101
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Iron overload impairs renal function and is associated with vascular calcification in rat aorta. Biometals 2022; 35:1325-1339. [PMID: 36178540 PMCID: PMC9674728 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-022-00449-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) has been associated with a risk of cardiovascular diseases. Iron may play a critical role in progressive VC. Therefore, we investigated the effects of iron overload on the aorta of rats. A rat model of iron overload was established by intraperitoneal injection of Iron-Dextran. The levels of iron, calcium, and ALP activity were detected. Von Kossa staining and Perl's staining were conducted. The expression of iron metabolism-related and calcification related factors were examined in the aortic tissue of rats. The results showed serum and aortic tissue iron were increased induced by iron overload and excessive iron induced hepatic and renal damage. In iron overload rats, the expression of divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) and hepcidin were higher, but ferroportin1 (FPN1) was lower. Von Kossa staining demonstrated calcium deposition in the aorta of iron overload rats. The calcium content and ALP activity in serum and aortic tissue were increased and iron level in aortic tissue highly correlated with calcium content and ALP activity. The expressions of the osteogenic markers were increased while a decrease of Alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in the aortic tissue of iron overload rats. IL-24 was increased during the calcification process induced by iron. Overall, we demonstrated excessive iron accumulation in the aortic tissue and induced organs damage. The iron metabolism-related factors were significantly changed during iron overload. Moreover, we found that iron overload leads to calcium deposition in aorta, playing a key role in the pathological process of VC by mediating osteoblast differentiation factors.
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102
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Surekha MV, Sujatha T, Gadhiraju S, Uday Kumar P, Kotturu SK, Sharada K, Bhaskar V. Impact of maternal iron deficiency anaemia on the expression of the newly discovered multi-copper ferroxidase, Zyklopen, in term placentas. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2022; 42:74-82. [PMID: 33938360 DOI: 10.1080/01443615.2021.1882968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the effect of maternal iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) on expression of the newly discovered iron transporter, Zyklopen in term placenta, in 200 pregnant women. Placental expression of Zyklopen was studied by mRNA analysis and immunohistochemistry for the protein. In addition neonatal anthropometric parameters were also analysed. 58.8% of 200 subjects were anaemic. Both Zyklopen mRNA as well as protein expression in the placenta showed a statistically significant increase with increasing severity of anaemia. Although all the neonatal anthropometric parameters were lower in newborns of anaemic mothers, none showed any statistical significance. Zp mRNA levels did not show any significant correlation with newborn and placental parameters (except newborn skinfold thickness and head circumference). Similar to mRNA expression, Zp IHC expression correlated positively, albiet non-significantly, with newborn length and Hb levels, the correlation was however negative with birth weight, head circumference, mid-arm circumference unlike the mRNA expression, where it positively correlated with the above parameters. Our study for the first time demonstrated a definite increase in expression of Zyklopen at both mRNA and protein levels in term placenta, in maternal IDA.IMPACT STATEMENTWhat is already known on this subject? Iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) in a pregnant mother can lead to anaemia in the developing foetus; which is frequently observed to be of lesser severity than that in the mother. Recently a copper-containing oxidase called Zyklopen was discovered which was involved in iron efflux in BeWo cells. The gene encoding Zyklopen has been identified with a putative C-terminal membrane-spanning sequence and high sequence identitical to hephaestin (Heph) and ceruloplasmin (Cp), the other known vertebrate multicopper ferroxidase (MCF). Protein expression of this new MCF was observed in multiple diverse mouse tissues, including placenta and mammary gland.What do the results of this study add? Zyklopen protein immunohistochemical expression showed a statistically significant increase with increasing severity of anaemia. Similarly, placental mRNA expression of the Zyklopen gene was observed to be higher in anaemic mothers when compared to non-anaemic mothers. Our study for the first time demonstrated a definite increase in expression of Zyklopen at both protein and mRNA levels in term placenta, in maternal IDA.What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? This study will help us to understand better, the increased potential for influx of iron from mother to foetus in the condition of maternal iron deficiency. This study will help to determine how placental iron transport proteins can be regulated in response to maternal and neonatal iron status and will further our existing knowledge on relationships between maternal and neonatal iron status and mechanisms by which placental iron transport is modified in relation to these parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Surekha
- Pathology and Microbiology Division, National Institute of Nutrition (Indian Council of Medical Research), Hyderabad, India
| | - Thathapudi Sujatha
- Pathology and Microbiology Division, National Institute of Nutrition (Indian Council of Medical Research), Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Putcha Uday Kumar
- Pathology and Microbiology Division, National Institute of Nutrition (Indian Council of Medical Research), Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Krishnakumar Sharada
- Pathology and Microbiology Division, National Institute of Nutrition (Indian Council of Medical Research), Hyderabad, India
| | - V Bhaskar
- Division of Bio-statistics, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
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103
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Rethinking IRPs/IRE system in neurodegenerative disorders: Looking beyond iron metabolism. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 73:101511. [PMID: 34767973 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Iron regulatory proteins (IRPs) and iron regulatory element (IRE) systems are well known in the progression of neurodegenerative disorders by regulating iron related proteins. IRPs are also regulated by iron homeostasis. However, an increasing number of studies have suggested a close relationship between the IRPs/IRE system and non-iron-related neurodegenerative disorders. In this paper, we reviewed that the IRPs/IRE system is not only controlled by iron ions, but also regulated by such factors as post-translational modification, oxygen, nitric oxide (NO), heme, interleukin-1 (IL-1), and metal ions. In addition, by regulating the transcription of non-iron related proteins, the IRPs/IRE system functioned in oxidative metabolism, cell cycle regulation, abnormal proteins aggregation, and neuroinflammation. Finally, by emphasizing the multiple regulations of IRPs/IRE system and its potential relationship with non-iron metabolic neurodegenerative disorders, we provided new strategies for disease treatment targeting IRPs/IRE system.
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104
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Folarin OR, Olopade FE, Olopade JO. Essential Metals in the Brain and the Application of Laser Ablation-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry for their Detection. Niger J Physiol Sci 2021; 36:123-147. [PMID: 35947740 DOI: 10.54548/njps.v36i2.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Metals are natural component of the ecosystem present throughout the layers of atmosphere; their abundant expression in the brain indicates their importance in the central nervous system (CNS). Within the brain tissue, their distribution is highly compartmentalized, the pattern of which is determined by their primary roles. Bio-imaging of the brain to reveal spatial distribution of metals within specific regions has provided a unique understanding of brain biochemistry and architecture, linking both the structures and the functions through several metal mediated activities. Bioavailability of essential trace metal is needed for normal brain function. However, disrupted metal homeostasis can influence several biochemical pathways in different fields of metabolism and cause characteristic neurological disorders with a typical disease process usually linked with aberrant metal accumulations. In this review we give a brief overview of roles of key essential metals (Iron, Copper and Zinc) including their molecular mechanisms and bio-distribution in the brain as well as their possible involvement in the pathogenesis of related neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, we also reviewed recent applications of Laser Ablation Inductively Couple Plasma Mass Spectrophotometry (LA-ICP-MS) in the detection of both toxic and essential metal dyshomeostasis in neuroscience research and other related brain diseases.
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105
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Chandrapalan T, Kwong RWM. Functional significance and physiological regulation of essential trace metals in fish. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:273675. [PMID: 34882772 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.238790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Trace metals such as iron, copper, zinc and manganese play essential roles in various biological processes in fish, including development, energy metabolism and immune response. At embryonic stages, fish obtain essential metals primarily from the yolk, whereas in later life stages (i.e. juvenile and adult), the gastrointestine and the gill are the major sites for the acquisition of trace metals. On a molecular level, the absorption of metals is thought to occur at least in part via specific metal ion transporters, including the divalent metal transporter-1 (DMT1), copper transporter-1 (CTR1), and Zrt- and Irt-like proteins (ZIP). A variety of other proteins are also involved in maintaining cellular and systemic metal homeostasis. Interestingly, the expression and function of these metal transport- and metabolism-related proteins can be influenced by a range of trace metals and major ions. Increasing evidence also demonstrates an interplay between the gastrointestine and the gill for the regulation of trace metal absorption. Therefore, there is a complex network of regulatory and compensatory mechanisms involved in maintaining trace metal balance. Yet, an array of factors is known to influence metal metabolism in fish, such as hormonal status and environmental changes. In this Review, we summarize the physiological significance of iron, copper, zinc and manganese, and discuss the current state of knowledge on the mechanisms underlying transepithelial metal ion transport, metal-metal interactions, and cellular and systemic handling of these metals in fish. Finally, we identify knowledge gaps in the regulation of metal homeostasis and discuss potential future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raymond W M Kwong
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada
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106
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Fratta Pasini AM, Stranieri C, Girelli D, Busti F, Cominacini L. Is Ferroptosis a Key Component of the Process Leading to Multiorgan Damage in COVID-19? Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111677. [PMID: 34829548 PMCID: PMC8615234 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Even though COVID-19 is mostly well-known for affecting respiratory pathology, it can also result in several extrapulmonary manifestations, leading to multiorgan damage. A recent reported case of SARS-CoV-2 myocarditis with cardiogenic shock showed a signature of myocardial and kidney ferroptosis, a novel, iron-dependent programmed cell death. The term ferroptosis was coined in the last decade to describe the form of cell death induced by the small molecule erastin. As a specific inducer of ferroptosis, erastin inhibits cystine-glutamate antiporter system Xc-, blocking transportation into the cytoplasm of cystine, a precursor of glutathione (GSH) in exchange with glutamate and the consequent malfunction of GPX4. Ferroptosis is also promoted by intracellular iron overload and by the iron-dependent accumulation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)-derived lipid peroxides. Since depletion of GSH, inactivation of GPX4, altered iron metabolism, and upregulation of PUFA peroxidation by reactive oxygen species are peculiar signs of COVID-19, there is the possibility that SARS-CoV-2 may trigger ferroptosis in the cells of multiple organs, thus contributing to multiorgan damage. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms of ferroptosis and its possible relationship with SARS-CoV-2 infection and multiorgan damage. Finally, we analyze the potential interventions that may combat ferroptosis and, therefore, reduce multiorgan damage.
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107
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Saad HKM, Taib WRW, Ismail I, Johan MF, Al-Wajeeh AS, Al-Jamal HAN. Reduced hepcidin expression enhances iron overload in patients with HbE/β-thalassemia: Α comparative cross-sectional study. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1402. [PMID: 34675995 PMCID: PMC8524734 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron homeostasis is regulated by hepcidin (HEPC) that controls the dietary iron absorption and iron recycling. HEPC deficiency contributes to iron overload in β-thalassemia patients. The present study aimed to investigate the correlation between HEPC concentration and serum iron status among hemoglobin E (HbE)/β-thalassemia patients and their parents (HbE trait and β-thalassemia trait) compared with healthy controls. This study is a comparative cross-sectional study in which iron profile and HEPC level were examined in 65 HbE/β-thalassemia patients (pretransfusion) and 65 parents at the Hospital Sultanah Nur Zahirah and in 130 students as healthy controls from Univesiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Terengganu, Malaysia. Furthermore, six samples from each group (HbE/β-thalassemia patients, parents and healthy controls) were randomly selected for gene expression analysis of HEPC and ferroportin1 (FPN1) using reverse transcription quantitative PCR. The results demonstrated that serum HEPC level were significantly decreased in HbE/β-thalassemia patients and their parents (P<0.001) compared with healthy controls. In addition, the gene expression analysis showed a dramatically downregulated HEPC in HbE/β-thalassemia patients and their parents (P=0.001) compared with healthy controls. However, there was a marked upregulation of FPN1 in HbE/β-thalassemia patients and their parents (P=0.001) compared with healthy controls. Iron profiling results revealed a significantly increased serum ferritin in HbE/β-thalassemia patients and their parents compared with healthy controls (P<0.001). In summary, the present study demonstrated that HEPC expression level and serum level were significantly decreased in HbE/β-thalassemia patients and their parents, which was combined with a marked increased FPN1 expression level and serum ferritin level compared with healthy volunteers. These findings supported the hypothesis that downregulated HEPC could lose its function as a negative regulator of FPN1, resulting in iron overload in HbE/β-thalassemia patients. Subsequently, assessing HEPC and FPN1 gene expression may be a useful tool to determine the risk of iron toxicity in patients with HbE/β-thalassemia and their parents, and could therefore be considered as a therapeutic target in the management of iron burden in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Kamel M Saad
- School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Gong Badak Campus, 21300 Terengganu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Wan Rohani Wan Taib
- School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Gong Badak Campus, 21300 Terengganu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Imilia Ismail
- School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Gong Badak Campus, 21300 Terengganu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Farid Johan
- Department of Haematology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | | | - Hamid Ali Nagi Al-Jamal
- School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Gong Badak Campus, 21300 Terengganu, Kelantan, Malaysia
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108
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Marku A, Galli A, Marciani P, Dule N, Perego C, Castagna M. Iron Metabolism in Pancreatic Beta-Cell Function and Dysfunction. Cells 2021; 10:2841. [PMID: 34831062 PMCID: PMC8616520 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential element involved in a variety of physiological functions. In the pancreatic beta-cells, being part of Fe-S cluster proteins, it is necessary for the correct insulin synthesis and processing. In the mitochondria, as a component of the respiratory chain, it allows the production of ATP and reactive oxygen species (ROS) that trigger beta-cell depolarization and potentiate the calcium-dependent insulin release. Iron cellular content must be finely tuned to ensure the normal supply but also to prevent overloading. Indeed, due to the high reactivity with oxygen and the formation of free radicals, iron excess may cause oxidative damage of cells that are extremely vulnerable to this condition because the normal elevated ROS production and the paucity in antioxidant enzyme activities. The aim of the present review is to provide insights into the mechanisms responsible for iron homeostasis in beta-cells, describing how alteration of these processes has been related to beta-cell damage and failure. Defects in iron-storing or -chaperoning proteins have been detected in diabetic conditions; therefore, the control of iron metabolism in these cells deserves further investigation as a promising target for the development of new disease treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Carla Perego
- Department of Excellence Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Trentacoste, 22134 Milano, Italy; (A.M.); (A.G.); (P.M.); (N.D.)
| | - Michela Castagna
- Department of Excellence Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Trentacoste, 22134 Milano, Italy; (A.M.); (A.G.); (P.M.); (N.D.)
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109
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Programmed cell death in aortic aneurysm and dissection: A potential therapeutic target. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2021; 163:67-80. [PMID: 34597613 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2021.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Rupture of aortic aneurysm and dissection (AAD) remains a leading cause of death. Progressive smooth muscle cell (SMC) loss is a crucial feature of AAD that contributes to aortic dysfunction and degeneration, leading to aortic aneurysm, dissection, and, ultimately, rupture. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of SMC loss and identifying pathways that promote SMC death in AAD are critical for developing an effective pharmacologic therapy to prevent aortic destruction and disease progression. Cell death is controlled by programmed cell death pathways, including apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis. Although these pathways share common stimuli and triggers, each type of programmed cell death has unique features and activation pathways. A growing body of evidence supports a critical role for programmed cell death in the pathogenesis of AAD, and inhibitors of various types of programmed cell death represent a promising therapeutic strategy. This review discusses the different types of programmed cell death pathways and their features, induction, contributions to AAD development, and therapeutic potential. We also highlight the clinical significance of programmed cell death for further studies.
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110
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Katsarou A, Gkouvatsos K, Fillebeen C, Pantopoulos K. Tissue-Specific Regulation of Ferroportin in Wild-Type and Hjv-/- Mice Following Dietary Iron Manipulations. Hepatol Commun 2021; 5:2139-2150. [PMID: 34558857 PMCID: PMC8631100 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepcidin is a liver‐derived peptide hormone that limits iron egress from tissues to the bloodstream. It operates by binding to the iron exporter ferroportin, which blocks iron transport and tags ferroportin for degradation. Genetic hepcidin inactivation leads to hereditary hemochromatosis, a disease of iron overload. We used wild‐type and Hjv‐/‐ mice, a model of hemochromatosis, to examine the expression of ferroportin and other proteins of iron metabolism in hepcidin target tissues. The animals were previously subjected to dietary iron manipulations. In Hjv‐/‐ mice, hepcidin messenger RNA correlated significantly with hepatic iron load (r = 0.8211, P < 0.001), but was substantially lower compared with wild‐type controls. Duodenal ferroportin and divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1), as well as splenic and hepatic ferroportin, were overexpressed in these animals. A high‐iron diet (2% carbonyl iron) suppressed duodenal DMT1 levels in both wild‐type and Hjv‐/‐ mice; however, it did not affect duodenal ferroportin expression in Hjv‐/‐ mice, and only reduced it in wild‐type mice. In contrast, the high‐iron diet decreased splenic ferroportin exclusively in Hjv‐/‐ mice, whereas it induced hepatic ferroportin exclusively in wild‐type mice. Conclusion: Our data show that dietary iron differentially affects ferroportin expression in mouse tissues and are consistent with hepcidin‐dependent and hepcidin‐independent mechanisms for ferroportin regulation. In the Hjv‐/‐ mouse model of hemochromatosis, duodenal ferroportin remains unresponsive to iron but DMT1 is appropriately iron‐regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki Katsarou
- Department of Medicine, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Konstantinos Gkouvatsos
- Department of Medicine, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Carine Fillebeen
- Department of Medicine, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Kostas Pantopoulos
- Department of Medicine, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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111
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Manake MG, Ramatlho P, Ntereke TD, Tawe L, Bango ZA, Quaye IK, Paganotti GM, Kasvosve I. Similar Ferroportin Q248H polymorphism prevalence in patients with Plasmodium falciparum malaria and control subjects in the low-endemic setting of Botswana. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 523:77-80. [PMID: 34534526 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent evidence suggests that ferroportin (FPN) Q248H may confer a survival advantage against malaria by reducing erythrocytic intracellular iron in Africans. We investigated if FPN Q248H mutation, that is prevalent in Batswana, is a factor in limiting the susceptibility to Plasmodium falciparum malaria. METHODS 264 archived dried blood spot samples (183 P. falciparum malaria cases and 81 controls, matched for geographical region and season for equal exposure) were genotyped. Human and P. falciparum DNA was extracted using Chelex-100 resin and P. falciparum molecular confirmation performed. Ferroportin Q248H mutation was identified by restriction fragment length polymorphism. The prevalence of the FPN Q248H mutation and allele frequency and the accompanying 95% confidence interval were calculated. A qPCR method was employed to estimate P. falciparum parasitaemia. Association between FPN and malaria susceptibility was tested using Pearson Chi-square test and Mood's median test was used to compare P. falciparum parasitaemias according to FPN Q248H mutation. RESULTS All samples were successfully genotyped. The FPN Q248H allele frequency was 0.08 (95% CI: 0.05-0.11) in cases and 0.08 (95% CI: 0.02-0.14) in controls, consistent with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The prevalence of FPN Q248H phenotype was comparable in patients with P. falciparum malaria and in un-infected individuals, 16.4% (95% CI: 11.0-21.8) vs 14.8% (95% CI: 7.1-22.5), P = 0.746. In addition, no association of presence of FPN Q248H with reduced parasitaemia was recorded, P = 0.837. CONCLUSION In this small study, FPN Q248H polymorphism prevalence was comparable between patients with P. falciparum malaria and control subjects in the low-endemic setting of Botswana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mokgadi G Manake
- School of Allied Health Professions, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Pleasure Ramatlho
- School of Allied Health Professions, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Tlhalefo D Ntereke
- School of Allied Health Professions, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Leabaneng Tawe
- School of Allied Health Professions, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana; Botswana-University of Pennsylvania Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Zackary A Bango
- Botswana-University of Pennsylvania Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Isaac K Quaye
- Regent University College of Science and Technology, Accra, Ghana
| | - Giacomo M Paganotti
- Botswana-University of Pennsylvania Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana; Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Ishmael Kasvosve
- School of Allied Health Professions, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana.
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112
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Lévesque JP, Summers KM, Bisht K, Millard SM, Winkler IG, Pettit AR. Macrophages form erythropoietic niches and regulate iron homeostasis to adapt erythropoiesis in response to infections and inflammation. Exp Hematol 2021; 103:1-14. [PMID: 34500024 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2021.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
It has recently emerged that tissue-resident macrophages are key regulators of several stem cell niches orchestrating tissue formation during development, as well as postnatally, when they also organize the repair and regeneration of many tissues including the hemopoietic tissue. The fact that macrophages are also master regulators and effectors of innate immunity and inflammation allows them to coordinate hematopoietic response to infections, injuries, and inflammation. After recently reviewing the roles of phagocytes and macrophages in regulating normal and pathologic hematopoietic stem cell niches, we now focus on the key roles of macrophages in regulating erythropoiesis and iron homeostasis. We review herein the recent advances in understanding how macrophages at the center of erythroblastic islands form an erythropoietic niche that controls the terminal differentiation and maturation of erythroblasts into reticulocytes; how red pulp macrophages in the spleen control iron recycling and homeostasis; how these macrophages coordinate emergency erythropoiesis in response to blood loss, infections, and inflammation; and how persistent infections or inflammation can lead to anemia of inflammation via macrophages. Finally, we discuss the technical challenges associated with the molecular characterization of erythroid island macrophages and red pulp macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Lévesque
- Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia.
| | - Kim M Summers
- Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Kavita Bisht
- Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Susan M Millard
- Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Ingrid G Winkler
- Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Allison R Pettit
- Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
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113
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Zhao S, Wang X, Zheng X, Liang X, Wang Z, Zhang J, Zhao X, Zhuang S, Pan Q, Sun F, Shang W, Barasch J, Qiu A. Iron deficiency exacerbates cisplatin- or rhabdomyolysis-induced acute kidney injury through promoting iron-catalyzed oxidative damage. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 173:81-96. [PMID: 34298093 PMCID: PMC9482792 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Iron deficiency is the most common micronutrient deficiency worldwide. While iron deficiency is known to suppress embryonic organogenesis, its effect on the adult organ in the context of clinically relevant damage has not been considered. Here we report that iron deficiency is a risk factor for nephrotoxic intrinsic acute kidney injury of the nephron (iAKI). Iron deficiency exacerbated cisplatin-induced iAKI by markedly increasing non-heme catalytic iron and Nox4 protein which together catalyze production of hydroxyl radicals followed by protein and DNA oxidation, apoptosis and ferroptosis. Crosstalk between non-heme catalytic iron/Nox4 and downstream oxidative damage generated a mutual amplification cycle that facilitated rapid progression of cisplatin-induced iAKI. Iron deficiency also exacerbated a second model of iAKI, rhabdomyolysis, via increasing catalytic heme-iron. Heme-iron induced lipid peroxidation and DNA oxidation by interacting with Nox4-independent mechanisms, promoting p53/p21 activity and cellular senescence. Our data suggests that correcting iron deficiency and/or targeting specific catalytic iron species are strategies to mitigate iAKI in a wide range of patients with diverse forms of kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifeng Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueqiao Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqing Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiu Liang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Juanlian Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xudong Zhao
- Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Shougang Zhuang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, USA
| | - Qiuhui Pan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Fenyong Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Wenjun Shang
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Jonathan Barasch
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, USA.
| | - Andong Qiu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
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Conservation in the Iron Responsive Element Family. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12091365. [PMID: 34573347 PMCID: PMC8466369 DOI: 10.3390/genes12091365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron responsive elements (IREs) are mRNA stem-loop targets for translational control by the two iron regulatory proteins IRP1 and IRP2. They are found in the untranslated regions (UTRs) of genes that code for proteins involved in iron metabolism. There are ten “classic” IRE types that define the conserved secondary and tertiary structure elements necessary for proper IRP binding, and there are 83 published “IRE-like” sequences, most of which depart from the established IRE model. Here are structurally-guided discussions regarding the essential features of an IRE and what is important for IRE family membership.
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115
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De R, Prakash KU, Edison ES. Complex Interactions in Regulation of Haematopoiesis-An Unexplored Iron Mine. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12081270. [PMID: 34440444 PMCID: PMC8391430 DOI: 10.3390/genes12081270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is one of the most abundant metals on earth and is vital for the growth and survival of life forms. It is crucial for the functioning of plants and animals as it is an integral component of the photosynthetic apparatus and innumerable proteins and enzymes. It plays a pivotal role in haematopoiesis and affects the development and differentiation of different haematopoietic lineages, apart from its obvious necessity in erythropoiesis. A large amount of iron stores in humans is diverted towards the latter process, as iron is an indispensable component of haemoglobin. This review summarises the important players of iron metabolism and homeostasis that have been discovered in recent years and highlights the overall significance of iron in haematopoiesis. Its role in maintenance of haematopoietic stem cells, influence on differentiation of varied haematopoietic lineages and consequences of iron deficiency/overloading on development and maturation of different groups of haematopoietic cells have been discussed.
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116
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Hoffmann A, de Souza LV, Seifert M, von Raffay L, Haschka D, Grubwieser P, Grander M, Mitterstiller AM, Nairz M, Poli M, Weiss G. Pharmacological Targeting of BMP6-SMAD Mediated Hepcidin Expression Does Not Improve the Outcome of Systemic Infections With Intra-Or Extracellular Gram-Negative Bacteria in Mice. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:705087. [PMID: 34368018 PMCID: PMC8342937 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.705087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hepcidin is the systemic master regulator of iron metabolism as it degrades the cellular iron exporter ferroportin. In bacterial infections, hepcidin is upregulated to limit circulating iron for pathogens, thereby increasing iron retention in macrophages. This mechanism withholds iron from extracellular bacteria but could be of disadvantage in infections with intracellular bacteria. We aimed to understand the role of hepcidin in infections with intra- or extracellular bacteria using different hepcidin inhibitors. Methods For the experiments LDN-193189 and oversulfated heparins were used, which interact with the BMP6-SMAD pathway thereby inhibiting hepcidin expression. We infected male C57BL/6N mice with either the intracellular bacterium Salmonella Typhimurium or the extracellular bacterium Escherichia coli and treated these mice with the different hepcidin inhibitors. Results Both inhibitors effectively reduced hepcidin levels in vitro under steady state conditions and upon stimulation with the inflammatory signals interleukin-6 or lipopolysaccharide. The inhibitors also reduced hepcidin levels and increased circulating iron concentration in uninfected mice. However, both compounds failed to decrease liver- and circulating hepcidin levels in infected mice and did not affect ferroportin expression in the spleen or impact on serum iron levels. Accordingly, both BMP-SMAD signaling inhibitors did not influence bacterial numbers in different organs in the course of E.coli or S.Tm sepsis. Conclusion These data indicate that targeting the BMP receptor or the BMP-SMAD pathway is not sufficient to suppress hepcidin expression in the course of infection with both intra- or extracellular bacteria. This suggests that upon pharmacological inhibition of the central SMAD-BMP pathways during infection, other signaling cascades are compensatorily induced to ensure sufficient hepcidin formation and iron restriction to circulating microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Hoffmann
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lara Valente de Souza
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Markus Seifert
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Laura von Raffay
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - David Haschka
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Philipp Grubwieser
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Manuel Grander
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anna-Maria Mitterstiller
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Manfred Nairz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Maura Poli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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CD63 is Regulated by Iron via the IRE-IRP System and is Important for Ferritin Secretion by Extracellular Vesicles. Blood 2021; 138:1490-1503. [PMID: 34265052 PMCID: PMC8667049 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021010995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
CD63 is involved in EV secretion from cells and is shown herein to be regulated by iron via the IRE-IRP system. Iron-loading increased secretion of CD63+ EVs containing iron-loaded ferritin.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) transfer functional molecules between cells. CD63 is a widely recognized EV marker that contributes to EV secretion from cells. However, the regulation of its expression remains largely unknown. Ferritin is a cellular iron storage protein that can also be secreted by the exosome pathway, and serum ferritin levels classically reflect body iron stores. Iron metabolism–associated proteins such as ferritin are intricately regulated by cellular iron levels via the iron responsive element-iron regulatory protein (IRE-IRP) system. Herein, we present a novel mechanism demonstrating that the expression of the EV-associated protein CD63 is under the regulation of the IRE-IRP system. We discovered a canonical IRE in the 5′ untranslated region of CD63 messenger RNA that is responsible for regulating its expression in response to increased iron. Cellular iron loading caused a marked increase in CD63 expression and the secretion of CD63+ EVs from cells, which were shown to contain ferritin-H and ferritin-L. Our results demonstrate that under iron loading, intracellular ferritin is transferred via nuclear receptor coactivator 4 (NCOA4) to CD63+ EVs that are then secreted. Such iron-regulated secretion of the major iron storage protein ferritin via CD63+ EVs, is significant for understanding the local cell-to-cell exchange of ferritin and iron.
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118
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Lakhal-Littleton S. Advances in understanding the crosstalk between mother and fetus on iron utilization. Semin Hematol 2021; 58:153-160. [PMID: 34389107 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A full-term pregnancy comes with significant demand for iron. Not meeting this demand has adverse effects on maternal health and on the intrauterine and postnatal development of the infant. In the infant, some of these adverse effects cannot be reversed by postnatal iron supplementation, highlighting the need to tackle iron deficiency in utero. Achieving this requires sound understanding of the pathways that govern iron transfer at the fetomaternal interface. Two pathways are emerging as key players in this context; the hepcidin/ferroportin axis pathway and the iron regulatory protein (IRPs) pathway. In late gestation, suppression of maternal hepcidin, by as yet unknown factors, is required for increasing iron availability to the growing fetus. In the placenta, the rate of iron uptake by transferrin receptor TfR1 at the apical/maternal side and of iron release by ferroportin FPN at the basal/fetal side is controlled by IRP1. In fetal hepatocytes, build up of fetal iron stores requires post-translational inhibition of FPN by the cell-autonomous action of hepcidin. In the fetal liver, FPN is also subject to additional control at the transcriptional level, possibly by the action of hypoxia-inducible factor HIF2α. The rates of apical iron uptake and basal iron release in the placenta are modulated according to iron availability in the maternal blood and the placenta's own needs. This placental modulation ensures that the amount of iron delivered to the fetal circulation is maintained within a normal range, even in the face of mild maternal iron deficiency or overload. However, when maternal iron deficiency or overload are extreme, placental modulation is not sufficient to maintain normal iron supply to the fetus, resulting in fetal iron deficiency and overload respectively. Thus, the rate of iron transfer at the fetomaternal interface is subject to several regulatory signals operating simultaneously in the maternal liver, the placenta and the fetal liver. These regulatory signals act in concert to maintain normal iron supply to the fetus within a wide range of maternal iron states, but fail to do so when maternal iron deficiency or overload are extreme. The limitations of existing experimental models must be overcome if we are to gain better understanding of the role of these regulatory signals in normal and complicated pregnancy. Ultimately, that understanding could help identify better markers of fetal iron demand and underpin novel iron replacement strategies to treat maternal and fetal iron deficiency.
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119
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Maio N, Zhang DL, Ghosh MC, Jain A, SantaMaria AM, Rouault TA. Mechanisms of cellular iron sensing, regulation of erythropoiesis and mitochondrial iron utilization. Semin Hematol 2021; 58:161-174. [PMID: 34389108 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To maintain an adequate iron supply for hemoglobin synthesis and essential metabolic functions while counteracting iron toxicity, humans and other vertebrates have evolved effective mechanisms to conserve and finely regulate iron concentration, storage, and distribution to tissues. At the systemic level, the iron-regulatory hormone hepcidin is secreted by the liver in response to serum iron levels and inflammation. Hepcidin regulates the expression of the sole known mammalian iron exporter, ferroportin, to control dietary absorption, storage and tissue distribution of iron. At the cellular level, iron regulatory proteins 1 and 2 (IRP1 and IRP2) register cytosolic iron concentrations and post-transcriptionally regulate the expression of iron metabolism genes to optimize iron availability for essential cellular processes, including heme biosynthesis and iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis. Genetic malfunctions affecting the iron sensing mechanisms or the main pathways that utilize iron in the cell cause a broad range of human diseases, some of which are characterized by mitochondrial iron accumulation. This review will discuss the mechanisms of systemic and cellular iron sensing with a focus on the main iron utilization pathways in the cell, and on human conditions that arise from compromised function of the regulatory axes that control iron homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunziata Maio
- Molecular Medicine Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - De-Liang Zhang
- Molecular Medicine Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Manik C Ghosh
- Molecular Medicine Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Anshika Jain
- Molecular Medicine Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Anna M SantaMaria
- Molecular Medicine Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Tracey A Rouault
- Molecular Medicine Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
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Widiyanti P, Kuehn H, Soetjipto S. Osteoblast iron genes: real time PCR and microarray hybridization approach under hyperoxia. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 32:491-496. [PMID: 34214335 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2020-0471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Iron is essential for cell growth, differentiation, electron transfer, and oxygen transport. Hyperoxia may increase the turnover of bone matrix components with a net effect of accelerated bone growth. Although hyperoxia was claimed could increase osteoblast activity, but expression level in possible genes which play role in proliferation is still unclear. This research aims to prove the differences of expression level of transferrin receptor gene and iron regulated transporter and other genes of 7F2 under 24 h normoxia, 24 h hyperoxia, and 48 h hyperoxia and the effect of hyperoxia by using osteoblast cell culture 7F2. METHODS Reverse transcriptase, real time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), and microarray is used to qualitatively detect gene expression. The computer softwares such as National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) data base, Software Affymetrix, DNA Strider program, Genomatix - DiAlign program, Oligo 5.0 program (Software primer design) from Wojciech & Piotr Rychlik, and Genetyx-Mac version 8.0 have been used to analyze the PCR result. RESULTS Under 24 h hyperoxia, there were 3,884 copies of transferrin receptor mRNA per 1,000,000 copies of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) mRNA. After 24 h hyperoxia, 8,325 copies of transferrin receptor mRNA per 1,000,000 GAPDH mRNA copies were found showing 2.1-fold up regulation. After 48 h hyperoxia, there was no significant increase at the level of expression of transferrin receptor mRNA, 8,079 mRNA copies per 1,000,000 copies of mRNA were found (2.0-fold up regulation compared with 24 h normoxia). CONCLUSIONS It can be concluded that hyperoxia might have an effect on upregulating the expression of some osteoblast genes which might have an impact on osteoblast activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prihartini Widiyanti
- Department of Physics, Biomedical Engineering Study Program, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Hartmut Kuehn
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charite University of Clinics, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Soetjipto Soetjipto
- Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
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Abbasi U, Abbina S, Gill A, Takuechi LE, Kizhakkedathu JN. Role of Iron in the Molecular Pathogenesis of Diseases and Therapeutic Opportunities. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:945-972. [PMID: 34102834 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an essential mineral that serves as a prosthetic group for a variety of proteins involved in vital cellular processes. The iron economy within humans is highly conserved in that there is no proper iron excretion pathway. Therefore, iron homeostasis is highly evolved to coordinate iron acquisition, storage, transport, and recycling efficiently. A disturbance in this state can result in excess iron burden in which an ensuing iron-mediated generation of reactive oxygen species imparts widespread oxidative damage to proteins, lipids, and DNA. On the contrary, problems in iron deficiency either due to genetic or nutritional causes can lead to a number of iron deficiency disorders. Iron chelation strategies have been in the works since the early 1900s, and they still remain the most viable therapeutic approach to mitigate the toxic side effects of excess iron. Intense investigations on improving the efficacy of chelation strategies while being well tolerated and accepted by patients have been a particular focus for many researchers over the past 30 years. Moreover, recent advances in our understanding on the role of iron in the pathogenesis of different diseases (both in iron overload and iron deficiency conditions) motivate the need to develop new therapeutics. We summarized recent investigations into the role of iron in health and disease conditions, iron chelation, and iron delivery strategies. Information regarding small molecule as well as macromolecular approaches and how they are employed within different disease pathogenesis such as primary and secondary iron overload diseases, cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, infections, and in iron deficiency is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usama Abbasi
- Centre for Blood Research, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z7
| | - Srinivas Abbina
- Centre for Blood Research, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z7
| | - Arshdeep Gill
- Centre for Blood Research, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Lily E. Takuechi
- Centre for Blood Research, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z7
| | - Jayachandran N. Kizhakkedathu
- Centre for Blood Research, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z7
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
- The School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
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Hepcidin-Ferroportin Interaction Controls Systemic Iron Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126493. [PMID: 34204327 PMCID: PMC8235187 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite its abundance in the environment, iron is poorly bioavailable and subject to strict conservation and internal recycling by most organisms. In vertebrates, the stability of iron concentration in plasma and extracellular fluid, and the total body iron content are maintained by the interaction of the iron-regulatory peptide hormone hepcidin with its receptor and cellular iron exporter ferroportin (SLC40a1). Ferroportin exports iron from duodenal enterocytes that absorb dietary iron, from iron-recycling macrophages in the spleen and the liver, and from iron-storing hepatocytes. Hepcidin blocks iron export through ferroportin, causing hypoferremia. During iron deficiency or after hemorrhage, hepcidin decreases to allow iron delivery to plasma through ferroportin, thus promoting compensatory erythropoiesis. As a host defense mediator, hepcidin increases in response to infection and inflammation, blocking iron delivery through ferroportin to blood plasma, thus limiting iron availability to invading microbes. Genetic diseases that decrease hepcidin synthesis or disrupt hepcidin binding to ferroportin cause the iron overload disorder hereditary hemochromatosis. The opposite phenotype, iron restriction or iron deficiency, can result from genetic or inflammatory overproduction of hepcidin.
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123
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Colucci S, Marques O, Altamura S. 20 years of Hepcidin: How far we have come. Semin Hematol 2021; 58:132-144. [PMID: 34389105 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Twenty years ago the discovery of hepcidin deeply changed our understanding of the regulation of systemic iron homeostasis. It is now clear that hepcidin orchestrates systemic iron levels by controlling the amount of iron exported into the bloodstream through ferroportin. Hepcidin expression is increased in situations where systemic iron levels should be reduced, such as in iron overload and infection. Conversely, hepcidin is repressed during iron deficiency, hypoxia or expanded erythropoiesis, to increase systemic iron availability and sustain erythropoiesis. In this review, we will focus on molecular mechanisms of hepcidin regulation and on the pathological consequences of their disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Colucci
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology - University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.; Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, EMBL and University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oriana Marques
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology - University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.; Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, EMBL and University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sandro Altamura
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology - University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.; Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, EMBL and University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany..
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Roemhild K, von Maltzahn F, Weiskirchen R, Knüchel R, von Stillfried S, Lammers T. Iron metabolism: pathophysiology and pharmacology. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2021; 42:640-656. [PMID: 34090703 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Iron is essential in many physiological processes, including DNA metabolism, oxygen transport, and cellular energy generation. Deregulated iron metabolism, which results in iron overload or iron deficiency, is observed in many different diseases. We here summarize recent progress in the pathophysiology and pharmacology of iron-overload diseases, such as hereditary hemochromatosis, as well as iron-deficiency disorders, which are typically associated with anemia. The role of iron in immunity and the connection between iron and cancer are also addressed. We finally summarize and discuss the current (pre-) clinical landscape of pharmacotherapies targeting key players involved in iron metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolin Roemhild
- Department of Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen 52074, Germany; Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Finn von Maltzahn
- Department of Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Ruth Knüchel
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Saskia von Stillfried
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Twan Lammers
- Department of Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen 52074, Germany.
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Mazgaj R, Lipiński P, Edison ES, Bednarz A, Staroń R, Haberkiewicz O, Lenartowicz M, Smuda E, Jończy A, Starzyński RR. Marginally reduced maternal hepatic and splenic ferroportin under severe nutritional iron deficiency in pregnancy maintains systemic iron supply. Am J Hematol 2021; 96:659-670. [PMID: 33684239 PMCID: PMC8251567 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.26152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The demand for iron is high in pregnancy to meet the increased requirements for erythropoiesis. Even pregnant females with initially iron‐replete stores develop iron‐deficiency anemia, due to inadequate iron absorption. In anemic females, the maternal iron supply is dedicated to maintaining iron metabolism in the fetus and placenta. Here, using a mouse model of iron deficiency in pregnancy, we show that iron recycled from senescent erythrocytes becomes a predominant source of this microelement that can be transferred to the placenta in females with depleted iron stores. Ferroportin is a key protein in the molecular machinery of cellular iron egress. We demonstrate that under iron deficiency in pregnancy, levels of ferroportin are greatly reduced in the duodenum, placenta and fetal liver, but not in maternal liver macrophages and in the spleen. Although low expression of both maternal and fetal hepcidin predicted ferroportin up‐regulation in examined locations, its final expression level was very likely correlated with tissue iron status. Our results argue that iron released into the circulation of anemic females is taken up by the placenta, as evidenced by high expression of iron importers on syncytiotrophoblasts. Then, a substantial decrease in levels of ferroportin on the basolateral side of syncytiotrophoblasts, may be responsible for the reduced transfer of iron to the fetus. As attested by the lowest decrease in iron content among analyzed tissues, some part is retained in the placenta. These findings confirm the key role played by ferroportin in tuning iron turnover in iron‐deficient pregnant mouse females and their fetuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Mazgaj
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences Magdalenka Poland
| | - Paweł Lipiński
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences Magdalenka Poland
| | | | - Aleksandra Bednarz
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research Jagiellonian University Kraków Poland
| | - Robert Staroń
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences Magdalenka Poland
| | - Olga Haberkiewicz
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research Jagiellonian University Kraków Poland
| | - Małgorzata Lenartowicz
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research Jagiellonian University Kraków Poland
| | - Ewa Smuda
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences Magdalenka Poland
| | - Aneta Jończy
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences Magdalenka Poland
| | - Rafał R. Starzyński
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences Magdalenka Poland
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126
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Turpin C, Catan A, Meilhac O, Bourdon E, Canonne-Hergaux F, Rondeau P. Erythrocytes: Central Actors in Multiple Scenes of Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115843. [PMID: 34072544 PMCID: PMC8198892 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The development and progression of atherosclerosis (ATH) involves lipid accumulation, oxidative stress and both vascular and blood cell dysfunction. Erythrocytes, the main circulating cells in the body, exert determinant roles in the gas transport between tissues. Erythrocytes have long been considered as simple bystanders in cardiovascular diseases, including ATH. This review highlights recent knowledge concerning the role of erythrocytes being more than just passive gas carriers, as potent contributors to atherosclerotic plaque progression. Erythrocyte physiology and ATH pathology is first described. Then, a specific chapter delineates the numerous links between erythrocytes and atherogenesis. In particular, we discuss the impact of extravasated erythrocytes in plaque iron homeostasis with potential pathological consequences. Hyperglycaemia is recognised as a significant aggravating contributor to the development of ATH. Then, a special focus is made on glycoxidative modifications of erythrocytes and their role in ATH. This chapter includes recent data proposing glycoxidised erythrocytes as putative contributors to enhanced atherothrombosis in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Turpin
- Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), INSERM, UMR 1188, Université de La Réunion, 97400 Saint Denis, France; (C.T.); (A.C.); (O.M.); (E.B.)
| | - Aurélie Catan
- Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), INSERM, UMR 1188, Université de La Réunion, 97400 Saint Denis, France; (C.T.); (A.C.); (O.M.); (E.B.)
| | - Olivier Meilhac
- Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), INSERM, UMR 1188, Université de La Réunion, 97400 Saint Denis, France; (C.T.); (A.C.); (O.M.); (E.B.)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de La Réunion, 97400 Saint Denis, France
| | - Emmanuel Bourdon
- Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), INSERM, UMR 1188, Université de La Réunion, 97400 Saint Denis, France; (C.T.); (A.C.); (O.M.); (E.B.)
| | | | - Philippe Rondeau
- Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), INSERM, UMR 1188, Université de La Réunion, 97400 Saint Denis, France; (C.T.); (A.C.); (O.M.); (E.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +262(0)-2-62-93-88-43; Fax: +262-(0)-2-62-93-88-01
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127
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Salvia miltiorrhiza (SM) Injection Ameliorates Iron Overload-Associated Cardiac Dysfunction by Regulating the Expression of DMT1, TfR1, and FP1 in Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:6864723. [PMID: 34135983 PMCID: PMC8175163 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6864723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have found that Salvia miltiorrhiza (SM) injection have a protective effect on the iron overloaded (IO) heart. However, the mechanisms are not completely known. In the present study, we investigated the underlying mechanisms based on the iron transport-related proteins. The rats were randomly divided into five groups: control, IO group, low-dose SM group, high-dose SM group, and deferoxamine control group. Iron dextran was injected to establish the IO model. After 14 days of treatment, cardiac histological changes were observed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Iron uptake-related proteins divalent metal transporter-1 (DMT-1), transferrin receptor-1 (TfR-1), and iron export-related proteins ferroportin1 (FP1) in the heart were detected by Western blotting. The results showed that SM injection decreased cardiac iron deposition, ameliorated cardiac function, and inhibited cardiac oxidation. Most important of all, SM injection downregulated the expression of DMT-1 and TfR-1 and upregulated FP1 protein levels compared with the IO group. Our results indicated that reducing cardiac iron uptake and increasing iron excretion may be one of the important mechanisms of SM injection reducing cardiac iron deposition and improving cardiac function under the conditions of IO.
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128
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Rossmann MP, Hoi K, Chan V, Abraham BJ, Yang S, Mullahoo J, Papanastasiou M, Wang Y, Elia I, Perlin JR, Hagedorn EJ, Hetzel S, Weigert R, Vyas S, Nag PP, Sullivan LB, Warren CR, Dorjsuren B, Greig EC, Adatto I, Cowan CA, Schreiber SL, Young RA, Meissner A, Haigis MC, Hekimi S, Carr SA, Zon LI. Cell-specific transcriptional control of mitochondrial metabolism by TIF1γ drives erythropoiesis. Science 2021; 372:716-721. [PMID: 33986176 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz2740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Transcription and metabolism both influence cell function, but dedicated transcriptional control of metabolic pathways that regulate cell fate has rarely been defined. We discovered, using a chemical suppressor screen, that inhibition of the pyrimidine biosynthesis enzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) rescues erythroid differentiation in bloodless zebrafish moonshine (mon) mutant embryos defective for transcriptional intermediary factor 1 gamma (tif1γ). This rescue depends on the functional link of DHODH to mitochondrial respiration. The transcription elongation factor TIF1γ directly controls coenzyme Q (CoQ) synthesis gene expression. Upon tif1γ loss, CoQ levels are reduced, and a high succinate/α-ketoglutarate ratio leads to increased histone methylation. A CoQ analog rescues mon's bloodless phenotype. These results demonstrate that mitochondrial metabolism is a key output of a lineage transcription factor that drives cell fate decisions in the early blood lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlies P Rossmann
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 01238, USA.,Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Karen Hoi
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 01238, USA.,Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Victoria Chan
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 01238, USA.,Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Brian J Abraham
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Song Yang
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - James Mullahoo
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Ying Wang
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Ilaria Elia
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Julie R Perlin
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elliott J Hagedorn
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sara Hetzel
- Department of Genome Regulation, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Raha Weigert
- Department of Genome Regulation, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sejal Vyas
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Partha P Nag
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Lucas B Sullivan
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Curtis R Warren
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Bilguujin Dorjsuren
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 01238, USA.,Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Eugenia Custo Greig
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 01238, USA.,Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Isaac Adatto
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 01238, USA.,Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chad A Cowan
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Richard A Young
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Alexander Meissner
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 01238, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Department of Genome Regulation, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcia C Haigis
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Siegfried Hekimi
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Steven A Carr
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Leonard I Zon
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 01238, USA. .,Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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129
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Plays M, Müller S, Rodriguez R. Chemistry and biology of ferritin. Metallomics 2021; 13:6244244. [PMID: 33881539 PMCID: PMC8083198 DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfab021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an essential element required by cells and has been described as a key player in ferroptosis. Ferritin operates as a fundamental iron storage protein in cells forming multimeric assemblies with crystalline iron cores. We discuss the latest findings on ferritin structure and activity and its link to cell metabolism and ferroptosis. The chemistry of iron, including its oxidation states, is important for its biological functions, its reactivity, and the biology of ferritin. Ferritin can be localized in different cellular compartments and secreted by cells with a variety of functions depending on its spatial context. Here, we discuss how cellular ferritin localization is tightly linked to its function in a tissue-specific manner, and how impairment of iron homeostasis is implicated in diseases, including cancer and coronavirus disease 2019. Ferritin is a potential biomarker and we discuss latest research where it has been employed for imaging purposes and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Plays
- Chemical Biology of Cancer Laboratory, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France.,Centre national de la recherche scientifique UMR 3666, Paris, France.,Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale U1143, Paris, France.,PSL Université Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sebastian Müller
- Chemical Biology of Cancer Laboratory, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France.,Centre national de la recherche scientifique UMR 3666, Paris, France.,Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale U1143, Paris, France.,PSL Université Paris, Paris, France
| | - Raphaël Rodriguez
- Chemical Biology of Cancer Laboratory, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France.,Centre national de la recherche scientifique UMR 3666, Paris, France.,Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale U1143, Paris, France.,PSL Université Paris, Paris, France
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130
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Porrini C, Ramarao N, Tran SL. Dr. NO and Mr. Toxic - the versatile role of nitric oxide. Biol Chem 2021; 401:547-572. [PMID: 31811798 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2019-0368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is present in various organisms from humans, to plants, fungus and bacteria. NO is a fundamental signaling molecule implicated in major cellular functions. The role of NO ranges from an essential molecule to a potent mediator of cellular damages. The ability of NO to react with a broad range of biomolecules allows on one hand its regulation and a gradient concentration and on the other hand to exert physiological as well as pathological functions. In humans, NO is implicated in cardiovascular homeostasis, neurotransmission and immunity. However, NO can also contribute to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) or septic shock. For certain denitrifying bacteria, NO is part of their metabolism as a required intermediate of the nitrogen cycle. However, for other bacteria, NO is toxic and harmful. To survive, those bacteria have developed processes to resist this toxic effect and persist inside their host. NO also contributes to maintain the host/microbiota homeostasis. But little is known about the impact of NO produced during prolonged inflammation on microbiota integrity, and some pathogenic bacteria take advantage of the NO response to colonize the gut over the microbiota. Taken together, depending on the environmental context (prolonged production, gradient concentration, presence of partners for interaction, presence of oxygen, etc.), NO will exert its beneficial or detrimental function. In this review, we highlight the dual role of NO for humans, pathogenic bacteria and microbiota, and the mechanisms used by each organism to produce, use or resist NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance Porrini
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Nalini Ramarao
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Seav-Ly Tran
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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131
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Human ferroportin mediates proton-coupled active transport of iron. Blood Adv 2021; 4:4758-4768. [PMID: 33007076 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020001864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As the sole iron exporter in humans, ferroportin controls systemic iron homeostasis through exporting iron into the blood plasma. The molecular mechanism of how ferroportin exports iron under various physiological settings remains unclear. Here we found that purified ferroportin incorporated into liposomes preferentially transports Fe2+ and exhibits lower affinities of transporting other divalent metal ions. The iron transport by ferroportin is facilitated by downhill proton gradients at the same direction. Human ferroportin is also capable of transporting protons, and this activity is tightly coupled to the iron transport. Remarkably, ferroportin can conduct active transport uphill against the iron gradient, with favorable charge potential providing the driving force. Targeted mutagenesis suggests that the iron translocation site is located at the pore region of human ferroportin. Together, our studies enhance the mechanistic understanding by which human ferroportin transports iron and suggest that a combination of electrochemical gradients regulates iron export.
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132
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EnvIRONmental Aspects in Myelodysplastic Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105202. [PMID: 34068996 PMCID: PMC8156755 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic iron overload is multifactorial in patients suffering from myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Disease-immanent ineffective erythropoiesis together with chronic red blood cell transfusion represent the main underlying reasons. However, like the genetic heterogeneity of MDS, iron homeostasis is also diverse in different MDS subtypes and can no longer be generalized. While a certain amount of iron and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are indispensable for proper hematological output, both are harmful if present in excess. Consequently, iron overload has been increasingly recognized as an important player in MDS, which is worth paying attention to. This review focuses on iron- and ROS-mediated effects in the bone marrow niche, their implications for hematopoiesis and their yet unclear involvement in clonal evolution. Moreover, we provide recent insights into hepcidin regulation in MDS and its interaction between erythropoiesis and inflammation. Based on Tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 2 (TET2), representing one of the most frequently mutated genes in MDS, leading to disturbances in both iron homeostasis and hematopoiesis, we highlight that different genetic alteration may have different implications and that a comprehensive workup is needed for a complete understanding and development of future therapies.
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133
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Maurya M, Nag TC, Kumar P, Roy TS. Expression patterns of iron regulatory proteins after intense light exposure in a cone-dominated retina. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:3483-3495. [PMID: 33983563 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04175-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Iron is implicated in ocular diseases such as in age-related macular degeneration. Light is also considered as a pathological factor in this disease. Earlier, two studies reported the influence of constant light environment on the pattern of expressions of iron-handling proteins. Here, we aimed to see the influence of light in 12-h light-12-h dark (12L:12D) cycles on the expression of iron-handling proteins in chick retina. Chicks were exposed to 400 lx (control) and 5000 lx (experimental) light at 12L:12D cycles and sacrificed at variable timepoints. Retinal ferrous ion (Fe2+) level, ultrastructural changes, lipid peroxidation level, immunolocalization and expression patterns of iron-handling proteins were analysed after light exposure. Both total Fe2+ level (p = 0.0004) and lipid peroxidation (p = 0.002) significantly increased at 12-, 48- and 168-h timepoint (for Fe2+) and 48- and 168-h timepoint (for lipid peroxidation), and there were degenerative retinal changes after 168 h of light exposure. Intense light exposure led to an increase in the levels of transferrin and transferrin receptor-1 (at 168-h) and ferroportin-1, whereas the levels of ferritins, hephaestin, (at 24-, 48- and 168-h timepoint) and ceruloplasmin (at 168-h timepoint) were decreased. These changes in iron-handling proteins after light exposure are likely due to a disturbance in the iron storage pool evident from decreased ferritin levels, which would result in increased intracellular Fe2+ levels. To counteract this, Fe2+ is released into the extracellular space, an observation supported by increased expression of ferroportin-1. Ceruloplasmin was able to convert Fe2+ into Fe3+ until 48 h of light exposure, but its decreased expression with time (at 168-h timepoint) resulted in increased extracellular Fe2+ that might have caused oxidative stress and retinal cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Maurya
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Tapas C Nag
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Tara Sankar Roy
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
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134
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Alahari S, Farrell A, Ermini L, Park C, Sallais J, Roberts S, Gillmore T, Litvack M, Post M, Caniggia I. JMJD6 Dysfunction Due to Iron Deficiency in Preeclampsia Disrupts Fibronectin Homeostasis Resulting in Diminished Trophoblast Migration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:652607. [PMID: 34055782 PMCID: PMC8149756 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.652607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms contributing to excessive fibronectin in preeclampsia, a pregnancy-related disorder, remain unknown. Herein, we investigated the role of JMJD6, an O2- and Fe2+-dependent enzyme, in mediating placental fibronectin processing and function. MALDI-TOF identified fibronectin as a novel target of JMJD6-mediated lysyl hydroxylation, preceding fibronectin glycosylation, deposition, and degradation. In preeclamptic placentae, fibronectin accumulated primarily in lysosomes of the mesenchyme. Using primary placental mesenchymal cells (pMSCs), we found that fibronectin fibril formation and turnover were markedly impeded in preeclamptic pMSCs, partly due to impaired lysosomal degradation. JMJD6 knockdown in control pMSCs recapitulated the preeclamptic FN phenotype. Importantly, preeclamptic pMSCs had less total and labile Fe2+ and Hinokitiol treatment rescued fibronectin assembly and promoted lysosomal degradation. Time-lapse imaging demonstrated that defective ECM deposition by preeclamptic pMSCs impeded HTR-8/SVneo cell migration, which was rescued upon Hinokitiol exposure. Our findings reveal new Fe2+-dependent mechanisms controlling fibronectin homeostasis/function in the placenta that go awry in preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sruthi Alahari
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Abby Farrell
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Leonardo Ermini
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Chanho Park
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Julien Sallais
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah Roberts
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Taylor Gillmore
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Litvack
- Program in Translational Medicine, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Martin Post
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Program in Translational Medicine, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Isabella Caniggia
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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135
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Lim D, Jeong JH, Song J. Lipocalin 2 regulates iron homeostasis, neuroinflammation, and insulin resistance in the brains of patients with dementia: Evidence from the current literature. CNS Neurosci Ther 2021; 27:883-894. [PMID: 33945675 PMCID: PMC8265939 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dementia accompanied by memory loss is considered one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases worldwide, and its prevalence is gradually increasing. Known risk factors for dementia include genetic background, certain lifestyle and dietary patterns, smoking, iron overload, insulin resistance, and impaired glucose metabolism in the brain. Here, we review recent evidence on the regulatory role of lipocalin 2 (LCN2) in dementia from various perspectives. LCN2 is a neutrophil gelatinase-associated protein that influences diverse cellular processes, including the immune system, iron homeostasis, lipid metabolism, and inflammatory responses. Although its functions within the peripheral system are most widely recognized, recent findings have revealed links between LCN2 and central nervous system diseases, as well as novel roles for LCN2 in neurons and glia. Furthermore, LCN2 may modulate diverse pathological mechanisms involved in dementia. Taken together, LCN2 is a promising therapeutic target with which to address the neuropathology of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daejin Lim
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Juhyun Song
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
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136
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Ma L, Gholam Azad M, Dharmasivam M, Richardson V, Quinn RJ, Feng Y, Pountney DL, Tonissen KF, Mellick GD, Yanatori I, Richardson DR. Parkinson's disease: Alterations in iron and redox biology as a key to unlock therapeutic strategies. Redox Biol 2021; 41:101896. [PMID: 33799121 PMCID: PMC8044696 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A plethora of studies indicate that iron metabolism is dysregulated in Parkinson's disease (PD). The literature reveals well-documented alterations consistent with established dogma, but also intriguing paradoxical observations requiring mechanistic dissection. An important fact is the iron loading in dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), which are the cells primarily affected in PD. Assessment of these changes reveal increased expression of proteins critical for iron uptake, namely transferrin receptor 1 and the divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1), and decreased expression of the iron exporter, ferroportin-1 (FPN1). Consistent with this is the activation of iron regulator protein (IRP) RNA-binding activity, which is an important regulator of iron homeostasis, with its activation indicating cytosolic iron deficiency. In fact, IRPs bind to iron-responsive elements (IREs) in the 3ꞌ untranslated region (UTR) of certain mRNAs to stabilize their half-life, while binding to the 5ꞌ UTR prevents translation. Iron loading of dopaminergic neurons in PD may occur through these mechanisms, leading to increased neuronal iron and iron-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. The "gold standard" histological marker of PD, Lewy bodies, are mainly composed of α-synuclein, the expression of which is markedly increased in PD. Of note, an atypical IRE exists in the α-synuclein 5ꞌ UTR that may explain its up-regulation by increased iron. This dysregulation could be impacted by the unique autonomous pacemaking of dopaminergic neurons of the SNpc that engages L-type Ca+2 channels, which imparts a bioenergetic energy deficit and mitochondrial redox stress. This dysfunction could then drive alterations in iron trafficking that attempt to rescue energy deficits such as the increased iron uptake to provide iron for key electron transport proteins. Considering the increased iron-loading in PD brains, therapies utilizing limited iron chelation have shown success. Greater therapeutic advancements should be possible once the exact molecular pathways of iron processing are dissected.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ma
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - M Gholam Azad
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Centre for Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - M Dharmasivam
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Centre for Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - V Richardson
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Centre for Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - R J Quinn
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Y Feng
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - D L Pountney
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - K F Tonissen
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - G D Mellick
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - I Yanatori
- Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - D R Richardson
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Centre for Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan.
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137
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Sanyear C, Chiawtada B, Butthep P, Svasti S, Fucharoen S, Masaratana P. The hypoferremic response to acute inflammation is maintained in thalassemia mice even under parenteral iron loading. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11367. [PMID: 33987030 PMCID: PMC8092106 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepcidin controls iron homeostasis by inducing the degradation of the iron efflux protein, ferroportin (FPN1), and subsequently reducing serum iron levels. Hepcidin expression is influenced by multiple factors, including iron stores, ineffective erythropoiesis, and inflammation. However, the interactions between these factors under thalassemic condition remain unclear. This study aimed to determine the hypoferremic and transcriptional responses of iron homeostasis to acute inflammatory induction by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in thalassemic (Hbbth3/+) mice with/without parenteral iron loading with iron dextran. Methods Wild type and Hbbth3/+ mice were intramuscularly injected with 5 mg of iron dextran once daily for two consecutive days. After a 2-week equilibration, acute inflammation was induced by an intraperitoneal injection of a single dose of 1 µg/g body weight of LPS. Control groups for both iron loading and acute inflammation received equal volume(s) of saline solution. Blood and tissue samples were collected at 6 hours after LPS (or saline) injection. Iron parameters and mRNA expression of hepcidin as well as genes involved in iron transport and metabolism in wild type and Hbbth3/+ mice were analyzed and compared by Kruskal–Wallis test with pairwise Mann–Whitney U test. Results We found the inductive effects of LPS on liver IL-6 mRNA expression to be more pronounced under parenteral iron loading. Upon LPS administration, splenic erythroferrone (ERFE) mRNA levels were reduced only in iron-treated mice, whereas, liver bone morphogenetic protein 6 (BMP6) mRNA levels were decreased under both control and parenteral iron loading conditions. Despite the altered expression of the aforementioned hepcidin regulators, the stimulatory effect of LPS on hepcidin mRNA expression was blunt in iron-treated Hbbth3/+ mice. Contrary to the blunted hepcidin response, LPS treatment suppressed FPN1 mRNA expression in the liver, spleen, and duodenum, as well as reduced serum iron levels of Hbbth3/+ mice with parenteral iron loading. Conclusion Our study suggests that a hypoferremic response to LPS-induced acute inflammation is maintained in thalassemic mice with parenteral iron loading in a hepcidin-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanita Sanyear
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Thalassemia Research Center, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Buraporn Chiawtada
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Punnee Butthep
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Saovaros Svasti
- Thalassemia Research Center, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Suthat Fucharoen
- Thalassemia Research Center, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Patarabutr Masaratana
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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138
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Kabyemela ER, Fried M, Kurtis JD, Moses G, Gorres JP, Muehlenbachs A, Duffy PE. Fetal Cytokine Balance, Erythropoietin and Thalassemia but Not Placental Malaria Contribute to Fetal Anemia Risk in Tanzania. Front Immunol 2021; 12:624136. [PMID: 33995348 PMCID: PMC8120033 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.624136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal anemia is common in malaria-endemic areas and a risk factor for anemia as well as mortality during infancy. Placental malaria (PM) and red cell abnormalities have been proposed as possible etiologies, but the relationship between PM and fetal anemia has varied in earlier studies, and the role of red cell abnormalities has not been studied in malaria-endemic areas. In a Tanzanian birth cohort study designed to elucidate the pathogenesis of severe malaria in young infants, we performed a cross-sectional analysis of risk factors for fetal anemia. We determined PM status, newborn red cell abnormalities, and maternal and cord blood levels of iron regulatory proteins, erythropoietin (EPO), cytokines and cytokine receptors. We examined the relationship between these factors and fetal anemia. Fetal anemia was present in 46.2% of the neonates but was not related to PM. Maternal iron deficiency was common (81.6%), most frequent in multigravidae, and interacted with parity to modify risk of fetal anemia, but it was not directly related to risk. Among offspring of iron-deficient women, the odds of fetal anemia increased with fetal α+-thalassemia, as well as these patterns of cord blood cytokines: increased cord IL-6, decreased TNF-RI, and decreased sTfR. The EPO response to fetal anemia was low or absent and EPO levels were significantly decreased in newborns with the most severe anemia. This study from an area of high malaria transmission provides evidence that 1) fetal α+-thalassemia and cytokine balance, but not PM at delivery, are related to fetal anemia; 2) maternal iron deficiency increases the risk that other factors may cause fetal anemia; and 3) fetal anemia has a multifactorial etiology that may require a variety of interventions, although measures that reduce maternal iron deficiency may be generally beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward R Kabyemela
- Mother Offspring Malaria Studies (MOMS) Project, Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States.,School of Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Michal Fried
- Mother Offspring Malaria Studies (MOMS) Project, Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States.,Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jonathan D Kurtis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Gwamaka Moses
- Mother Offspring Malaria Studies (MOMS) Project, Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States.,Mbeya College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Dar es Salaam, Mbeya, Tanzania
| | - J Patrick Gorres
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Atis Muehlenbachs
- Mother Offspring Malaria Studies (MOMS) Project, Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Patrick E Duffy
- Mother Offspring Malaria Studies (MOMS) Project, Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States.,Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
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139
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Molecular Mechanism of Nramp-Family Transition Metal Transport. J Mol Biol 2021; 433:166991. [PMID: 33865868 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.166991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Natural resistance-associated macrophage protein (Nramp) family of transition metal transporters enables uptake and trafficking of essential micronutrients that all organisms must acquire to survive. Two decades after Nramps were identified as proton-driven, voltage-dependent secondary transporters, multiple Nramp crystal structures have begun to illustrate the fine details of the transport process and provide a new framework for understanding a wealth of preexisting biochemical data. Here we review the relevant literature pertaining to Nramps' biological roles and especially their conserved molecular mechanism, including our updated understanding of conformational change, metal binding and transport, substrate selectivity, proton transport, proton-metal coupling, and voltage dependence. We ultimately describe how the Nramp family has adapted the LeuT fold common to many secondary transporters to provide selective transition-metal transport with a mechanism that deviates from the canonical model of symport.
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140
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Wu LY, Song ZY, Li QH, Mou LJ, Yu YY, Shen SS, Song XX. Iron chelators reverse organ damage in type 4B hereditary hemochromatosis: Case reports. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e25258. [PMID: 33787609 PMCID: PMC8021318 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000025258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) is a hereditary disorder of iron metabolism. It is classified into 4 main types depending on the underlying genetic mutation: human hemochromatosis protein (HFE) (type 1), hemojuvelin (HJV) (type 2A), HAMP (type 2B), transferrin receptor-2 (TFER2) (type 3), and ferroportin (type 4). Type 4 HH is divided into 2 subtypes according to different mutations: type 4A (classical ferroportin disease) and type 4B (non-classical ferroportin disease). Type 4B HH is a rare autosomal dominant disease that results from mutations in the Solute Carrier Family 40 member 1 (SLC40A1) gene, which encodes the iron transport protein ferroportin. PATIENT CONCERNS Here we report 2 elderly Chinese Han men, who were brothers, presented with liver cirrhosis, diabetes mellitus, skin hyperpigmentation, hyperferritinaemia as well as high transferrin saturation. DIAGNOSIS Subsequent genetic analyses identified a heterozygous mutation (p. Cys326Tyr) in the SLC40A1 gene in both patients. INTERVENTIONS We treated the patient with iron chelator and followed up for 3 years. OUTCOMES Iron chelator helped to reduce the serum ferritin and improve the condition of target organs, including skin, pancreas, liver as well as pituitary. LESSONS Type 4B HH is rare but usually tends to cause multiple organ dysfunction and even death. For those patients who have difficulty tolerating phlebotomy, iron chelator might be a good alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Si-si Shen
- Department of Endocrinology, Second affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, HangZhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiao-xiao Song
- Department of Endocrinology, Second affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, HangZhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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141
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Zhao T, Guo X, Sun Y. Iron Accumulation and Lipid Peroxidation in the Aging Retina: Implication of Ferroptosis in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Aging Dis 2021; 12:529-551. [PMID: 33815881 PMCID: PMC7990372 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2020.0912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential component in many biological processes in the human body. It is critical for the visual phototransduction cascade in the retina. However, excess iron can be toxic. Iron accumulation and reduced efficiency of intracellular antioxidative defense systems predispose the aging retina to oxidative stress-induced cell death. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is characterized by retinal iron accumulation and lipid peroxidation. The mechanisms underlying AMD include oxidative stress-mediated death of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells and subsequent death of retinal photoreceptors. Understanding the mechanism of the disruption of iron and redox homeostasis in the aging retina and AMD is crucial to decipher these mechanisms of cell death and AMD pathogenesis. The mechanisms of retinal cell death in AMD are an area of active investigation; previous studies have proposed several types of cell death as major mechanisms. Ferroptosis, a newly discovered programmed cell death pathway, has been associated with the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases. Ferroptosis is initiated by lipid peroxidation and is characterized by iron-dependent accumulation. In this review, we provide an overview of the mechanisms of iron accumulation and lipid peroxidation in the aging retina and AMD, with an emphasis on ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tantai Zhao
- 1Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,2Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaojian Guo
- 1Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,2Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yun Sun
- 1Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,2Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, Hunan, China
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142
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Evidence for dimerization of ferroportin in a human hepatic cell line using proximity ligation assays. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:222672. [PMID: 32301493 PMCID: PMC7201565 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20191499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the only known iron exporter ferroportin (FPN) in humans are associated with the autosomal dominantly inherited iron overload disorder ferroportin disease or type IV hereditary hemochromatosis (HH). While our knowledge of the central role of FPN in iron homeostasis has grown in the last 20 years, there exist some questions surrounding the structure and membrane topology of FPN with conflicting data on whether this receptor acts as a monomer or a multimer. To investigate and determine if FPN dimerization occurs in cells, we used novel tools including a variety of different FPN constructs expressing different tagged versions of the protein, a novel antibody that only detects cell surface FPN and proximity ligation assays. The results of the present study suggest that both the carboxy- and amino-termini of the FPN protein are intracellular. We also show that exogenously transfected FPN forms dimers; these dimers can be formed between the wild-type and mutant FPN proteins. This is the first study to examine the intracellular dimerization of FPN protein. Using proximity ligation assays, we show intracellular localization of FPN dimers and the interaction between FPN and hepcidin proteins as well. These results have important implications in the field of iron metabolism and add to our knowledge about FPN membrane topology and physiology of iron transport. This will be of importance in understanding the clinical implications of FPN mutations and of interest to future research aimed at targeting FPN expression to modulate iron homeostasis.
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143
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Liu B, Song Z, Fan Y, Zhang G, Cao P, Li D, Liu X, Chang Y, Tan K. Downregulation of FPN1 acts as a prognostic biomarker associated with immune infiltration in lung cancer. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:8737-8761. [PMID: 33714956 PMCID: PMC8034901 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer morbidity and mortality remain the leading causes of tumor-associated death worldwide. The discovery of early diagnostic and prognostic markers of lung cancer could significantly improve the survival rate and decrease the mortality rate. FPN1 is the only known mammalian iron exporter. However, the molecular and biological functions of FPN1 in lung cancer remain unclear. Here, FPN1 mRNA expression in lung cancer was estimated using the TCGA, Oncomine, TIMER, and UALCAN databases. The prognostic role of FPN1 was evaluated using Kaplan-Meier plotter and PrognoScan. Associations between FPN1 and immune infiltration in lung cancer were evaluated by the TIMER and CIBERSORT algorithms. FPN1 mRNA and protein expressions were significantly downregulated in lung cancer. Low FPN1 expression was strongly related to worse prognosis in patients with lung cancer. GO and KEGG analyses and GSEA suggested that FPN1 was remarkably related to iron homeostasis and immunity. Importantly, FPN1 was remarkably associated with the infiltrating abundance of multiple immune cells. Moreover, FPN1 displayed a strong correlation with various immune marker sets. We investigated the clinical application value of FPN1 and provided a basis for the sensitive diagnosis, prognostication and targeted therapy of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei, China
| | - Zhiyuan Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, HanDan Central Hospital, Handan 056001, Hebei, China
| | - Yumei Fan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei, China
| | - Guangyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei, China
| | - Pengxiu Cao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei, China
| | - Danyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaopeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Yanzhong Chang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei, China
| | - Ke Tan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei, China
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144
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Shekoohi S, Rajasekaran S, Patel D, Yang S, Liu W, Huang S, Yu X, Witt SN. Knocking out alpha-synuclein in melanoma cells dysregulates cellular iron metabolism and suppresses tumor growth. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5267. [PMID: 33664298 PMCID: PMC7933179 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84443-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein alpha-synuclein (α-syn) is unusual because, depending on its conformation and the type of cell in which it is expressed, it is pro-death or pro-survival, triggering neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease and enhancing cell survival of some melanomas. To probe the function of α-syn in melanoma, we used CRISPR/Cas9 to knockout SNCA, the gene that codes for α-syn, in SK-Mel-28 melanoma cells. The SNCA-knockout clones in culture exhibited a decrease in the transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1), an increase in ferritin, an increase of reactive oxygen species and proliferated slower than control cells. These SNCA-knockout clones grafted into SCID mice grew significantly slower than the SK-Mel-28 control cells that expressed α-syn. In the excised SNCA-knockout xenografts, TfR1 decreased 3.3-fold, ferritin increased 6.2-fold, the divalent metal ion transporter 1 (DMT1) increased threefold, and the iron exporter ferroportin (FPN1) decreased twofold relative to control xenografts. The excised SNCA-KO tumors exhibited significantly more ferric iron and TUNEL staining relative to the control melanoma xenografts. Collectively, depletion of α-syn in SK-Mel-28 cells dysregulates cellular iron metabolism, especially in xenografts, yielding melanoma cells that are deficient in TfR1 and FPN1, that accumulate ferric iron and ferritin, and that undergo apoptosis relative to control cells expressing α-syn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Shekoohi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Santhanasabapathy Rajasekaran
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Dhaval Patel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Shu Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Wang Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Shile Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Xiuping Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Stephan N Witt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA.
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145
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Yang G, Qian C, Zhang C, Bao Y, Liu MY, Jiang F, Li W, Liu Y, Ke Y, Qian ZM. Hepcidin attenuates the iron-mediated secondary neuronal injury after intracerebral hemorrhage in rats. Transl Res 2021; 229:53-68. [PMID: 32932001 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Iron plays a key role in secondary neuronal injury after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), and hepcidin is able to reduce brain iron in iron-overloaded rats by down-regulating iron transport proteins including ferroportin 1 and transferrin receptor 1. These led us to hypothesize that hepcidin might reduce iron-mediated neurotoxicity by inhibiting iron accumulation in ICH brain. Here, we examined effects of Ad-hepcidin (hepcidin expression adenovirus) on the nonheme iron contents, expression of hepcidin, ferritin and iron transport proteins, neuronal cell survival, water contents in the brain and/or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and ICH-induced apoptosis, neurological deficit by RT-PCR, Western blot analysis, NeuN Immunofluorescence, TUNEL, Fluoro-Jade B staining, behavioral performance and Morris water-maze tests in 510 rats. We demonstrated that hepcidin could significantly suppress the ICH-induced increase in iron and ferritin in brain tissues and CSF by inhibiting expression of iron transport proteins, increase neuronal survival by attenuating ICH-induced apoptosis, reactive oxygen species, neurodegeneration and brain edema, as well as effectively improve ICH-induced behavioral and cognitive deficit in rats. The findings collectively showed that hepcidin could effectively attenuate iron-mediated secondary neuronal injury after ICH in rats. This naturally existing protein can potentially be developed into a therapeutic drug for the treatment of ICH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Yang
- Institute of Translational and Precision Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, JS, China; Laboratory of Neuropharmacology of Pharmacy School, and National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Geriatrics, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Christopher Qian
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology of Pharmacy School, and National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; School of Biomedical Sciences and Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Chao Zhang
- Institute of Translational and Precision Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, JS, China
| | - Yong Bao
- Institute of Translational and Precision Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, JS, China
| | - Meng-Yue Liu
- Institute of Translational and Precision Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, JS, China
| | - Fei Jiang
- Institute of Translational and Precision Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, JS, China
| | - Wei Li
- Institute of Translational and Precision Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, JS, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army (Third Military) Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ya Ke
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Zhong-Ming Qian
- Institute of Translational and Precision Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, JS, China; Laboratory of Neuropharmacology of Pharmacy School, and National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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146
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Liu Q, Wu J, Zhang X, Wu X, Zhao Y, Ren J. Iron homeostasis and disorders revisited in the sepsis. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 165:1-13. [PMID: 33486088 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening condition caused by a dysregulated host-response to inflammation, although it currently lacks a fully elucidated pathobiology. Iron is a crucial trace element that is essential for fundamental processes in both humans and bacteria. During sepsis, iron metabolism is altered, including increased iron transport and uptake into cells and decreased iron export. The intracellular sequestration of iron limits its availability to circulating pathogens, which serves as a conservative strategy against the pathogens. Although iron retention has been showed to have protective protect effects, an increase in labile iron may cause oxidative injury and cell death (e.g., pyroptosis, ferroptosis) as the condition progresses. Moreover, iron disorders are substantial and correlate with the severity of sepsis. This also suggests that iron may be useful as a diagnostic marker for evaluating the severity and predicting the outcome of the disease. Further knowledge about these disorders could help in evaluating how drugs targeting iron homeostasis can be optimally applied to improve the treatment of patients with sepsis. Here, we present a comprehensive review of recent advances in the understanding of iron metabolism, focusing on the regulatory mechanisms and iron-mediated injury in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinjie Liu
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, PR China.
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of General Surgery, BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210002, PR China.
| | - Xufei Zhang
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210002, PR China.
| | - Xiuwen Wu
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, 210002, PR China.
| | - Yun Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210002, PR China.
| | - Jianan Ren
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, PR China; Department of General Surgery, BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210002, PR China; Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210002, PR China.
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147
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Iron Deficiency in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: A Deep Dive into the Mechanisms. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020477. [PMID: 33672218 PMCID: PMC7926484 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a severe cardiovascular disease that is caused by the progressive occlusion of the distal pulmonary arteries, eventually leading to right heart failure and death. Almost 40% of patients with PAH are iron deficient. Although widely studied, the mechanisms linking between PAH and iron deficiency remain unclear. Here we review the mechanisms regulating iron homeostasis and the preclinical and clinical data available on iron deficiency in PAH. Then we discuss the potential implications of iron deficiency on the development and management of PAH.
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148
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Hennigar SR, McClung JP, Hatch-McChesney A, Allen JT, Wilson MA, Carrigan CT, Murphy NE, Teien HK, Martini S, Gwin JA, Karl JP, Margolis LM, Pasiakos SM. Energy deficit increases hepcidin and exacerbates declines in dietary iron absorption following strenuous physical activity: a randomized-controlled cross-over trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 113:359-369. [PMID: 33184627 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strenuous physical activity promotes inflammation and depletes muscle glycogen, which may increase the iron regulatory hormone hepcidin. Hepcidin reduces dietary iron absorption and may contribute to declines in iron status frequently observed following strenuous physical activity. OBJECTIVES To determine the effects of strenuous physical activity on hepcidin and dietary iron absorption and whether energy deficit compared with energy balance modifies those effects. METHODS This was a randomized, cross-over, controlled-feeding trial in healthy male subjects (n = 10, mean ± SD age: 22.4 ± 5.4 y, weight: 87.3 ± 10.9 kg) with sufficient iron status (serum ferritin 77.0 ± 36.7 ng/mL). Rest measurements were collected before participants began a 72-h simulated sustained military operation (SUSOPS), designed to elicit high energy expenditure, glycogen depletion, and inflammation, followed by a 7-d recovery period. Two 72-h SUSOPS trials were performed where participants were randomly assigned to consume either energy matched (±10%) to their individual estimated total daily energy expenditure (BAL) or energy at 45% of total daily energy expenditure to induce energy deficit (DEF). On the rest day and at the completion of BAL and DEF, participants consumed a beverage containing 3.8 mg of a stable iron isotope, and plasma isotope appearance was measured over 6 h. RESULTS Muscle glycogen declined during DEF and was preserved during BAL (-188 ± 179 mmol/kg, P-adjusted < 0.01). Despite similar increases in interleukin-6, plasma hepcidin increased during DEF but not BAL, such that hepcidin was 108% greater during DEF compared with BAL (7.8 ± 12.2 ng/mL, P-adjusted < 0.0001). Peak plasma isotope appearance at 120 min was 74% lower with DEF (59 ± 38% change from 0 min) and 49% lower with BAL (117 ± 81%) compared with rest (230 ± 97%, P-adjusted < 0.01 for all comparisons). CONCLUSIONS Strenuous physical activity decreases dietary iron absorption compared with rest. Energy deficit exacerbates both the hepcidin response to physical activity and declines in dietary iron absorption compared with energy balance. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03524690.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Hennigar
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.,Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute of Science and Technology, Belcamp, MD, USA
| | - James P McClung
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Adrienne Hatch-McChesney
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Jillian T Allen
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute of Science and Technology, Belcamp, MD, USA
| | - Marques A Wilson
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Christopher T Carrigan
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Nancy E Murphy
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Hilde K Teien
- Norwegian Defense Research Establishment, Kjeller, Norway
| | - Svein Martini
- Norwegian Defense Research Establishment, Kjeller, Norway
| | - Jess A Gwin
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute of Science and Technology, Belcamp, MD, USA
| | - J Philip Karl
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Lee M Margolis
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Stefan M Pasiakos
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
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149
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Schmidt PJ, Fitzgerald K, Butler JS, Fleming MD. Global loss of Tfr2 with concomitant induced iron deficiency greatly ameliorates the phenotype of a murine thalassemia intermedia model. Am J Hematol 2021; 96:251-257. [PMID: 33180328 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.26048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
β-thalassemias result from mutations in β-globin, causing ineffective erythropoiesis and secondary iron overload due to inappropriately low levels of the iron regulatory hormone hepcidin. Mutations in transferrin receptor 2 (TFR2) lead to hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) as a result of inappropriately increased iron uptake from the diet, also due to improperly regulated hepcidin. TFR2 is also thought to be required for efficient erythropoiesis through its interaction with the erythropoietin receptor in erythroid progenitors. Transmembrane serine protease 6 (TMPRSS6), a membrane serine protease expressed selectively in the liver, participates in regulating hepcidin production in response to iron stores by cleaving hemojuvelin (HJV). We have previously demonstrated that inhibiting TMPRSS6 expression with a hepatocyte-specific siRNA formulation, induces hepcidin, mitigates anemia, and reduces iron overload in murine models of β-thalassemia intermedia and HH. Here, we demonstrate that Tmprss6 siRNA treatment of double mutant Tfr2Y245X/Y245X HH Hbbth3/+ thalassemic mice induces hepcidin and diminishes tissue and serum iron levels. Importantly, treated double mutant animals produce more mature red blood cells and have a nearly 50% increase in hemoglobin compared to untreated β-thalassemic mice. Furthermore, we also show that treatment of Tfr2Y245X/Y245X HH mice leads to increased hepcidin expression and reduced total body iron burden. These data indicate that siRNA suppression of Tmprss6, in conjunction with the targeting of TFR2, may be superior to inhibiting Tmprss6 alone in the treatment of the anemia and secondary iron loading in β-thalassemia intermedia and may be useful as a method of suppressing the primary iron overload in TFR2-related (type 3) hereditary hemochromatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. Schmidt
- Department of Pathology Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
| | | | - James S. Butler
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Cambridge Massachusetts USA
- Current: Intellia Therapeutics, Inc. Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Mark D. Fleming
- Department of Pathology Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
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150
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Kobayashi Y, Tanizawa M, Ogata M, Aoi W, Kuwahata M. Changes in iron metabolism centered on hepcidin due to high-intensity exercise under restricted food intake. Nutrition 2021; 86:111179. [PMID: 33690026 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2021.111179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to observe changes in iron metabolism of rats due to high-intensity exercise during reduced food intake. METHODS Thirty-six, 4-wk-old male Wistar rats were divided into six groups after being acclimated to running: rested control, intense exercise, 80% feeding and rested, 80% feeding and intense exercise, 70% feeding diet and rested, and 70% feeding and intense exercise groups. Only three intense exercise groups underwent acute running sessions for 30 min (30 m/min) once a day for 7 d. RESULTS Rats did not develop anemia with exercise and food intake restriction. Serum iron levels, transferrin saturation, hepcidin-25, and hepatic iron levels in the exercise groups were lower than those in the respective resting groups. However, these values in the 70% diet groups were slightly higher than those in the 80% diet groups. Serum erythropoietin levels decreased as food intake decreased, but the serum erythropoietin level in the 70% feeding and intense exercise group was similar to that in the rested control group. Serum interleukin-6 levels were significantly lower in the groups with restricted food intake than in the free-fed group, and exercise had no effect. CONCLUSIONS High-intensity exercise under restricted food intake may significantly alter the iron metabolism to maintain blood cell levels due to the strong promotion of metabolic iron utilization in response to dietary iron depletion, increased iron demand, and excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Kobayashi
- Department of Nutrition Science, Graduate school of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Midori Tanizawa
- Department of Nutrition Science, Graduate school of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Midori Ogata
- Department of Nutrition Science, Graduate school of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Wataru Aoi
- Department of Nutrition Science, Graduate school of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masashi Kuwahata
- Department of Nutrition Science, Graduate school of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
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