101
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Pereira LMS, Gomes STM, Ishak R, Vallinoto ACR. Regulatory T Cell and Forkhead Box Protein 3 as Modulators of Immune Homeostasis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:605. [PMID: 28603524 PMCID: PMC5445144 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor forkhead box protein 3 (FOXP3) is an essential molecular marker of regulatory T cell (Treg) development in different microenvironments. Tregs are cells specialized in the suppression of inadequate immune responses and the maintenance of homeostatic tolerance. Studies have addressed and elucidated the role played by FOXP3 and Treg in countless autoimmune and infectious diseases as well as in more specific cases, such as cancer. Within this context, the present article reviews aspects of the immunoregulatory profile of FOXP3 and Treg in the management of immune homeostasis, including issues relating to pathology as well as immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonn Mendes Soares Pereira
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Samara Tatielle Monteiro Gomes
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Ishak
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
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102
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Zwang NA, Leventhal JR. Cell Therapy in Kidney Transplantation: Focus on Regulatory T Cells. J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 28:1960-1972. [PMID: 28465379 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2016111206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal transplantation is the renal replacement modality of choice for suitable candidates with advanced CKD or ESRD. Prevention of rejection, however, requires treatment with nonspecific pharmacologic immunosuppressants that carry both systemic and nephrologic toxicities. Use of a patient's own suppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs) is an attractive biologic approach to reduce this burden. Here, we review the immunologic underpinnings of Treg therapy and technical challenges to developing successful cell therapy. These issues include the selection of appropriate Treg subsets, ex vivo Treg expansion approaches, how many Tregs to administer and when, and how to care for patients after Treg administration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph R Leventhal
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago, Illinois
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103
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Laurent P, Jolivel V, Manicki P, Chiu L, Contin-Bordes C, Truchetet ME, Pradeu T. Immune-Mediated Repair: A Matter of Plasticity. Front Immunol 2017; 8:454. [PMID: 28484454 PMCID: PMC5403426 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Though the immune system is generally defined as a system of defense, it is increasingly recognized that the immune system also plays a crucial role in tissue repair and its potential dysregulations. In this review, we explore how distinct immune cell types are involved in tissue repair and how they interact in a process that is tightly regulated both spatially and temporally. We insist on the concept of immune cell plasticity which, in recent years, has proved fundamental for the success/understanding of the repair process. Overall, the perspective presented here suggests that the immune system plays a central role in the physiological robustness of the organism, and that cell plasticity contributes to the realization of this robustness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paôline Laurent
- ImmunoConcept, UMR5164, Immunology, CNRS, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Valérie Jolivel
- ImmunoConcept, UMR5164, Immunology, CNRS, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Lynn Chiu
- ImmunoConcept, UMR5164, Immunology, CNRS, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Cécile Contin-Bordes
- ImmunoConcept, UMR5164, Immunology, CNRS, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Immunology, CHU Bordeaux Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marie-Elise Truchetet
- ImmunoConcept, UMR5164, Immunology, CNRS, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Rheumatology, CHU Bordeaux Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Thomas Pradeu
- ImmunoConcept, UMR5164, Immunology, CNRS, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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104
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Camirand G, Riella LV. Treg-Centric View of Immunosuppressive Drugs in Transplantation: A Balancing Act. Am J Transplant 2017; 17:601-610. [PMID: 27581661 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory CD4+ Foxp3+ T cells (Tregs) are critical in controlling immunity and tolerance. Thus, preserving Treg numbers and function in transplanted patients is essential for the successful minimization of maintenance immunosuppression. Multiple cellular signals control the development, differentiation, and function of Tregs. Many of these signals are shared with conventional Foxp3- T cells (Tconv) and are targeted by immunosuppressive drugs, negatively affecting both Tregs and Tconv. Because intracellular signals vary in optimal intensity in different T cell subsets, improved specificity in immunosuppressive regimens must occur to benefit long-term transplant outcomes. In this regard, recent advances are gradually uncovering differences in the signals required in Tregs and Tconv biology, opening the door to new potential therapeutic approaches to either enhance or spare Tregs. In this review, we will explain the prominent cell signaling pathways critical for Treg maintenance and function, while reporting the effects of immunosuppressive drugs targeting these signaling pathways in clinical transplantation settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Camirand
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, The Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - L V Riella
- Renal Division, Schuster Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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105
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Zhang Z, Zhang W, Guo J, Gu Q, Zhu X, Zhou X. Activation and Functional Specialization of Regulatory T Cells Lead to the Generation of Foxp3 Instability. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:2612-2625. [PMID: 28228556 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that Foxp3+ cells can downregulate the expression of Foxp3, but whether thymically derived regulatory T cells (tTregs; especially committed tTregs) are capable of downregulating Foxp3 expression and being reprogrammed into other T effector cells remains controversial. Using a novel tTreg lineage-tracing mouse line, we were able to label epigenetically stable Foxp3+ cells derived from the thymus and demonstrate that mature tTregs are stable under homeostatic conditions. However, TCR engagement and sequential functional specialization of tTregs led to the generation of Foxp3 instability and reprogramming into the Th lineage. We further demonstrated that the signal switch from IL-2 to ICOS during Treg activation induced Treg instability and reprogramming. By using a dual lineage tracing model, we demonstrated that effector Tregs can revert to central Tregs, and this reversion is associated with increasing Foxp3 stability in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongmei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; and.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; and
| | - Jie Guo
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; and
| | - Qianchong Gu
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; and.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xueping Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; and.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xuyu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; and .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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106
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Mohr Gregoriussen AM, Bohr HG. A Novel Model on DST-Induced Transplantation Tolerance by the Transfer of Self-Specific Donor tTregs to a Haplotype-Matched Organ Recipient. Front Immunol 2017; 8:9. [PMID: 28270810 PMCID: PMC5319400 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Donor-specific blood transfusion (DST) can lead to significant prolongation of allograft survival in experimental animal models and sometimes human recipients of solid organs. The mechanisms responsible for the beneficial effect on graft survival have been a topic of research and debate for decades and are not yet fully elucidated. Once we discover how the details of the mechanisms involved are linked, we could be within reach of a procedure making it possible to establish donor-specific tolerance with minimal or no immunosuppressive medication. Today, it is well established that CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are indispensable for maintaining immunological self-tolerance. A large number of animal studies have also shown that Tregs are essential for establishing and maintaining transplantation tolerance. In this paper, we present a hypothesis of one H2-haplotype-matched DST-induced transplantation tolerance (in mice). The formulated hypothesis is based on a re-interpretation of data from an immunogenetic experiment published by Niimi and colleagues in 2000. It is of importance that the naïve recipient mice in this study were never immunosuppressed and were therefore fully immune competent during the course of tolerance induction. Based on the immunological status of the recipients, we suggest that one H2-haplotype-matched self-specific Tregs derived from the transfusion blood can be activated and multiply in the host by binding to antigen-presenting cells presenting allopeptides in their major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II (MHC-II). We also suggest that the endothelial and epithelial cells within the solid organ allograft upregulate the expression of MHC-II and attract the expanded Treg population to suppress inflammation within the graft. We further suggest that this biological process, here termed MHC-II recruitment, is a vital survival mechanism for organs (or the organism in general) when attacked by an immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Henrik Georg Bohr
- Department of Chemistry, The Technical University of Denmark , Lyngby , Denmark
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107
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Kieffer TE, Faas MM, Scherjon SA, Prins JR. Pregnancy persistently affects memory T cell populations. J Reprod Immunol 2017; 119:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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108
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Abstract
T cells are required for immune surveillance of the central nervous system (CNS); however, they can also induce severe immunopathology in the context of both viral infections and autoimmunity. The mechanisms that are involved in the priming and recruitment of T cells to the CNS are only partially understood, but there has been renewed interest in this topic since the 'rediscovery' of lymphatic drainage from the CNS. Moreover, tissue-resident memory T cells have been detected in the CNS and are increasingly recognized as an autonomous line of host defence. In this Review, we highlight the main mechanisms that are involved in the priming and CNS recruitment of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells and regulatory T cells. We also consider the plasticity of T cell responses in the CNS, with a focus on viral infection and autoimmunity.
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109
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Zhu F, Wang A, Li Y, Liang R, Li D, Li B. Adipose Tissue-Resident Regulatory T Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1011:153-162. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-024-1170-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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110
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Ma YH, Zhang J, Chen X, Xie YF, Pang YH, Liu XJ. Increased CD4 +CD45RA -FoxP3 low cells alter the balance between Treg and Th17 cells in colitis mice. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:9356-9367. [PMID: 27895423 PMCID: PMC5107699 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i42.9356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the role of regulatory T cell (Treg) subsets in the balance between Treg and T helper 17 (Th17) cells in various tissues from mice with dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis.
METHODS Treg cells, Treg cell subsets, Th17 cells, and CD4+CD25+FoxP3+IL-17+ cells from the lamina propria of colon (LPC) and other ulcerative colitis (UC) mouse tissues were evaluated by flow cytometry. Forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3), interleukin 17A (IL-17A), and RORC mRNA levels were assessed by real-time PCR, while interleukin-10 (IL-10) and IL-17A levels were detected with a Cytometric Beads Array.
RESULTS In peripheral blood monocytes (PBMC), mesenteric lymph node (MLN), lamina propria of jejunum (LPJ) and LPC from UC mice, Treg cell numbers were increased (P < 0.05), and FoxP3 and IL-10 mRNA levels were decreased. Th17 cell numbers were also increased in PBMC and LPC, as were IL-17A levels in PBMC, LPJ, and serum. The number of FrI subset cells (CD4+CD45RA+FoxP3low) was increased in the spleen, MLN, LPJ, and LPC. FrII subset cells (CD4+CD45RA-FoxP3high) were decreased among PBMC, MLN, LPJ, and LPC, but the number of FrIII cells (CD4+CD45RA-FoxP3low) and CD4+CD25+FoxP3+IL-17A+ cells was increased. FoxP3 mRNA levels in CD4+CD45RA-FoxP3low cells decreased in PBMC, MLN, LPJ, and LPC in UC mice, while IL-17A and RORC mRNA increased. In UC mice the distribution of Treg, Th17 cells, CD4+CD45RA-FoxP3high, and CD4+CD45RA-FoxP3low cells was higher in LPC relative to other tissues.
CONCLUSION Increased numbers of CD4+CD45RA-FoxP3low cells may cause an imbalance between Treg and Th17 cells that is mainly localized to the LPC rather than secondary lymphoid tissues.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD4 Lymphocyte Count
- Colitis, Ulcerative/chemically induced
- Colitis, Ulcerative/immunology
- Colitis, Ulcerative/metabolism
- Colitis, Ulcerative/pathology
- Colon/immunology
- Colon/metabolism
- Colon/pathology
- Dextran Sulfate
- Disease Models, Animal
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/immunology
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Interleukin-17/genetics
- Interleukin-17/immunology
- Interleukin-17/metabolism
- Leukocyte Common Antigens/genetics
- Leukocyte Common Antigens/immunology
- Leukocyte Common Antigens/metabolism
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/immunology
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/metabolism
- Phenotype
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Th17 Cells/immunology
- Th17 Cells/metabolism
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111
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Ikebuchi R, Teraguchi S, Vandenbon A, Honda T, Shand FHW, Nakanishi Y, Watanabe T, Tomura M. A rare subset of skin-tropic regulatory T cells expressing Il10/Gzmb inhibits the cutaneous immune response. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35002. [PMID: 27756896 PMCID: PMC5069467 DOI: 10.1038/srep35002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) migrating from the skin to the draining lymph node (dLN) have a strong immunosuppressive effect on the cutaneous immune response. However, the subpopulations responsible for their inhibitory function remain unclear. We investigated single-cell gene expression heterogeneity in Tregs from the dLN of inflamed skin in a contact hypersensitivity model. The immunosuppressive genes Ctla4 and Tgfb1 were expressed in the majority of Tregs. Although Il10-expressing Tregs were rare, unexpectedly, the majority of Il10-expressing Tregs co-expressed Gzmb and displayed Th1-skewing. Single-cell profiling revealed that CD43+ CCR5+ Tregs represented the main subset within the Il10/Gzmb-expressing cell population in the dLN. Moreover, CD43+ CCR5+ CXCR3− Tregs expressed skin-tropic chemokine receptors, were preferentially retained in inflamed skin and downregulated the cutaneous immune response. The identification of a rare Treg subset co-expressing multiple immunosuppressive molecules and having tissue-remaining capacity offers a novel strategy for the control of skin inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoyo Ikebuchi
- Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.,Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tondabayashi, Osaka, 584-8540, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Teraguchi
- Quantitative Immunology Research Unit, IFReC, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Alexis Vandenbon
- Immuno-Genomics Research Unit, IFReC, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Honda
- Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Francis H W Shand
- Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Nakanishi
- Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takeshi Watanabe
- The Tazuke-Kofukai Medical Research Institute, Kitano Hospital, Kita-ku, Osaka, 530-8480, Japan
| | - Michio Tomura
- Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.,Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tondabayashi, Osaka, 584-8540, Japan
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112
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McGaha TL, Karlsson MCI. Apoptotic cell responses in the splenic marginal zone: a paradigm for immunologic reactions to apoptotic antigens with implications for autoimmunity. Immunol Rev 2016; 269:26-43. [PMID: 26683143 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Apoptotic cells drive innate regulatory responses that result in tolerogenic immunity. This is a critical aspect of cell physiology as apoptotic cells expose potentially dangerous nuclear antigens on the surface in apoptotic blebs, and failure in their recognition, phagocytosis, or destruction can cause dramatic autoimmunity in experimental models and is linked to development and progression of systemic pathology in human. The marginal zone is a specialized splenic environment that serves as a transitional site from circulation to peripheral lymphoid structures. The marginal zone serves a key role in trapping of particulates and initiation of innate responses against systemic microbial pathogens. However in recent years, it has become clear the marginal zone is also important for initiation of immune tolerance to apoptotic cells, driving a coordinated response involving multiple phagocyte and lymphocyte subsets. Recent reports linking defects in splenic macrophage function to systemic lupus erythematosus in a manner analogous to marginal zone macrophages in lupus-prone mice provide an impetus to better understand the mechanistic basis of the apoptotic cell response in the marginal zone and its general applicability to apoptotic cell-driven tolerance at other tissue sites. In this review, we discuss immune responses to apoptotic cells in the spleen in general and the marginal zone in particular, the relationship of these responses to autoimmune disease, and comparisons to apoptotic cell immunity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L McGaha
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mikael C I Karlsson
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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113
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Kaur G, Mohindra K, Singla S. Autoimmunity-Basics and link with periodontal disease. Autoimmun Rev 2016; 16:64-71. [PMID: 27664383 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune reactions reflect an imbalance between effector and regulatory immune responses, typically develop through stages of initiation and propagation, and often show phases of resolution (indicated by clinical remissions) and exacerbations (indicated by symptomatic flares). The fundamental underlying mechanism of autoimmunity is defective elimination and/or control of self-reactive lymphocytes. Periodontal diseases are characterized by inflammatory conditions that directly affect teeth-supporting structures, which are the major cause of tooth loss. Several studies have demonstrated the involvement of autoimmune responses in periodontal disease. Evidence of involvement of immunopathology has been reported in periodontal disease. Bacteria in the dental plaque induce antibody formation. Autoreactive T-cells, natural killer cells, ANCA, heat shock proteins, autoantibodies, and genetic factors are reported to have an important role in the autoimmune component of periodontal disease. The present review describes the involvement of autoimmune responses in periodontal diseases and also the mechanisms underlying these responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagandeep Kaur
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Genesis Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Punjab.
| | - Kanika Mohindra
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Laxmi Bai Dental College and Hospital, Patiala, Punjab, India.
| | - Shifali Singla
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Adesh Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Bathinda, Punjab, India.
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114
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Breser ML, Lino AC, Motrich RD, Godoy GJ, Demengeot J, Rivero VE. Regulatory T cells control strain specific resistance to Experimental Autoimmune Prostatitis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33097. [PMID: 27624792 PMCID: PMC5022010 DOI: 10.1038/srep33097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Susceptibility to autoimmune diseases results from the encounter of a complex and long evolved genetic context with a no less complex and changing environment. Major actors in maintaining health are regulatory T cells (Treg) that primarily dampen a large subset of autoreactive lymphocytes escaping thymic negative selection. Here, we directly asked whether Treg participate in defining susceptibility and resistance to Experimental Autoimmune Prostatitis (EAP). We analyzed three common laboratory strains of mice presenting with different susceptibility to autoimmune prostatitis upon immunization with prostate proteins. The NOD, the C57BL/6 and the BALB/c mice that can be classified along a disease score ranging from severe, mild and to undetectable, respectively. Upon mild and transient depletion of Treg at the induction phase of EAP, each model showed an increment along this score, most remarkably with the BALB/c mice switching from a resistant to a susceptible phenotype. We further show that disease associates with the upregulation of CXCR3 expression on effector T cells, a process requiring IFNγ. Together with recent advances on environmental factors affecting Treg, these findings provide a likely cellular and molecular explanation to the recent rise in autoimmune diseases incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Breser
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, 5016, Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | - Ruben D Motrich
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, 5016, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gloria J Godoy
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, 5016, Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | - Virginia E Rivero
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, 5016, Córdoba, Argentina
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115
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Stolley JM, Campbell DJ. A 33D1+ Dendritic Cell/Autoreactive CD4+ T Cell Circuit Maintains IL-2-Dependent Regulatory T Cells in the Spleen. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:2635-45. [PMID: 27566821 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypically and functionally diverse regulatory T (Tr) cell subsets populate lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues, where their maintenance and function are governed by unique homeostatic signals. Whereas Tr cells resident in nonlymphoid tissues depend on continual TCR signaling for their survival and function, phenotypically naive Tr cells occupying secondary lymphoid organs are largely supported by paracrine IL-2 signaling. Crucially, the absence of either of these distinct Tr cell subsets results in pathogenic autoimmunity, underscoring their nonredundant roles in the preservation of self-tolerance. However, the cellular and molecular factors precipitating IL-2 release and subsequent maintenance of secondary lymphoid organ-resident Tr cells are still poorly understood. In this study, we report that IL-2-dependent Tr cells in the spleen compete for a limiting supply of paracrine IL-2 generated by autoreactive CD4(+) T cells in response to MHC class II-restricted autoantigen activation by 33D1(+)CD11b(int) dendritic cells. Manipulating this cellular circuit culminating in IL-2 production could have clinical benefits in settings in which diminished Tr cell abundance is desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Michael Stolley
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101; andDepartment of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Daniel J Campbell
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101; andDepartment of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
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116
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T cell receptor signalling in the control of regulatory T cell differentiation and function. Nat Rev Immunol 2016; 16:220-33. [PMID: 27026074 DOI: 10.1038/nri.2016.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (TReg cells), a specialized T cell lineage, have a pivotal function in the control of self tolerance and inflammatory responses. Recent studies have revealed a discrete mode of T cell receptor (TCR) signalling that regulates TReg cell differentiation, maintenance and function and that affects gene expression, metabolism, cell adhesion and migration of these cells. Here, we discuss the emerging understanding of TCR-guided differentiation of TReg cells in the context of their function in health and disease.
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117
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van der Veeken J, Gonzalez AJ, Cho H, Arvey A, Hemmers S, Leslie CS, Rudensky AY. Memory of Inflammation in Regulatory T Cells. Cell 2016; 166:977-990. [PMID: 27499023 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells can "remember" transient encounters with a wide range of stimuli, inducing lasting states of altered responsiveness. Regulatory T (Treg) cells are a specialized lineage of suppressive CD4 T cells that act as critical negative regulators of inflammation in various biological contexts. Treg cells exposed to inflammatory conditions acquire strongly enhanced suppressive function. Using inducible genetic tracing, we analyzed the long-term stability of activation-induced transcriptional, epigenomic, and functional changes in Treg cells. We found that the inflammation-experienced Treg cell population reversed many activation-induced changes and lost its enhanced suppressive function over time. The "memory-less" potentiation of Treg suppressor function may help avoid a state of generalized immunosuppression that could otherwise result from repeated activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris van der Veeken
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Alvaro J Gonzalez
- Computational Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Hyunwoo Cho
- Computational Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Aaron Arvey
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Saskia Hemmers
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Christina S Leslie
- Computational Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Alexander Y Rudensky
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Ludwig Center at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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118
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Fu H, Ward EJ, Marelli-Berg FM. Mechanisms of T cell organotropism. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:3009-33. [PMID: 27038487 PMCID: PMC4951510 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2211-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protective immunity relies upon T cell differentiation and subsequent migration to target tissues. Similarly, immune homeostasis requires the localization of regulatory T cells (Tregs) to the sites where immunity takes place. While naïve T lymphocytes recirculate predominantly in secondary lymphoid tissue, primed T cells and activated Tregs must traffic to the antigen rich non-lymphoid tissue to exert effector and regulatory responses, respectively. Following priming in draining lymph nodes, T cells acquire the 'homing receptors' to facilitate their access to specific tissues and organs. An additional level of topographic specificity is provided by T cells receptor recognition of antigen displayed by the endothelium. Furthermore, co-stimulatory signals (such as those induced by CD28) have been shown not only to regulate T cell activation and differentiation, but also to orchestrate the anatomy of the ensuing T cell response. We here review the molecular mechanisms supporting trafficking of both effector and regulatory T cells to specific antigen-rich tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Fu
- William Harvey Research Institute, Heart Centre, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Eleanor Jayne Ward
- William Harvey Research Institute, Heart Centre, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Federica M Marelli-Berg
- William Harvey Research Institute, Heart Centre, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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119
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Challa DK, Mi W, Lo ST, Ober RJ, Ward ES. Antigen dynamics govern the induction of CD4 + T cell tolerance during autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 2016; 72:84-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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120
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Abstract
Some biological systems detect the rate of change in a stimulus rather than the stimulus itself only. We suggest that the immune system works in this way. According to the discontinuity theory of immunity, the immune system responds to sudden changes in antigenic stimulation and is rendered tolerant by slow or continuous stimulation. This basic principle, which is supported by recent data on immune checkpoints in viral infections, cancers, and allergies, can be seen as a unifying framework for diverse immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Pradeu
- ImmunoConcept, UMR5164, CNRS & University of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Eric Vivier
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université Aix-Marseille UM2, INSERM, U1104, CNRS UMR 7258, 13288 Marseille, France; Immunologie, Hôpital de la Conception, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France
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121
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Bhaskaran N, Quigley C, Weinberg A, Huang A, Popkin D, Pandiyan P. Transforming growth factor-β1 sustains the survival of Foxp3(+) regulatory cells during late phase of oropharyngeal candidiasis infection. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:1015-26. [PMID: 26530137 PMCID: PMC4854793 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
As CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) play crucial immunomodulatory roles during infections, one key question is how these cells are controlled during antimicrobial immune responses. Mechanisms controlling their homeostasis are central to ensure efficient protection against pathogens, as well as to control infection-associated immunopathology. Here we studied how their viability is regulated in the context of mouse oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) infection, and found that these cells show increased protection from apoptosis during late phase of infection and reinfection. Tregs underwent reduced cell death because they are refractory to T cell receptor restimulation-induced cell death (RICD). We confirmed their resistance to RICD, using mouse and human Tregs in vitro, and by inducing α-CD3 antibody-mediated apoptosis in vivo. The enhanced viability is dependent on increased transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) signaling that results in upregulation of cFLIP (cellular FLICE (FADD-like IL-1β-converting enzyme)-inhibitory protein) in Tregs. Protection from cell death is abrogated in the absence of TGF-β1 signaling in Tregs during OPC infection. Taken together, our data unravel the previously unrecognized role of TGF-β1 in promoting Treg viability, coinciding with the pronounced immunomodulatory role of these cells during later phase of OPC infection, and possibly other mucosal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Bhaskaran
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - C Quigley
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - A Weinberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - A Huang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - D Popkin
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - P Pandiyan
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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122
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Kabat AM, Pott J, Maloy KJ. The Mucosal Immune System and Its Regulation by Autophagy. Front Immunol 2016; 7:240. [PMID: 27446072 PMCID: PMC4916208 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract presents a unique challenge to the mucosal immune system, which has to constantly monitor the vast surface for the presence of pathogens, while at the same time maintaining tolerance to beneficial or innocuous antigens. In the intestinal mucosa, specialized innate and adaptive immune components participate in directing appropriate immune responses toward these diverse challenges. Recent studies provide compelling evidence that the process of autophagy influences several aspects of mucosal immune responses. Initially described as a “self-eating” survival pathway that enables nutrient recycling during starvation, autophagy has now been connected to multiple cellular responses, including several aspects of immunity. Initial links between autophagy and host immunity came from the observations that autophagy can target intracellular bacteria for degradation. However, subsequent studies indicated that autophagy plays a much broader role in immune responses, as it can impact antigen processing, thymic selection, lymphocyte homeostasis, and the regulation of immunoglobulin and cytokine secretion. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of mucosal immune cells and discuss how autophagy influences many aspects of their physiology and function. We focus on cell type-specific roles of autophagy in the gut, with a particular emphasis on the effects of autophagy on the intestinal T cell compartment. We also provide a perspective on how manipulation of autophagy may potentially be used to treat mucosal inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka M Kabat
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | - Johanna Pott
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | - Kevin J Maloy
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
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123
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Hu M, Wang YM, Wang Y, Zhang GY, Zheng G, Yi S, O'Connell PJ, Harris DCH, Alexander SI. Regulatory T cells in kidney disease and transplantation. Kidney Int 2016; 90:502-14. [PMID: 27263492 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been shown to be important in maintaining immune homeostasis and preventing autoimmune disease, including autoimmune kidney disease. It is also likely that they play a role in limiting kidney transplant rejection and potentially in promoting transplant tolerance. Although other subsets of Tregs exist, the most potent and well-defined Tregs are the Foxp3 expressing CD4(+) Tregs derived from the thymus or generated peripherally. These CD4(+)Foxp3(+) Tregs limit autoimmune renal disease in animal models, especially chronic kidney disease, and kidney transplantation. Furthermore, other subsets of Tregs, including CD8 Tregs, may play a role in immunosuppression in kidney disease. The development and protective mechanisms of Tregs in kidney disease and kidney transplantation involve multiple mechanisms of suppression. Here we review the development and function of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) Tregs. We discuss the specific application of Tregs as a therapeutic strategy to prevent kidney disease and to limit kidney transplant rejection and detail clinical trials in this area of transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Hu
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yuan Min Wang
- Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yiping Wang
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Geoff Y Zhang
- Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Guoping Zheng
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shounan Yi
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Philip J O'Connell
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David C H Harris
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephen I Alexander
- Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.
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124
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Abstract
The immune system is responsible for defending an organism against the myriad of microbial invaders it constantly confronts. It has become increasingly clear that the immune system has a second major function: the maintenance of organismal homeostasis. Foxp3(+)CD4(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) are important contributors to both of these critical activities, defense being the primary purview of Tregs circulating through lymphoid organs, and homeostasis ensured mainly by their counterparts residing in parenchymal tissues. This review focuses on so-called tissue Tregs. We first survey existing information on the phenotype, function, sustaining factors, and human equivalents of the three best-characterized tissue-Treg populations-those operating in visceral adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and the colonic lamina propria. We then attempt to distill general principles from this body of work-as concerns the provenance, local adaptation, molecular sustenance, and targets of action of tissue Tregs, in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisella Panduro
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; , ,
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Christophe Benoist
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; , ,
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Diane Mathis
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; , ,
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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125
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Toomer KH, Yuan X, Yang J, Dee MJ, Yu A, Malek TR. Developmental Progression and Interrelationship of Central and Effector Regulatory T Cell Subsets. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2016; 196:3665-76. [PMID: 27009492 PMCID: PMC4868642 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Resting central Tregs (cTregs) and activated effector Tregs (eTregs) are required for self-tolerance, but the heterogeneity and relationships within and between phenotypically distinct subsets of cTregs and eTregs are poorly understood. By extensive immune profiling and deep sequencing of TCR-β V regions, two subsets of cTregs, based on expression of Ly-6C, and three subsets of eTregs, based on distinctive expression of CD62L, CD69, and CD103, were identified. Ly-6C(+) cTregs exhibited lower basal activation, expressed on average lower affinity TCRs, and less efficiently developed into eTregs when compared with Ly-6C(-) cTregs. The dominant TCR Vβs of Ly-6C(+) cTregs were shared by eTregs at a low frequency. A single TCR clonotype was also identified that was largely restricted to Ly-6C(+) cTregs, even under conditions that promoted the development of eTregs. Collectively, these findings indicate that some Ly-6C(+) cTregs may persist as a lymphoid-specific subset, with minimal potential to develop into highly activated eTregs, whereas other cTregs readily develop into eTregs. In contrast, subsets of CD62L(lo) eTregs showed higher clonal expansion and were more highly interrelated than cTreg subsets based on their TCR-β repertoires, but exhibited varied immune profiles. The CD62L(lo) CD69(-) CD103(-) eTreg subset displayed properties of a transitional intermediate between cTregs and more activated eTreg subsets. Thus, eTreg subsets appear to exhibit substantial flexibility, most likely in response to environmental cues, to adopt defined immune profiles that are expected to optimize suppression of autoreactive T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin H Toomer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136; and
| | - Xiaomei Yuan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136; and
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136; and
| | - Michael J Dee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136; and
| | - Aixin Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136; and
| | - Thomas R Malek
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136; and Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136
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126
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Perry JSA, Hsieh CS. Development of T-cell tolerance utilizes both cell-autonomous and cooperative presentation of self-antigen. Immunol Rev 2016; 271:141-55. [PMID: 27088912 PMCID: PMC4837647 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The development of T-cell self-tolerance in the thymus is important for establishing immune homeostasis and preventing autoimmunity. Here, we review the components of T-cell tolerance, which includes T-cell receptor (TCR) self-reactivity, costimulation, cytokines, and antigen presentation by a variety of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) subsets. We discuss the current evidence on the process of regulatory T (Treg) cell and negative selection and the importance of TCR signaling. We then examine recent evidence showing unique roles for bone marrow (BM)-derived APCs and medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) on the conventional and Treg TCR repertoire, as well as emerging data on the role of B cells in tolerance. Finally, we review the accumulating data that suggest that cooperative antigen presentation is a prominent component of T -ell tolerance. With the development of tools to interrogate the function of individual APC subsets in the medulla, we have gained greater understanding of the complex cellular and molecular events that determine T-cell tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin S A Perry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Chyi-Song Hsieh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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127
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Tomita Y, Satomi M, Bracamonte-Baran W, Jankowska Gan E, Workman AS, Workman CJ, Vignali DAA, Burlingham WJ. Kinetics of Alloantigen-Specific Regulatory CD4 T Cell Development and Tissue Distribution After Donor-Specific Transfusion and Costimulatory Blockade. Transplant Direct 2016; 2:e73. [PMID: 27500263 PMCID: PMC4946513 DOI: 10.1097/txd.0000000000000580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The influence of donor-side regulation toward recipient antigens on graft outcome is poorly understood. METHODS Because this influence might be due in part to the accumulation of tissue-resident memory T cells in the donor organ, we used a standard murine tolerization model (donor-specific transfusion plus CD40L blockade) to determine the kinetics of development and peripheralization of allospecific regulatory T cell in lymphoid tissues and liver, a secondary lymphoid organ used in transplantation. RESULTS We found that donor-specific transfusion and CD40L blockade leads to a progressive and sustained T regulatory allospecific response. The cytokines IL10, TGFβ, and IL35 all contributed to the regulatory phenomenon as determined by trans vivo delayed hypersensitivity assay. Unexpectedly, an early and transient self-specific regulatory response was found as well. Using double reporter mice (forkhead box p 3 [Foxp3]-yellow fluorescent protein, Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 3 [Ebi3]-TdTomRed), we found an increase in Foxp3+CD25+ regulatory T (Treg) cells paralleling the regulatory response. The Ebi3+ CD4 T cells (IL35-producing) were mainly classic Treg cells (Foxp3+CD25+), whereas TGFβ+ CD4 T cells are mostly Foxp3-negative, suggesting 2 different CD4 Treg cell subsets. Liver-resident TGFβ+ CD4 T cells appeared more rapidly than Ebi3-producing T cells, whereas at later timepoints, the Ebi3 response predominated both in lymphoid tissues and liver. CONCLUSIONS The timing of appearance of donor organ resident Treg cell subsets should be considered in experiments testing the role of bidirectional regulation in transplant tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Tomita
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI
| | - Miwa Satomi
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI
| | | | - Ewa Jankowska Gan
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI
| | | | - Creg J Workman
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | - William J Burlingham
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI
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128
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Broggi A, Cigni C, Zanoni I, Granucci F. Preparation of Single-cell Suspensions for Cytofluorimetric Analysis from Different Mouse Skin Regions. J Vis Exp 2016:e52589. [PMID: 27166881 DOI: 10.3791/52589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is a barrier organ that interacts with the external environment. Being continuously exposed to potential microbial invasion, the dermis and epidermis home a variety of immune cells in both homeostatic and inflammatory conditions. Tools to obtain skin cell release for cytofluorimetric analyses are, therefore, very useful in order to study the complex network of immune cells residing in the skin and their response to microbial stimuli. Here, we describe an efficient methodology for the digestion of mouse skin to rapidly and efficiently obtain single-cell suspensions. This protocol allows maintenance of maximum cell viability without compromising surface antigen expression. We also describe how to take and digest skin samples from different anatomical locations, such as the ear, trunk, tail, and footpad. The obtained suspensions are then stained and analyzed by flow cytometry to discriminate between different leukocyte populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achille Broggi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca; Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Gastroenterology, Harvard Medical School
| | - Clara Cigni
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca
| | - Ivan Zanoni
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca; Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Gastroenterology, Harvard Medical School; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center;
| | - Francesca Granucci
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center;
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129
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T. Sage
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA USA
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases; Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital; Boston MA USA
| | - Arlene H. Sharpe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA USA
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases; Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital; Boston MA USA
- Department of Pathology; Brigham and Women's Hospital; Boston MA USA
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130
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Scalea JR, Tomita Y, Lindholm CR, Burlingham W. Transplantation Tolerance Induction: Cell Therapies and Their Mechanisms. Front Immunol 2016; 7:87. [PMID: 27014267 PMCID: PMC4779899 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-based therapies have been studied extensively in the context of transplantation tolerance induction. The most successful protocols have relied on transfusion of bone marrow prior to the transplantation of a renal allograft. However, it is not clear that stem cells found in bone marrow are required in order to render a transplant candidate immunologically tolerant. Accordingly, mesenchymal stem cells, regulatory myeloid cells, T regulatory cells, and other cell types are being tested as possible routes to tolerance induction, in the absence of donor-derived stem cells. Early data with each of these cell types have been encouraging. However, the induction regimen capable of achieving consistent tolerance, while avoiding unwanted sided effects, and which is scalable to the human patient, has yet to be identified. Here, we present the status of investigations of various tolerogenic cell types and the mechanistic rationale for their use in tolerance induction protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Scalea
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of Wiconsin , Madison, WI , USA
| | - Yusuke Tomita
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of Wiconsin , Madison, WI , USA
| | | | - William Burlingham
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of Wiconsin , Madison, WI , USA
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131
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Lui JB, McGinn LS, Chen Z. Gut microbiota amplifies host-intrinsic conversion from the CD8 T cell lineage to CD4 T cells for induction of mucosal immune tolerance. Gut Microbes 2016; 7:40-7. [PMID: 26939850 PMCID: PMC4856445 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2015.1117737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbiota has been shown to promote tolerogenic differentiation of T lymphocytes. It remains unclear to what extent microbiota triggers de novo re-programming or amplify pre-existing plasticity intrinsic to T cells. In a study with mouse models to track the clonal fate of CD4 and CD8 T cells, we discovered that CD8 T cells converted to MHC class I-restricted CD4 T cells without regard to selfness of their antigen specificity. In mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), CD8 T cells converted to CD4(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells which were enriched in the large intestine lamina propria (LILP) and suppressed chemical- or immune-mediated inflammatory damage. In germ-free conditions, the converted CD4 populations were present in MLN, but absent in LILP. Therefore, an intrinsic plasticity in the host was amplified by the gut microbiota, leading to selfless tolerance induction in the intestinal mucosa. The findings may be relevant to HIV infection, cancer and autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen Bon Lui
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Lander S McGinn
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Zhibin Chen
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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132
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Nosbaum A, Prevel N, Truong HA, Mehta P, Ettinger M, Scharschmidt TC, Ali NH, Pauli ML, Abbas AK, Rosenblum MD. Cutting Edge: Regulatory T Cells Facilitate Cutaneous Wound Healing. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:2010-4. [PMID: 26826250 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Foxp3-expressing regulatory T cells (Tregs) reside in tissues where they control inflammation and mediate tissue-specific functions. The skin of mice and humans contain a large number of Tregs; however, the mechanisms of how these cells function in skin remain largely unknown. In this article, we show that Tregs facilitate cutaneous wound healing. Highly activated Tregs accumulated in skin early after wounding, and specific ablation of these cells resulted in delayed wound re-epithelialization and kinetics of wound closure. Tregs in wounded skin attenuated IFN-γ production and proinflammatory macrophage accumulation. Upon wounding, Tregs induce expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Lineage-specific deletion of EGFR in Tregs resulted in reduced Treg accumulation and activation in wounded skin, delayed wound closure, and increased proinflammatory macrophage accumulation. Taken together, our results reveal a novel role for Tregs in facilitating skin wound repair and suggest that they use the EGFR pathway to mediate these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Nosbaum
- International Center for Infectiology Research, Lyon University, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Prevel
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143; and
| | - Hong-An Truong
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143; and
| | - Pooja Mehta
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143; and
| | - Monika Ettinger
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143; and
| | - Tiffany C Scharschmidt
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143; and
| | - Niwa H Ali
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143; and
| | - Mariela L Pauli
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143; and
| | - Abul K Abbas
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Michael D Rosenblum
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143; and
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133
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Chellappa S, Lieske NV, Hagness M, Line PD, Taskén K, Aandahl EM. Human regulatory T cells control TCR signaling and susceptibility to suppression in CD4+ T cells. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 100:5-16. [PMID: 26715685 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2hi0815-334r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Human CD4(+)CD25(hi)FOXP3(+) regulatory T cells maintain immunologic tolerance and prevent autoimmune and inflammatory immune responses. Regulatory T cells undergo a similar activation cycle as conventional CD4(+) T cells upon antigen stimulation. Here, we demonstrate that T cell receptors and costimulation are required to activate the regulatory T cell suppressive function. Regulatory T cells suppressed the T cell receptor signaling in effector T cells in a time-dependent manner that corresponded with inhibition of cytokine production and proliferation. Modulation of the activation level and thereby the suppressive capacity of regulatory T cells imposed distinct T cell receptor signaling signatures and hyporesponsiveness in suppressed and proliferating effector T cells and established a threshold for effector T cell proliferation. The immune suppression of effector T cells was completely reversible upon removal of regulatory T cells. However, the strength of prior immune suppression by regulatory T cells and corresponding T cell receptor signaling in effector T cells determined the susceptibility to suppression upon later reexposure to regulatory T cells. These findings demonstrate how the strength of the regulatory T cell suppressive function determines intracellular signaling, immune responsiveness, and the later susceptibility of effector T cells to immune suppression and contribute to unveiling the complex interactions between regulatory T cells and effector T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stalin Chellappa
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Biotechnology Centre, University of Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Nora V Lieske
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Biotechnology Centre, University of Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Morten Hagness
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Biotechnology Centre, University of Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo, Norway; Section for Transplantation Surgery Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; and
| | - Pål D Line
- Section for Transplantation Surgery Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; and
| | - Kjetil Taskén
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Biotechnology Centre, University of Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Oslo, Norway; Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Einar M Aandahl
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Biotechnology Centre, University of Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo, Norway; Section for Transplantation Surgery Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; and
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Abstract
Memory for antigen is a defining feature of adaptive immunity. Antigen-specific lymphocyte populations show an increase in number and function after antigen encounter and more rapidly re-expand upon subsequent antigen exposure. Studies of immune memory have primarily focused on effector B cells and T cells with microbial specificity, using prime-challenge models of infection. However, recent work has also identified persistently expanded populations of antigen-specific regulatory T cells that protect against aberrant immune responses. In this Review, we consider the parallels between memory effector T cells and memory regulatory T cells, along with the functional implications of regulatory memory in autoimmunity, antimicrobial host defence and maternal-fetal tolerance. In addition, we discuss emerging evidence for regulatory T cell memory in humans and key unanswered questions in this rapidly evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Rosenblum
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Sing Sing Way
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
| | - Abul K Abbas
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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135
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Campbell DJ. Control of Regulatory T Cell Migration, Function, and Homeostasis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:2507-13. [PMID: 26342103 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential for preventing autoimmunity and uncontrolled inflammation, and they modulate immune responses during infection and the development of cancer. Accomplishing these tasks requires the widespread distribution of Tregs in both lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues, and the selective recruitment of Tregs to different tissue sites has emerged as a key checkpoint that controls tissue inflammation in autoimmunity, infection, and cancer development, as well as in the context of allograft acceptance or rejection. Additionally, Tregs are functionally diverse, and it has become clear that some of this diversity segregates with Treg localization to particular tissue sites. In this article, I review the progress in understanding the mechanisms of Treg trafficking and discuss factors controlling their homeostatic maintenance and function in distinct tissue sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Campbell
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101; and Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
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136
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Nogueira JDS, Canto FBD, Nunes CFCG, Vianna PHO, Paiva LDS, Nóbrega A, Bellio M, Fucs R. Enhanced renewal of regulatory T cells in relation to CD4(+) conventional T lymphocytes in the peripheral compartment. Immunology 2015; 147:221-39. [PMID: 26572097 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4(+) Foxp3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells are necessary for the maintenance of self-tolerance and T-cell homeostasis. This population is kept at stable frequencies in secondary lymphoid organs for the majority of the lifetime, despite permanent thymic emigration or in the face of thymic involution. Continuous competition is expected to occur between recently thymus-emigrated and resident Treg cells (either natural or post-thymically induced). In the present work, we analysed the renewal dynamics of Treg cells compared with CD4(+) Foxp3- conventional T cells (Tconv), using protocols of single or successive T-cell transfers into syngeneic euthymic or lymphopenic (nu/nu or RAG2(-/-)) mice, respectively. Our results show a higher turnover for Treg cells in the peripheral compartment, compared with Tconv cells, when B cell-sufficient euthymic or nude hosts are studied. This increased renewal within the Treg pool, shown by the greater replacement of resident Treg cells by donor counterparts, correlates with augmented rates of proliferation and is not modified following temporary environmental perturbations induced by inflammatory state or microbiota alterations. Notably, the preferential substitution of Treg lymphocytes was not observed in RAG2(-/-) hosts. We showed that limited B-cell replenishment in the RAG2(-/-) hosts decisively contributed to the altered peripheral T-cell homeostasis. Accordingly, weekly transfers of B cells to RAG2(-/-) hosts rescued the preferential substitution of Treg lymphocytes. Our study discloses a new aspect of T-cell homeostasis that depends on the presence of B lymphocytes to regulate the relative incorporation of recently arrived Treg and Tconv cells in the peripheral compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeane de Souza Nogueira
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goés (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fábio Barrozo do Canto
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goés (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Caroline Fraga Cabral Gomes Nunes
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goés (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique Oliveira Vianna
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goés (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana de Souza Paiva
- Departamento de Imunobiologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alberto Nóbrega
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goés (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Bellio
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goés (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rita Fucs
- Departamento de Imunobiologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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137
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Yan D, Farache J, Mingueneau M, Mathis D, Benoist C. Imbalanced signal transduction in regulatory T cells expressing the transcription factor FoxP3. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:14942-7. [PMID: 26627244 PMCID: PMC4672803 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1520393112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
FoxP3(+) T regulatory (Treg) cells have a fundamental role in immunological tolerance, with transcriptional and functional phenotypes that demarcate them from conventional CD4(+) T cells (Tconv). Differences between these two lineages in the signaling downstream of T-cell receptor-triggered activation have been reported, and there are different requirements for some signaling factors. Seeking a comprehensive view, we found that Treg cells have a broadly dampened activation of several pathways and signaling nodes upon TCR-mediated activation, with low phosphorylation of CD3ζ, SLP76, Erk1/2, AKT, or S6 and lower calcium flux. In contrast, STAT phosphorylation triggered by interferons, IL2 or IL6, showed variations between Treg and Tconv in magnitude or choice of preferential STAT activation but no general Treg signaling defect. Much, but not all, of the Treg/Tconv difference in TCR-triggered responses could be attributed to lower responsiveness of antigen-experienced cells with CD44(hi) or CD62L(lo) phenotypes, which form a greater proportion of the Treg pool. Candidate regulators were tested, but the Treg/Tconv differential could not be explained by overexpression in Treg cells of the signaling modulator CD5, the coinhibitors PD-1 and CTLA4, or the regulatory phosphatase DUSP4. However, transcriptome profiling in Dusp4-deficient mice showed that DUSP4 enhances the expression of a segment of the canonical Treg transcriptional signature, which partially overlaps with the TCR-dependent Treg gene set. Thus, Treg cells, likely because of their intrinsically higher reactivity to self, tune down TCR signals but seem comparatively more attuned to cytokines or other intercellular signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Yan
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Julia Farache
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | - Diane Mathis
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Christophe Benoist
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
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138
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an Haack I, Derkow K, Riehn M, Rentinck MN, Kühl AA, Lehnardt S, Schott E. The Role of Regulatory CD4 T Cells in Maintaining Tolerance in a Mouse Model of Autoimmune Hepatitis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143715. [PMID: 26599014 PMCID: PMC4658037 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The role of regulatory CD4 T cells (Treg) in immune-mediated liver disease is still under debate. It remains disputed whether Treg suppress T cell-mediated hepatitis in vivo and whether hepatic regulatory T cells are functional in patients with autoimmune hepatitis. Methods We used TF-OVA mice, which express ovalbumin in hepatocytes, to investigate the impact of Treg in a model of autoimmune hepatitis. Treg isolated from inflamed livers of TF-OVA mice were tested for their functionality in vitro. By employing double transgenic TF-OVAxDEREG (DEpletion of REGulatory T cells) mice we analyzed whether Treg-depletion aggravates autoimmune inflammation in the liver in vivo. Results CD25+Foxp3+ CD4 T cells accumulated in the liver in the course of CD8 T cell-mediated hepatitis. Treg isolated from inflamed livers were functional to suppress CD8 T-cell proliferation in vitro. Depletion of Treg in TF-OVAxDEREG mice dramatically amplified T cell-mediated hepatitis. Repeated administration of antigen-specific CD8 T cells led to a second wave of inflammation only after depletion of Treg. Conclusion Our data add to the evidence for an important role of Treg in autoimmune hepatitis and show that Treg reduce the severity of T-cell mediated hepatitis in vivo. They constitute a key immune cell population that actively maintains a tolerogenic milieu in the liver and protects the liver against repeated inflammatory challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira an Haack
- Dept. of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katja Derkow
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Center for Anatomy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mathias Riehn
- Model Systems for Infection and Immunity, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marc-Nicolas Rentinck
- Dept. of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja A. Kühl
- Dept. of Medicine I for Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology/Research Center ImmunoSciences, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Seija Lehnardt
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Center for Anatomy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eckart Schott
- Dept. of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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139
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Legoux FP, Lim JB, Cauley AW, Dikiy S, Ertelt J, Mariani TJ, Sparwasser T, Way SS, Moon JJ. CD4+ T Cell Tolerance to Tissue-Restricted Self Antigens Is Mediated by Antigen-Specific Regulatory T Cells Rather Than Deletion. Immunity 2015; 43:896-908. [PMID: 26572061 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Deletion of self-antigen-specific T cells during thymic development provides protection from autoimmunity. However, it is unclear how efficiently this occurs for tissue-restricted self antigens, or how immune tolerance is maintained for self-antigen-specific T cells that routinely escape deletion. Here we show that endogenous CD4+ T cells with specificity for a set of tissue-restricted self antigens were not deleted at all. For pancreatic self antigen, this resulted in an absence of steady-state tolerance, while for the lung and intestine, tolerance was maintained by the enhanced presence of thymically-derived antigen-specific Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells. Unlike deletional tolerance, Treg cell-mediated tolerance was broken by successive antigen challenges. These findings reveal that for some tissue-restricted self antigens, tolerance relies entirely on nondeletional mechanisms that are less durable than T cell deletion. This might explain why autoimmunity is often tissue-specific, and it offers a rationale for cancer vaccine strategies targeting tissue-restricted tumor antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois P Legoux
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Jong-Baeck Lim
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Andrew W Cauley
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Stanislav Dikiy
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ludwig Center, and Immunology Program; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - James Ertelt
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Institute; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Thomas J Mariani
- Division of Neonatology and Pediatric Molecular and Personalized Medicine Program; University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Tim Sparwasser
- TWINCORE - Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sing Sing Way
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Institute; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - James J Moon
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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140
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Sharma MD, Shinde R, McGaha TL, Huang L, Holmgaard RB, Wolchok JD, Mautino MR, Celis E, Sharpe AH, Francisco LM, Powell JD, Yagita H, Mellor AL, Blazar BR, Munn DH. The PTEN pathway in Tregs is a critical driver of the suppressive tumor microenvironment. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2015; 1:e1500845. [PMID: 26601142 PMCID: PMC4640592 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1500845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is profoundly immunosuppressive. We show that multiple tumor types create intratumoral immune suppression driven by a specialized form of regulatory T cell (Treg) activation dependent on the PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog) lipid phosphatase. PTEN acted to stabilize Tregs in tumors, preventing them from reprogramming into inflammatory effector cells. In mice with a Treg-specific deletion of PTEN, tumors grew slowly, were inflamed, and could not create an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. In normal mice, exposure to apoptotic tumor cells rapidly elicited PTEN-expressing Tregs, and PTEN-deficient mice were unable to maintain tolerance to apoptotic cells. In wild-type mice with large established tumors, pharmacologic inhibition of PTEN after chemotherapy or immunotherapy profoundly reconfigured the tumor microenvironment, changing it from a suppressive to an inflammatory milieu, and tumors underwent rapid regression. Thus, the immunosuppressive milieu in tumors must be actively maintained, and tumors become susceptible to immune attack if the PTEN pathway in Tregs is disrupted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhav D. Sharma
- Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Rahul Shinde
- Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Tracy L. McGaha
- Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Lei Huang
- Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Radiology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Rikke B. Holmgaard
- Department of Medicine, Immunology Program and Ludwig Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Weill Cornell Medical School and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jedd D. Wolchok
- Department of Medicine, Immunology Program and Ludwig Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Weill Cornell Medical School and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Esteban Celis
- Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Arlene H. Sharpe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Loise M. Francisco
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jonathan D. Powell
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Hideo Yagita
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Andrew L. Mellor
- Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Bruce R. Blazar
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - David H. Munn
- Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Corresponding author. E-mail:
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141
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Kinder JM, Jiang TT, Ertelt JM, Xin L, Strong BS, Shaaban AF, Way SS. Tolerance to noninherited maternal antigens, reproductive microchimerism and regulatory T cell memory: 60 years after 'Evidence for actively acquired tolerance to Rh antigens'. CHIMERISM 2015; 6:8-20. [PMID: 26517600 PMCID: PMC5063085 DOI: 10.1080/19381956.2015.1107253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Compulsory exposure to genetically foreign maternal tissue imprints in offspring sustained tolerance to noninherited maternal antigens (NIMA). Immunological tolerance to NIMA was first described by Dr. Ray D. Owen for women genetically negative for erythrocyte rhesus (Rh) antigen with reduced sensitization from developmental Rh exposure by their mothers. Extending this analysis to HLA haplotypes has uncovered the exciting potential for therapeutically exploiting NIMA-specific tolerance naturally engrained in mammalian reproduction for improved clinical outcomes after allogeneic transplantation. Herein, we summarize emerging scientific concepts stemming from tolerance to NIMA that includes postnatal maintenance of microchimeric maternal origin cells in offspring, expanded accumulation of immune suppressive regulatory T cells with NIMA-specificity, along with teleological benefits and immunological consequences of NIMA-specific tolerance conserved across mammalian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M Kinder
- a Division of Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Tony T Jiang
- a Division of Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - James M Ertelt
- a Division of Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Lijun Xin
- a Division of Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Beverly S Strong
- b Center for Fetal Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Cincinnati Children's Hospital , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Aimen F Shaaban
- b Center for Fetal Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Cincinnati Children's Hospital , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Sing Sing Way
- a Division of Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati , OH , USA
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De Groot AS, Moise L, Liu R, Gutierrez AH, Tassone R, Bailey-Kellogg C, Martin W. Immune camouflage: relevance to vaccines and human immunology. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 10:3570-5. [PMID: 25483703 PMCID: PMC4514035 DOI: 10.4161/hv.36134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
High strain sequence variability, interference with innate immune mechanisms, and epitope deletion are all examples of strategies that pathogens have evolved to subvert host defenses. To this list we would add another strategy: immune camouflage. Pathogens whose epitope sequences are cross-conserved with multiple human proteins at the TCR-facing residues may be exploiting “ignorance and tolerance," which are mechanisms by which mature T cells avoid immune responses to self-antigens. By adopting amino acid configurations that may be recognized by autologous regulatory T cells, pathogens may be actively suppressing protective immunity. Using the new JanusMatrix TCR-homology-mapping tool, we have identified several such ‘camouflaged’ tolerizing epitopes that are present in the viral genomes of pathogens such as emerging H7N9 influenza. Thus in addition to the overall low number of T helper epitopes that is present in H7 hemaglutinin (as described previously, see http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/hv.24939), the presence of such tolerizing epitopes in H7N9 could explain why, in recent vaccine trials, whole H7N9-HA was poorly immunogenic and associated with low seroconversion rates (see http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/hv.28135). In this commentary, we provide an overview of the immunoinformatics process leading to the discovery of tolerizing epitopes in pathogen genomic sequences, provide a brief summary of laboratory data that validates the discovery, and point the way forward. Removal of viral, bacterial and parasite tolerizing epitopes may permit researchers to develop more effective vaccines and immunotherapeutics in the future.
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Key Words
- Biologic
- Deimmunization
- EpiMatrix
- HA, hemagglutinin
- HCV, Hepatitis C virus
- HIV, human immunodeficiency virus
- HLA, human leukocyte antigen
- IAVs, influenza A viruses
- JanusMatrix
- TCR, T cell receptor
- Td response, T cell-driven response
- Tolerance
- Treg
- Treg, regulatory T cell
- Tregitope
- Tregitope, Treg epitope
- Vaccine
- nTreg, natural regulatory T cells
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Mahapatra S, Albrecht M, Baru AM, Sparwasser T, Herrick C, Dittrich AM. Superior Suppressive Capacity of Skin Tregs Compared with Lung Tregs in a Model of Epicutaneous Priming. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:2418-26. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Lei H, Schmidt-Bleek K, Dienelt A, Reinke P, Volk HD. Regulatory T cell-mediated anti-inflammatory effects promote successful tissue repair in both indirect and direct manners. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:184. [PMID: 26388774 PMCID: PMC4557110 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) offer new immunotherapeutic options to control undesired immune reactions, such as those in transplant rejection and autoimmunity. In addition, tissue repair and regeneration depend on a multitude of tightly regulated immune and non-immune cells and signaling molecules. There is mounting evidence that adequate innate responses, and even more importantly balanced adaptive immune responses, are key players in the tissue repair and regeneration processes, even in absence of any immune-related disease or infection. Thus, the anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic capacities of Treg can affect not only the effector immune response, creating the appropriate immune environment for successful tissue repair and regeneration, but growing evidence shows that they also have direct effects on tissue cell functions. Here we summarize the present views on how Treg might support tissue regeneration by direct control of undesired immune reactivity and also by direct interaction with non-immune tissue cells. We describe tissue-resident Treg and their specific phenotypes in skin, visceral adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle. In addition, we touch on the topic of osteoimmunology, discussing the direct interactions of Treg with bone-forming cells, such as osteoblasts and their mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) progenitors-a field which is under-investigated. We hypothesize a cross-talk between Treg and bone-forming cells through the CD39-CD73-(adenosine)-adenosine receptor pathway, which might also potentiate the differentiation of MSCs, thus facilitating bone regeneration. This hypothesis may provide a road map for further investigations on the cross-talk between the immune and the skeletal system, and also enable the development of better strategies to promote bone repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lei
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité University Medicine Berlin , Berlin, Germany ; Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Schmidt-Bleek
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité University Medicine Berlin , Berlin, Germany ; Julius Wolff Institute, Charité University Medicine Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Anke Dienelt
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité University Medicine Berlin , Berlin, Germany ; Julius Wolff Institute, Charité University Medicine Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Reinke
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité University Medicine Berlin , Berlin, Germany ; Department of Nephrology and Intensive Care, Charité University Medicine Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Dieter Volk
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité University Medicine Berlin , Berlin, Germany ; Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin , Berlin, Germany
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145
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Treg Cell Differentiation: From Thymus to Peripheral Tissue. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 136:175-205. [PMID: 26615097 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are crucial mediators of self-tolerance in the periphery. They differentiate in the thymus, where interactions with thymus-resident antigen-presenting cells, an instructive cytokine milieu, and stimulation of the T cell receptor lead to the selection into the Treg lineage and the induction of Foxp3 gene expression. Once mature, Treg cells leave the thymus and migrate into either the secondary lymphoid tissues, e.g., lymph nodes and spleen, or peripheral nonlymphoid tissues. There is growing evidence that Treg cells go beyond the classical modulation of immune responses and also play important functional roles in nonlymphoid peripheral tissues. In this review, we summarize recent findings about the thymic Treg lineage differentiation as well as the further specialization of Treg cells in the secondary lymphoid and in the peripheral nonlymphoid organs.
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146
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW CD4Foxp3 regulatory T cells (Tregs) are crucial in controlling immunity and self-tolerance. Consequently, in transplantation, Tregs play a central role in inhibiting acute rejection and promoting allograft tolerance. A more complete understanding of Treg biology may lead to novel therapeutic approaches to enhance Treg numbers and function. RECENT FINDINGS The maintenance of self-tolerance in nonlymphoid tissues requires the differentiation of Tregs in secondary lymphoid organs from naïve-like central Tregs into effector Tregs. Antigen and environmental cues guide this Treg differentiation, which parallels the types of adaptive immune responses taking place, allowing them to enter and function within specific nonlymphoid tissues. In addition to controlling inflammation, tissue-infiltrating Tregs unexpectedly regulate nonimmune processes, including metabolic homeostasis and tissue repair. Finally, Tregs can be directly and specifically targeted in vivo to augment their numbers or enhance their function in both secondary lymphoid organs and nonlymphoid tissues. SUMMARY Tregs exhibit a previously unrecognized breadth of function, which includes tissue-specific specialization and the regulation of both immune and nonimmune processes. This is of particular importance in transplantation since allo-reactive memory T cells can act directly within the allograft. Thus, therapeutic approaches may need to promote Treg function in transplanted tissue, as well as in secondary lymphoid organs. Such therapy would not only prevent inflammation and acute rejection, but may also promote nonimmune processes within the allograft such as tissue homeostasis and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Rothstein
- Departments of Medicine and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, The Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Pittsburgh PA
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, The Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Pittsburgh PA
| | - Geoffrey Camirand
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, The Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Pittsburgh PA
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147
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Pandiyan P, Zhu J. Origin and functions of pro-inflammatory cytokine producing Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. Cytokine 2015; 76:13-24. [PMID: 26165923 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory cells (Tregs) are a special lineage of cells central in the maintenance of immune homeostasis, and are targeted for human immunotherapy. They are conventionally associated with the production of classical anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10, TGF-β and IL-35, consistent to their anti-inflammatory functions. However, emerging evidence show that they also express effector cytokines such as IFN-γ and IL-17A under inflammatory conditions. While some studies reveal that these pro-inflammatory cytokine producing Foxp3(+) regulatory cells retain their suppressive ability, others believe that these cells are dys-regulated and are associated with perpetuation of immunopathology. Therefore the development of these cells may challenge the efficacy of human Treg therapy. Mechanistically, toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands and the pro-inflammatory cytokine milieu have been shown to play important roles in the induction of effector cytokines in Tregs. Here we review the mechanisms of development and the possible functions of pro-inflammatory cytokine producing Foxp3+ Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushpa Pandiyan
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Jinfang Zhu
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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148
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Miller ML, Daniels MD, Wang T, Chen J, Young J, Xu J, Wang Y, Yin D, Vu V, Husain AN, Alegre ML, Chong AS. Spontaneous restoration of transplantation tolerance after acute rejection. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7566. [PMID: 26151823 PMCID: PMC4498267 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation is a cure for end-stage organ failure but, in the absence of pharmacological immunosuppression, allogeneic organs are acutely rejected. Such rejection invariably results in allosensitization and accelerated rejection of secondary donor-matched grafts. Transplantation tolerance can be induced in animals and a subset of humans, and enables long-term acceptance of allografts without maintenance immunosuppression. However, graft rejection can occur long after a state of transplantation tolerance has been acquired. When such an allograft is rejected, it has been assumed that the same rules of allosensitization apply as to non-tolerant hosts and that immunological tolerance is permanently lost. Using a mouse model of cardiac transplantation, we show that when Listeria monocytogenes infection precipitates acute rejection, thus abrogating transplantation tolerance, the donor-specific tolerant state re-emerges, allowing spontaneous acceptance of a donor-matched second transplant. These data demonstrate a setting in which the memory of allograft tolerance dominates over the memory of transplant rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L. Miller
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, 924 E. 57th Street, JFK-R302, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Melvin D. Daniels
- Section of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chicago State University, 9501 S. King Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60628, USA
| | - Tongmin Wang
- Section of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Section of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - James Young
- Section of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Jing Xu
- Section of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, 924 E. 57th Street, JFK-R302, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Dengping Yin
- Section of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Vinh Vu
- Section of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Aliya N. Husain
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Maria-Luisa Alegre
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, 924 E. 57th Street, JFK-R302, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Anita S. Chong
- Section of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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Lu J, Meng H, Zhang A, Yang J, Zhang X. Phenotype and function of tissue-resident unconventional Foxp3-expressing CD4(+) regulatory T cells. Cell Immunol 2015; 297:53-9. [PMID: 26142700 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly clear that regulatory T cells (Treg cells) in specific tissues are important parts of immune system. Tissue-resident Treg cells, which are largely Foxp3-expressing CD4(+) Treg cells, are distinct from one another and conventional Treg cells, and have tissue-specific phenotype and function. They have roles in improving insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue, promoting muscle repair, limiting inflammation in intestine, skin and central nervous system. In this Review, we discuss the current understanding of phenotype and function of tissue-resident Treg cells. Understanding phenotypic and functional diversity in different tissues could provide new insight into Treg cells development and investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingli Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Haiyang Meng
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Ailing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaojian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China.
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Abstract
Autoimmune reactions reflect an imbalance between effector and regulatory immune responses, typically develop through stages of initiation and propagation, and often show phases of resolution (indicated by clinical remissions) and exacerbations (indicated by symptomatic flares). The fundamental underlying mechanism of autoimmunity is defective elimination and/or control of self-reactive lymphocytes. Studies in humans and experimental animal models are revealing the genetic and environmental factors that contribute to autoimmunity. A major goal of research in this area is to exploit this knowledge to better understand the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and to develop strategies for reestablishing the normal balance between effector and regulatory immune responses.
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