101
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Gong M, Ye S, Li WX, Zhang J, Liu Y, Zhu J, Lv W, Zhang H, Wang J, Lu A, He K. Regulatory function of praja ring finger ubiquitin ligase 2 mediated by the P2rx3/P2rx7 axis in mouse hippocampal neuronal cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 318:C1123-C1135. [PMID: 32267716 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00070.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Praja2 (Pja2), a member of the growing family of mammalian RING E3 ubiquitin ligases, is reportedly involved in not only several types of cancer but also neurological diseases and disorders, but the genetic mechanism underlying the regulation of Pja2 in the nervous system remains unclear. To study the cellular and molecular functions of Pja2 in mouse hippocampal neuronal cells (MHNCs), we used gain- and loss-of-function manipulations of Pja2 in HT-22 cells and tested their regulatory effects on three Alzheimer's disease (AD) genes and cell proliferation. The results revealed that the expression of AD markers, including amyloid beta precursor protein (App), microtubule-associated protein tau (Mapt), and gamma-secretase activating protein (Gsap), could be inhibited by Pja2 overexpression and activated by Pja2 knockdown. In addition, HT-22 cell proliferation was enhanced by Pja2 upregulation and suppressed by its downregulation. We also evaluated and quantified the targets that responded to the enforced expression of Pja2 by RNA-Seq, and the results showed that purinergic receptor P2X, ligand-gated ion channel 3 and 7 (P2rx3 and P2rx7), which show different expression patterns in the critical calcium signaling pathway, mediated the regulatory effect of Pja2 in HT-22 cells. Functional studies indicated that Pja2 regulated HT-22 cells development and AD marker genes by inhibiting P2rx3 but promoting P2rx7, a gene downstream of P2rx3. In conclusion, our results provide new insights into the regulatory function of the Pja2 gene in MHNCs and thus underscore the potential relevance of this molecule to the pathophysiology of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Gong
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Shoudong Ye
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Department of Biostatistics, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wen-Xing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yanjun Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wenwen Lv
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Clinical Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Aiping Lu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kan He
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Department of Biostatistics, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
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102
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Schlepckow K, Monroe KM, Kleinberger G, Cantuti‐Castelvetri L, Parhizkar S, Xia D, Willem M, Werner G, Pettkus N, Brunner B, Sülzen A, Nuscher B, Hampel H, Xiang X, Feederle R, Tahirovic S, Park JI, Prorok R, Mahon C, Liang C, Shi J, Kim DJ, Sabelström H, Huang F, Di Paolo G, Simons M, Lewcock JW, Haass C. Enhancing protective microglial activities with a dual function TREM2 antibody to the stalk region. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 12:e11227. [PMID: 32154671 PMCID: PMC7136959 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201911227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is essential for the transition of homeostatic microglia to a disease-associated microglial state. To enhance TREM2 activity, we sought to selectively increase the full-length protein on the cell surface via reducing its proteolytic shedding by A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase (i.e., α-secretase) 10/17. We screened a panel of monoclonal antibodies against TREM2, with the aim to selectively compete for α-secretase-mediated shedding. Monoclonal antibody 4D9, which has a stalk region epitope close to the cleavage site, demonstrated dual mechanisms of action by stabilizing TREM2 on the cell surface and reducing its shedding, and concomitantly activating phospho-SYK signaling. 4D9 stimulated survival of macrophages and increased microglial uptake of myelin debris and amyloid β-peptide in vitro. In vivo target engagement was demonstrated in cerebrospinal fluid, where nearly all soluble TREM2 was 4D9-bound. Moreover, in a mouse model for Alzheimer's disease-related pathology, 4D9 reduced amyloidogenesis, enhanced microglial TREM2 expression, and reduced a homeostatic marker, suggesting a protective function by driving microglia toward a disease-associated state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Schlepckow
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) MunichMunichGermany
| | | | - Gernot Kleinberger
- Metabolic BiochemistryBiomedical Center (BMC)Faculty of MedicineLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
- Present address:
ISAR Bioscience GmbHPlaneggGermany
| | | | - Samira Parhizkar
- Metabolic BiochemistryBiomedical Center (BMC)Faculty of MedicineLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Dan Xia
- Denali Therapeutics Inc.South San FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Michael Willem
- Metabolic BiochemistryBiomedical Center (BMC)Faculty of MedicineLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Georg Werner
- Metabolic BiochemistryBiomedical Center (BMC)Faculty of MedicineLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Nadine Pettkus
- Metabolic BiochemistryBiomedical Center (BMC)Faculty of MedicineLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Bettina Brunner
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) MunichMunichGermany
| | - Alice Sülzen
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) MunichMunichGermany
| | - Brigitte Nuscher
- Metabolic BiochemistryBiomedical Center (BMC)Faculty of MedicineLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Heike Hampel
- Metabolic BiochemistryBiomedical Center (BMC)Faculty of MedicineLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Xianyuan Xiang
- Metabolic BiochemistryBiomedical Center (BMC)Faculty of MedicineLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
- Graduate School of Systemic NeuroscienceLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Regina Feederle
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) MunichMunichGermany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy)MunichGermany
- Helmholtz Center MunichGerman Research Center for Environmental HealthInstitute for Diabetes and ObesityCore Facility Monoclonal Antibody DevelopmentMunichGermany
| | - Sabina Tahirovic
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) MunichMunichGermany
| | | | | | - Cathal Mahon
- Denali Therapeutics Inc.South San FranciscoCAUSA
| | | | - Ju Shi
- Denali Therapeutics Inc.South San FranciscoCAUSA
- Present address:
Jazz PharmaceuticalsPalo AltoCAUSA
| | - Do Jin Kim
- Denali Therapeutics Inc.South San FranciscoCAUSA
| | | | - Fen Huang
- Denali Therapeutics Inc.South San FranciscoCAUSA
| | | | - Mikael Simons
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) MunichMunichGermany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy)MunichGermany
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology (TUM‐NZB)MunichGermany
| | | | - Christian Haass
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) MunichMunichGermany
- Metabolic BiochemistryBiomedical Center (BMC)Faculty of MedicineLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy)MunichGermany
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103
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Mehr A, Hick M, Ludewig S, Müller M, Herrmann U, von Engelhardt J, Wolfer DP, Korte M, Müller UC. Lack of APP and APLP2 in GABAergic Forebrain Neurons Impairs Synaptic Plasticity and Cognition. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:4044-4063. [PMID: 32219307 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-β precursor protein (APP) is central to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, yet its physiological functions remain incompletely understood. Previous studies had indicated important synaptic functions of APP and the closely related homologue APLP2 in excitatory forebrain neurons for spine density, synaptic plasticity, and behavior. Here, we show that APP is also widely expressed in several interneuron subtypes, both in hippocampus and cortex. To address the functional role of APP in inhibitory neurons, we generated mice with a conditional APP/APLP2 double knockout (cDKO) in GABAergic forebrain neurons using DlxCre mice. These DlxCre cDKO mice exhibit cognitive deficits in hippocampus-dependent spatial learning and memory tasks, as well as impairments in species-typic nesting and burrowing behaviors. Deficits at the behavioral level were associated with altered neuronal morphology and synaptic plasticity Long-Term Potentiation (LTP). Impaired basal synaptic transmission at the Schafer collateral/CA1 pathway, which was associated with altered compound excitatory/inhibitory synaptic currents and reduced action potential firing of CA1 pyramidal cells, points to a disrupted excitation/inhibition balance in DlxCre cDKOs. Together, these impairments may lead to hippocampal dysfunction. Collectively, our data reveal a crucial role of APP family proteins in inhibitory interneurons to maintain functional network activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Mehr
- Department of Functional Genomics, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology (IPMB), University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Meike Hick
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Neuroscience Center, Goethe-University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Susann Ludewig
- Division of Cellular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michaela Müller
- Institute of Pathophysiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ulrike Herrmann
- Division of Cellular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jakob von Engelhardt
- Institute of Pathophysiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - David P Wolfer
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland.,Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Korte
- Division of Cellular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.,AG Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ulrike C Müller
- Department of Functional Genomics, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology (IPMB), University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Cellular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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104
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Kwak SS, Washicosky KJ, Brand E, von Maydell D, Aronson J, Kim S, Capen DE, Cetinbas M, Sadreyev R, Ning S, Bylykbashi E, Xia W, Wagner SL, Choi SH, Tanzi RE, Kim DY. Amyloid-β42/40 ratio drives tau pathology in 3D human neural cell culture models of Alzheimer's disease. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1377. [PMID: 32170138 PMCID: PMC7070004 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15120-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between amyloid-β (Aβ) species and tau pathology in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is not fully understood. Here, we provide direct evidence that Aβ42/40 ratio, not total Aβ level, plays a critical role in inducing neurofibrillary tangles (NTFs) in human neurons. Using 3D-differentiated clonal human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs) expressing varying levels of amyloid β precursor protein (APP) and presenilin 1 (PS1) with AD mutations, we show that pathogenic tau accumulation and aggregation are tightly correlated with Aβ42/40 ratio. Roles of Aβ42/40 ratio on tau pathology are also confirmed with APP transmembrane domain (TMD) mutant hNPCs, which display differential Aβ42/40 ratios without mutant PS1. Moreover, naïve hNPCs co-cultured with APP TMD I45F (high Aβ42/40) cells, not with I47F cells (low Aβ42/40), develop robust tau pathology in a 3D non-cell autonomous cell culture system. These results emphasize the importance of reducing the Aβ42/40 ratio in AD therapy. The relationship between amyloid-β species and tau pathology in Alzheimer’s disease is not fully understood. Here, the authors show that it is the increased ratio of amyloid-β42 and 40 isoforms drives tau pathology in 3D human neural cell culture models of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Su Kwak
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, McCance Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Kevin J Washicosky
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, McCance Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Emma Brand
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, McCance Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Djuna von Maydell
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, McCance Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Jenna Aronson
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, McCance Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Susan Kim
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, McCance Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Diane E Capen
- Center for Systems Biology and Program in Membrane Biology, Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Murat Cetinbas
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Ruslan Sadreyev
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Shen Ning
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, McCance Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA.,Graduate Program for Neuroscience, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Enjana Bylykbashi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, McCance Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Weiming Xia
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital, Bedford, MA, 01730, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Steven L Wagner
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Se Hoon Choi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, McCance Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Rudolph E Tanzi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, McCance Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA.
| | - Doo Yeon Kim
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, McCance Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA.
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105
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Brinkmalm G, Hong W, Wang Z, Liu W, O'Malley TT, Sun X, Frosch MP, Selkoe DJ, Portelius E, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Walsh DM. Identification of neurotoxic cross-linked amyloid-β dimers in the Alzheimer's brain. Brain 2020; 142:1441-1457. [PMID: 31032851 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary structure of canonical amyloid-β-protein was elucidated more than 30 years ago, yet the forms of amyloid-β that play a role in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis remain poorly defined. Studies of Alzheimer's disease brain extracts suggest that amyloid-β, which migrates on sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with a molecular weight of ∼7 kDa (7kDa-Aβ), is particularly toxic; however, the nature of this species has been controversial. Using sophisticated mass spectrometry and sensitive assays of disease-relevant toxicity we show that brain-derived bioactive 7kDa-Aβ contains a heterogeneous mixture of covalently cross-linked dimers in the absence of any other detectable proteins. The identification of amyloid-β dimers may open a new phase of Alzheimer's research and allow a better understanding of Alzheimer's disease, and how to monitor and treat this devastating disorder. Future studies investigating the bioactivity of individual dimers cross-linked at known sites will be critical to this effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Brinkmalm
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, SE-431 80 Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, SE-431 80 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Wei Hong
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zemin Wang
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wen Liu
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tiernan T O'Malley
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xin Sun
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew P Frosch
- Massachusetts General Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Dennis J Selkoe
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Erik Portelius
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, SE-431 80 Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, SE-431 80 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, SE-431 80 Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, SE-431 80 Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, SE-431 80 Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, SE-431 80 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Dominic M Walsh
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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106
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Abstract
The amyloid precursor protein (APP) is not only processed to the neurotoxic amyloid-β peptide but also to various types of secreted APP variants. In a recent issue of Science, Rice et al. (2019) now demonstrate that secreted APP functions as a modulator of synaptic transmission by binding to GABABR1a.
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107
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Beta secretase 1-dependent amyloid precursor protein processing promotes excessive vascular sprouting through NOTCH3 signalling. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:98. [PMID: 32029735 PMCID: PMC7005019 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2288-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid beta peptides (Aβ) proteins play a key role in vascular pathology in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) including impairment of the blood–brain barrier and aberrant angiogenesis. Although previous work has demonstrated a pro-angiogenic role of Aβ, the exact mechanisms by which amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing and endothelial angiogenic signalling cascades interact in AD remain a largely unsolved problem. Here, we report that increased endothelial sprouting in human-APP transgenic mouse (TgCRND8) tissue is dependent on β-secretase (BACE1) processing of APP. Higher levels of Aβ processing in TgCRND8 tissue coincides with decreased NOTCH3/JAG1 signalling, overproduction of endothelial filopodia and increased numbers of vascular pericytes. Using a novel in vitro approach to study sprouting angiogenesis in TgCRND8 organotypic brain slice cultures (OBSCs), we find that BACE1 inhibition normalises excessive endothelial filopodia formation and restores NOTCH3 signalling. These data present the first evidence for the potential of BACE1 inhibition as an effective therapeutic target for aberrant angiogenesis in AD.
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108
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Zhang Z, Tian Y, Ye K. δ-secretase in neurodegenerative diseases: mechanisms, regulators and therapeutic opportunities. Transl Neurodegener 2020; 9:1. [PMID: 31911834 PMCID: PMC6943888 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-019-0179-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian asparagine endopeptidase (AEP) is a cysteine protease that cleaves its protein substrates on the C-terminal side of asparagine residues. Converging lines of evidence indicate that AEP may be involved in the pathogenesis of several neurological diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and frontotemporal dementia. AEP is activated in the aging brain, cleaves amyloid precursor protein (APP) and promotes the production of amyloid-β (Aβ). We renamed AEP to δ-secretase to emphasize its role in APP fragmentation and Aβ production. AEP also cleaves other substrates, such as tau, α-synuclein, SET, and TAR DNA-binding protein 43, generating neurotoxic fragments and disturbing their physiological functions. The activity of δ-secretase is tightly regulated at both the transcriptional and posttranslational levels. Here, we review the recent advances in the role of δ-secretase in neurodegenerative diseases, with a focus on its biochemical properties and the transcriptional and posttranslational regulation of its activity, and discuss the clinical implications of δ-secretase as a diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhentao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060 People’s Republic of China
| | - Keqiang Ye
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
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109
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Du Y, Du Y, Zhang Y, Huang Z, Fu M, Li J, Pang Y, Lei P, Wang YT, Song W, He G, Dong Z. MKP-1 reduces Aβ generation and alleviates cognitive impairments in Alzheimer's disease models. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2019; 4:58. [PMID: 31840000 PMCID: PMC6895219 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-019-0091-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphatase 1 (MKP-1) is an essential negative regulator of MAPKs by dephosphorylating MAPKs at both tyrosine and threonine residues. Dysregulation of the MAPK signaling pathway has been associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the role of MKP-1 in AD pathogenesis remains elusive. Here, we report that MKP-1 levels were decreased in the brain tissues of patients with AD and an AD mouse model. The reduction in MKP-1 gene expression appeared to be a result of transcriptional inhibition via transcription factor specificity protein 1 (Sp1) cis-acting binding elements in the MKP-1 gene promoter. Amyloid-β (Aβ)-induced Sp1 activation decreased MKP-1 expression. However, upregulation of MKP-1 inhibited the expression of both Aβ precursor protein (APP) and β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 by inactivating the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK)/MAPK signaling pathway. Furthermore, upregulation of MKP-1 reduced Aβ production and plaque formation and improved hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) and cognitive deficits in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Our results demonstrate that MKP-1 impairment facilitates the pathogenesis of AD, whereas upregulation of MKP-1 plays a neuroprotective role to reduce Alzheimer-related phenotypes. Thus, this study suggests that MKP-1 is a novel molecule for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehong Du
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014 PR China
| | - Yexiang Du
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 PR China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
| | - Zhilin Huang
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014 PR China
| | - Min Fu
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014 PR China
| | - Junjie Li
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014 PR China
| | - Yayan Pang
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014 PR China
| | - Peng Lei
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Yu Tian Wang
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014 PR China
- Brain Research Centre, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5 Canada
| | - Weihong Song
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014 PR China
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
| | - Guiqiong He
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 PR China
| | - Zhifang Dong
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014 PR China
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110
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Lauritzen I, Bécot A, Bourgeois A, Pardossi-Piquard R, Biferi MG, Barkats M, Checler F. Targeting γ-secretase triggers the selective enrichment of oligomeric APP-CTFs in brain extracellular vesicles from Alzheimer cell and mouse models. Transl Neurodegener 2019; 8:35. [PMID: 31827783 PMCID: PMC6894230 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-019-0176-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We recently demonstrated an endolysosomal accumulation of the β-secretase-derived APP C-terminal fragment (CTF) C99 in brains of Alzheimer disease (AD) mouse models. Moreover, we showed that the treatment with the γ-secretase inhibitor (D6) led to further increased endolysosomal APP-CTF levels, but also revealed extracellular APP-CTF-associated immunostaining. We here hypothesized that this latter staining could reflect extracellular vesicle (EV)-associated APP-CTFs and aimed to characterize these γ-secretase inhibitor-induced APP-CTFs. METHODS EVs were purified from cell media or mouse brains from vehicle- or D6-treated C99 or APPswedish expressing cells/mice and analyzed for APP-CTFs by immunoblot. Combined pharmacological, immunological and genetic approaches (presenilin invalidation and C99 dimerization mutants (GXXXG)) were used to characterize vesicle-containing APP-CTFs. Subcellular APP-CTF localization was determined by immunocytochemistry. RESULTS Purified EVs from both AD cell or mouse models were enriched in APP-CTFs as compared to EVs from control cells/brains. Surprisingly, EVs from D6-treated cells not only displayed increased C99 and C99-derived C83 levels but also higher molecular weight (HMW) APP-CTF-immunoreactivities that were hardly detectable in whole cell extracts. Accordingly, the intracellular levels of HMW APP-CTFs were amplified by the exosomal inhibitor GW4869. By combined pharmacological, immunological and genetic approaches, we established that these HMW APP-CTFs correspond to oligomeric APP-CTFs composed of C99 and/or C83. Immunocytochemical analysis showed that monomers were localized mainly to the trans-Golgi network, whereas oligomers were confined to endosomes and lysosomes, thus providing an anatomical support for the selective recovery of HMW APP-CTFs in EVs. The D6-induced APP-CTF oligomerization and subcellular mislocalization was indeed due to γ-secretase blockade, since it similarly occurred in presenilin-deficient fibroblasts. Further, our data proposed that besides favoring APP-CTF oligomerization by preventing C99 proteolysis, γ-secretase inhibiton also led to a defective SorLA-mediated retrograde transport of HMW APP-CTFs from endosomal compartments to the TGN. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to demonstrate the presence of oligomeric APP-CTFs in AD mouse models, the levels of which are selectively enriched in endolysosomal compartments including exosomes and amplified by γ-secretase inhibition. Future studies should evaluate the putative contribution of these exosome-associated APP-CTFs in AD onset, progression and spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inger Lauritzen
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS-UMR7275, team labeled «Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale» et «Laboratoire d’excellence Distalz», Université de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Anaïs Bécot
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS-UMR7275, team labeled «Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale» et «Laboratoire d’excellence Distalz», Université de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Alexandre Bourgeois
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS-UMR7275, team labeled «Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale» et «Laboratoire d’excellence Distalz», Université de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Raphaëlle Pardossi-Piquard
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS-UMR7275, team labeled «Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale» et «Laboratoire d’excellence Distalz», Université de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | | | | | - Fréderic Checler
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS-UMR7275, team labeled «Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale» et «Laboratoire d’excellence Distalz», Université de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, Sophia-Antipolis, France
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111
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Boguszewska-Czubara A, Budzynska B, Skalicka-Wozniak K, Kurzepa J. Perspectives and New Aspects of Metalloproteinases' Inhibitors in the Therapy of CNS Disorders: From Chemistry to Medicine. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:3208-3224. [PMID: 29756562 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180514111500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a key role in remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and, at the same time, influence cell differentiation, migration, proliferation, and survival. Their importance in a variety of human diseases including cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, pulmonary emphysema and fibrotic disorders has been known for many years but special attention should be paid on the role of MMPs in the central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Till now, there are not many well documented physiological MMP target proteins in the brain but only some pathological ones. Numerous neurodegenerative diseases are a consequence of or result in disturbed remodeling of brain ECM, therefore proper action of MMPs as well as control of their activity may play crucial roles in the development of these diseases. In the present review, we discuss the role of metalloproteinase inhibitors, from the wellknown natural endogenous tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) to the exogenous synthetic ones like (4-phenoxyphenylsulfonyl)methylthiirane (SB-3CT), tetracyclines, batimastat (BB-94) and FN-439. As the MMP-TIMP system has been well described in physiological development as well as in pathological conditions mainly in neoplastic diseases, the knowledge about the enzymatic system in mammalian brain tissue still remains poorly understood in this context. Therefore, we focus on MMPs inhibition in the context of the physiological function of the adult brain as well as pathological conditions including neurodegenerative diseases, brain injuries, and others.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Budzynska
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Krystyna Skalicka-Wozniak
- Department of Pharmacognosy with Medicinal Plants Unit, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jacek Kurzepa
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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112
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Abstract
The Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) is infamous for its proposed pivotal role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Much research on APP focusses on potential contributions to neurodegeneration, mostly based on mouse models with altered expression or mutated forms of APP. However, cumulative evidence from recent years indicates the indispensability of APP and its metabolites for normal brain physiology. APP contributes to the regulation of synaptic transmission, plasticity, and calcium homeostasis. It plays an important role during development and it exerts neuroprotective effects. Of particular importance is the soluble secreted fragment APPsα which mediates many of its physiological actions, often counteracting the effects of the small APP-derived peptide Aβ. Understanding the contribution of APP for normal functions of the nervous system is of high importance, both from a basic science perspective and also as a basis for generating new pathophysiological concepts and therapeutic approaches in AD. In this article, we review the physiological functions of APP and its metabolites, focusing on synaptic transmission, plasticity, calcium signaling, and neuronal network activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Hefter
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,RG Animal Models in Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Susann Ludewig
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Group, Braunschweig, Germany.,Cellular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, Technical University Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Andreas Draguhn
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Korte
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Group, Braunschweig, Germany.,Cellular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, Technical University Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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113
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Hornburg D, Kruse T, Anderl F, Daschkin C, Semper RP, Klar K, Guenther A, Mejías-Luque R, Schneiderhan-Marra N, Mann M, Meissner F, Gerhard M. A mass spectrometry guided approach for the identification of novel vaccine candidates in gram-negative pathogens. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17401. [PMID: 31758014 PMCID: PMC6874673 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53493-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is the most effective method to prevent infectious diseases. However, approaches to identify novel vaccine candidates are commonly laborious and protracted. While surface proteins are suitable vaccine candidates and can elicit antibacterial antibody responses, systematic approaches to define surfomes from gram-negatives have rarely been successful. Here we developed a combined discovery-driven mass spectrometry and computational strategy to identify bacterial vaccine candidates and validate their immunogenicity using a highly prevalent gram-negative pathogen, Helicobacter pylori, as a model organism. We efficiently isolated surface antigens by enzymatic cleavage, with a design of experiment based strategy to experimentally dissect cell surface-exposed from cytosolic proteins. From a total of 1,153 quantified bacterial proteins, we thereby identified 72 surface exposed antigens and further prioritized candidates by computational homology inference within and across species. We next tested candidate-specific immune responses. All candidates were recognized in sera from infected patients, and readily induced antibody responses after vaccination of mice. The candidate jhp_0775 induced specific B and T cell responses and significantly reduced colonization levels in mouse therapeutic vaccination studies. In infected humans, we further show that jhp_0775 is immunogenic and activates IFNγ secretion from peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Our strategy provides a generic preclinical screening, selection and validation process for novel vaccine candidates against gram-negative bacteria, which could be employed to other gram-negative pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hornburg
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
- Stanford University, School of Medicine, San Francisco, USA
| | - Tobias Kruse
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- ImevaX GmbH, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Anderl
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- ImevaX GmbH, Munich, Germany
| | - Christina Daschkin
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Raphaela P Semper
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for infection research, partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Anna Guenther
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Raquel Mejías-Luque
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for infection research, partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Mann
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Felix Meissner
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany.
| | - Markus Gerhard
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
- ImevaX GmbH, Munich, Germany.
- German Center for infection research, partner site Munich, Munich, Germany.
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114
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Zhou R, Yang G, Shi Y. Macromolecular complex in recognition and proteolysis of amyloid precursor protein in Alzheimer's disease. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2019; 61:1-8. [PMID: 31629221 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Proteolysis of amyloid precursor protein (APP), first extracellularly by β-secretase and then within the membrane by γ-secretase, produces β-amyloid peptides (Aβ). Aβ accumulates in the brain to form amyloid plaques, a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Mutations in APP and presenilin (the catalytic subunit of γ-secretase) result in early onset of AD. Cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of substrate-free and substrate-bound γ-secretase, determined at atomic resolutions, reveal the physical basis of distinct substrate specificity. These advances, together with the discovery and characterization of multiple proteins that interact with APP or presenilin, have given rise to an optimistic scenario for future mechanistic understanding of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology & Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Guanghui Yang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology & Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Yigong Shi
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology & Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China.
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115
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Chen J, Wang J, Yin B, Pang L, Wang W, Zhu W. Molecular Mechanism of Binding Selectivity of Inhibitors toward BACE1 and BACE2 Revealed by Multiple Short Molecular Dynamics Simulations and Free-Energy Predictions. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:4303-4318. [PMID: 31545898 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The β-amyloid cleaving enzymes 1 and 2 (BACE1 and BACE2) have been regarded as the prospective targets for clinically treating Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the last two decades. Thus, insight into the binding differences of inhibitors to BACE1 and BACE2 is of significance for designing highly selective inhibitors toward the two proteins. In this work, multiple short molecular dynamics (MSMD) simulations are coupled with the molecular mechanics generalized Born surface area (MM-GBSA) method to probe the binding selectivity of three inhibitors DBO, CS9, and SC7 on BACE1 over BACE2. The results show that the entropy effect plays a key role in selectivity identification of inhibitors toward BACE1 and BACE2, which determines that DBO has better selectivity toward BACE2 over BACE1, while CS9 and CS7 can more favorably bind to BACE1 than BACE2. The hierarchical clustering analysis based on energetic contributions of residues suggests that BACE1 and BACE2 share the common hot interaction spots. The residue-based free-energy decomposition method was applied to compute the inhibitor-residue interaction spectrum, and the results recognize four common binding subpockets corresponding to the different groups of inhibitors, which can be used as efficient targets for designing highly selective inhibitors toward BACE1 and BACE2. Therefore, these results provide a useful molecular basis and dynamics information for development of highly selective inhibitors targeting BACE1 and BACE2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Chen
- School of Science, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan 250357 China
| | - Jinan Wang
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Baohua Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Laixue Pang
- School of Science, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan 250357 China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Science, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan 250357 China
| | - Weiliang Zhu
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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116
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Haytural H, Lundgren JL, Köse TB, Jordà-Siquier T, Kalcheva M, Seed Ahmed M, Winblad B, Sundström E, Barthet G, Tjernberg LO, Frykman S. Non-specific Detection of a Major Western Blotting Band in Human Brain Homogenates by a Multitude of Amyloid Precursor Protein Antibodies. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:273. [PMID: 31649526 PMCID: PMC6794468 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of human post-mortem brain material is of great value when investigating which pathological mechanisms occur in human brain, and to avoid translational problems which have for example been evident when translating animal research into Alzheimer disease (AD) clinical trials. The amyloid β (Aβ)-peptide, its amyloid precursor protein (APP) and the intermediate APP-c-terminal fragments (APP-CTFs) are all important players in AD pathogenesis. In order to elucidate which APP CTF that are the most common in brain tissue of different species and developmental stages, and whether there are any differences in these fragments between AD and control brain, we investigated the occurrence of these fragments using different APP c-terminal antibodies. We noticed that whereas the conventional APP-CTFα and CTFβ fragments were most prominent in rat and mouse brain tissue, the major western blotting band detected in human, macaque and guinea pig was of approximately 20 kDa in size, possibly corresponding to the newly discovered APP-CTFη. However, this band was also intensely stained with a total protein stain, as well as by several other antibodies. The staining intensity of the 20 kDa band by the APP antibodies varied considerably between samples and correlated with the staining intensity of this band by the total protein stain. This could potentially be due to non-specific binding of the antibodies to another protein of this size. In-gel digestion and mass spectrometry confirmed that small amounts of APP were present in this band, but many other proteins were identified as well. The major hit of the mass spectrometry analysis was myelin basic protein (MBP) and a myelin removal protocol removed proportionally more of the 20 kDa APP band than the full-length APP and APP-CTFα/β bands. However, the signal could not be immunodepleted with an MBP antibody. In summary, we report on a potentially non-specific western blotting band of approximately 20 kDa and call for precaution when analyzing proteins of this size in human brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazal Haytural
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Science and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Jolanta L Lundgren
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Science and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Tansu B Köse
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Science and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Tomàs Jordà-Siquier
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marinela Kalcheva
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Science and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Mohammed Seed Ahmed
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Science and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.,Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bengt Winblad
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Science and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Erik Sundström
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Science and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Gaël Barthet
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Lars O Tjernberg
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Science and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Susanne Frykman
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Science and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
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117
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Hu Y, Ren R, Zhang Y, Huang Y, Cui H, Ma C, Qiu W, Wang H, Cui P, Chen H, Wang G. Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase 1 activation mediates amyloid precursor protein site-specific Ser655 phosphorylation and triggers amyloid pathology. Aging Cell 2019; 18:e13001. [PMID: 31287605 PMCID: PMC6718535 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Rho‐associated coiled‐coil kinase 1 (ROCK1) is proposed to be implicated in Aβ suppression; however, the role for ROCK1 in amyloidogenic metabolism of amyloid precursor protein (APP) to produce Aβ was unknown. In the present study, we showed that ROCK1 kinase activity and its APP binding were enhanced in AD brain, resulting in increased β‐secretase cleavage of APP. Furthermore, we firstly confirmed that APP served as a substrate for ROCK1 and its major phosphorylation site was located at Ser655. The increased level of APP Ser655 phosphorylation was observed in the brain of APP/PS1 mice and AD patients compared to controls. Moreover, blockade of APP Ser655 phosphorylation, or inhibition of ROCK1 activity with either shRNA knockdown or Y‐27632, ameliorated amyloid pathology and improved learning and memory in APP/PS1 mice. These findings suggest that activated ROCK1 targets APP Ser655 phosphorylation, which promotes amyloid processing and pathology. Inhibition of ROCK1 could be a potential therapeutic approach for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong‐Bo Hu
- Department of Neurology Neuroscience Institute Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Ru‐Jing Ren
- Department of Neurology Neuroscience Institute Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Yong‐Fang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Yue Huang
- National Clinical Research Centre for Neurological Diseases Beijing Tiantan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University Beijing China
- Faculty of Medicine, Neuroscience Research Australia UNSW Australia Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Hai‐Lun Cui
- Department of Neurology Neuroscience Institute Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Chao Ma
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College Beijing China
| | - Wen‐Ying Qiu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College Beijing China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Pei‐Jing Cui
- Department of Geriatrics Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Hong‐Zhuan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Science, Shuguang Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Neurology Neuroscience Institute Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
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118
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García-González L, Pilat D, Baranger K, Rivera S. Emerging Alternative Proteinases in APP Metabolism and Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis: A Focus on MT1-MMP and MT5-MMP. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:244. [PMID: 31607898 PMCID: PMC6769103 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Processing of amyloid beta precursor protein (APP) into amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ) by β-secretase and γ-secretase complex is at the heart of the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Targeting this proteolytic pathway effectively reduces/prevents pathology and cognitive decline in preclinical experimental models of the disease, but therapeutic strategies based on secretase activity modifying drugs have so far failed in clinical trials. Although this may raise some doubts on the relevance of β- and γ-secretases as targets, new APP-cleaving enzymes, including meprin-β, legumain (δ-secretase), rhomboid-like protein-4 (RHBDL4), caspases and membrane-type matrix metalloproteinases (MT-MMPs/η-secretases) have confirmed that APP processing remains a solid mechanism in AD pathophysiology. This review will discuss recent findings on the roles of all these proteinases in the nervous system, and in particular on the roles of MT-MMPs, which are at the crossroads of pathological events involving not only amyloidogenesis, but also inflammation and synaptic dysfunctions. Assessing the potential of these emerging proteinases in the Alzheimer’s field opens up new research prospects to improve our knowledge of fundamental mechanisms of the disease and help us establish new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dominika Pilat
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Marseille, France
| | - Kévin Baranger
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Marseille, France
| | - Santiago Rivera
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Marseille, France
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119
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Guix FX. The interplay between aging‐associated loss of protein homeostasis and extracellular vesicles in neurodegeneration. J Neurosci Res 2019; 98:262-283. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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120
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Early Intervention in Alzheimer's Disease: How Early is Early Enough? Neurosci Bull 2019; 36:195-197. [PMID: 31494835 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-019-00429-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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121
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Huang J, Huang N, Zhang M, Nie J, Xu Y, Wu Q, Shi J. Dendrobium alkaloids decrease Aβ by regulating α- and β-secretases in hippocampal neurons of SD rats. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7627. [PMID: 31534855 PMCID: PMC6733236 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the primary cause of dementia in the elderly. The imbalance between production and clearance of amyloid β (Aβ) is a very early, often initiating factor in AD. Dendrobium nobile Lindl. alkaloids (DNLA) extracted from a Chinese medicinal herb, which have been shown to have anti-aging effects, protected against neuronal impairment in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, we confirmed that DNLA can improve learning and memory function in elderly normal mice, indicating that DNLA has potential health benefits. However, the underlying mechanism is unclear. Therefore, we further explored the effect of DNLA on neurons, which is closely related to learning and memory, based on Aβ. Methods We exposed cultured hippocampal neurons to DNLA to investigate the effect of DNLA on Aβ in vitro. Cell viability was evaluated by MTT assays. Proteins were analyzed by Western blot analysis. Results The cell viability of hippocampal neurons was not changed significantly after treatment with DNLA. But DNLA reduced the protein expression of amyloid precursor protein (APP), disintegrin and metalloprotease 10 (ADAM10), β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) and Aβ1-42 of hippocampal neurons in rats and increased the protein expression of ADAM17. Conclusions DNLA decreases Aβ by regulating α- and β-secretase in hippocampal neurons of SD rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Nanqu Huang
- Drug Clinical Trial Institution, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Zunyi, Zunyi, China
| | | | - Jing Nie
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yunyan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Qin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jingshan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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122
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Penke B, Bogár F, Paragi G, Gera J, Fülöp L. Key Peptides and Proteins in Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2019; 20:577-599. [PMID: 30605056 DOI: 10.2174/1389203720666190103123434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a form of progressive dementia involving cognitive impairment, loss of learning and memory. Different proteins (such as amyloid precursor protein (APP), β- amyloid (Aβ) and tau protein) play a key role in the initiation and progression of AD. We review the role of the most important proteins and peptides in AD pathogenesis. The structure, biosynthesis and physiological role of APP are shortly summarized. The details of trafficking and processing of APP to Aβ, the cytosolic intracellular Aβ domain (AICD) and small soluble proteins are shown, together with other amyloid-forming proteins such as tau and α-synuclein (α-syn). Hypothetic physiological functions of Aβ are summarized. The mechanism of conformational change, the formation and the role of neurotoxic amyloid oligomeric (oAβ) are shown. The fibril formation process and the co-existence of different steric structures (U-shaped and S-shaped) of Aβ monomers in mature fibrils are demonstrated. We summarize the known pathogenic and non-pathogenic mutations and show the toxic interactions of Aβ species after binding to cellular receptors. Tau phosphorylation, fibrillation, the molecular structure of tau filaments and their toxic effect on microtubules are shown. Development of Aβ and tau imaging in AD brain and CSF as well as blood biomarkers is shortly summarized. The most probable pathomechanisms of AD including the toxic effects of oAβ and tau; the three (biochemical, cellular and clinical) phases of AD are shown. Finally, the last section summarizes the present state of Aβ- and tau-directed therapies and future directions of AD research and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Botond Penke
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Dom square 8, Szeged, H-6720, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Bogár
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Dom square 8, Szeged, H-6720, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE Biomimetic Systems Research Group, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Dom square 8, Hungary
| | - Gábor Paragi
- MTA-SZTE Biomimetic Systems Research Group, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Dom square 8, Hungary.,Institute of Physics, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pecs, Ifjusag utja 6, Hungary
| | - János Gera
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Dom square 8, Szeged, H-6720, Hungary
| | - Lívia Fülöp
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Dom square 8, Szeged, H-6720, Hungary
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123
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Rivera S, García-González L, Khrestchatisky M, Baranger K. Metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors in Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:3167-3191. [PMID: 31197405 PMCID: PMC11105182 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03178-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
As life expectancy increases worldwide, age-related neurodegenerative diseases will increase in parallel. The lack of effective treatment strategies may soon lead to an unprecedented health, social and economic crisis. Any attempt to halt the progression of these diseases requires a thorough knowledge of the pathophysiological mechanisms involved to facilitate the identification of new targets and the application of innovative therapeutic strategies. The metzincin superfamily of metalloproteinases includes matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), a disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM) and ADAM with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS). These multigenic and multifunctional proteinase families regulate the functions of an increasing number of signalling and scaffolding molecules involved in neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier disruption, protein misfolding, synaptic dysfunction or neuronal death. Metalloproteinases and their physiological inhibitors, the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), are therefore, at the crossroads of molecular and cellular mechanisms that support neurodegenerative processes, and emerge as potential new therapeutic targets. We provide an overview of current knowledge on the role and regulation of metalloproteinases and TIMPs in four major neurodegenerative diseases: Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Huntington's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Rivera
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Marseille, France.
| | | | | | - Kévin Baranger
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Marseille, France
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124
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Beroun A, Mitra S, Michaluk P, Pijet B, Stefaniuk M, Kaczmarek L. MMPs in learning and memory and neuropsychiatric disorders. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:3207-3228. [PMID: 31172215 PMCID: PMC6647627 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03180-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a group of over twenty proteases, operating chiefly extracellularly to cleave components of the extracellular matrix, cell adhesion molecules as well as cytokines and growth factors. By virtue of their expression and activity patterns in animal models and clinical investigations, as well as functional studies with gene knockouts and enzyme inhibitors, MMPs have been demonstrated to play a paramount role in many physiological and pathological processes in the brain. In particular, they have been shown to influence learning and memory processes, as well as major neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, various kinds of addiction, epilepsy, fragile X syndrome, and depression. A possible link connecting all those conditions is either physiological or aberrant synaptic plasticity where some MMPs, e.g., MMP-9, have been demonstrated to contribute to the structural and functional reorganization of excitatory synapses that are located on dendritic spines. Another common theme linking the aforementioned pathological conditions is neuroinflammation and MMPs have also been shown to be important mediators of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Beroun
- BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute, Pasteura 3, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Piotr Michaluk
- BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute, Pasteura 3, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Pijet
- BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute, Pasteura 3, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Leszek Kaczmarek
- BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute, Pasteura 3, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.
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125
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Lana E, Gellerbring A, Jung S, Nordberg A, Unger Lithner C, Darreh-Shori T. Homomeric and Heteromeric Aβ Species Exist in Human Brain and CSF Regardless of Alzheimer's Disease Status and Risk Genotype. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:176. [PMID: 31417354 PMCID: PMC6684963 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: A fundamental question in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is whether amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides and their deposition in the brain signify a direct pathological role or they are mere outcome of the disease pathophysiological events affecting neuronal function. It is therefore important to decipher their physiological role in the brain. So far, the overwhelming focus has been on the potential toxicity of Aβ, often studied outside the crucial AD characteristics, i.e.: (i) the slow, decades-long disease progression that precedes clinical symptoms; (ii) the link to apolipoprotein-E ε4 allele as major risk factor; (iii) the selective early degeneration of cholinergic neurons. Previous studies, in vitro and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) only, indicated one possible native function of Aβ peptides is the allosteric modulation of acetylcholine homeostasis, via molecular interactions between Aβ, apolipoprotein-E, and the acetylcholine-degrading enzymes, cholinesterases, resulting in the formation of acetylcholine-hydrolyzing complexes (BAβACs). Methods: Here, by combining sucrose-density gradient fractionation of post-mortem brains and in-house developed sensitive ELISA assays on the obtained fractions, we investigated the presence, levels and molecular interactions between Aβ, apolipoprotein-E and cholinesterases for the first time in brain tissues. We examined three distinct brain regions of Alzheimer and non-demented subjects, plus a large number of Alzheimer CSF samples. Results: We report that both monomeric and oligomeric (homomeric and heteromeric) forms of Aβ peptides are present in the brain of Alzheimer and non-demented individuals. Heteromeric Aβ was found in stable complexes with apolipoprotein-E and/or cholinesterases, irrespective of APOE genotype or disease status, arguing in favor of a physiological dynamic formation and function for these complexes in the brain. The patterns and molecular sizes of the detected soluble Aβ forms were closely matched between CSF and brain samples. This evinces that the detected Aβ-apolipoprotein-E complexes and BAβACs in CSF most likely originate from the interstitial fluids of the brain. Conclusions: In conclusion, both light homomeric Aβ oligomers and heteromeric Aβ-ApoE and BAβACs are present and readily detectable in the brain, regardless of disease status and APOE4 genotype. Deeper knowledge of the physiological function of Aβ is crucial for better understanding the early pathological events that decades later lead to manifestation of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Lana
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet (KI), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Gellerbring
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet (KI), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sabrina Jung
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet (KI), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Agneta Nordberg
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet (KI), Stockholm, Sweden.,Theme Aging, The Aging Brain, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christina Unger Lithner
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet (KI), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Taher Darreh-Shori
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet (KI), Stockholm, Sweden
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126
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Qiu K, Zhang X, Wang S, Li C, Wang X, Li X, Wu Y. TMP21 in Alzheimer's Disease: Molecular Mechanisms and a Potential Target. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:328. [PMID: 31379512 PMCID: PMC6651510 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in the elderly, which is characterized by progressive cognitive impairment. Neuritic plaques, neurofibrillary tangles and neuronal loss are the major neuropathological hallmarks in AD brains. TMP21 is a key molecule for protein trafficking in cells. Growing evidence indicates that TMP21 is dysregulated in AD, which plays a pivotal role in neuritic plaque formation. Therefore, we aim to review the dysregulation of TMP21 in AD, the role of TMP21 in neuritic plaque formation and underlying mechanisms. Moreover, the potential role of TMP21 in neurofibrillary tangle formation, synaptic impairment and neuronal loss is discussed. It will provide an outlook into the potential of regulating TMP21 as a therapeutic approach for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixin Qiu
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Behavioral Interventions, Institute of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Xiaojie Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Changsha, China.,National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Changsha, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Behavioral Interventions, Institute of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Chunyan Li
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Behavioral Interventions, Institute of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Behavioral Interventions, Institute of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Xuezhi Li
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Behavioral Interventions, Institute of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Yili Wu
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Behavioral Interventions, Institute of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
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127
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Wang L, Jin G, Yu H, Li Q, Yang H. Protective effect of Tenuifolin against Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 2019; 705:195-201. [PMID: 31039426 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), an age-related neurodegenerative ailment. Emerging evidence suggests that Tenuifolin (TEN) significantly decreases Aβ secretion and relieves cellular inflammatory responses. However, the mechanism of this activity has not been fully elucidated. In the present study, we investigate the effect of TEN on autophagy, a process that plays an important role in the generation and metabolism of Aβ, in the presence or absence of the autophagy inhibitor 3-MA. The obtained results show that TEN prevents Aβ25-35-induced inflammation and decreases Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 levels by decreasing BACE1 in SH-SY5Y cells. Moreover, TEN decreases the mRNA levels of BACE1 but has no impact on the gene expressions of amyloid precursor proteins (APP). 3-MA, the most widely used autophagy inhibitor, reverses the effects of TEN in Aβ25-35-induced SH-SY5Y cells. The association between TEN and autophagy was further investigated by examining the levels of autophagy markers LC3 II and Beclin 1, as well as the protein levels of mTOR, AMPK, and ULK1. The results showed that TEN increases LC3 II, Beclin 1, and mTOR, inhibits the degradation of AMPK, and increases the expression of ULK1. This suggests that TEN protects against Aβ25-35-induced cellular inflammation in an AD cell model through the regulation of autophagy, which, in part, is mediated by the activation of the AMPK/mTOR/ULK1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Guifang Jin
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Hehan Yu
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Qiao Li
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangdong, 510006, China.
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128
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Molavipordanjani S, Emami S, Hosseinimehr SJ. 99mTc-labeled Small Molecules for Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease: Past, Recent and Future Perspectives. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:2166-2189. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180410104023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an age-related progressive neurodegenerative disease.
Its prominent hallmarks are extracellular deposition of β-amyloids (amyloid plaques), intracellular
neurofibrillary tangles (NTFs), neurodegeneration and finally loss of cognitive function. Hence, AD diagnosis
in the early stage and monitoring of the disease are of great importance.
Methods:
In this review article, we have reviewed recent efforts for design, synthesis and evaluation of
99mTc labeled small molecule for AD imaging purposes.
Results:
These small molecules include derivatives of Congo red, benzothiazole, benzofuran, benzoxazole,
naphthalene, biphenyl, chalcone, flavone, aurone, stilbene, curcumin, dibenzylideneacetone,
quinoxaline, etc. The different aspects of 99mTc-labeled small molecules including chemical structure,
their affinity toward amyloid plaques, BBB permeation and in vivo/vitro stability will be discussed.
Conclusion:
The findings of this review confirm the importance of 99mTc-labeled small molecules for AD
imaging. Future studies based on the pharmacophore of these designed compounds are needed for improvement
of these molecules for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Molavipordanjani
- Department of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Saeed Emami
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Seyed Jalal Hosseinimehr
- Department of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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129
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Castro MA, Hadziselimovic A, Sanders CR. The vexing complexity of the amyloidogenic pathway. Protein Sci 2019; 28:1177-1193. [PMID: 30897251 PMCID: PMC6566549 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The role of the amyloidogenic pathway in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD), particularly the common sporadic late onset forms of the disease, is controversial. To some degree, this is a consequence of the failure of drug and therapeutic antibody trials based either on targeting the proteases in this pathway or its amyloid end products. Here, we explore the formidable complexity of the biochemistry and cell biology associated with this pathway. For example, we review evidence that the immediate precursor of amyloid-β, the C99 domain of the amyloid precursor protein (APP), may itself be toxic. We also review important new results that appear to finally establish a direct genetic link between mutations in APP and the sporadic forms of AD. Based on the complexity of amyloidogenesis, it seems possible that a major contributor to the failure of related drug trials is that we have an incomplete understanding of this pathway and how it is linked to Alzheimer's pathogenesis. If so, this highlights a need for further characterization of this pathway, not its abandonment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel A. Castro
- Departments of Biochemistry and MedicineVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTennessee 37240
| | - Arina Hadziselimovic
- Departments of Biochemistry and MedicineVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTennessee 37240
| | - Charles R. Sanders
- Departments of Biochemistry and MedicineVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTennessee 37240
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130
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Zott B, Busche MA, Sperling RA, Konnerth A. What Happens with the Circuit in Alzheimer's Disease in Mice and Humans? Annu Rev Neurosci 2019; 41:277-297. [PMID: 29986165 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-080317-061725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A major mystery of many types of neurological and psychiatric disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), remains the underlying, disease-specific neuronal damage. Because of the strong interconnectivity of neurons in the brain, neuronal dysfunction necessarily disrupts neuronal circuits. In this article, we review evidence for the disruption of large-scale networks from imaging studies of humans and relate it to studies of cellular dysfunction in mouse models of AD. The emerging picture is that some forms of early network dysfunctions can be explained by excessively increased levels of neuronal activity. The notion of such neuronal hyperactivity receives strong support from in vivo and in vitro cellular imaging and electrophysiological recordings in the mouse, which provide mechanistic insights underlying the change in neuronal excitability. Overall, some key aspects of AD-related neuronal dysfunctions in humans and mice are strikingly similar and support the continuation of such a translational strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Zott
- Institute of Neuroscience, Technical University of Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany; .,Center for Integrated Protein Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, Technical University of Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Marc Aurel Busche
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Reisa A Sperling
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Department of Neurology and Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Arthur Konnerth
- Institute of Neuroscience, Technical University of Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany; .,Center for Integrated Protein Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, Technical University of Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany
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131
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Tang BL. Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) and GABAergic Neurotransmission. Cells 2019; 8:E550. [PMID: 31174368 PMCID: PMC6627941 DOI: 10.3390/cells8060550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The amyloid precursor protein (APP) is the parent polypeptide from which amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides, key etiological agents of Alzheimer's disease (AD), are generated by sequential proteolytic processing involving β- and γ-secretases. APP mutations underlie familial, early-onset AD, and the involvement of APP in AD pathology has been extensively studied. However, APP has important physiological roles in the mammalian brain, particularly its modulation of synaptic functions and neuronal survival. Recent works have now shown that APP could directly modulate γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmission in two broad ways. Firstly, APP is shown to interact with and modulate the levels and activity of the neuron-specific Potassium-Chloride (K+-Cl-) cotransporter KCC2/SLC12A5. The latter is key to the maintenance of neuronal chloride (Cl-) levels and the GABA reversal potential (EGABA), and is therefore important for postsynaptic GABAergic inhibition through the ionotropic GABAA receptors. Secondly, APP binds to the sushi domain of metabotropic GABAB receptor 1a (GABABR1a). In this regard, APP complexes and is co-transported with GABAB receptor dimers bearing GABABR1a to the axonal presynaptic plasma membrane. On the other hand, secreted (s)APP generated by secretase cleavages could act as a GABABR1a-binding ligand that modulates presynaptic vesicle release. The discovery of these novel roles and activities of APP in GABAergic neurotransmission underlies the physiological importance of APP in postnatal brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bor Luen Tang
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore.
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore.
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132
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Yuksel M, Tacal O. Trafficking and proteolytic processing of amyloid precursor protein and secretases in Alzheimer's disease development: An up-to-date review. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 856:172415. [PMID: 31132354 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is predicted to affect 1 in 85 persons worldwide by 2050, results in progressive loss of neuronal functions, leading to impairments in memory and cognitive abilities. As being one of the major neuropathological hallmarks of AD, senile plaques mainly consist of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides, which are derived from amyloid precursor protein (APP) via the sequential cleavage by β- and γ-secretases. Although the overproduction and accumulation of Aβ peptides are at the center of AD research, the new discoveries point out to the complexity of the disease development. In this respect, it is crucial to understand the processing and the trafficking of APP, the enzymes involved in its processing, the cleavage products and their therapeutic potentials. This review summarizes the salient features of APP processing focusing on APP, the canonical secretases as well as the novel secretases and the cleavage products with an update of the recent developments. We also discussed the intracellular trafficking of APP and secretases in addition to their potential in AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melike Yuksel
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Ozden Tacal
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
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133
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Lauritzen I, Pardossi-Piquard R, Bourgeois A, Bécot A, Checler F. Does Intraneuronal Accumulation of Carboxyl-terminal Fragments of the Amyloid Precursor Protein Trigger Early Neurotoxicity in Alzheimer’s Disease? Curr Alzheimer Res 2019; 16:453-457. [DOI: 10.2174/1567205016666190325092841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is associated with extracellular accumulation and
aggregation of amyloid β (Aβ) peptides ultimately seeding in senile plaques. Recent data show that their
direct precursor C99 (βCTF) also accumulates in AD-affected brain as well as in AD-like mouse models.
C99 is consistently detected much earlier than Aβ, suggesting that this metabolite could be an early
contributor to AD pathology. C99 accumulates principally within endolysosomal and autophagic structures
and its accumulation was described as both a consequence and one of the causes of endolysosomalautophagic
pathology, the occurrence of which has been documented as an early defect in AD. C99 was
also accompanied by C99-derived C83 (αCTF) accumulation occurring within the same intracellular
organelles. Both these CTFs were found to dimerize leading to the generation of higher molecular
weight CTFs, which were immunohistochemically characterized in situ by means of aggregate-specific
antibodies.
Discussion:
Here, we discuss studies demonstrating a direct link between the accumulation of C99 and
C99-derived APP-CTFs and early neurotoxicity. We discuss the role of C99 in endosomal-lysosomalautophagic
dysfunction, neuroinflammation, early brain network alterations and synaptic dysfunction as
well as in memory-related behavioral alterations, in triple transgenic mice as well as in newly developed
AD animal models.
Conclusion:
This review summarizes current evidence suggesting a potential role of the β -secretasederived
APP C-terminal fragment C99 in Alzheimer’s disease etiology
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Lauritzen
- IPMC, UMR7275 CNRS/UNS, Laboratory of Excellence DistALZ, 660 route des Lucioles, 0660 Valbonne, France
| | - R. Pardossi-Piquard
- IPMC, UMR7275 CNRS/UNS, Laboratory of Excellence DistALZ, 660 route des Lucioles, 0660 Valbonne, France
| | - A. Bourgeois
- IPMC, UMR7275 CNRS/UNS, Laboratory of Excellence DistALZ, 660 route des Lucioles, 0660 Valbonne, France
| | - A. Bécot
- IPMC, UMR7275 CNRS/UNS, Laboratory of Excellence DistALZ, 660 route des Lucioles, 0660 Valbonne, France
| | - F. Checler
- IPMC, UMR7275 CNRS/UNS, Laboratory of Excellence DistALZ, 660 route des Lucioles, 0660 Valbonne, France
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Maity BK, Das AK, Dey S, Moorthi UK, Kaur A, Dey A, Surendran D, Pandit R, Kallianpur M, Chandra B, Chandrakesan M, Arumugam S, Maiti S. Ordered and Disordered Segments of Amyloid-β Drive Sequential Steps of the Toxic Pathway. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:2498-2509. [PMID: 30763064 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
While the roles of intrinsically disordered protein domains in driving interprotein interactions are increasingly well-appreciated, the mechanism of toxicity of disease-causing disordered proteins remains poorly understood. A prime example is Alzheimer's disease (AD) associated amyloid beta (Aβ). Aβ oligomers are highly toxic partially structured peptide assemblies with a distinct ordered region (residues ∼10-40) and a shorter disordered region (residues ∼1-9). Here, we investigate the role of this disordered domain and its relation to the ordered domain in the manifestation of toxicity through a set of Aβ fragments and stereoisomers designed for this purpose. We measure their effects on lipid membranes and cultured neurons, probing their toxicity, intracellular distributions, and specific molecular interactions using the techniques of confocal imaging, lattice light sheet imaging, fluorescence lifetime imaging, and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. Remarkably, we find that neither part-Aβ10-40 or Aβ1-9, is toxic by itself. The ordered part (Aβ10-40) is the major determinant of how Aβ attaches to lipid bilayers, enters neuronal cells, and localizes primarily in the late endosomal compartments. However, once Aβ enters the cell, it is the disordered part (only when it is connected to the rest of the peptide) that has a strong and stereospecific interaction with an unknown cellular component, as demonstrated by distinct changes in the fluorescence lifetime of a fluorophore attached to the N-terminal. This interaction appears to commit Aβ to the toxic pathway. Our findings correlate well with Aβ sites of familial AD mutations, a significant fraction of which cluster in the disordered region. We conclude that, while the ordered region dictates attachment and cellular entry, the key to toxicity lies in the ordered part presenting the disordered part for a specific cellular interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barun Kumar Maity
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Anand Kant Das
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Simli Dey
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai 400005, India
| | | | | | - Arpan Dey
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Dayana Surendran
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Rucha Pandit
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Mamata Kallianpur
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Bappaditya Chandra
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Muralidharan Chandrakesan
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai 400005, India
| | | | - Sudipta Maiti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai 400005, India
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135
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Tao PF, Huang HC. Regulation of AβPP Glycosylation Modification and Roles of Glycosylation on AβPP Cleavage in Alzheimer's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:2115-2124. [PMID: 30802027 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of senile plaques in the gray matter of the brain is one of the major pathologic features of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and amyloid-β (Aβ) is the main component of extracellular deposits of the senile plaques. Aβ derives from amyloid-β precursor protein (AβPP) cleaved by β-secretase (BACE1) and γ-secretase, and the abnormal cleavage of AβPP is an important event leading to overproduction and aggregation of Aβ species. After translation, AβPP undergoes post-translational modifications (PTMs) including glycosylation and phosphorylation in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus, and these modifications play an important role in regulating the cleavage of this protein. In this Review, we summarize research progress on the modification of glycosylation, especially O-GlcNAcylation and mucin-type O-linked glycosylation (also known as O-GalNAcylation), on the regulation of AβPP cleavage and on the influence of AβPP's glycosylation in the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Tao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Han-Chang Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing, 100191, China
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136
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Grant MKO, Handoko M, Rozga M, Brinkmalm G, Portelius E, Blennow K, Ashe KH, Zahs KR, Liu P. Human cerebrospinal fluid 6E10-immunoreactive protein species contain amyloid precursor protein fragments. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212815. [PMID: 30817799 PMCID: PMC6394962 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In a previous study, we reported that levels of two types of protein species-a type of ~55-kDa species and a type of ~15-kDa species-are elevated in the lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of cognitively intact elderly individuals who are at risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD). These species are immunoreactive to the monoclonal antibody 6E10, which is directed against amino acids 6-10 of amyloid-β (Aβ), and their levels correlate with levels of total tau and tau phosphorylated at Thr181. In this study, we investigated the molecular composition of these AD-related proteins using immunoprecipitation (IP)/Western blotting coupled with IP/mass spectrometry. We show that canonical Aβ1-40/42 peptides, together with amyloid-β precursor protein (APP) fragments located N-terminally of Aβ, are present in the ~55-kDa, 6E10-immunoreactive species. We demonstrate that APP fragments located N-terminally of Aβ, plus the N-terminal region of Aβ, are present in the ~15-kDa, 6E10-immunoreactive species. These findings add to the catalog of AD-related Aβ/APP species found in CSF and should motivate further study to determine whether these species may serve as biomarkers of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne K. O. Grant
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- N. Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research and Care, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Maureen Handoko
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- N. Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research and Care, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Malgorzata Rozga
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Brinkmalm
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Erik Portelius
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Karen H. Ashe
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- N. Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research and Care, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Centers, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Kathleen R. Zahs
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- N. Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research and Care, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KRZ); (PL)
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- N. Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research and Care, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KRZ); (PL)
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137
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Matrix metalloproteinase 13, a new target for therapy in Alzheimer's disease. Genes Dis 2019; 6:1-2. [PMID: 30906825 PMCID: PMC6411778 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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138
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Vnencak M, Schölvinck ML, Schwarzacher SW, Deller T, Willem M, Jedlicka P. Lack of β-amyloid cleaving enzyme-1 (BACE1) impairs long-term synaptic plasticity but enhances granule cell excitability and oscillatory activity in the dentate gyrus in vivo. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 224:1279-1290. [PMID: 30701309 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01836-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACE1 is a β-secretase involved in the cleavage of amyloid precursor protein and the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The entorhinal cortex and the dentate gyrus are important for learning and memory, which are affected in the early stages of AD. Since BACE1 is a potential target for AD therapy, it is crucial to understand its physiological role in these brain regions. Here, we examined the function of BACE1 in the dentate gyrus. We show that loss of BACE1 in the dentate gyrus leads to increased granule cell excitability, indicated by enhanced efficiency of synaptic potentials to generate granule cell spikes. The increase in granule cell excitability was accompanied by prolonged paired-pulse inhibition, altered network gamma oscillations, and impaired synaptic plasticity at entorhinal-dentate synapses of the perforant path. In summary, this is the first detailed electrophysiological study of BACE1 deletion at the network level in vivo. The results suggest that BACE1 is important for normal dentate gyrus network function. This has implications for the use of BACE1 inhibitors as therapeutics for AD therapy, since BACE1 inhibition could similarly disrupt synaptic plasticity and excitability in the entorhinal-dentate circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matej Vnencak
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Neuroscience Center, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. .,Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, PL 52, 20521, Turku, Finland.
| | - Marieke L Schölvinck
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stephan W Schwarzacher
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Neuroscience Center, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Thomas Deller
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Neuroscience Center, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael Willem
- BioMedical Center, Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Jedlicka
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Neuroscience Center, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. .,ICAR3R-Interdisciplinary Centre for 3Rs in Animal Research, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Rudolf-Buchheim-Str. 6, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
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139
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Fernández-Sanz P, Ruiz-Gabarre D, García-Escudero V. Modulating Effect of Diet on Alzheimer's Disease. Diseases 2019; 7:E12. [PMID: 30691140 PMCID: PMC6473547 DOI: 10.3390/diseases7010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As life expectancy is growing, neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, are increasing. This disease is characterised by the accumulation of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles formed by hyperphosphorylated tau protein, senile plaques composed of an extracellular deposit of β-amyloid peptide (Aβ), and neuronal loss. This is accompanied by deficient mitochondrial function, increased oxidative stress, altered inflammatory response, and autophagy process impairment. The present study gathers scientific evidence that demonstrates that specific nutrients exert a direct effect on both Aβ production and Tau processing and their elimination by autophagy activation. Likewise, certain nutrients can modulate the inflammatory response and the oxidative stress related to the disease. However, the extent to which these effects come with beneficial clinical outcomes remains unclear. Even so, several studies have shown the benefits of the Mediterranean diet on Alzheimer's disease, due to its richness in many of these compounds, to which can be attributed their neuroprotective properties due to the pleiotropic effect they show on the aforementioned processes. These indications highlight the potential role of adequate dietary recommendations for clinical management of both Alzheimer's diagnosed patients and those in risk of developing it, emphasising once again the importance of diet on health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Fernández-Sanz
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Daniel Ruiz-Gabarre
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Vega García-Escudero
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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140
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Abstract
Prion diseases are rapidly progressive, incurable neurodegenerative disorders caused by misfolded, aggregated proteins known as prions, which are uniquely infectious. Remarkably, these infectious proteins have been responsible for widespread disease epidemics, including kuru in humans, bovine spongiform encephalopathy in cattle, and chronic wasting disease in cervids, the latter of which has spread across North America and recently appeared in Norway and Finland. The hallmark histopathological features include widespread spongiform encephalopathy, neuronal loss, gliosis, and deposits of variably sized aggregated prion protein, ranging from small, soluble oligomers to long, thin, unbranched fibrils, depending on the disease. Here, we explore recent advances in prion disease research, from the function of the cellular prion protein to the dysfunction triggering neurotoxicity, as well as mechanisms underlying prion spread between cells. We also highlight key findings that have revealed new therapeutic targets and consider unanswered questions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina J Sigurdson
- Departments of Pathology and Medicine, UC San Diego School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA;
| | - Jason C Bartz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, USA
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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141
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The role of membrane trafficking in the processing of amyloid precursor protein and production of amyloid peptides in Alzheimer's disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2019; 1861:697-712. [PMID: 30639513 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by progressive accumulation of misfolded proteins, which form senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, and the release of inflammatory mediators by innate immune responses. β-Amyloid peptide (Aβ) is derived from sequential processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by membrane-bound proteases, namely the β-secretase, BACE1, and γ-secretase. Membrane trafficking plays a key role in the regulation of APP processing as both APP and the processing secretases traffic along distinct pathways. Genome wide sequencing studies have identified several AD susceptibility genes which regulate membrane trafficking events. To understand the pathogenesis of AD it is critical that the cell biology of APP and Aβ production in neurons is well defined. This review discusses recent advances in unravelling the membrane trafficking events associated with the production of Aβ, and how AD susceptible alleles may perturb the sorting and transport of APP and BACE1. Mechanisms whereby inflammation may influence APP processing are also considered.
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142
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Rice HC, de Malmazet D, Schreurs A, Frere S, Van Molle I, Volkov AN, Creemers E, Vertkin I, Nys J, Ranaivoson FM, Comoletti D, Savas JN, Remaut H, Balschun D, Wierda KD, Slutsky I, Farrow K, De Strooper B, de Wit J. Secreted amyloid-β precursor protein functions as a GABA BR1a ligand to modulate synaptic transmission. Science 2019; 363:eaao4827. [PMID: 30630900 PMCID: PMC6366617 DOI: 10.1126/science.aao4827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-β precursor protein (APP) is central to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, yet its physiological function remains unresolved. Accumulating evidence suggests that APP has a synaptic function mediated by an unidentified receptor for secreted APP (sAPP). Here we show that the sAPP extension domain directly bound the sushi 1 domain specific to the γ-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1a (GABABR1a). sAPP-GABABR1a binding suppressed synaptic transmission and enhanced short-term facilitation in mouse hippocampal synapses via inhibition of synaptic vesicle release. A 17-amino acid peptide corresponding to the GABABR1a binding region within APP suppressed in vivo spontaneous neuronal activity in the hippocampus of anesthetized Thy1-GCaMP6s mice. Our findings identify GABABR1a as a synaptic receptor for sAPP and reveal a physiological role for sAPP in regulating GABABR1a function to modulate synaptic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather C Rice
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daniel de Malmazet
- Neuro-Electronics Research Flanders, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Biology, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - An Schreurs
- Brain & Cognition, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Samuel Frere
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Inge Van Molle
- VIB-VUB Structural Biology Research Center, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alexander N Volkov
- VIB-VUB Structural Biology Research Center, Brussels, Belgium
- Jean Jeener NMR Centre, VUB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eline Creemers
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Irena Vertkin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Julie Nys
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fanomezana M Ranaivoson
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, NJ, USA
| | - Davide Comoletti
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, NJ, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, NJ, USA
| | - Jeffrey N Savas
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Han Remaut
- VIB-VUB Structural Biology Research Center, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Keimpe D Wierda
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Inna Slutsky
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Karl Farrow
- Neuro-Electronics Research Flanders, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Biology, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- imec, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart De Strooper
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.
- Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- UK-Dementia Research Institute at University College London, UK
| | - Joris de Wit
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.
- Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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143
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Liu L, Ding L, Rovere M, Wolfe MS, Selkoe DJ. A cellular complex of BACE1 and γ-secretase sequentially generates Aβ from its full-length precursor. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:644-663. [PMID: 30626721 PMCID: PMC6363461 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201806205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Liu et al. describe a previously unrecognized cellular complex (∼5 MD) containing β- and γ-secretases that generates a full array of Aβ peptides with physiological Aβ42/40 ratios by sequential cleavages of holo-APP. Such coordinated substrate processing also occurs with the α- and γ-secretases in the RIP mechanism. Intramembrane proteolysis of transmembrane substrates by the presenilin–γ-secretase complex is preceded and regulated by shedding of the substrate’s ectodomain by α- or β-secretase. We asked whether β- and γ-secretases interact to mediate efficient sequential processing of APP, generating the amyloid β (Aβ) peptides that initiate Alzheimer’s disease. We describe a hitherto unrecognized multiprotease complex containing active β- and γ-secretases. BACE1 coimmunoprecipitated and cofractionated with γ-secretase in cultured cells and in mouse and human brain. An endogenous high molecular weight (HMW) complex (∼5 MD) containing β- and γ-secretases and holo-APP was catalytically active in vitro and generated a full array of Aβ peptides, with physiological Aβ42/40 ratios. The isolated complex responded properly to γ-secretase modulators. Alzheimer’s-causing mutations in presenilin altered the Aβ42/40 peptide ratio generated by the HMW β/γ-secretase complex indistinguishably from that observed in whole cells. Thus, Aβ is generated from holo-APP by a BACE1–γ-secretase complex that provides sequential, efficient RIP processing of full-length substrates to final products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Li Ding
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Matteo Rovere
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Michael S Wolfe
- University of Kansas School of Pharmacy, Department of Medical Chemistry, Lawrence, KS
| | - Dennis J Selkoe
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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144
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Schaduangrat N, Prachayasittikul V, Choomwattana S, Wongchitrat P, Phopin K, Suwanjang W, Malik AA, Vincent B, Nantasenamat C. Multidisciplinary approaches for targeting the secretase protein family as a therapeutic route for Alzheimer's disease. Med Res Rev 2019; 39:1730-1778. [PMID: 30628099 DOI: 10.1002/med.21563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The continual increase of the aging population worldwide renders Alzheimer's disease (AD) a global prime concern. Several attempts have been focused on understanding the intricate complexity of the disease's development along with the on- andgoing search for novel therapeutic strategies. Incapability of existing AD drugs to effectively modulate the pathogenesis or to delay the progression of the disease leads to a shift in the paradigm of AD drug discovery. Efforts aimed at identifying AD drugs have mostly focused on the development of disease-modifying agents in which effects are believed to be long lasting. Of particular note, the secretase enzymes, a group of proteases responsible for the metabolism of the β-amyloid precursor protein (βAPP) and β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides production, have been underlined for their promising therapeutic potential. This review article attempts to comprehensively cover aspects related to the identification and use of drugs targeting the secretase enzymes. Particularly, the roles of secretases in the pathogenesis of AD and their therapeutic modulation are provided herein. Moreover, an overview of the drug development process and the contribution of computational (in silico) approaches for facilitating successful drug discovery are also highlighted along with examples of relevant computational works. Promising chemical scaffolds, inhibitors, and modulators against each class of secretases are also summarized herein. Additionally, multitarget secretase modulators are also taken into consideration in light of the current growing interest in the polypharmacology of complex diseases. Finally, challenging issues and future outlook relevant to the discovery of drugs targeting secretases are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalini Schaduangrat
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Center of Data Mining and Biomedical Informatics, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Veda Prachayasittikul
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Center of Data Mining and Biomedical Informatics, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Saowapak Choomwattana
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Center of Data Mining and Biomedical Informatics, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Prapimpun Wongchitrat
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Center for Research and Innovation, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kamonrat Phopin
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Center for Research and Innovation, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wilasinee Suwanjang
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Center for Research and Innovation, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Aijaz Ahmad Malik
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Center of Data Mining and Biomedical Informatics, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Bruno Vincent
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
| | - Chanin Nantasenamat
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Center of Data Mining and Biomedical Informatics, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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145
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You M, Pan Y, Liu Y, Chen Y, Wu Y, Si J, Wang K, Hu F. Royal Jelly Alleviates Cognitive Deficits and β-Amyloid Accumulation in APP/PS1 Mouse Model Via Activation of the cAMP/PKA/CREB/BDNF Pathway and Inhibition of Neuronal Apoptosis. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 10:428. [PMID: 30687079 PMCID: PMC6338040 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized clinically by progressive cognitive decline and pathologically by the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) in the brain. Royal jelly (RJ), a secretion of honeybee hypopharyngeal and mandibular glands, has previously been shown to have anti-aging and neuromodulatory activities. In this study, we discovered that 3 months of RJ treatment substantially ameliorated behavioral deficits of APP/PS1 mice in the Morris Water Maze (MWM) test and step-down passive avoidance test. Our data also showed that RJ significantly diminished amyloid plaque pathology in APP/PS1 mice. Furthermore, RJ alleviated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation-induced neuronal apoptosis by suppressing oxidative stress. Importantly, hippocampal cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), p-PKA, p-CREB and BDNF levels were significantly increased in the APP/PS1 mice after RJ treatment, indicating that the cAMP/PKA/CREB/BDNF pathway might be related to the ameliorative effect of RJ on cognitive decline. Collectively, these results provide a scientific basis for using RJ as a functional food for targeting AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng You
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongming Pan
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yichen Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yifan Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuqi Wu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Juanjuan Si
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fuliang Hu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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146
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Coronel R, Palmer C, Bernabeu-Zornoza A, Monteagudo M, Rosca A, Zambrano A, Liste I. Physiological effects of amyloid precursor protein and its derivatives on neural stem cell biology and signaling pathways involved. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:1661-1671. [PMID: 31169172 PMCID: PMC6585543 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.257511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathological implication of amyloid precursor protein (APP) in Alzheimer's disease has been widely documented due to its involvement in the generation of amyloid-β peptide. However, the physiological functions of APP are still poorly understood. APP is considered a multimodal protein due to its role in a wide variety of processes, both in the embryo and in the adult brain. Specifically, APP seems to play a key role in the proliferation, differentiation and maturation of neural stem cells. In addition, APP can be processed through two canonical processing pathways, generating different functionally active fragments: soluble APP-α, soluble APP-β, amyloid-β peptide and the APP intracellular C-terminal domain. These fragments also appear to modulate various functions in neural stem cells, including the processes of proliferation, neurogenesis, gliogenesis or cell death. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in these effects are still unclear. In this review, we summarize the physiological functions of APP and its main proteolytic derivatives in neural stem cells, as well as the possible signaling pathways that could be implicated in these effects. The knowledge of these functions and signaling pathways involved in the onset or during the development of Alzheimer's disease is essential to advance the understanding of the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, and in the search for potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Coronel
- Unidad de Regeneración Neural, Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Charlotte Palmer
- Unidad de Regeneración Neural, Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adela Bernabeu-Zornoza
- Unidad de Regeneración Neural, Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Monteagudo
- Unidad de Regeneración Neural, Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andreea Rosca
- Unidad de Regeneración Neural, Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Zambrano
- Unidad de Regeneración Neural, Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Liste
- Unidad de Regeneración Neural, Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
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147
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Evrard C, Kienlen-Campard P, Coevoet M, Opsomer R, Tasiaux B, Melnyk P, Octave JN, Buée L, Sergeant N, Vingtdeux V. Contribution of the Endosomal-Lysosomal and Proteasomal Systems in Amyloid-β Precursor Protein Derived Fragments Processing. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:435. [PMID: 30524243 PMCID: PMC6263093 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aβ peptides, the major components of Alzheimer's disease (AD) amyloid deposits, are released following sequential cleavages by secretases of its precursor named the amyloid precursor protein (APP). In addition to secretases, degradation pathways, in particular the endosomal/lysosomal and proteasomal systems have been reported to contribute to APP processing. However, the respective role of each of these pathways toward APP metabolism remains to be established. To address this, we used HEK 293 cells and primary neurons expressing full-length wild type APP or the β-secretase-derived C99 fragment (β-CTF) in which degradation pathways were selectively blocked using pharmacological drugs. APP metabolites, including carboxy-terminal fragments (CTFs), soluble APP (sAPP) and Aβ peptides were studied. In this report, we show that APP-CTFs produced from endogenous or overexpressed full-length APP are mainly processed by γ-secretase and the endosomal/lysosomal pathway, while in sharp contrast, overexpressed C99 is mainly degraded by the proteasome and to a lesser extent by γ-secretase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Evrard
- Université de Lille, Inserm, Centre Hospitalier-Universitaire de Lille, UMR-S 1172 – Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre Aubert, Lille, France
| | - Pascal Kienlen-Campard
- Alzheimer Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathilde Coevoet
- Université de Lille, Inserm, Centre Hospitalier-Universitaire de Lille, UMR-S 1172 – Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre Aubert, Lille, France
| | - Rémi Opsomer
- Alzheimer Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bernadette Tasiaux
- Alzheimer Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patricia Melnyk
- Université de Lille, Inserm, Centre Hospitalier-Universitaire de Lille, UMR-S 1172 – Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre Aubert, Lille, France
| | - Jean-Noël Octave
- Alzheimer Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Luc Buée
- Université de Lille, Inserm, Centre Hospitalier-Universitaire de Lille, UMR-S 1172 – Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre Aubert, Lille, France
| | - Nicolas Sergeant
- Université de Lille, Inserm, Centre Hospitalier-Universitaire de Lille, UMR-S 1172 – Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre Aubert, Lille, France
| | - Valérie Vingtdeux
- Université de Lille, Inserm, Centre Hospitalier-Universitaire de Lille, UMR-S 1172 – Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre Aubert, Lille, France
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148
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Amyloid precursor protein-fragments-containing inclusions in cardiomyocytes with basophilic degeneration and its association with cerebral amyloid angiopathy and myocardial fibrosis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16594. [PMID: 30413735 PMCID: PMC6226444 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34808-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyopathies with intracellular inclusions are a distinct subset of cardiomyopathies whereas basophilic degeneration (BD) of the heart describes inclusions in cardiomyocytes of the aging heart, which have not yet been related to a specific disease condition or to a distinct type of protein inclusion. To address the question whether BD represents a specific pathological feature and whether it is linked to a distinct disease condition we studied 62 autopsy cases. BD inclusions exhibited an immunohistochemical staining pattern related to glycosylated, δ- or η-secretase-derived N-terminal cleavage products of the amyloid precursor protein (sAPPδ/η) or shorter fragments of sAPPη. BD aggregates were found in the myocardium of both ventricles and atria with highest amounts in the atria and lowest in the interventricular septum. The frequency of BD-lesions correlated with age, degree of myocardial fibrosis in individuals with arterial hypertension, and the severity of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). The intracytoplasmic deposition of N-terminal sAPPδ/η fragments in BD indicates a specific inclusion body pathology related to APP metabolism. The correlation with the severity of CAA, which is related to the APP-derived amyloid β-protein, supports this point of view and suggests a possible link between myocardial and cerebrovascular APP-related lesions.
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149
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Resveratrol and Alzheimer's disease. From molecular pathophysiology to clinical trials. Exp Gerontol 2018; 113:36-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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150
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