101
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Kurt Yilmaz N, Swanstrom R, Schiffer CA. Improving Viral Protease Inhibitors to Counter Drug Resistance. Trends Microbiol 2016; 24:547-557. [PMID: 27090931 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Drug resistance is a major problem in health care, undermining therapy outcomes and necessitating novel approaches to drug design. Extensive studies on resistance to viral protease inhibitors, particularly those of HIV-1 and hepatitis C virus (HCV) protease, revealed a plethora of information on the structural and molecular mechanisms underlying resistance. These insights led to several strategies to improve viral protease inhibitors to counter resistance, such as exploiting the essential biological function and leveraging evolutionary constraints. Incorporation of these strategies into structure-based drug design can minimize vulnerability to resistance, not only for viral proteases but for other quickly evolving drug targets as well, toward designing inhibitors one step ahead of evolution to counter resistance with more intelligent and rational design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nese Kurt Yilmaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Ronald Swanstrom
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and the UNC Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Celia A Schiffer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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102
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Soumana DI, Kurt Yilmaz N, Prachanronarong KL, Aydin C, Ali A, Schiffer CA. Structural and Thermodynamic Effects of Macrocyclization in HCV NS3/4A Inhibitor MK-5172. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:900-9. [PMID: 26682473 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in direct-acting antivirals against Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) have led to the development of potent inhibitors, including MK-5172, that target the viral NS3/4A protease with relatively low susceptibility to resistance. MK-5172 has a P2-P4 macrocycle and a unique binding mode among current protease inhibitors where the P2 quinoxaline packs against the catalytic residues H57 and D81. However, the effect of macrocyclization on this binding mode is not clear, as is the relation between macrocyclization, thermodynamic stabilization, and susceptibility to the resistance mutation A156T. We have determined high-resolution crystal structures of linear and P1-P3 macrocyclic analogs of MK-5172 bound to WT and A156T protease and compared these structures, their molecular dynamics, and experimental binding thermodynamics to the parent compound. We find that the "unique" binding mode of MK-5172 is conserved even when the P2-P4 macrocycle is removed or replaced with a P1-P3 macrocycle. While beneficial to decreasing the entropic penalty associated with binding, the constraint exerted by the P2-P4 macrocycle prevents efficient rearrangement to accommodate the A156T mutation, a deficit alleviated in the linear and P1-P3 analogs. Design of macrocyclic inhibitors against NS3/4A needs to achieve the best balance between exerting optimal conformational constraint for enhancing potency, fitting within the substrate envelope and allowing adaptability to be robust against resistance mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djadé I. Soumana
- Department of Biochemistry
and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Nese Kurt Yilmaz
- Department of Biochemistry
and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Kristina L. Prachanronarong
- Department of Biochemistry
and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Cihan Aydin
- Department of Biochemistry
and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Akbar Ali
- Department of Biochemistry
and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Celia A. Schiffer
- Department of Biochemistry
and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
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103
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Belfrage AK, Abdurakhmanov E, Kerblom E, Brandt P, Oshalim A, Gising J, Skogh A, Neyts J, Danielson UH, Sandström A. Discovery of pyrazinone based compounds that potently inhibit the drug-resistant enzyme variant R155K of the hepatitis C virus NS3 protease. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:2603-20. [PMID: 27160057 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.03.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we present the design and synthesis of 2(1H)-pyrazinone based HCV NS3 protease inhibitors with variations in the C-terminus. Biochemical evaluation was performed using genotype 1a, both the wild-type and the drug resistant enzyme variant, R155K. Surprisingly, compounds without an acidic sulfonamide retained good inhibition, challenging our previous molecular docking model. Moreover, selected compounds in this series showed nanomolar potency against R155K NS3 protease; which generally confer resistance to all HCV NS3 protease inhibitors approved or in clinical trials. These results further strengthen the potential of this novel substance class, being very different to the approved drugs and clinical candidates, in the development of inhibitors less sensitive to drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Karin Belfrage
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Eldar Abdurakhmanov
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Eva Kerblom
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter Brandt
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Oshalim
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Gising
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Skogh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Neyts
- Rega Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - U Helena Danielson
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anja Sandström
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden.
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104
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Sato T, Izawa K, Aceña JL, Liu H, Soloshonok VA. Tailor-Made α-Amino Acids in the Pharmaceutical Industry: Synthetic Approaches to (1R,2S)-1-Amino-2-vinylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic Acid (Vinyl-ACCA). European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsunori Sato
- Hamari Chemicals, Ltd.; 1-4-29 Kunijima, Higashi-Yodogawa-ku 533-0024 Osaka Japan
| | - Kunisuke Izawa
- Hamari Chemicals, Ltd.; 1-4-29 Kunijima, Higashi-Yodogawa-ku 533-0024 Osaka Japan
| | - José Luis Aceña
- Department of Organic Chemistry I; Faculty of Chemistry; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU; Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3 20018 San Sebastián Spain
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Autónoma University of Madrid; Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research; Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road 201203 Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Vadim A. Soloshonok
- Department of Organic Chemistry I; Faculty of Chemistry; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU; Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3 20018 San Sebastián Spain
- IKERBASQUE; Basque Foundation for Science; Alameda Urquijo 36-5, Plaza Bizkaia 48011 Bilbao Spain
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105
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Chung CK, Cleator E, Dumas AM, Hicks JD, Humphrey GR, Maligres PE, Nolting AF, Rivera N, Ruck RT, Shevlin M. A Synthesis of a Spirocyclic Macrocyclic Protease Inhibitor for the Treatment of Hepatitis C. Org Lett 2016; 18:1394-7. [PMID: 26950496 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The development of a convergent and highly stereoselective synthesis of an HCV NS3/4a protease inhibitor possessing a unique spirocyclic and macrocyclic architecture is described. A late-stage spirocyclization strategy both enabled rapid structure-activity relationship studies in the drug discovery phase and simultaneously served as the basis for the large scale drug candidate preparation for clinical use. Also reported is the discovery of a novel InCl3-catalyzed carbonyl reduction with household aluminum foil or zinc powder as the terminal reductant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol K Chung
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc. , Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Ed Cleator
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck Sharp and Dohme Ltd. , Hertford Road, Hoddesdon EN11 9BU, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron M Dumas
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck Sharp and Dohme Ltd. , Hertford Road, Hoddesdon EN11 9BU, United Kingdom
| | - Jacqueline D Hicks
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc. , Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Guy R Humphrey
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc. , Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Peter E Maligres
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc. , Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Andrew F Nolting
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc. , Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Nelo Rivera
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc. , Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Rebecca T Ruck
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc. , Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Michael Shevlin
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc. , Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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106
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Ekins S, Liebler J, Neves BJ, Lewis WG, Coffee M, Bienstock R, Southan C, Andrade CH. Illustrating and homology modeling the proteins of the Zika virus. F1000Res 2016; 5:275. [PMID: 27746901 PMCID: PMC5040154 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.8213.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Zika virus (ZIKV) is a flavivirus of the family
Flaviviridae, which is similar to dengue virus, yellow fever and West Nile virus. Recent outbreaks in South America, Latin America, the Caribbean and in particular Brazil have led to concern for the spread of the disease and potential to cause Guillain-Barré syndrome and microcephaly. Although ZIKV has been known of for over 60 years there is very little in the way of knowledge of the virus with few publications and no crystal structures. No antivirals have been tested against it either
in vitro or
in vivo. ZIKV therefore epitomizes a neglected disease. Several suggested steps have been proposed which could be taken to initiate ZIKV antiviral drug discovery using both high throughput screens as well as structure-based design based on homology models for the key proteins. We now describe preliminary homology models created for NS5, FtsJ, NS4B, NS4A, HELICc, DEXDc, peptidase S7, NS2B, NS2A, NS1, E stem, glycoprotein M, propeptide, capsid and glycoprotein E using SWISS-MODEL. Eleven out of 15 models pass our model quality criteria for their further use. While a ZIKV glycoprotein E homology model was initially described in the immature conformation as a trimer, we now describe the mature dimer conformer which allowed the construction of an illustration of the complete virion. By comparing illustrations of ZIKV based on this new homology model and the dengue virus crystal structure we propose potential differences that could be exploited for antiviral and vaccine design. The prediction of sites for glycosylation on this protein may also be useful in this regard. While we await a cryo-EM structure of ZIKV and eventual crystal structures of the individual proteins, these homology models provide the community with a starting point for structure-based design of drugs and vaccines as well as a for computational virtual screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Ekins
- Collaborations in Chemistry, Fuquay-Varina, NC, USA; Collaborations Pharmaceuticals Inc., Fuquay-Varina, NC, USA; Collaborative Drug Discovery Inc, Burlingame, CA, USA
| | | | - Bruno J Neves
- LabMol - Laboratory for Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goias, GO, Brazil
| | - Warren G Lewis
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Megan Coffee
- The International Rescue Committee, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Carolina H Andrade
- LabMol - Laboratory for Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goias, GO, Brazil
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107
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Banerjee D, Reddy KR. Review article: safety and tolerability of direct-acting anti-viral agents in the new era of hepatitis C therapy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2016; 43:674-96. [PMID: 26787287 DOI: 10.1111/apt.13514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Direct-acting anti-virals (DAAs) licensed to treat chronic HCV infection have revolutionised treatment algorithms by drastically mitigating side effects while enhancing efficacy relative to interferon-based therapy. AIM To review adverse events (AEs) uniquely associated with DAA therapy across a broad spectrum of patient populations. METHODS Searches of PubMed and FDA surveillance studies were undertaken to complete an exhaustive review. Search terms included 'DAAs', 'safety', and 'tolerability'. RESULTS While DAAs are remarkably well tolerated, they are accompanied by unique AEs. Simeprevir, an NS3/4A protease inhibitor, has been known, albeit infrequently, to cause mild hyperbilirubinemia and photosensitivity reactions; and paritaprevir boosted with ritonavir causes bilirubin and ALT elevations. Asunaprevir, another protease inhibitor, infrequently causes elevated transaminase levels. NS5A and NS5B inhibitors are well tolerated, although sofosbuvir is contraindicated in patients with severe renal impairment. Ribavirin co-administered in certain treatment regimens has been associated with cough, rash and haemolytic anaemia. CONCLUSIONS With the impending reality of a more tolerable interferon-sparing regimen, the future of DAA therapy offers shorter treatment duration, simplified disease management, and a patient-centred regimen. With advantages come drawbacks, including development of resistance to therapy and accessibility to this expensive treatment. DAA therapy continues to advance at a brisk pace with a promising trend for higher tolerability, even in difficult-to-treat subgroups such as those with cirrhosis, nonresponders to prior therapy, and transplant recipients. Subgroup-specific contraindications and safety-related limitations are active areas of research. Concerted research efforts and continuing advances lend hope to the goal of rendering HCV a routinely curable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Banerjee
- Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - K R Reddy
- Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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108
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Development of a simple HPLC–UV method for the determination of the hepatitis C virus inhibitor simeprevir in human plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 121:197-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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109
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Higman CS, Lummiss JAM, Fogg DE. Olefinmetathese als aufstrebende Methode zur Herstellung von Pharmazeutika und Spezialchemikalien. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201506846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn S. Higman
- Chemistry Department, Center for Catalysis Research & Innovation; University of Ottawa; Ottawa ON K1N 6N5 Kanada
| | - Justin A. M. Lummiss
- Chemistry Department, Center for Catalysis Research & Innovation; University of Ottawa; Ottawa ON K1N 6N5 Kanada
| | - Deryn E. Fogg
- Chemistry Department, Center for Catalysis Research & Innovation; University of Ottawa; Ottawa ON K1N 6N5 Kanada
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110
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Higman CS, Lummiss JAM, Fogg DE. Olefin Metathesis at the Dawn of Implementation in Pharmaceutical and Specialty-Chemicals Manufacturing. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:3552-65. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201506846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn S. Higman
- Chemistry Department; Center for Catalysis Research & Innovation; University of Ottawa; Ottawa ON K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Justin A. M. Lummiss
- Chemistry Department; Center for Catalysis Research & Innovation; University of Ottawa; Ottawa ON K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Deryn E. Fogg
- Chemistry Department; Center for Catalysis Research & Innovation; University of Ottawa; Ottawa ON K1N 6N5 Canada
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111
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Neelamkavil SF, Agrawal S, Bara T, Bennett C, Bhat S, Biswas D, Brockunier L, Buist N, Burnette D, Cartwright M, Chackalamannil S, Chase R, Chelliah M, Chen A, Clasby M, Colandrea VJ, Davies IW, Eagen K, Guo Z, Han Y, Howe J, Jayne C, Josien H, Kargman S, Marcantonio K, Miao S, Miller R, Nolting A, Pinto P, Rajagopalan M, Ruck RT, Shah U, Soriano A, Sperbeck D, Velazquez F, Wu J, Xia Y, Venkatraman S. Discovery of MK-8831, A Novel Spiro-Proline Macrocycle as a Pan-Genotypic HCV-NS3/4a Protease Inhibitor. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:111-6. [PMID: 26819676 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We have been focused on identifying a structurally different next generation inhibitor to MK-5172 (our Ns3/4a protease inhibitor currently under regulatory review), which would achieve superior pangenotypic activity with acceptable safety and pharmacokinetic profile. These efforts have led to the discovery of a novel class of HCV NS3/4a protease inhibitors containing a unique spirocyclic-proline structural motif. The design strategy involved a molecular-modeling based approach, and the optimization efforts on the series to obtain pan-genotypic coverage with good exposures on oral dosing. One of the key elements in this effort was the spirocyclization of the P2 quinoline group, which rigidified and constrained the binding conformation to provide a novel core. A second focus of the team was also to improve the activity against genotype 3a and the key mutant variants of genotype 1b. The rational application of structural chemistry with molecular modeling guided the design and optimization of the structure-activity relationships have resulted in the identification of the clinical candidate MK-8831 with excellent pan-genotypic activity and safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sony Agrawal
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Thomas Bara
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Chad Bennett
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Sathesh Bhat
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Dipshikha Biswas
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Linda Brockunier
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Nicole Buist
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Duane Burnette
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Mark Cartwright
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | | | - Robert Chase
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Mariappan Chelliah
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Austin Chen
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Martin Clasby
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | | | - Ian W. Davies
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Keith Eagen
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Zhuyan Guo
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Yongxin Han
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - John Howe
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Charles Jayne
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Hubert Josien
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Stacia Kargman
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Karen Marcantonio
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Shouwu Miao
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Randy Miller
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Andrew Nolting
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Patrick Pinto
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Murali Rajagopalan
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Rebecca T. Ruck
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Unmesh Shah
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Aileen Soriano
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Donald Sperbeck
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | | | - Jin Wu
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Yan Xia
- Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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112
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Zuo WQ, Wang NY, Zhu YX, Liu L, Xiao KJ, Zhang LD, Gao C, Liu ZH, You XY, Shi YJ, Peng CT, Ran K, Tang H, Yu LT. A new series of HCV inhibitors based on a 2-(thieno[2,3b]pyridin-2-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole scaffold. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra01179a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A new series of HCV inhibitors based on a 2-(thieno[2,3-b]pyridin-2-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole scaffold was developed.
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113
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Bengtsson C, Wetzel A, Bergman J, Brånalt J. Unexpected Retroaldol-Aldol Reaction during O-Alkylation of Hydroxylated Vince Lactam Derivatives. J Org Chem 2015; 81:708-14. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b02404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoffer Bengtsson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, CVMD iMed, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Pepparedsleden 1, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Alexander Wetzel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, CVMD iMed, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Pepparedsleden 1, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Joakim Bergman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, CVMD iMed, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Pepparedsleden 1, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Jonas Brånalt
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, CVMD iMed, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Pepparedsleden 1, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
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114
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Kumthip K, Maneekarn N. The role of HCV proteins on treatment outcomes. Virol J 2015; 12:217. [PMID: 26666318 PMCID: PMC4678629 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0450-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
For many years, the standard of treatment for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection was a combination of pegylated interferon alpha (Peg-IFN-α) and ribavirin for 24–48 weeks. This treatment regimen results in a sustained virologic response (SVR) rate in about 50 % of cases. The failure of IFN-α-based therapy to eliminate HCV is a result of multiple factors including a suboptimal treatment regimen, severity of HCV-related diseases, host factors and viral factors. In recent years, advances in HCV cell culture have contributed to a better understanding of the viral life cycle, which has led to the development of a number of direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) that target specific key components of viral replication, such as HCV NS3/4A, HCV NS5A, and HCV NS5B proteins. To date, several new drugs have been approved for the treatment of HCV infection. Application of DAAs with IFN-based or IFN-free regimens has increased the SVR rate up to >90 % and has allowed treatment duration to be shortened to 12–24 weeks. The impact of HCV proteins in response to IFN-based and IFN-free therapies has been described in many reports. This review summarizes and updates knowledge on molecular mechanisms of HCV proteins involved in anti-IFN activity as well as examining amino acid variations and mutations in several regions of HCV proteins associated with the response to IFN-based therapy and pattern of resistance associated amino acid variants (RAV) to antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kattareeya Kumthip
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
| | - Niwat Maneekarn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
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115
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Advanced asymmetric synthesis of (1R,2S)-1-amino-2-vinylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid by alkylation/cyclization of newly designed axially chiral Ni(II) complex of glycine Schiff base. Amino Acids 2015; 48:973-986. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-2138-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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116
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Ogawa E, Furusyo N, Kajiwara E, Nomura H, Kawano A, Takahashi K, Dohmen K, Satoh T, Azuma K, Nakamuta M, Koyanagi T, Kotoh K, Shimoda S, Hayashi J. Comparative effectiveness and safety study of triple therapy with simeprevir or telaprevir for non-cirrhotic patients with chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1b infection. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 30:1759-67. [PMID: 26095167 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.13016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The addition of hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3/4A protease inhibitors to pegylated-interferon alpha (PEG-IFNα) and ribavirin (triple therapy) has greatly improved treatment outcome. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness and safety of simeprevir-based or telaprevir-based triple therapy for non-cirrhotic patients in real-world clinical practice. METHODS This multicenter study consisted of 835 consecutive Japanese HCV genotype 1b patients treated in a clinical setting, 716 of whom were enrolled (simeprevir = 256 and telaprevir = 460). Logistic regression was carried out after propensity score matching to assess the sustained virological response at week 12 after the end of treatment (SVR12). RESULTS In the propensity-matched cohort (253 matched pairs), the SVR12 rates of the patients who underwent simeprevir-based or telaprevir-based triple therapy were 85.0% and 84.2%, respectively, by intention-to-treat analysis. Prior treatment response to PEG-IFNα/ribavirin and IL28B genotype was independently associated with SVR12 in both groups. No significant differences in the SVR12 rates stratified by prior treatment response to PEG-IFNα/ribavirin were found between the simeprevir (treatment-naïve 89.1%, prior relapse 94.3%, prior partial response 65.0%, and prior null response 33.3%) and telaprevir (treatment-naïve 87.8%, prior relapse 90.1%, prior partial response 68.4%, and prior null response 50.0%) groups. The incidence of adverse effects, such as anemia, severe rash, and the elevation of serum creatinine, was markedly higher in the telaprevir group. CONCLUSIONS Considering the effectiveness and safety, simeprevir-based triple therapy will continue to be a useful treatment option in Japan for treatment-naïve or prior relapse patients with a favorable IL28B genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiichi Ogawa
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Norihiro Furusyo
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Eiji Kajiwara
- Department of Hepatology, Steel Memorial Yawata Hospital, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Nomura
- The Center for Liver Disease, Shin-Kokura Hospital, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Akira Kawano
- Department of Medicine, Kitakyushu Municipal Medical Center, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | | | - Kazufumi Dohmen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chihaya Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takeaki Satoh
- Center for Liver Disease, National Hospital Organization Kokura Medical Center, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Koichi Azuma
- Department of Medicine, Kyushu Central Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakamuta
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kyushu Medical Center, National Hospital Organization, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Kazuhiro Kotoh
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shinji Shimoda
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Jun Hayashi
- Kyushu General Internal Medicine Center, Haradoi Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
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117
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Zhang N, Turpoff A, Zhang X, Huang S, Liu Y, Almstead N, Njoroge FG, Gu Z, Graci J, Jung SP, Pichardo J, Colacino J, Lahser F, Ingravallo P, Weetall M, Nomeir A, Karp GM. Discovery of 2-(4-sulfonamidophenyl)-indole 3-carboxamides as potent and selective inhibitors with broad hepatitis C virus genotype activity targeting HCV NS4B. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 26:594-601. [PMID: 26652483 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.11.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A novel series of 2-(4-sulfonamidophenyl)-indole 3-carboxamides was identified and optimized for activity against the HCV genotype 1b replicon resulting in compounds with potent and selective activity. Further evaluation of this series demonstrated potent activity across HCV genotypes 1a, 2a and 3a. Compound 4z had reduced activity against HCV genotype 1b replicons containing single mutations in the NS4B coding sequence (F98C and V105M) indicating that NS4B is the target. This novel series of 2-(4-sulfonamidophenyl)-indole 3-carboxamides serves as a promising starting point for a pan-genotype HCV discovery program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanjing Zhang
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - Anthony Turpoff
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - Song Huang
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - Yalei Liu
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - Neil Almstead
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - F George Njoroge
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Zhengxian Gu
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - Jason Graci
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - Stephen P Jung
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - John Pichardo
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - Joseph Colacino
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - Fred Lahser
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Paul Ingravallo
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Marla Weetall
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - Amin Nomeir
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Gary M Karp
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
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118
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Doak BC, Zheng J, Dobritzsch D, Kihlberg J. How Beyond Rule of 5 Drugs and Clinical Candidates Bind to Their Targets. J Med Chem 2015; 59:2312-27. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley C. Doak
- Department of Chemistry—BMC, Uppsala University, Box
576, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Chemistry—BMC, Uppsala University, Box
576, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Doreen Dobritzsch
- Department of Chemistry—BMC, Uppsala University, Box
576, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan Kihlberg
- Department of Chemistry—BMC, Uppsala University, Box
576, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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119
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Magri A, Reilly R, Scalacci N, Radi M, Hunter M, Ripoll M, Patel AH, Castagnolo D. Rethinking the old antiviral drug moroxydine: Discovery of novel analogues as anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:5372-6. [PMID: 26428870 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of a novel class of HCV inhibitors is described. The new amidinourea compounds were designed as isosteric analogues of the antiviral drug moroxydine. The two derivatives 11g and 11h showed excellent HCV inhibition activity and viability and proved to inhibit a step(s) of the RNA replication. The new compounds have been synthesized in only three synthetic steps from cheap building blocks and in high yields, thus turning to be promising drug candidates in the development of cheaper HCV treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Magri
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Sir Michael Stoker Building, Garscube Campus, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Roisin Reilly
- Northumbria University Newcastle, Department of Applied Sciences, Ellison Building, Ellison Place, NE1 8ST Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolò Scalacci
- Northumbria University Newcastle, Department of Applied Sciences, Ellison Building, Ellison Place, NE1 8ST Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Radi
- P4T Group, Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Michael Hunter
- Northumbria University Newcastle, Department of Applied Sciences, Ellison Building, Ellison Place, NE1 8ST Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Manon Ripoll
- Northumbria University Newcastle, Department of Applied Sciences, Ellison Building, Ellison Place, NE1 8ST Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Arvind H Patel
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Sir Michael Stoker Building, Garscube Campus, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom.
| | - Daniele Castagnolo
- Northumbria University Newcastle, Department of Applied Sciences, Ellison Building, Ellison Place, NE1 8ST Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
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120
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Alexandre FR, Brandt G, Caillet C, Chaves D, Convard T, Derock M, Gloux D, Griffon Y, Lallos L, Leroy F, Liuzzi M, Loi AG, Moulat L, Musiu C, Parsy C, Rahali H, Roques V, Seifer M, Standring D, Surleraux D. Synthesis and antiviral evaluation of a novel series of homoserine-based inhibitors of the hepatitis C virus NS3/4A serine protease. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:3984-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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121
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Li J, Kovackova S, Pu S, Rozenski J, De Jonghe S, Einav S, Herdewijn P. Isothiazolo[4,3- b]pyridines as inhibitors of cyclin G associated kinase : synthesis, structure-activity relationship studies and antiviral activity. MEDCHEMCOMM 2015; 6:1666-1672. [PMID: 26925208 PMCID: PMC4763718 DOI: 10.1039/c5md00229j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Isothiazolo[4,3-b]pyridines are known to be endowed with potent affinity for cyclin G associated kinase (GAK). In this paper, we expanded the structure-activity relationship study by broadening the structural variety at position 3 of the isothiazolo[4,3-b]pyridine scaffold. The most potent GAK ligands (displaying Kd values of less than 100 nM) within this series carry an alkoxy group at position 3 of the central scaffold. Unfortunately, these ligands display only modest antiviral activity against the hepatitis C virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahong Li
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium ; KU Leuven, Interface Valorisation Platform, Kapucijnenvoer 33, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sona Kovackova
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium ; KU Leuven, Interface Valorisation Platform, Kapucijnenvoer 33, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Szuyuan Pu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jef Rozenski
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven De Jonghe
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium ; KU Leuven, Interface Valorisation Platform, Kapucijnenvoer 33, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Shirit Einav
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Piet Herdewijn
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium ; KU Leuven, Interface Valorisation Platform, Kapucijnenvoer 33, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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122
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Cannalire R, Barreca ML, Manfroni G, Cecchetti V. A Journey around the Medicinal Chemistry of Hepatitis C Virus Inhibitors Targeting NS4B: From Target to Preclinical Drug Candidates. J Med Chem 2015; 59:16-41. [PMID: 26241789 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a global health burden with an estimated 130-170 million chronically infected individuals and is the cause of serious liver diseases such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. HCV NS4B protein represents a validated target for the identification of new drugs to be added to the combination regimen recently approved. During the last years, NS4B has thus been the object of impressive medicinal chemistry efforts, which led to the identification of promising preclinical candidates. In this context, the present review aims to discuss research published on NS4B functional inhibitors focusing the attention on hit identification, hit-to-lead optimization, ADME profile evaluation, and the structure-activity relationship data raised for each compound family taken into account. The information delivered in this review will be a useful and valuable tool for those medicinal chemists dealing with research programs focused on NS4B and aimed at the identification of innovative anti-HCV compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolando Cannalire
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia , Via A. Fabretti, 48-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Maria Letizia Barreca
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia , Via A. Fabretti, 48-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Manfroni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia , Via A. Fabretti, 48-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Violetta Cecchetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia , Via A. Fabretti, 48-06123 Perugia, Italy
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123
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Structure-activity relationship studies on quinoxalin-2(1H)-one derivatives containing thiazol-2-amine against hepatitis C virus leading to the discovery of BH6870. Mol Divers 2015. [PMID: 26205408 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-015-9610-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C virus infection represents a serious global public health problem, typically resulting in fibrosis, cirrhosis, and ultimately hepatocellular carcinoma. Based on our previous discovery of lead compound 2 (Liu et al. J Med Chem 54:5747-5768, 2011), 35 new quinoxalinone derivatives were explored in this study. Outline of the structure-activity relationships (SARs) revealed that compound BH6870 (36) showed high anti-HCV potency ([Formula: see text]) and a good cell safety index (SI [Formula: see text]). SARs analysis indicated that quinoxalin-2(1H)-one containing a 4-aryl-substituted thiazol-2-amine moiety was optimal for antiviral activity. Introducing a hydrogen-bond acceptor (such as ester or amide group) at the C-3 position of quinoxalin-2(1H)-one was beneficial for the antiviral potency, and especially, N,N-disubstituted amide was far superior to N-monosubstituted amide. Incorporation of more than one halogen (fluorine or chlorine atom) or a strong electron-withdrawing group on the benzene ring of the thiazole-phenyl moiety might reduce electron atmosphere density further and resulted in a dramatical loss of activity. The NH-group of the lactam moiety was clearly required for anti-HCV activity. Design and synthesis of quinoxalin-2(1H)-one derivatives as new non-nucleoside small-molecule HCV inhibitors. BH6870 (36), showing higher antiviral potency and a good cell safety index, was identified.
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124
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Milanole G, Andriessen F, Lemonnier G, Sebban M, Coadou G, Couve-Bonnaire S, Bonfanti JF, Jubault P, Pannecoucke X. Toward the Synthesis of Fluorinated Analogues of HCV NS3/4A Serine Protease Inhibitors Using Methyl α-Amino-β-fluoro-β-vinylcyclopropanecarboxylate as Key Intermediate. Org Lett 2015; 17:2968-71. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b01216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Milanole
- Normandie Université, COBRA, UMR 6014 & FR 3038, Université de Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Floris Andriessen
- Normandie Université, COBRA, UMR 6014 & FR 3038, Université de Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Gérald Lemonnier
- Normandie Université, COBRA, UMR 6014 & FR 3038, Université de Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Muriel Sebban
- Normandie Université, COBRA, UMR 6014 & FR 3038, Université de Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Gaël Coadou
- Normandie Université, COBRA, UMR 6014 & FR 3038, Université de Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Samuel Couve-Bonnaire
- Normandie Université, COBRA, UMR 6014 & FR 3038, Université de Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Jean-François Bonfanti
- Janssen Research & Development, Medicinal Chemistry Infectious Diseases, Centre de Recherche Janssen Cilag, Campus de Maigremont, BP 615, 27106 Val de Reuil Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Jubault
- Normandie Université, COBRA, UMR 6014 & FR 3038, Université de Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Xavier Pannecoucke
- Normandie Université, COBRA, UMR 6014 & FR 3038, Université de Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, France
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125
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De Clercq E. Development of antiviral drugs for the treatment of hepatitis C at an accelerating pace. Rev Med Virol 2015; 25:254-67. [DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
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126
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Ding HX, Leverett CA, Kyne RE, Liu KKC, Fink SJ, Flick AC, O’Donnell CJ. Synthetic approaches to the 2013 new drugs. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:1895-922. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.02.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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127
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Echeverría N, Moratorio G, Cristina J, Moreno P. Hepatitis C virus genetic variability and evolution. World J Hepatol 2015; 7:831-845. [PMID: 25937861 PMCID: PMC4411526 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v7.i6.831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) has infected over 170 million people worldwide and creates a huge disease burden due to chronic, progressive liver disease. HCV is a single-stranded, positive sense, RNA virus, member of the Flaviviridae family. The high error rate of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and the pressure exerted by the host immune system, has driven the evolution of HCV into 7 different genotypes and more than 67 subtypes. HCV evolves by means of different mechanisms of genetic variation. On the one hand, its high mutation rates generate the production of a large number of different but closely related viral variants during infection, usually referred to as a quasispecies. The great quasispecies variability of HCV has also therapeutic implications since the continuous generation and selection of resistant or fitter variants within the quasispecies spectrum might allow viruses to escape control by antiviral drugs. On the other hand HCV exploits recombination to ensure its survival. This enormous viral diversity together with some host factors has made it difficult to control viral dispersal. Current treatment options involve pegylated interferon-α and ribavirin as dual therapy or in combination with a direct-acting antiviral drug, depending on the country. Despite all the efforts put into antiviral therapy studies, eradication of the virus or the development of a preventive vaccine has been unsuccessful so far. This review focuses on current available data reported to date on the genetic mechanisms driving the molecular evolution of HCV populations and its relation with the antiviral therapies designed to control HCV infection.
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128
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Zhong D, Liu M, Cao Y, Zhu Y, Bian S, Zhou J, Wu F, Ryu KC, Zhou L, Ye D. Discovery of Metal Ions Chelator Quercetin Derivatives with Potent Anti-HCV Activities. Molecules 2015; 20:6978-99. [PMID: 25913935 PMCID: PMC6272327 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20046978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Analogues or isosteres of α,γ-diketoacid (DKA) 1a show potent inhibition of hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5B polymerase through chelation of the two magnesium ions at the active site. The anti-HCV activity of the flavonoid quercetin (2) could partly be attributed to it being a structural mimic of DKAs. In order to delineate the structural features required for the inhibitory effect and improve the anti-HCV potency, two novel types of quercetin analogues, 7-O-arylmethylquercetins and quercetin-3-O-benzoic acid esters, were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their anti-HCV properties in cell-based assays. Among the 38 newly synthesized compounds, 7-O-substituted derivative 3i and 3-O-substituted derivative 4f were found to be the most active in the corresponding series (EC50 = 3.8 μM and 9.0 μΜ, respectively). Docking studies suggested that the quercetin analogues are capable of establishing key coordination with the two magnesium ions as well as interactions with residues at the active site of HCV NS5B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongwei Zhong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhang-Heng Rd, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Mingming Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhang-Heng Rd, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Yang Cao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhang-Heng Rd, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Yelin Zhu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhang-Heng Rd, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Shihui Bian
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhang-Heng Rd, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Jiayi Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhang-Heng Rd, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Fengjie Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhang-Heng Rd, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Kum-Chol Ryu
- Institute of Pharmacy, HamHung Pharmaceutical University, HamHung 999093, Democratic People's Republic of Korea.
| | - Lu Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhang-Heng Rd, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Deyong Ye
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhang-Heng Rd, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Claveria-Gimeno R, Vega S, Grazu V, de la Fuente JM, Lanas A, Velazquez-Campoy A, Abian O. Rescuing compound bioactivity in a secondary cell-based screening by using γ-cyclodextrin as a molecular carrier. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:2249-59. [PMID: 25834436 PMCID: PMC4371900 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s79480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro primary screening for identifying bioactive compounds (inhibitors, activators or pharmacological chaperones) against a protein target results in the discovery of lead compounds that must be tested in cell-based efficacy secondary screenings. Very often lead compounds do not succeed because of an apparent low potency in cell assays, despite an excellent performance in primary screening. Primary and secondary screenings differ significantly according to the conditions and challenges the compounds must overcome in order to interact with their intended target. Cellular internalization and intracellular metabolism are some of the difficulties the compounds must confront and different strategies can be envisaged for minimizing that problem. Using a novel screening procedure we have identified 15 compounds inhibiting the hepatitis C NS3 protease in an allosteric fashion. After characterizing biophysically the interaction with the target, some of the compounds were not able to inhibit viral replication in cell assays. In order to overcome this obstacle and potentially improve cellular internalization three of these compounds were complexed with γ-cyclodextrin. Two of them showed a five- and 16-fold activity increase, compared to their activity when delivered as free compounds in solution (while γ-cyclodextrin did not show antiviral activity by itself). The most remarkable result came from a third compound that showed no antiviral activity in cell assays when delivered free in solution, but its γ-cyclodextrin complex exhibited a 50% effective concentration of 5 μM. Thus, the antiviral activity of these compounds can be significantly improved, even completely rescued, using γ-cyclodextrin as carrier molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Claveria-Gimeno
- Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud (IACS), Zaragoza, Spain
- IIS Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
- Institute of Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), Joint Unit IQFR-CSIC-BIFI, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sonia Vega
- Institute of Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), Joint Unit IQFR-CSIC-BIFI, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Valeria Grazu
- Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragon (INA), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jesús M de la Fuente
- Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragon (INA), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Institute NanoBiomedicine and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Angel Lanas
- IIS Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área Temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Adrian Velazquez-Campoy
- IIS Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
- Institute of Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), Joint Unit IQFR-CSIC-BIFI, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Fundacion ARAID, Government of Aragon, Spain
| | - Olga Abian
- Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud (IACS), Zaragoza, Spain
- IIS Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
- Institute of Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), Joint Unit IQFR-CSIC-BIFI, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área Temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain
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130
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Wang NY, Xu Y, Zuo WQ, Xiao KJ, Liu L, Zeng XX, You XY, Zhang LD, Gao C, Liu ZH, Ye TH, Xia Y, Xiong Y, Song XJ, Lei Q, Peng CT, Tang H, Yang SY, Wei YQ, Yu LT. Discovery of imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole HCV NS4B inhibitors exhibiting synergistic effect with other direct-acting antiviral agents. J Med Chem 2015; 58:2764-78. [PMID: 25710739 DOI: 10.1021/jm501934n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The design, synthesis, and SAR studies of novel inhibitors of HCV NS4B based on the imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole scaffold were described. Optimization of potency with respect to genotype 1b resulted in the discovery of two potent leads 26f (EC50 = 16 nM) and 28g (EC50 = 31 nM). The resistance profile studies revealed that 26f and 28g targeted HCV NS4B, more precisely the second amphipathic α helix of NS4B (4BAH2). Cross-resistance between our 4BAH2 inhibitors and other direct-acting antiviral agents targeting NS3/4A, NS5A, and NS5B was not observed. For the first time, the synergism of a series of combinations based on 4BAH2 inhibitors was evaluated. The results demonstrated that our 4BAH2 inhibitor 26f was synergistic with NS3/4A inhibitor simeprevir, NS5A inhibitor daclatasvir, and NS5B inhibitor sofosbuvir, and it could also reduce the dose of these drugs at almost all effect levels. Our study suggested that favorable effects could be achieved by combining 4BAH2 inhibitors such as 26f with these approved drugs and that new all-oral antiviral combinations based on 4BAH2 inhibitors were worth developing to supplement or even replace current treatment regimens for curing HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning-Yu Wang
- §State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ying Xu
- §State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wei-Qiong Zuo
- §State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Kun-Jie Xiao
- §State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Li Liu
- §State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,‡Department of Pharmaceutical and Bioengineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Xiu-Xiu Zeng
- §State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,‡Department of Pharmaceutical and Bioengineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Xin-Yu You
- §State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,‡Department of Pharmaceutical and Bioengineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Li-Dan Zhang
- §State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,‡Department of Pharmaceutical and Bioengineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Chao Gao
- §State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhi-Hao Liu
- §State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ting-Hong Ye
- §State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yong Xia
- §State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ying Xiong
- §State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xue-Jiao Song
- §State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qian Lei
- §State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Cui-Ting Peng
- §State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,‡Department of Pharmaceutical and Bioengineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Hong Tang
- §State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Sheng-Yong Yang
- §State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yu-Quan Wei
- §State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Luo-Ting Yu
- §State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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131
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Rudd MT, Butcher JW, Nguyen KT, McIntyre CJ, Romano JJ, Gilbert KF, Bush KJ, Liverton NJ, Holloway MK, Harper S, Ferrara M, DiFilippo M, Summa V, Swestock J, Fritzen J, Carroll SS, Burlein C, DiMuzio JM, Gates A, Graham DJ, Huang Q, McClain S, McHale C, Stahlhut MW, Black S, Chase R, Soriano A, Fandozzi CM, Taylor A, Trainor N, Olsen DB, Coleman PJ, Ludmerer SW, McCauley JA. P2-quinazolinones and bis-macrocycles as new templates for next-generation hepatitis C virus NS3/4a protease inhibitors: discovery of MK-2748 and MK-6325. ChemMedChem 2015; 10:727-35. [PMID: 25759009 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201402558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
With the goal of identifying inhibitors of hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3/4a protease that are potent against a wide range of genotypes and clinically relevant mutant viruses, several subseries of macrocycles were investigated based on observations made during the discovery of MK-5172. Quinazolinone-containing macrocycles were identified as promising leads, and optimization for superior cross-genotype and mutant enzyme potency as well as rat liver and plasma concentrations following oral dosing, led to the development of MK-2748. Additional investigation of a series of bis-macrocycles containing a fused 18- and 15-membered ring system were also optimized for the same properties, leading to the discovery of MK-6325. Both compounds display the broad genotype and mutant potency necessary for clinical development as next-generation HCV NS3/4a protease inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Rudd
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA (USA).
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132
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Protease Inhibitors Block Multiple Functions of the NS3/4A Protease-Helicase during the Hepatitis C Virus Life Cycle. J Virol 2015; 89:5362-70. [PMID: 25740995 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03188-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3 is a multifunctional protein composed of a protease domain and a helicase domain linked by a flexible linker. Protease activity is required to generate viral nonstructural (NS) proteins involved in RNA replication. Helicase activity is required for RNA replication, and genetic evidence implicates the helicase domain in virus assembly. Binding of protease inhibitors (PIs) to the protease active site blocks NS3-dependent polyprotein processing but might impact other steps of the virus life cycle. Kinetic analyses of antiviral suppression of cell culture-infectious genotype 1a strain H77S.3 were performed using assays that measure different readouts of the viral life cycle. In addition to the active-site PI telaprevir, we examined an allosteric protease-helicase inhibitor (APHI) that binds a site in the interdomain interface. By measuring nucleotide incorporation into HCV genomes, we found that telaprevir inhibits RNA synthesis as early as 12 h at high but clinically relevant concentrations. Immunoblot analyses showed that NS5B abundance was not reduced until after 12 h, suggesting that telaprevir exerts a direct effect on RNA synthesis. In contrast, the APHI could partially inhibit RNA synthesis, suggesting that the allosteric site is not always available during RNA synthesis. The APHI and active-site PI were both able to block virus assembly soon (<12 h) after drug treatment, suggesting that they rapidly engage with and block a pool of NS3 involved in assembly. In conclusion, PIs and APHIs can block NS3 functions in RNA synthesis and virus assembly, in addition to inhibiting polyprotein processing. IMPORTANCE The NS3/4A protease of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an important antiviral target. Currently, three PIs have been approved for therapy of chronic hepatitis C, and several others are in development. NS3-dependent cleavage of the HCV polyprotein is required to generate the mature nonstructural proteins that form the viral replicase. Inhibition of protease activity can block RNA replication by preventing expression of mature replicase components. Like many viral proteins, NS3 is multifunctional, but how PIs affect stages of the HCV life cycle beyond polyprotein processing has not been well studied. Using cell-based assays, we show here that PIs can directly inhibit viral RNA synthesis and also block a late stage in virus assembly/maturation at clinically relevant concentrations.
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133
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6-(Azaindol-2-yl)pyridine-3-sulfonamides as potent and selective inhibitors targeting hepatitis C virus NS4B. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:781-6. [PMID: 25613678 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.12.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A structure-activity relationship investigation of various 6-(azaindol-2-yl)pyridine-3-sulfonamides using the HCV replicon cell culture assay led to the identification of a potent series of 7-azaindoles that target the hepatitis C virus NS4B. Compound 2ac, identified via further optimization of the series, has excellent potency against the HCV 1b replicon with an EC50 of 2nM and a selectivity index of >5000 with respect to cellular GAPDH RNA. Compound 2ac also has excellent oral plasma exposure levels in rats, dogs and monkeys and has a favorable liver to plasma distribution profile in rats.
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134
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Guan Y, Sun H, Pan P, Li Y, Li D, Hou T. Exploring resistance mechanisms of HCV NS3/4A protease mutations to MK5172: insight from molecular dynamics simulations and free energy calculations. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00394f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Mutations at a number of key positions (Ala156, Asp168 and Arg155) of the HCV NS3/4A protease can induce medium to high resistance to MK5172.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Guan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM)
| | - Huiyong Sun
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Peichen Pan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Youyong Li
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM)
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
- China
| | - Dan Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Tingjun Hou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
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135
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Kawashima A, Xie C, Mei H, Takeda R, Kawamura A, Sato T, Moriwaki H, Izawa K, Han J, Aceña JL, Soloshonok VA. Asymmetric synthesis of (1R,2S)-1-amino-2-vinylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid by sequential SN2–SN2′ dialkylation of (R)-N-(benzyl)proline-derived glycine Schiff base Ni(ii) complex. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra12658k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of the title compound, a key structural fragment of several hepatitis C virus inhibitors, is described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chen Xie
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Haibo Mei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing
- China
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jianlin Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing
- China
| | - José Luis Aceña
- Department of Organic Chemistry I
- Faculty of Chemistry
- University of The Basque Country UPV/EHU
- Spain
| | - Vadim A. Soloshonok
- Department of Organic Chemistry I
- Faculty of Chemistry
- University of The Basque Country UPV/EHU
- Spain
- IKERBASQUE
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136
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Chayama K, Mitsui F, Hayes CN. Optimizing triple therapy and IFN/RBV-free regimens for hepatitis C virus infection. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 9:21-30. [PMID: 25220206 DOI: 10.1586/17474124.2015.960394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus infection has substantially improved following the advent of direct acting antiviral (DAA) agents. Although the first generation protease inhibitors telaprevir and boceprevir improved sustained viral response (SVR) rates, adverse events remain severe and immature termination of the therapy is frequent; however, intensive dose modification has improved completion and SVR rates. Interferon-free DAA combination therapies, such as asunaprevir and daclatasvir dual therapy are under development and promise higher SVR rates with fewer adverse events. Resistance monitoring and modification of DAA therapy based on pre-existing or de novo resistance variants should be considered. Future therapies are expected to have pan-genotypic activity with shorter duration and improved tolerability, even among cirrhotic and liver transplant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Chayama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
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137
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Lampa A, Alogheli H, Ehrenberg AE, Åkerblom E, Svensson R, Artursson P, Danielson UH, Karlén A, Sandström A. Vinylated linear P2 pyrimidinyloxyphenylglycine based inhibitors of the HCV NS3/4A protease and corresponding macrocycles. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:6595-6615. [PMID: 25456385 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
With three recent market approvals and several inhibitors in advanced stages of development, the hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3/4A protease represents a successful target for antiviral therapy against hepatitis C. As a consequence of dealing with viral diseases in general, there are concerns related to the emergence of drug resistant strains which calls for development of inhibitors with an alternative binding-mode than the existing highly optimized ones. We have previously reported on the use of phenylglycine as an alternative P2 residue in HCV NS3/4A protease inhibitors. Herein, we present the synthesis, structure-activity relationships and in vitro pharmacokinetic characterization of a diverse series of linear and macrocyclic P2 pyrimidinyloxyphenylglycine based inhibitors. With access to vinyl substituents in P3, P2 and P1' positions an initial probing of macrocyclization between different positions, using ring-closing metathesis (RCM) could be performed, after addressing some synthetic challenges. Biochemical results from the wild type enzyme and drug resistant variants (e.g., R155 K) indicate that P3-P1' macrocyclization, leaving the P2 substituent in a flexible mode, is a promising approach. Additionally, the study demonstrates that phenylglycine based inhibitors benefit from p-phenylpyrimidinyloxy and m-vinyl groups as well as from the combination with an aromatic P1 motif with alkenylic P1' elongations. In fact, linear P2-P1' spanning intermediate compounds based on these fragments were found to display promising inhibitory potencies and drug like properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lampa
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hiba Alogheli
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Angelica E Ehrenberg
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 576, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Eva Åkerblom
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Richard Svensson
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; The Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform, Uppsala University, A Node of the Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden (CBCS), Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Artursson
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; The Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform, Uppsala University, A Node of the Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden (CBCS), Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - U Helena Danielson
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 576, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Karlén
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anja Sandström
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
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138
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Wakchaure PB, Borhade SR, Sandström A, Arvidsson PI. Synthesis of Vinyl- and Aryl-Acyl Sulfonimidamides Through Pd-Catalyzed Carbonylation Using Mo(CO)6as ex situ CO Source. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201403148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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139
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Mukherjee S, Weiner WS, Schroeder CE, Simpson DS, Hanson AM, Sweeney NL, Marvin RK, Ndjomou J, Kolli R, Isailovic D, Schoenen FJ, Frick DN. Ebselen inhibits hepatitis C virus NS3 helicase binding to nucleic acid and prevents viral replication. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:2393-403. [PMID: 25126694 PMCID: PMC4201343 DOI: 10.1021/cb500512z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) nonstructural protein 3 (NS3) is both a protease, which cleaves viral and host proteins, and a helicase that separates nucleic acid strands, using ATP hydrolysis to fuel the reaction. Many antiviral drugs, and compounds in clinical trials, target the NS3 protease, but few helicase inhibitors that function as antivirals have been reported. This study focuses on the analysis of the mechanism by which ebselen (2-phenyl-1,2-benzisoselenazol-3-one), a compound previously shown to be a HCV antiviral agent, inhibits the NS3 helicase. Ebselen inhibited the abilities of NS3 to unwind nucleic acids, to bind nucleic acids, and to hydrolyze ATP, and about 1 μM ebselen was sufficient to inhibit each of these activities by 50%. However, ebselen had no effect on the activity of the NS3 protease, even at 100 times higher ebselen concentrations. At concentrations below 10 μM, the ability of ebselen to inhibit HCV helicase was reversible, but prolonged incubation of HCV helicase with higher ebselen concentrations led to irreversible inhibition and the formation of covalent adducts between ebselen and all 14 cysteines present in HCV helicase. Ebselen analogues with sulfur replacing the selenium were just as potent HCV helicase inhibitors as ebselen, but the length of the linker between the phenyl and benzisoselenazol rings was critical. Modifications of the phenyl ring also affected compound potency over 30-fold, and ebselen was a far more potent helicase inhibitor than other, structurally unrelated, thiol-modifying agents. Ebselen analogues were also more effective antiviral agents, and they were less toxic to hepatocytes than ebselen. Although the above structure-activity relationship studies suggest that ebselen targets a specific site on NS3, we were unable to confirm binding to either the NS3 ATP binding site or nucleic acid binding cleft by examining the effects of ebselen on NS3 proteins lacking key cysteines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin−Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Warren S. Weiner
- University
of Kansas Specialized Chemistry Center, University of Kansas, 2034 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Chad E. Schroeder
- University
of Kansas Specialized Chemistry Center, University of Kansas, 2034 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Denise S. Simpson
- University
of Kansas Specialized Chemistry Center, University of Kansas, 2034 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Alicia M. Hanson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin−Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Noreena L. Sweeney
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin−Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Rachel K. Marvin
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Jean Ndjomou
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin−Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Rajesh Kolli
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin−Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Dragan Isailovic
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Frank J. Schoenen
- University
of Kansas Specialized Chemistry Center, University of Kansas, 2034 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - David N. Frick
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin−Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
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140
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Hayes CN, Chayama K. Emerging treatments for chronic hepatitis C. J Formos Med Assoc 2014; 114:204-15. [PMID: 25300586 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in understanding the hepatitis C virus (HCV) life cycle and the urgent need to find complementary direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapies has led to substantial advancements in treating chronic hepatitis C. The introduction of telaprevir and boceprevir in 2011 increased the sustained virological response (SVR) rate from approximately 50% to > 70%, but this therapy further restricted patient eligibility and is only approved for treating HCV genotype 1 infection. Interferon has long remained the backbone of HCV therapy and helps prevent viral breakthrough. However, interferon has limited effectiveness and is associated with severe adverse effects and toxicity, especially among cirrhotic patients. Moving to interferon-free therapies should greatly improve SVR rates and offer new treatments for other HCV genotypes and for ineligible patients or patients failing to respond to prior therapies. However, without the relative safety of interferon to suppress viral escape, vigilance will be required to select appropriate therapies and monitor resistance. Several DAAs are currently undergoing clinical trials and will soon undergo the approval process. Goals of future HCV clinical research will be to identify combinations of DAAs with high genetic barriers, investigate optimal treatment doses and durations, and determine the role of ribavirin in DAA therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Nelson Hayes
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Division of Frontier Medical Science, Programs for Biomedical Research, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Chayama
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Division of Frontier Medical Science, Programs for Biomedical Research, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; Laboratory for Digestive Diseases, Center for Genomic Medicine, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Hiroshima, Japan.
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141
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Doak B, Over B, Giordanetto F, Kihlberg J. Oral Druggable Space beyond the Rule of 5: Insights from Drugs and Clinical Candidates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:1115-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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142
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Abdulrahman Almatrrouk S, Oliver AW, Hampson L, Hampson IN. Targeting gap junction intercellular communication as a potential therapy for HCV-related carcinogenesis. Future Virol 2014. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.14.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Worldwide, at least 170 million people are infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV), which is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). With the recent success of Sofosbuvir (and other agents) antiviral therapy may be used as a future early-stage HCC treatment; however, in the short term, a cost-effective solution is needed to treat patients with viral-associated HCC. Here, we emphasize the potential of targeting gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) as a therapeutic approach for HCC as HCV perturbs GJIC, which is linked to cellular transformation. We review the ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 and structurally related compounds that may inhibit the carcinogenic properties of HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthony W Oliver
- University of Manchester, Viral Oncology, Research Floor, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Lynne Hampson
- University of Manchester, Viral Oncology, Research Floor, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Ian N Hampson
- University of Manchester, Viral Oncology, Research Floor, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester, UK
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143
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Kanda T, Nakamoto S, Wu S, Yokosuka O. New treatments for genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C - focus on simeprevir. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2014; 10:387-94. [PMID: 24920913 PMCID: PMC4043814 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s50170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection causes end-stage liver diseases and hepato cellular carcinoma. In the USA, Canada, and Japan, simeprevir – one of the second-generation HCV NS3/4A protease inhibitors – in combination with peginterferon α-2a or 2b plus ribavirin has recently been approved for HCV genotype 1-infected patients and is now used in daily clinical practice. This review summarizes the mechanism of action of simeprevir and the results of clinical trials of simeprevir and peginterferon plus ribavirin for HCV genotype 1 patients. In general, the simeprevir and peginterferon plus ribavirin treatment is highly effective and its adverse events are similar to those of peginterferon plus ribavirin only, the exception being milder, reversible jaundice. In the near future, the development of interferon-free regimens with simeprevir is expected. Careful attention should be paid to new results of clinical trials with simeprevir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Kanda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shingo Nakamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shuang Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Osamu Yokosuka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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144
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Pawlotsky JM. New hepatitis C therapies: the toolbox, strategies, and challenges. Gastroenterology 2014; 146:1176-92. [PMID: 24631495 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 428] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Therapy for hepatitis C is undergoing a revolution. Several new drugs against the hepatitis C virus (HCV) have reached the market and many others, including direct-acting antivirals and host-targeted agents, are in phase II or III clinical development. All-oral, interferon-free combinations of drugs are expected to cure more than 90% of infections. A vast amount of data from clinical trials are presented regularly at international conferences or released to the press before peer-review, creating confusion in the viral hepatitis field. The goal of this review is to clarify the current stage of HCV therapy and drug development. This review describes the different classes of drugs and their mechanisms and properties, as well as treatment strategies in development, including those that are interferon-based and interferon-free. HCV treatment options that will be available in 2014-2015 are presented for each genotype. A number of unanswered questions and challenges remain, such as how to treat special populations, the role of ribavirin in interferon-free regimens, the role of HCV resistance in treatment failures, and how to best re-treat patients who failed on treatment. Strategic choices, cost issues, HCV screening, and improving access to care in resource-constrained areas also are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Pawlotsky
- National Reference Center for Viral Hepatitis B, C and D, Department of Virology, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France; INSERM U955, Créteil, France.
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145
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Svahn Gustafsson S, Ehrenberg A, Schmuck B, Anwar MI, Danielson UH. Identification of weak points of hepatitis C virus NS3 protease inhibitors using surface plasmon resonance biosensor-based interaction kinetic analysis and genetic variants. J Med Chem 2014; 57:1802-11. [PMID: 24512311 DOI: 10.1021/jm401690f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
To aid the design of next generation hepatitis C virus (HCV) drugs, the kinetics of the interactions between NS3 protease inhibitors and enzyme from genotypes 1a, 1b, and 3a have been characterized. The linear mechanism-based inhibitors VX-950 (telaprevir) and SCH 503034 (boceprevir) benefited from covalent adduct formation. However, the apparent affinities were rather weak (VX-950, K(D)* of 340, 8.5, and 1000 nM for genotypes 1a, 1b and 3a, respectively; SCH 503034, K(D)* of 90 and 3.9 nM for 1b and 3a, respectively). The non-mechanism-based macrocyclic inhibitors BILN-2016 (ciluprevir) and ITMN-191 (danoprevir) had faster association and slower dissociation kinetics, indicating that rigidification is kinetically favorable. ITMN-191 had nanomolar affinities for all genotypes (K(D)* of 0.13, 1.6, and 0.52 nM), suggesting that a broad spectrum drug is conceivable. The data show that macrocyclic scaffolds and mechanism-based inhibition are advantageous but that there is considerable room for improvement of the kinetics of HCV protease targeted drugs.
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146
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Paintsil E, Cheng YC. Antiviral Agents☆. REFERENCE MODULE IN BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES 2014. [PMCID: PMC7150273 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.02387-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Antiviral agents are drugs approved in the USA by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment or control of viral infections. Available antiviral agents mainly target stages in the viral life cycle. The target stages in the viral life cycle are; viral attachment to host cell, uncoating, synthesis of viral mRNA, translation of mRNA, replication of viral RNA and DNA, maturation of new viral proteins, budding, release of newly synthesized virus, and free virus in body fluids. Two important factors that can limit the utility of antiviral drugs are toxicity and the development of resistance to the antiviral agent by the virus. In addition, host phenotypic behaviors toward antiviral drugs because of either genomic or epigenetic factors could limit the efficacy of an antiviral agent in an individual. This article summarizes the most relevant pharmacologic and clinical properties of current antiviral agents, and targets for novel antiviral agents.
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147
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Sira MM, Behairy BE, Abd-Elaziz AM, Abd Elnaby SA, Eltahan EE. Serum Inter-Alpha-Trypsin Inhibitor Heavy Chain 4 (ITIH4) in Children with Chronic Hepatitis C: Relation to Liver Fibrosis and Viremia. HEPATITIS RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2014; 2014:307942. [PMID: 25295185 PMCID: PMC4177773 DOI: 10.1155/2014/307942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis and viremia are determinant factors for the treatment policy and its outcome in chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. We aimed to investigate serum level of inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4) and its relation to liver fibrosis and viremia in children with chronic HCV. ITIH4 was measured by ELISA in 33 treatment-naive children with proved chronic HCV and compared according to different clinical, laboratory and histopathological parameters. Liver histopathological changes were assessed using Ishak score and compared with aspartate transaminase-to-platelet ratio (APRI) and FIB-4 indices as simple noninvasive markers of fibrosis. ITIH4 was measured in a group of 30 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. ITIH4 was significantly higher in patients than in controls (54.2 ± 30.78 pg/mL versus 37.21 ± 5.39 pg/mL; P = 0.021). ITIH4, but not APRI or FIB-4, had a significant direct correlation with fibrosis stage (P = 0.015, 0.961, and 0.389, resp.), whereas, the negative correlation of ITIH4 with HCV viremia was of marginal significance (P = 0.071). In conclusion, ITIH4 significantly correlated with higher stages of fibrosis indicating a possible relation to liver fibrogenesis. The trend of higher ITIH4 with lower viremia points out a potential antiviral properties and further studies in this regard are worthwhile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa M. Sira
- 1Department of Pediatric Hepatology, National Liver Institute, Menofiya University, Shebin El-koom, Menofiya 32511, Egypt
- *Mostafa M. Sira:
| | - Behairy E. Behairy
- 1Department of Pediatric Hepatology, National Liver Institute, Menofiya University, Shebin El-koom, Menofiya 32511, Egypt
| | - Azza M. Abd-Elaziz
- 2Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Liver Institute, Menofiya University, Shebin El-koom, Menofiya 32511, Egypt
| | - Sameh A. Abd Elnaby
- 3Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Menofiya University, Shebin El-koom, Menofiya 32511, Egypt
| | - Ehab E. Eltahan
- 3Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Menofiya University, Shebin El-koom, Menofiya 32511, Egypt
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148
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To Market, To Market—2013. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800167-7.00027-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
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