101
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Clifford S, Lemery-Chalfant K, Goldsmith HH. The Unique and Shared Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Fear, Anger, and Sadness in Childhood. Child Dev 2015; 86:1538-56. [PMID: 26182850 PMCID: PMC4567924 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the extent to which subordinate dimensions of negative emotionality were genetically and environmentally distinct in a sample of 1,316 twins (51% female, 85.8% Caucasian, primarily middle class, Mage = 7.87 years, SD = .93), recruited from Wisconsin hospital birth records between 1989 and 2004. Cholesky, independent pathway, and common pathway models were fitted for mother report, father report, and in-home observation of temperament. Although findings support the use of negative emotionality, there were heritable aspects of anger and fear not explained by a common genetic factor, and shared environmental influences common to anger and sadness but not fear. Observed fear was independent from observed anger and sadness. Distinctions support specificity in measurement when considering implications for child development.
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102
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Garon N, Zwaigenbaum L, Bryson S, Smith IM, Brian J, Roncadin C, Vaillancourt T, Armstrong V, Sacrey LAR, Roberts W. Temperament and its Association with Autism Symptoms in a High-risk Population. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2015; 44:757-69. [DOI: 10.1007/s10802-015-0064-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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103
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Smiley PA, Tan SJ, Goldstein A, Sweda J. Mother Emotion, Child Temperament, and Young Children's Helpless Responses to Failure. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/sode.12153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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104
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Stifter CA, Moding KJ. Understanding and measuring parent use of food to soothe infant and toddler distress: A longitudinal study from 6 to 18 months of age. Appetite 2015; 95:188-96. [PMID: 26164121 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the development of parent use of food to soothe infant distress by examining this feeding practice longitudinally when infants were 6, 12 and 18 months of age. Two measures of feeding to soothe were obtained: parent self-report and observations of food to soothe during each laboratory visit. Demographic and maternal predictors of food to soothe were examined as well as the outcome, infant weight gain. The findings showed that the two measures of food to soothe were unrelated but did reveal similar and unique relations with predictor variables such as parent feeding style and maternal self-efficacy. Only observations of the use of food to soothe were related to infant weight gain. The findings indicate that the two measures of food to soothe may be complementary and that observations of this feeding practice may capture certain relations that are not obtained through the use of self-report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia A Stifter
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, 119 Health and Human Development Building, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States.
| | - Kameron J Moding
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, 119 Health and Human Development Building, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
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105
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Willoughby MT, Stifter CA, Gottfredson NC. The epidemiology of observed temperament: Factor structure and demographic group differences. Infant Behav Dev 2015; 39:21-34. [PMID: 25733489 PMCID: PMC4417459 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the factor structure of observational indicators of children's temperament that were collected across the first three years of life in the Family Life Project (N=1205) sample. A four-factor model (activity level, fear, anger, regulation), which corresponded broadly to Rothbart's distinction between reactivity and regulation, provided an acceptable fit the observed data. Tests of measurement invariance demonstrated that a majority of the observational indicators exhibited comparable measurement properties for male vs. female, black vs. white, and poor vs. not-poor children, which improved the generalizability of these results. Unadjusted demographic group comparisons revealed small to moderate sized differences (Cohen ds=|.23-.42|) in temperamental reactivity and moderate to large sized differences (Cohen ds=-.64--.97) in regulation. Collectively, demographic variables explained more of the variation in regulation (R(2)=.25) than in reactivity (R(2)=.02-.06). Follow-up analyses demonstrated that race differences were substantially diminished in magnitude and better accounted for by poverty. These results help to validate the distinction between temperamental reactivity and regulation using observational indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cynthia A Stifter
- Human Development & Family Studies, Pennsylvania State University, United States
| | - Nisha C Gottfredson
- Center for Developmental Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States
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106
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Bornstein MH, Putnick DL, Gartstein MA, Hahn CS, Auestad N, O'Connor DL. Infant temperament: stability by age, gender, birth order, term status, and socioeconomic status. Child Dev 2015; 86:844-63. [PMID: 25865034 PMCID: PMC4428977 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Two complementary studies focused on stability of infant temperament across the 1st year and considered infant age, gender, birth order, term status, and socioeconomic status (SES) as moderators. Study 1 consisted of 73 mothers of firstborn term girls and boys queried at 2, 5, and 13 months of age. Study 2 consisted of 335 mothers of infants of different gender, birth order, term status, and SES queried at 6 and 12 months. Consistent positive and negative affectivity factors emerged at all time points across both studies. Infant temperament proved stable and robust across gender, birth order, term status, and SES. Stability coefficients for temperament factors and scales were medium to large for shorter (< 9 months) interassessment intervals and small to medium for longer (> 10 months) intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc H Bornstein
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
| | - Diane L Putnick
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
| | | | - Chun-Shin Hahn
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
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107
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Dyson MW, Olino TM, Durbin CE, Goldsmith HH, Bufferd SJ, Miller AR, Klein DN. The structural and rank-order stability of temperament in young children based on a laboratory-observational measure. Psychol Assess 2015; 27:1388-401. [PMID: 25894709 DOI: 10.1037/pas0000104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
It is generally assumed that temperament traits exhibit structural and rank-order stability over time. Most of the research on structural and rank-order stability has relied on parent-report measures. The present study used an alternative approach, a laboratory-observational measure (Laboratory Temperament Assessment Battery [Lab-TAB]), to examine the structural and rank-order stability of temperament traits in a community sample of young children (N = 447). Using structural equation modeling (SEM), we found that a similar 5-factor structure consisting of the dimensions of positive affect (PA)/interest, sociability, dysphoria, fear/inhibition, and impulsivity versus constraint provided an adequate fit to the data at both age 3 and 6 years, suggesting good structural stability. Moreover, all 5 latent factors exhibited significant, albeit modest, rank-order stability from age 3 to 6. In addition, there were significant heterotypic associations of age-3 sociability with age-6 PA/interest, and age-3 impulsivity versus constraint with age-6 fear/inhibition.
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108
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Riis JL, Granger DA, DiPietro JA, Bandeen-Roche K, Johnson SB. Salivary cytokines as a minimally-invasive measure of immune functioning in young children: correlates of individual differences and sensitivity to laboratory stress. Dev Psychobiol 2015; 57:153-67. [PMID: 25604242 PMCID: PMC4538328 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
There is growing interest in minimally-invasive measures of environmentally-responsive biological systems in developmental science. Contributing to that endeavor, this study explores the intercorrelations, correlates, and task-sensitivity of proinflammatory salivary cytokines in childhood. Saliva was sampled from 125 healthy five-year old children (49% male) across a series of cognitive and emotional challenge laboratory tasks. Samples were assayed for cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNFα), and markers of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) and autonomic nervous system (ANS) activation (salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase [sAA]). Cytokines were positively intercorrelated and task-sensitivity varied. Except IL-8, cytokines were elevated in children with oral health issues and tobacco smoke exposure. Among boys, cytokines were positively related to sAA and negatively related to cortisol. The findings suggest that in healthy children, salivary cytokine levels reflect compartmentalized oral immune activity. Associations between ANS and HPA activity and cytokines in saliva may present opportunities for minimally-invasive methods to explore neuroendocrine-immune interactions during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna L. Riis
- Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD,
| | - Douglas A. Granger
- Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD,
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary, Bioscience Research Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
- Department of Acute and Chronic Care, Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD
| | - Janet A. DiPietro
- Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD,
| | - Karen Bandeen-Roche
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Sara B. Johnson
- Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD,
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary, Bioscience Research Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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109
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Endedijk HM, Cillessen AHN, Cox RFA, Bekkering H, Hunnius S. The Role of Child Characteristics and Peer Experiences in the Development of Peer Cooperation. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/sode.12106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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110
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Vroman LN, Lo SL, Durbin CE. Structure and convergent validity of children’s temperament traits as assessed by experimenter ratings of child behavior. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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111
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Bisceglia R, Jenkins J, Barr CL, Wigg KG, Schmidt LA. Arginine Vasopressin Gene Variation and Behavioural Inhibition in Children: an Exploratory Study. INFANT AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/icd.1866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Bisceglia
- Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | - Jennifer Jenkins
- Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | - Cathy L. Barr
- Toronto Western Research Institute and The Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto ON Canada
| | - Karen G. Wigg
- Toronto Western Research Institute and The Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto ON Canada
| | - Louis A. Schmidt
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour; McMaster University; Hamilton ON Canada
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112
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Jones EJH, Gliga T, Bedford R, Charman T, Johnson MH. Developmental pathways to autism: a review of prospective studies of infants at risk. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 39:1-33. [PMID: 24361967 PMCID: PMC3969297 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) are neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by impairments in social interaction and communication, and the presence of restrictive and repetitive behaviors. Symptoms of ASD likely emerge from a complex interaction between pre-existing neurodevelopmental vulnerabilities and the child's environment, modified by compensatory skills and protective factors. Prospective studies of infants at high familial risk for ASD (who have an older sibling with a diagnosis) are beginning to characterize these developmental pathways to the emergence of clinical symptoms. Here, we review the range of behavioral and neurocognitive markers for later ASD that have been identified in high-risk infants in the first years of life. We discuss theoretical implications of emerging patterns, and identify key directions for future work, including potential resolutions to several methodological challenges for the field. Mapping how ASD unfolds from birth is critical to our understanding of the developmental mechanisms underlying this disorder. A more nuanced understanding of developmental pathways to ASD will help us not only to identify children who need early intervention, but also to improve the range of interventions available to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J H Jones
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck College, University of London, UK.
| | - Teodora Gliga
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck College, University of London, UK
| | - Rachael Bedford
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Biostatistics, UK
| | - Tony Charman
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Psychology, UK
| | - Mark H Johnson
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck College, University of London, UK
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113
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Markant J, Cicchetti D, Hetzel S, Thomas KM. Contributions of COMT Val¹⁵⁸ Met to cognitive stability and flexibility in infancy. Dev Sci 2014; 17:396-411. [PMID: 24410746 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive behavior requires focusing on relevant tasks while remaining sensitive to novel information. In adult studies of cognitive control, cognitive stability involves maintaining robust cognitive representations while cognitive flexibility involves updating of representations in response to novel information. Previous adult research has shown that the Met allele of the COMT Val(158) Met gene is associated with enhanced cognitive stability whereas the Val allele is associated with enhanced cognitive flexibility. Here we propose that the stability/flexibility framework can also be applied to infant research, with stability mapping onto early indices of behavioral regulation and flexibility mapping onto indices of behavioral reactivity. From this perspective, the present study examined whether COMT genotype was related to 7-month-old infants' reactivity to novel stimuli and behavioral regulation. Cognitive stability and flexibility were assessed using (1) a motor approach task, (2) a habituation task, and (3) a parental-report measure of temperament. Val carriers were faster to reach for novel toys during the motor approach task and received higher scores on the temperament measure of approach to novelty. Met carriers showed enhanced dishabituation to the novel stimulus during the habituation task and received higher scores on the temperament measures of sustained attention and behavioral regulation. Overall, these results are consistent with adult research suggesting that the Met and Val alleles are associated with increased cognitive stability and flexibility, respectively, and thus suggest that COMT genotype may similarly affect cognitive function in infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Markant
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, USA
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114
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Suzuki H, Belden AC, Spitznagel E, Dietrich R, Luby JL. Blunted stress cortisol reactivity and failure to acclimate to familiar stress in depressed and sub-syndromal children. Psychiatry Res 2013; 210:575-83. [PMID: 23876281 PMCID: PMC3818484 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2013.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Depressed adults have shown blunted or elevated cortisol reactivity in response to various forms of psychosocial stress. However, there have been few studies of cortisol reactivity in children who had early onset depression or a history of depression during the preschool-school period. The present study utilized a laboratory stress paradigm and collected salivary cortisol from preschoolers at baseline (ages 3-5 years) and 24-month follow-up (ages 5-7 years). Repeated-measures multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVAs) were used to compare cortisol reactivity to mild stress between children with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), elevated symptoms of depression (sub-syndromal MDD), and healthy controls. For healthy children, a quadratic cortisol reactivity curve was found at baseline (n=73), which appeared flatter under similar stressful situations at follow-up (n=14), which may reflect acclimation to the paradigm. In contrast, children with MDD (n=46) and sub-syndromal MDD (n=76) showed a peak cortisol response to the novelty of lab arrival and then reduced and blunted responses to stressors at baseline. These cortisol responses persisted at follow-up in children with a history of MDD (n=41) or sub-syndromal MDD (n=73). These results suggest that the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis shows a blunted response to stress and failed to acclimate to familiar stressful situations in depressed and sub-syndromal depressed children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Suzuki
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Andy C. Belden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A
| | - Edward Spitznagel
- Department of Mathematics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A
| | - Rachel Dietrich
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A
| | - Joan L. Luby
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A
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115
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Burnson C, Poehlmann J, Schwichtenberg AJ. Effortful control, positive emotional expression, and behavior problems in children born preterm. Infant Behav Dev 2013; 36:564-74. [PMID: 23810984 PMCID: PMC3796122 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study focused on the role of high effortful control in the expression of positive emotion and development of behavior problems in children born preterm (mean gestational age = 31.4 weeks). Using data from a prospective longitudinal study, the present study assessed effortful control and behavior problems at 24 and 36 months and positive emotional expression at 24 months in a sample of 173 children born preterm. Less positive emotional expression was associated with higher effortful control for boys but not girls. Higher effortful control was associated with fewer total behavior problems, but this relation was attenuated when socioeconomic assets were included in the model. More socioeconomic assets were associated with fewer behavior problems for both boys and girls and higher effortful control for girls. Socioeconomic assets appear to be an important factor in the development of effortful control and behavior problems in children born preterm regardless of gender, whereas positive emotional expression was important for boys. Future intervention research should examine fostering adaptive levels of effortful control in high-risk populations as a means to facilitate resilience processes.
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116
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Gagne JR, Spann CA, Prater JC. Parent Depression Symptoms and Child Temperament Outcomes: A Family Study Approach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/jabr.12013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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117
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Tonnsen BL, Shinkareva SV, Deal SC, Hatton DD, Roberts JE. Biobehavioral indicators of social fear in young children with fragile X syndrome. AMERICAN JOURNAL ON INTELLECTUAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2013; 118:447-59. [PMID: 24432858 PMCID: PMC4283795 DOI: 10.1352/1944-7558-118.6.447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Anxiety is among the most impairing conditions associated with Fragile X syndrome (FXS) and is putatively linked to atypical physiological arousal. However, few studies have examined this association in young children with FXS. The authors examined whether patterns of arousal and behavior during an experimental stranger approach paradigm differ between a cross-sectional sample of 21 young children with FXS and 19 controls (12-58 months old). Groups did not differ in mean levels of behavioral fear. Unlike the control group, however, the FXS group demonstrated increased facial fear at older ages, as well as age-dependent changes in associations between heart activity and distress vocalizations. These findings may inform theoretical models of anxiety etiology in FXS and early detection efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jane E. Roberts
- University of South Carolina, 1512 Pendleton Street, Columbia SC 29201 ()
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118
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Kotelnikova Y, Olino TM, Mackrell SVM, Jordan PL, Hayden EP. Structure of observed temperament in middle childhood. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2013; 47. [PMID: 24293740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2013.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although much is known about the structure of adult temperament and personality, significantly less is known about the structure of child temperament. We examined the structure of child temperament in 205 seven-year-olds using observational measures. Exploratory factor analysis identified factors representing positive emotionality/sociability, disinhibition/anger, fear/behavioral inhibition, and sadness. The predictive validity of these dimensions was evaluated by examining their associations with children's internalizing and externalizing symptoms: positive emotionality/sociability showed positive associations with ADHD symptoms, disinhibition/anger showed positive associations with externalizing symptoms, fear/behavioral inhibition showed negative associations with ADHD and CD symptoms, and sadness showed positive associations with both internalizing and externalizing problems. These associations were consistent with extant literature on temperament and psychopathology, supporting the validity of the structure obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Kotelnikova
- Department of Psychology, Western University, Westminster Hall, 361 Windermere road, London, ON, Canada
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119
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Nakano TDC, Castro LRD. Relação entre criatividade e traços temperamentais em estudantes do ensino fundamental. PSICO-USF 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s1413-82712013000200009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A percepção da ausência de pesquisas nacionais que investiguem a relação entre criatividade e temperamento desenvolvidas com crianças e adolescentes motivou o presente estudo, conduzido junto a 142 estudantes de 6o ao 9o ano do Ensino Fundamental (84 do sexo feminino e 58 masculino), com idades entre 11 e 14 anos (M=12,8 anos; DP=1,10). Dois instrumentos foram utilizados: Teste de Criatividade Figural Infantil e Student Styles Questionnaire, cujos resultados indicaram que as dimensões temperamentais extroversão e intuição foram as que mais se relacionaram ao desempenho em criatividade (apresentando correlações significativas com os fatores Enriquecimento de Ideias, Preparação Criativa e Criatividade Total). Influência significativa da variável sexo foi encontrada em relação às dimensões racional e emotiva do temperamento, ao passo que a variável série e sua interação com sexo mostrou-se importante em um fator da criatividade (Aspectos Cognitivos).
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120
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Childhood temperament: passive gene-environment correlation, gene-environment interaction, and the hidden importance of the family environment. Dev Psychopathol 2013; 25:51-63. [PMID: 23398752 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579412000892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Biological parents pass on genotypes to their children, as well as provide home environments that correlate with their genotypes; thus, the association between the home environment and children's temperament can be genetically (i.e., passive gene-environment correlation) or environmentally mediated. Furthermore, family environments may suppress or facilitate the heritability of children's temperament (i.e., gene-environment interaction). The sample comprised 807 twin pairs (mean age = 7.93 years) from the longitudinal Wisconsin Twin Project. Important passive gene-environment correlations emerged, such that home environments were less chaotic for children with high effortful control, and this association was genetically mediated. Children with high extraversion/surgency experienced more chaotic home environments, and this correlation was also genetically mediated. In addition, heritability of children's temperament was moderated by home environments, such that effortful control and extraversion/surgency were more heritable in chaotic homes, and negative affectivity was more heritable under crowded or unsafe home conditions. Modeling multiple types of gene-environment interplay uncovered the complex role of genetic factors and the hidden importance of the family environment for children's temperament and development more generally.
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121
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Poehlmann J, Hane A, Burnson C, Maleck S, Hamburger E, Shah PE. Preterm infants who are prone to distress: differential effects of parenting on 36-month behavioral and cognitive outcomes. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2012; 53:1018-25. [PMID: 22582942 PMCID: PMC3467011 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02564.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The differential susceptibility (DS) model suggests that temperamentally prone-to-distress infants may exhibit adverse outcomes in negative environments but optimal outcomes in positive environments. This study explored temperament, parenting, and 36-month cognition and behavior in preterm infants using the DS model. We hypothesized that temperamentally prone to distress preterm infants would exhibit more optimal cognition and fewer behavior problems when early parenting was positive; and less optimal cognition and more behavior problems when early parenting was less positive. METHODS Participants included 109 preterm infants (gestation <37 weeks) and their mothers. We assessed neonatal risk and basal vagal tone in the neonatal intensive care unit; infant temperament and parenting interactions at 9 months post-term; and child behavior and cognitive skills at 36 months post-term. Hierarchical regression analyses tested study hypotheses. RESULTS Temperamentally prone-to-distress infants exhibited more externalizing problems if they experienced more critical parenting at 9 months (β = -.20, p < 0.05) but fewer externalizing problems with more positive parenting. Similarly, variations in maternal positive affect (β = .25, p < .01) and intrusive behaviors (β = .23, p < .05) at 9 months predicted 36-month cognition at high but not at low levels of infant temperamental distress. Higher basal vagal tone predicted fewer externalizing problems (β = -.19, p < .05). CONCLUSIONS Early parenting behaviors relate to later behavior and development in preterm infants who are temperamentally prone to distress, and neonatal basal vagal tone predicts subsequent externalizing behaviors. These findings suggest that both biological reactivity and quality of caregiving are important predictors for later outcomes in preterm infants and may be considered as foci for developmental surveillance and interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Poehlmann
- Human Development & Family Studies, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Amanda Hane
- Human Development & Family Studies, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Cynthia Burnson
- Human Development & Family Studies, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Sarah Maleck
- Human Development & Family Studies, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | | | - Prachi E. Shah
- Division of Child Behavioral Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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Dyson MW, Olino TM, Durbin CE, Goldsmith HH, Klein DN. The structure of temperament in preschoolers: a two-stage factor analytic approach. Emotion 2012; 12:44-57. [PMID: 21859196 PMCID: PMC3526001 DOI: 10.1037/a0025023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The structure of temperament traits in young children has been the subject of extensive debate, with separate models proposing different trait dimensions. This research has relied almost exclusively on parent-report measures. The present study used an alternative approach, a laboratory observational measure, to explore the structure of temperament in preschoolers. A 2-stage factor analytic approach, exploratory factor analyses (n = 274) followed by confirmatory factor analyses (n = 276), was used. We retrieved an adequately fitting model that consisted of 5 dimensions: Sociability, Positive Affect/Interest, Dysphoria, Fear/Inhibition, and Constraint versus Impulsivity. This solution overlaps with, but is also distinct from, the major models derived from parent-report measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret W Dyson
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, StonyBrook, NY 11794-2500, USA.
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Hilt LM, Armstrong JM, Essex MJ. Early family context and development of adolescent ruminative style: moderation by temperament. Cogn Emot 2011; 26:916-26. [PMID: 22077906 PMCID: PMC3292851 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2011.621932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
We know very little about the development of rumination, the tendency to passively brood about negative feelings. Because rumination is a risk factor for many forms of psychopathology, especially depression, such knowledge could prove important for preventing negative mental health outcomes in youth. This study examined developmental origins of rumination in a longitudinal sample (N=337; 51% girls) studied in preschool (ages 3½ and 4½ years) and early adolescence (ages 13 and 15 years). Results indicated that family context and child temperament, assessed during the preschool period, were risk factors for a ruminative style in adolescence. Specifically, early family contexts characterised by over-controlling parenting and a family style of negative-submissive expressivity predicted higher levels of later rumination. These associations were moderated by children's temperamental characteristics of negative affect and effortful control. Further, the interaction of these temperament factors exerted an additional influence on later rumination. Implications for prevention and intervention efforts are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori M Hilt
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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124
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Gagne JR, Saudino KJ, Asherson P. The genetic etiology of inhibitory control and behavior problems at 24 months of age. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2011; 52:1155-63. [PMID: 21627653 PMCID: PMC3184216 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02420.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate links between inhibitory control (IC) and behavior problems in early childhood, as well as genetic and environmental covariances between these two constructs. METHODS Parent and laboratory ratings of IC and parent ratings of externalizing and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder behaviors were administered at 24 months of age on a sample of 291 same-sex twin pairs (131 monozygotic, 160 dizygotic). RESULTS There were significant phenotypic associations between both IC assessments and the two areas of behavioral maladjustment (correlations ranged from -.13 to -.57). Multivariate analyses revealed that phenotypic covariance between IC and behavior problems could be substantially explained by common genetic influences (genetic correlations ranged from -.30 to -.74). Parent ratings of IC showed higher phenotypic and genetic correlations with behavior problems than lab ratings of IC. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to examine the etiology of the covariance between IC and related behavioral difficulties in toddlerhood. Findings suggest that low levels of IC can be considered a genetic risk factor for the development of early emerging behavior problems.
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