previously reported effects of KOR antagonists. Sensitization to the locomotor-stimulating effects of cocaine appeared normal in KOR(-/-) mutants, but was exaggerated in DAT-KOR(lox/lox) mutants. Increased sensitivity to cocaine in the DAT-KOR(lox/lox) mutants is consistent with a role for KORs in negative regulation of DA function, whereas the lack of differences in the KOR(-/-) mutants suggests compensatory adaptations after constitutive receptor ablation. These mouse lines may be useful in future studies of KOR function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlee Van't Veer
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Anita J Bechtholt
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Sara Onvani
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - David Potter
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Yujun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lee-Yuan Liu-Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Günther Schütz
- Division of Molecular Biology of the Cell I, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elena H Chartoff
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Uwe Rudolph
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Bruce M Cohen
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - William A Carlezon
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, MRC 217, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA, Tel: +617 855 2021, Fax: +617 855 2023, E-mail:
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Kormos CM, Jin C, Cueva JP, Runyon SP, Thomas JB, Brieaddy LE, Mascarella SW, Navarro HA, Gilmour BP, Carroll FI. Discovery of N-{4-[(3-hydroxyphenyl)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl]methyl-2-methylpropyl}-4-phenoxybenzamide analogues as selective kappa opioid receptor antagonists. J Med Chem 2013; 56:4551-67. [PMID: 23651437 DOI: 10.1021/jm400275h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There is continuing interest in the discovery and development of new κ opioid receptor antagonists. We recently reported that N-substituted 3-methyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperazines were a new class of opioid receptor antagonists. In this study, we report the syntheses of two piperazine JDTic-like analogues. Evaluation of the two compounds in an in vitro [(35)S]GTPγS binding assay showed that neither compound showed the high potency and κ opioid receptor selectivity of JDTic. A library of compounds using the core scaffold 21 was synthesized and tested for their ability to inhibit [(35)S]GTPγS binding stimulated by the selective κ opioid agonist U69,593. These studies led to N-[(1S)-1-{[(3S)-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl]methyl}-2-methylpropyl]-4-phenoxybenzamide (11a), a compound that showed good κ opioid receptor antagonist properties. An SAR study based on 11a provided 28 novel analogues. Evaluation of these 28 compounds in the [(35)S]GTPγS binding assay showed that several of the analogues were potent and selective κ opioid receptor antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad M Kormos
- Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Research Triangle Institute, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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Abstract
The neoclerodane diterpene salvinorin A is the major active component of the hallucinogenic mint plant Salvia divinorum Epling and Játiva (Lamiaceae). Since the finding that salvinorin A exerts its potent psychotropic actions through the activation of opioid receptors, the site of action of morphine and related analogues, there has been much interest in elucidating the underlying mechanisms behind its effects. These effects are particularly remarkable because (1) salvinorin A is the first reported non-nitrogenous opioid receptor agonist and (2) its effects are not mediated through the previously investigated targets of psychotomimetics. This Perspective outlines our research program, illustrating a new direction to the development of tools to further elucidate the biological mechanisms of drug tolerance and dependence. The information gained from these efforts is expected to facilitate the design of novel agents to treat pain, drug abuse, and other central nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Prisinzano
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas , 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, 4070 Malott Hall, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7572, United States.
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