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Plassais J, Rimbault M, Williams FJ, Davis BW, Schoenebeck JJ, Ostrander EA. Analysis of large versus small dogs reveals three genes on the canine X chromosome associated with body weight, muscling and back fat thickness. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006661. [PMID: 28257443 PMCID: PMC5357063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Domestic dog breeds display significant diversity in both body mass and skeletal size, resulting from intensive selective pressure during the formation and maintenance of modern breeds. While previous studies focused on the identification of alleles that contribute to small skeletal size, little is known about the underlying genetics controlling large size. We first performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using the Illumina Canine HD 170,000 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array which compared 165 large-breed dogs from 19 breeds (defined as having a Standard Breed Weight (SBW) >41 kg [90 lb]) to 690 dogs from 69 small breeds (SBW ≤41 kg). We identified two loci on the canine X chromosome that were strongly associated with large body size at 82-84 megabases (Mb) and 101-104 Mb. Analyses of whole genome sequencing (WGS) data from 163 dogs revealed two indels in the Insulin Receptor Substrate 4 (IRS4) gene at 82.2 Mb and two additional mutations, one SNP and one deletion of a single codon, in Immunoglobulin Superfamily member 1 gene (IGSF1) at 102.3 Mb. IRS4 and IGSF1 are members of the GH/IGF1 and thyroid pathways whose roles include determination of body size. We also found one highly associated SNP in the 5'UTR of Acyl-CoA Synthetase Long-chain family member 4 (ACSL4) at 82.9 Mb, a gene which controls the traits of muscling and back fat thickness. We show by analysis of sequencing data from 26 wolves and 959 dogs representing 102 domestic dog breeds that skeletal size and body mass in large dog breeds are strongly associated with variants within IRS4, ACSL4 and IGSF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn Plassais
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Maud Rimbault
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Falina J. Williams
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Brian W. Davis
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey J. Schoenebeck
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Elaine A. Ostrander
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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102
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Bastaki F, Mohamed M, Nair P, Saif F, Mustafa EM, Bizzari S, Al-Ali MT, Hamzeh AR. Summary of mutations underlying autosomal recessive congenital ichthyoses (ARCI) in Arabs with four novel mutations in ARCI-related genes from the United Arab Emirates. Int J Dermatol 2017; 56:514-523. [PMID: 28236338 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.13568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical and molecular heterogeneity is a prominent characteristic of congenital ichthyoses, with the involvement of numerous causative loci. Mutations in these loci feature in autosomal recessive congenital ichthyoses (ARCIs) quite variably, with certain genes/mutations being more frequently uncovered in particular populations. METHODS In this study, we used whole exome sequencing as well as direct Sanger sequencing to uncover four novel mutations in ARCI-related genes, which were found in families from the United Arab Emirates. In silico tools such as CADD and SIFT Indel were used to predict the functional consequences of these mutations. RESULTS The here-presented mutations occurred in three genes (ALOX12B, TGM1, ABCA12), and these are a mixture of missense and indel variants with damaging functional consequences on their encoded proteins. CONCLUSIONS This study presents an overview of the mutations that were found in ARCI-related genes in Arabs and discusses molecular and clinical details pertaining to the above-mentioned Emirati cases and their novel mutations with special emphasis on the resulting protein changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Bastaki
- Pediatric Department, Latifa Hospital, Dubai Health Authority, Dubai, UAE
| | - Madiha Mohamed
- Pediatric Department, Latifa Hospital, Dubai Health Authority, Dubai, UAE
| | | | - Fatima Saif
- Pediatric Department, Latifa Hospital, Dubai Health Authority, Dubai, UAE
| | - Ethar M Mustafa
- Pediatric Department, Latifa Hospital, Dubai Health Authority, Dubai, UAE
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103
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Casal ML, Wang P, Mauldin EA, Lin G, Henthorn PS. A Defect in NIPAL4 Is Associated with Autosomal Recessive Congenital Ichthyosis in American Bulldogs. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170708. [PMID: 28122049 PMCID: PMC5266318 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis in the American bulldog is characterized by generalized scaling and erythema with adherent scale on the glabrous skin. We had previously linked this disorder to NIPAL4, which encodes the protein ichthyin. Sequencing of NIPAL4 revealed a homozygous single base deletion (CanFam3.1 canine reference genome sequence NC_06586.3 g.52737379del), the 157th base (cytosine) in exon 6 of NIPAL4 as the most likely causative variant in affected dogs. This frameshift deletion results in a premature stop codon producing a truncated and defective NIPAL4 (ichthyin) protein of 248 amino acids instead of the wild-type length of 404. Obligate carriers were confirmed to be heterozygous for this variant, and 150 clinically non-affected dogs of other breeds were homozygous for the wild-type gene. Among 800 American bulldogs tested, 34% of clinically healthy dogs were discovered to be heterozygous for the defective allele. More importantly, the development of this canine model of autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis will provide insight into the development of new treatments across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margret L. Casal
- Section of Medical Genetics, Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ping Wang
- Section of Medical Genetics, Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A. Mauldin
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Gloria Lin
- Section of Medical Genetics, Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Paula S. Henthorn
- Section of Medical Genetics, Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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104
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Plassais J, Lagoutte L, Correard S, Paradis M, Guaguère E, Hédan B, Pommier A, Botherel N, Cadiergues MC, Pilorge P, Silversides D, Bizot M, Samuels M, Arnan C, Johnson R, Hitte C, Salbert G, Méreau A, Quignon P, Derrien T, André C. A Point Mutation in a lincRNA Upstream of GDNF Is Associated to a Canine Insensitivity to Pain: A Spontaneous Model for Human Sensory Neuropathies. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006482. [PMID: 28033318 PMCID: PMC5198995 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Hereditary Sensory Autonomic Neuropathies (HSANs) are characterized by insensitivity to pain, sometimes combined with self-mutilation. Strikingly, several sporting dog breeds are particularly affected by such neuropathies. Clinical signs appear in young puppies and consist of acral analgesia, with or without sudden intense licking, biting and severe self-mutilation of the feet, whereas proprioception, motor abilities and spinal reflexes remain intact. Through a Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS) with 24 affected and 30 unaffected sporting dogs using the Canine HD 170K SNP array (Illumina), we identified a 1.8 Mb homozygous locus on canine chromosome 4 (adj. p-val = 2.5x10-6). Targeted high-throughput sequencing of this locus in 4 affected and 4 unaffected dogs identified 478 variants. Only one variant perfectly segregated with the expected recessive inheritance in 300 sporting dogs of known clinical status, while it was never present in 900 unaffected dogs from 130 other breeds. This variant, located 90 kb upstream of the GDNF gene, a highly relevant neurotrophic factor candidate gene, lies in a long intergenic non-coding RNAs (lincRNA), GDNF-AS. Using human comparative genomic analysis, we observed that the canine variant maps onto an enhancer element. Quantitative RT-PCR of dorsal root ganglia RNAs of affected dogs showed a significant decrease of both GDNF mRNA and GDNF-AS expression levels (respectively 60% and 80%), as compared to unaffected dogs. We thus performed gel shift assays (EMSA) that reveal that the canine variant significantly alters the binding of regulatory elements. Altogether, these results allowed the identification in dogs of GDNF as a relevant candidate for human HSAN and insensitivity to pain, but also shed light on the regulation of GDNF transcription. Finally, such results allow proposing these sporting dog breeds as natural models for clinical trials with a double benefit for human and veterinary medicine. In this study, we present a canine neuropathy characterized by insensitivity to pain in the feet, sometimes combined with self-mutilation described in four sporting breeds. This particular phenotype has the clinical hallmarks of human Hereditary Sensory Autonomic Neuropathies (HSAN). As we hypothesized that a monogenic recessive disorder was shared between these breeds, we performed a Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS) to search for the genetic causes and found one homozygous chromosomal region in affected dogs. High-throughput sequencing of this region allowed the identification of a point mutation upstream to the GDNF gene and located in the last exon of a long non-coding RNA, GDNF-AS. We confirmed the perfect association of this variant with the disease using more than 900 unaffected dogs that do not present with this mutation. Functional analyses (qRT-PCR, EMSA) confirmed that the mutation alters the binding of regulatory complex, leading to a significant decrease of both GDNF and GDNF-AS mRNA expression levels. This work in canine spontaneous forms of human neuropathies allowed the identification of a novel gene GDNF and its regulation mechanism, not yet described in human HSAN, opening the field of clinical trials to benefit both canine and human medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn Plassais
- CNRS, UMR 6290, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, Rennes, France
- Université Rennes 1, UEB, Biosit, Faculté de Médecine, Rennes, France
- * E-mail: (CA); (JP)
| | - Laetitia Lagoutte
- CNRS, UMR 6290, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, Rennes, France
- Université Rennes 1, UEB, Biosit, Faculté de Médecine, Rennes, France
| | - Solenne Correard
- CNRS, UMR 6290, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, Rennes, France
- Université Rennes 1, UEB, Biosit, Faculté de Médecine, Rennes, France
| | - Manon Paradis
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Benoit Hédan
- CNRS, UMR 6290, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, Rennes, France
- Université Rennes 1, UEB, Biosit, Faculté de Médecine, Rennes, France
| | - Alix Pommier
- CNRS, UMR 6290, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, Rennes, France
- Université Rennes 1, UEB, Biosit, Faculté de Médecine, Rennes, France
| | - Nadine Botherel
- CNRS, UMR 6290, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, Rennes, France
- Université Rennes 1, UEB, Biosit, Faculté de Médecine, Rennes, France
| | | | | | - David Silversides
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Maud Bizot
- CNRS, UMR 6290, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, Rennes, France
- Université Rennes 1, UEB, Biosit, Faculté de Médecine, Rennes, France
| | - Mark Samuels
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, CHU Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Carme Arnan
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigations Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rory Johnson
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigations Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christophe Hitte
- CNRS, UMR 6290, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, Rennes, France
- Université Rennes 1, UEB, Biosit, Faculté de Médecine, Rennes, France
| | - Gilles Salbert
- CNRS, UMR 6290, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, Rennes, France
- Université Rennes 1, UEB, Biosit, Faculté de Médecine, Rennes, France
| | - Agnès Méreau
- CNRS, UMR 6290, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, Rennes, France
- Université Rennes 1, UEB, Biosit, Faculté de Médecine, Rennes, France
| | - Pascale Quignon
- CNRS, UMR 6290, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, Rennes, France
- Université Rennes 1, UEB, Biosit, Faculté de Médecine, Rennes, France
| | - Thomas Derrien
- CNRS, UMR 6290, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, Rennes, France
- Université Rennes 1, UEB, Biosit, Faculté de Médecine, Rennes, France
| | - Catherine André
- CNRS, UMR 6290, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, Rennes, France
- Université Rennes 1, UEB, Biosit, Faculté de Médecine, Rennes, France
- * E-mail: (CA); (JP)
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105
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Vahidnezhad H, Youssefian L, Saeidian AH, Zeinali S, Mansouri P, Sotoudeh S, Barzegar M, Mohammadi-Asl J, Karamzadeh R, Abiri M, McCormick K, Fortina P, Uitto J. Gene-Targeted Next Generation Sequencing Identifies PNPLA1 Mutations in Patients with a Phenotypic Spectrum of Autosomal Recessive Congenital Ichthyosis: The Impact of Consanguinity. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 137:678-685. [PMID: 27884779 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis is a heterogeneous group of disorders associated with mutations in at least nine distinct genes. To ascertain the molecular basis of ichthyosis patients in Iran, a country of approximately 80 million people with a high prevalence of customary consanguineous marriages, we have developed a gene-targeted next generation sequencing array consisting of 38 genes reported in association with ichthyosis phenotypes. In a subset of nine extended consanguineous families, we found homozygous missense mutations in the PNPLA1 gene, six of them being distinct and, to our knowledge, previously unpublished. This gene encodes an enzyme with lipid hydrolase activity, important for development and maintenance of the barrier function of the epidermis. These six mutations, as well as four previously published mutations, reside exclusively within the patatin-like subdomain of PNPLA1 containing the catalytic site. The mutations clustered around the active center of the enzyme or resided at the surface of the protein possibly involved in the protein-protein interactions. Clinical features of the patients showed considerable intra- and interfamilial heterogeneity. Knowledge of the specific mutations allows identification of heterozygous carriers, assisting in genetic counseling, prenatal testing, and preimplantation genetic diagnosis in extended families at risk of recurrence of this disorder, the incidence of which is significantly increased in consanguineous marriages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Vahidnezhad
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Biotechnology Research Center, Department of Molecular Medicine, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Youssefian
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Medical Genetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Saeidian
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sirous Zeinali
- Biotechnology Research Center, Department of Molecular Medicine, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran; Kawsar Human Genetics Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvin Mansouri
- Skin and Stem Cell Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soheila Sotoudeh
- Department of Dermatology, Children's Medical Center, Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Javad Mohammadi-Asl
- Department of Genetics, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Razieh Karamzadeh
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Cell Sciences Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Abiri
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kevin McCormick
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Paolo Fortina
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Jouni Uitto
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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106
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Grond S, Eichmann TO, Dubrac S, Kolb D, Schmuth M, Fischer J, Crumrine D, Elias PM, Haemmerle G, Zechner R, Lass A, Radner FPW. PNPLA1 Deficiency in Mice and Humans Leads to a Defect in the Synthesis of Omega-O-Acylceramides. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 137:394-402. [PMID: 27751867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in PNPLA1 have been identified as causative for autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis in humans and dogs. So far, the underlying molecular mechanisms are unknown. In this study, we generated and characterized PNPLA1-deficient mice and found that PNPLA1 is crucial for epidermal sphingolipid synthesis. The absence of functional PNPLA1 in mice impaired the formation of omega-O-acylceramides and led to an accumulation of nonesterified omega-hydroxy-ceramides. As a consequence, PNPLA1-deficient mice lacked a functional corneocyte-bound lipid envelope leading to a severe skin barrier defect and premature death of newborn animals. Functional analyses of differentiated keratinocytes from a patient with mutated PNPLA1 demonstrated an identical defect in omega-O-acylceramide synthesis in human cells, indicating that PNPLA1 function is conserved among mammals and indispensable for normal skin physiology. Notably, topical application of epidermal lipids from wild-type onto Pnpla1-mutant mice promoted rebuilding of the corneocyte-bound lipid envelope, indicating that supplementation of ichthyotic skin with omega-O-acylceramides might be a therapeutic approach for the treatment of skin symptoms in individuals affected by omega-O-acylceramide deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Grond
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas O Eichmann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sandrine Dubrac
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology, and Allergology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dagmar Kolb
- ZMF, Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Institute of Cell Biology, Histology, and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Matthias Schmuth
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology, and Allergology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Judith Fischer
- Institute for Human Genetics, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg i. Br., Germany
| | - Debra Crumrine
- Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Peter M Elias
- Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Guenter Haemmerle
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Rudolf Zechner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Achim Lass
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Franz P W Radner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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107
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Leeb T, Müller EJ, Roosje P, Welle M. Genetic testing in veterinary dermatology. Vet Dermatol 2016; 28:4-e1. [PMID: 27425028 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molecular genetics has made significant advances in the analysis of hereditary dermatoses during the last several years. OBJECTIVES To provide an update on currently available genetic tests for skin diseases of dogs, cats and horses, and to aid the veterinary clinician in the appropriate selection and applications of genetic tests. METHODS The scientific literature on the topic was critically reviewed. The list of known causative variants for genodermatoses and hair morphology traits was compiled by searching the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (OMIA) database. RESULTS Genetic testing has become an important diagnostic method in veterinary medicine. Genetic tests can help to establish the correct diagnosis in some diseases with relatively nonspecific signs. Genetic tests are also essential for sustainable breeding programmes and to help minimize the frequency of animals with hereditary diseases. Advances in genetic methodology and bioinformatics already allow genome-wide screening for potential disease causing mutations for research purposes. It is anticipated that this will become a routine process in clinical practice in the future. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE As specific DNA tests and broad genome-wide analyses come into more common use, it is critical that clinicians understand the proper application and interpretation of these test results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tosso Leeb
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Genetics, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, Bern, 3001, Switzerland.,DermFocus, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, Bern, 3001, Switzerland
| | - Eliane J Müller
- DermFocus, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, Bern, 3001, Switzerland.,Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Animal Pathology, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, Bern, 3001, Switzerland.,Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse, Bern, 3010, Switzerland
| | - Petra Roosje
- DermFocus, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, Bern, 3001, Switzerland.,Vetsuisse Faculty, Division of Clinical Dermatology, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 128, Bern, 3001, Switzerland
| | - Monika Welle
- DermFocus, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, Bern, 3001, Switzerland.,Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Animal Pathology, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, Bern, 3001, Switzerland
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108
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Abstract
The ichthyoses, also known as disorders of keratinization (DOK), encompass a heterogeneous group of skin diseases linked by the common finding of abnormal barrier function, which initiates a default compensatory pathway of hyperproliferation, resulting in the characteristic clinical manifestation of localized and/or generalized scaling. Additional cutaneous findings frequently seen in ichthyoses include generalized xerosis, erythroderma, palmoplantar keratoderma, hypohydrosis, and recurrent infections. In 2009, the Ichthyosis Consensus Conference established a classification consensus for DOK based on pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and mode of inheritance. This nomenclature system divides DOK into two main groups: nonsyndromic forms, with clinical findings limited to the skin, and syndromic forms, with involvement of additional organ systems. Advances in next-generation sequencing technology have allowed for more rapid and cost-effective genetic analysis, leading to the identification of novel, rare mutations that cause DOK, many of which represent phenotypic expansion. This review focuses on new findings in syndromic and nonsyndromic ichthyoses, with emphasis on novel genetic discoveries that provide insight into disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nareh V Marukian
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Keith A Choate
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA; Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA; Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
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109
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van Steenbeek FG, Hytönen MK, Leegwater PAJ, Lohi H. The canine era: the rise of a biomedical model. Anim Genet 2016; 47:519-27. [PMID: 27324307 DOI: 10.1111/age.12460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Since the annotation of its genome a decade ago, the dog has proven to be an excellent model for the study of inherited diseases. A large variety of spontaneous simple and complex phenotypes occur in dogs, providing physiologically relevant models to corresponding human conditions. In addition, gene discovery is facilitated in clinically less heterogeneous purebred dogs with closed population structures because smaller study cohorts and fewer markers are often sufficient to expose causal variants. Here, we review the development of genomic resources from microsatellites to whole-genome sequencing and give examples of successful findings that have followed the technological progress. The increasing amount of whole-genome sequence data warrants better functional annotation of the canine genome to more effectively utilise this unique model to understand genetic contributions in morphological, behavioural and other complex traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- F G van Steenbeek
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3508 TD, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - M K Hytönen
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, Department of Veterinary Biosciences 00014, Folkhälsan Research Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - P A J Leegwater
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3508 TD, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - H Lohi
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, Department of Veterinary Biosciences 00014, Folkhälsan Research Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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110
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Identification mouse patatin-like phospholipase domain containing protein 1 as a skin-specific and membrane-associated protein. Gene 2016; 591:344-50. [PMID: 27267404 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Patatin-like phospholipase domain containing protein 1 (PNPLA1) mutations have been identified to be associated with autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis (ARCI) in recent years. However, its molecular characters have not been achieved until now. In the current study, the full length coding cDNA sequence of mouse PNPLA1 (mPNPLA1) was identified firstly. There were several putative transmembrane domains (TMDs) in mPNPLA1 by bioinformation analysis. mPNPLA1 was further found to be expressed exclusively in the membrane fraction in mammalian cells. However, it did not colocalized with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or lipid droplets (LDs). Moreover, the mRNA levels of mPNPLA1 was detected to be highly expressed in the skin, while very weak or even less in other mouse tissues by quantitative PCR. In addition, based on experiments with inhibitors and inducer of protein degradation pathways, mPNPLA1 was demonstrated to be degraded by macroautophagy, but not by the proteasome. These results indicated PNPLA1 was a skin-specific and membrane-associated protein for the first time, suggesting that it may mainly play a role in the skin.
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111
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Tamamoto-Mochizuki C, Banovic F, Bizikova P, Laprais A, Linder KE, Olivry T. Autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis due toPNPLA1mutation in a golden retriever-poodle cross-bred dog and the effect of topical therapy. Vet Dermatol 2016; 27:306-e75. [DOI: 10.1111/vde.12323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chie Tamamoto-Mochizuki
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; NC State University; 1060 William Moore Drive Raleigh NC 27607 USA
| | - Frane Banovic
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; NC State University; 1060 William Moore Drive Raleigh NC 27607 USA
- Comparative Medicine Institute; NC State University; Raleigh NC 27606 USA
| | - Petra Bizikova
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; NC State University; 1060 William Moore Drive Raleigh NC 27607 USA
- Comparative Medicine Institute; NC State University; Raleigh NC 27606 USA
| | - Aurore Laprais
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; NC State University; 1060 William Moore Drive Raleigh NC 27607 USA
| | - Keith E. Linder
- Comparative Medicine Institute; NC State University; Raleigh NC 27606 USA
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology; College of Veterinary Medicine; NC State University; 1060 William Moore Drive Raleigh NC 27607 USA
| | - Thierry Olivry
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; NC State University; 1060 William Moore Drive Raleigh NC 27607 USA
- Comparative Medicine Institute; NC State University; Raleigh NC 27606 USA
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112
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Yamamoto K, Miki Y, Sato H, Nishito Y, Gelb MH, Taketomi Y, Murakami M. Expression and Function of Group IIE Phospholipase A2 in Mouse Skin. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:15602-13. [PMID: 27226633 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.734657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies using knock-out mice for various secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) isoforms have revealed their non-redundant roles in diverse biological events. In the skin, group IIF sPLA2 (sPLA2-IIF), an "epidermal sPLA2" expressed in the suprabasal keratinocytes, plays a fundamental role in epidermal-hyperplasic diseases such as psoriasis and skin cancer. In this study, we found that group IIE sPLA2 (sPLA2-IIE) was expressed abundantly in hair follicles and to a lesser extent in basal epidermal keratinocytes in mouse skin. Mice lacking sPLA2-IIE exhibited skin abnormalities distinct from those in mice lacking sPLA2-IIF, with perturbation of hair follicle ultrastructure, modest changes in the steady-state expression of a subset of skin genes, and no changes in the features of psoriasis or contact dermatitis. Lipidomics analysis revealed that sPLA2-IIE and -IIF were coupled with distinct lipid pathways in the skin. Overall, two skin sPLA2s, hair follicular sPLA2-IIE and epidermal sPLA2-IIF, play non-redundant roles in distinct compartments of mouse skin, underscoring the functional diversity of multiple sPLA2s in the coordinated regulation of skin homeostasis and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Yamamoto
- From the Lipid Metabolism Project and the Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8513, Japan, PRIME and
| | | | | | - Yasumasa Nishito
- Core Technology and Research Center, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Michael H Gelb
- the Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, and
| | | | - Makoto Murakami
- From the Lipid Metabolism Project and AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
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113
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Exome-wide study of ankylosing spondylitis demonstrates additional shared genetic background with inflammatory bowel disease. NPJ Genom Med 2016; 1:16008. [PMID: 29263810 PMCID: PMC5685324 DOI: 10.1038/npjgenmed.2016.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a common chronic immune-mediated arthropathy affecting primarily the spine and pelvis. The condition is strongly associated with HLA-B*27 as well as other human leukocyte antigen variants and at least 47 individual non-MHC-associated variants. However, substantial additional heritability remains as yet unexplained. To identify further genetic variants associated with the disease, we undertook an association study of AS in 5,040 patients and 21,133 healthy controls using the Illumina Exomechip microarray. A novel association achieving genome-wide significance was noted at CDKAL1. Suggestive associations were demonstrated with common variants in FAM118A, C7orf72 and FAM114A1 and with a low-frequency variant in PNPLA1. Two of the variants have been previously associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD; CDKAL1 and C7orf72). These findings further increase the evidence for the marked similarity of genetic risk factors for IBD and AS, consistent with the two diseases having similar aetiopathogenesis.
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114
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Naganuma T, Takagi S, Kanetake T, Kitamura T, Hattori S, Miyakawa T, Sassa T, Kihara A. Disruption of the Sjögren-Larsson Syndrome Gene Aldh3a2 in Mice Increases Keratinocyte Growth and Retards Skin Barrier Recovery. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:11676-88. [PMID: 27053112 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.714030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase (FALDH) ALDH3A2 is the causative gene of Sjögren Larsson syndrome (SLS). To date, the molecular mechanism underlying the symptoms characterizing SLS has been poorly understood. Using Aldh3a2(-/-) mice, we found here that Aldh3a2 was the major FALDH active in undifferentiated keratinocytes. Long-chain base metabolism was greatly impaired in Aldh3a2(-/-) keratinocytes. Phenotypically, the intercellular spaces were widened in the basal layer of the Aldh3a2(-/-) epidermis due to hyperproliferation of keratinocytes. Furthermore, oxidative stress-induced genes were up-regulated in Aldh3a2(-/-) keratinocytes. Upon keratinocyte differentiation, the activity of another FALDH, Aldh3b2, surpassed that of Aldh3a2 As a result, Aldh3a2(-/-) mice were indistinguishable from wild-type mice in terms of their whole epidermis FALDH activity, and their skin barrier function was uncompromised under normal conditions. However, perturbation of the stratum corneum caused increased transepidermal water loss and delayed barrier recovery in Aldh3a2(-/-) mice. In conclusion, Aldh3a2(-/-) mice replicated some aspects of SLS symptoms, especially at the basal layer of the epidermis. Our results suggest that hyperproliferation of keratinocytes via oxidative stress responses may partly contribute to the ichthyosis symptoms of SLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuro Naganuma
- From the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Shuyu Takagi
- From the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Kanetake
- From the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Takuya Kitamura
- From the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Satoko Hattori
- the Division of Systems Medical Science, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan, and
| | - Tsuyoshi Miyakawa
- the Division of Systems Medical Science, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan, and the Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Takayuki Sassa
- From the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Akio Kihara
- From the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan,
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115
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Whole exome analysis reveals a novel missense PNPLA1 variant that causes autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis in a Pakistani family. J Dermatol Sci 2015; 82:46-8. [PMID: 26778108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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116
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Ahmad F, Ansar M, Mehmood S, Izoduwa A, Lee K, Nasir A, Abrar M, Mehmood S, Ullah A, Aziz A, Smith JD, Shendure J, Bamshad MJ, Nicekrson DA, Santos-Cortez RLP, Leal SM, Ahmad W. A novel missense variant in the PNPLA1 gene underlies congenital ichthyosis in three consanguineous families. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2015; 30:e210-e213. [PMID: 26691440 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.13540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University (QAU), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - M Ansar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University (QAU), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - S Mehmood
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University (QAU), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - A Izoduwa
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Center for Statistical Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - K Lee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Center for Statistical Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - A Nasir
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University (QAU), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - M Abrar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University (QAU), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - S Mehmood
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University (QAU), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - A Ullah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University (QAU), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - A Aziz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University (QAU), Islamabad, Pakistan
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- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - J D Smith
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Center for Statistical Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - J Shendure
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Center for Statistical Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - M J Bamshad
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Center for Statistical Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - D A Nicekrson
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Center for Statistical Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - R L P Santos-Cortez
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Center for Statistical Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - S M Leal
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Center for Statistical Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - W Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University (QAU), Islamabad, Pakistan.,Pakistan Academy of Sciences (PAS), Islamabad, Pakistan
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117
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Leroy G, Besbes B, Boettcher P, Hoffmann I, Capitan A, Baumung R. Rare phenotypes in domestic animals: unique resources for multiple applications. Anim Genet 2015; 47:141-53. [PMID: 26662214 DOI: 10.1111/age.12393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Preservation of specific and inheritable phenotypes of current or potential future importance is one of the main purposes of conservation of animal genetic resources. In this review, we investigate the issues behind the characterisation, utilisation and conservation of rare phenotypes, considering their multiple paths of relevance, variable levels of complexity and mode of inheritance. Accurately assessing the rarity of a given phenotype, especially a complex one, is not a simple task, because it requires the phenotypic and genetic characterisation of a large number of animals and populations and remains dependent of the scale of the study. Once characterised, specific phenotypes may contribute to various purposes (adaptedness, production, biological model, aesthetics, etc.) with adequate introgression programmes, which justifies the consideration of (real or potential) existence of such characteristics in in situ or ex situ conservation strategies. Recent biotechnological developments (genomic and genetic engineering) will undoubtedly bring important changes to the way phenotypes are characterised, introgressed and managed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Leroy
- Animal Production and Health Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153, Rome, Italy
| | - B Besbes
- Animal Production and Health Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153, Rome, Italy
| | - P Boettcher
- Animal Production and Health Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153, Rome, Italy
| | - I Hoffmann
- Animal Production and Health Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153, Rome, Italy
| | - A Capitan
- INRA, UMR 1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Domaine de Vilvert, F-78352, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,ALLICE, 149 rue de Bercy, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - R Baumung
- Animal Production and Health Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153, Rome, Italy
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118
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Ullah R, Ansar M, Durrani ZU, Lee K, Santos-Cortez RLP, Muhammad D, Ali M, Zia M, Ayub M, Khan S, Smith JD, Nickerson DA, Shendure J, Bamshad M, Leal SM, Ahmad W. Novel mutations in the genes TGM1 and ALOXE3 underlying autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis. Int J Dermatol 2015; 55:524-30. [PMID: 26578203 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.12950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ichthyoses are clinically characterized by scaling or hyperkeratosis of the skin or both. It can be an isolated condition limited to the skin or appear secondarily with involvement of other cutaneous or systemic abnormalities. METHODS The present study investigated clinical and molecular characterization of three consanguineous families (A, B, C) segregating two different forms of autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis (ARCI). Linkage in three consanguineous families (A, B, C) segregating two different forms of ARCI was searched by typing microsatellite and single nucleotide polymorphism marker analysis. Sequencing of the two genes TGM1 and ALOXE3 was performed by the dideoxy chain termination method. RESULTS Genome-wide linkage analysis established linkage in family A to TGM1 gene on chromosome 14q11 and in families B and C to ALOXE3 gene on chromosome 17p13. Subsequently, sequencing of these genes using samples from affected family members led to the identification of three novel mutations: a missense variant p.Trp455Arg in TGM1 (family A); a nonsense variant p.Arg140* in ALOXE3 (family B); and a complex rearrangement in ALOXE3 (family C). CONCLUSION The present study further extends the spectrum of mutations in the two genes involved in causing ARCI. Characterizing the clinical spectrum resulting from mutations in the TGM1 and ALOXE3 genes will improve diagnosis and may direct clinical care of the family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahim Ullah
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ansar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.,Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zaka Ullah Durrani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Kwanghyuk Lee
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Regie Lyn P Santos-Cortez
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dost Muhammad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mahboob Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zia
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ayub
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Baluchistan, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Suliman Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Josh D Smith
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Jay Shendure
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael Bamshad
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Suzanne M Leal
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wasim Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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119
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Bučková H, Nosková H, Borská R, Réblová K, Pinková B, Zapletalová E, Kopečková L, Horký O, Němečková J, Gaillyová R, Nagy Z, Veselý K, Hermanová M, Stehlíková K, Fajkusová L. Autosomal recessive congenital ichthyoses in the Czech Republic. Br J Dermatol 2015; 174:405-7. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Bučková
- Pediatric Clinic; University Hospital Brno; Brno Czech Republic
| | - H. Nosková
- Centre of Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy; University Hospital Brno and Masaryk University; Jihlavská 20 CZ-62500 Brno Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology; Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
| | - R. Borská
- Centre of Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy; University Hospital Brno and Masaryk University; Jihlavská 20 CZ-62500 Brno Czech Republic
| | - K. Réblová
- Central European Institute of Technology; Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
| | - B. Pinková
- Pediatric Clinic; University Hospital Brno; Brno Czech Republic
| | - E. Zapletalová
- Centre of Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy; University Hospital Brno and Masaryk University; Jihlavská 20 CZ-62500 Brno Czech Republic
| | - L. Kopečková
- Centre of Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy; University Hospital Brno and Masaryk University; Jihlavská 20 CZ-62500 Brno Czech Republic
| | - O. Horký
- Centre of Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy; University Hospital Brno and Masaryk University; Jihlavská 20 CZ-62500 Brno Czech Republic
| | - J. Němečková
- Department of Medical Genetics; University Hospital Brno; Brno Czech Republic
| | - R. Gaillyová
- Department of Medical Genetics; University Hospital Brno; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Z. Nagy
- Pediatric Clinic; University Hospital Brno; Brno Czech Republic
| | - K. Veselý
- First Department of Pathological Anatomy; Faculty of Medicine; Masaryk University and St Anne's University Hospital; Brno Czech Republic
| | - M. Hermanová
- First Department of Pathological Anatomy; Faculty of Medicine; Masaryk University and St Anne's University Hospital; Brno Czech Republic
| | - K. Stehlíková
- Centre of Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy; University Hospital Brno and Masaryk University; Jihlavská 20 CZ-62500 Brno Czech Republic
| | - L. Fajkusová
- Centre of Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy; University Hospital Brno and Masaryk University; Jihlavská 20 CZ-62500 Brno Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology; Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
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120
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Metzger J, Wöhlke A, Mischke R, Hoffmann A, Hewicker-Trautwein M, Küch EM, Naim HY, Distl O. A Novel SLC27A4 Splice Acceptor Site Mutation in Great Danes with Ichthyosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141514. [PMID: 26506231 PMCID: PMC4624637 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Ichthyoses are a group of various different types of hereditary disorders affecting skin cornification. They are characterized by hyperkeratoses of different severity levels and are associated with a dry and scaling skin. Genome-wide association analysis of nine affected and 13 unaffected Great Danes revealed a genome-wide significant peak on chromosome 9 at 57-58 Mb in the region of SLC27A4. Sequence analysis of genomic DNA of SLC27A4 revealed the non-synonymous SNV SLC27A4:g.8684G>A in perfect association with ichthyosis-affection in Great Danes. The mutant transcript of SLC27A4 showed an in-frame loss of 54 base pairs in exon 8 probably induced by a new splice acceptor site motif created by the mutated A- allele of the SNV. Genotyping 413 controls from 35 different breeds of dogs and seven wolves revealed that this mutation could not be found in other populations except in Great Danes. Affected dogs revealed high amounts of mutant transcript but only low levels of the wild type transcript. Targeted analyses of SLC27A4 protein from skin tissues of three affected and two unaffected Great Danes indicated a markedly reduced or not detectable wild type and truncated protein levels in affected dogs but a high expression of wild type SLC27A4 protein in unaffected controls. Our data provide evidence of a new splice acceptor site creating SNV that results in a reduction or loss of intact SLC27A4 protein and probably explains the severe skin phenotype in Great Danes. Genetic testing will allow selective breeding to prevent ichthyosis-affected puppies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Metzger
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anne Wöhlke
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Reinhard Mischke
- Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Annalena Hoffmann
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Eva-Maria Küch
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hassan Y. Naim
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ottmar Distl
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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121
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Yamamoto K, Miki Y, Sato M, Taketomi Y, Nishito Y, Taya C, Muramatsu K, Ikeda K, Nakanishi H, Taguchi R, Kambe N, Kabashima K, Lambeau G, Gelb MH, Murakami M. The role of group IIF-secreted phospholipase A2 in epidermal homeostasis and hyperplasia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 212:1901-19. [PMID: 26438362 PMCID: PMC4612087 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20141904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Yamamoto et al. report that PLA2G2F represents a previously unrecognized regulator of skin pathophysiology, and point to this enzyme as a novel drug target for epidermal-hyperplasic diseases. Epidermal lipids are important for skin homeostasis. However, the entire picture of the roles of lipids, particularly nonceramide lipid species, in epidermal biology still remains obscure. Here, we report that PLA2G2F, a functionally orphan-secreted phospholipase A2 expressed in the suprabasal epidermis, regulates skin homeostasis and hyperplasic disorders. Pla2g2f−/− mice had a fragile stratum corneum and were strikingly protected from psoriasis, contact dermatitis, and skin cancer. Conversely, Pla2g2f-overexpressing transgenic mice displayed psoriasis-like epidermal hyperplasia. Primary keratinocytes from Pla2g2f−/− mice showed defective differentiation and activation. PLA2G2F was induced by calcium or IL-22 in keratinocytes and preferentially hydrolyzed ethanolamine plasmalogen-bearing docosahexaenoic acid secreted from keratinocytes to give rise to unique bioactive lipids (i.e., protectin D1 and 9S-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid) that were distinct from canonical arachidonate metabolites (prostaglandins and leukotrienes). Ethanolamine lysoplasmalogen, a PLA2G2F-derived marker product, rescued defective activation of Pla2g2f−/− keratinocytes both in vitro and in vivo. Our results highlight PLA2G2F as a previously unrecognized regulator of skin pathophysiology and point to this enzyme as a novel drug target for epidermal-hyperplasic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Yamamoto
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Miki
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Mariko Sato
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Denki University, Saitama 350-0394, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Taketomi
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Nishito
- Center for Basic Technology Research, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Choji Taya
- Center for Basic Technology Research, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Muramatsu
- School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Denki University, Saitama 350-0394, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Ikeda
- Laboratory for Metabolomics, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN) Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nakanishi
- Research Center for Biosignal, Akita University, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Ryo Taguchi
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Naotomo Kambe
- Department of Dermatology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8677, Japan
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Gérard Lambeau
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR7275, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Université de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Michael H Gelb
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Makoto Murakami
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED) and Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
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Guerra L, Diociaiuti A, El Hachem M, Castiglia D, Zambruno G. Ichthyosis with confetti: clinics, molecular genetics and management. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2015; 10:115. [PMID: 26381864 PMCID: PMC4573700 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-015-0336-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Ichthyosis with confetti (IWC) is an autosomal dominant congenital ichthyosis also known as ichthyosis variegata or congenital reticular ichthyosiform erythroderma. It manifests at birth with generalized ichthyosiform erythroderma or with a collodion baby picture. The erythrodermic and ichthyotic phenotype persists during life and its severity may modify. However, the hallmark of the disease is the appearance, in childhood or later in life, of healthy skin confetti-like spots, which increase in number and size with time. IWC is a very rare genodermatosis, with a prevalence <1/1,000,000 and only 40 cases reported worldwide. The most important associated clinical features include ear deformities, mammillae hypoplasia, palmoplantar keratoderma, hypertrichosis and ectropion. IWC is due to dominant negative mutations in the KRT10 and KRT1 genes, encoding for keratins 10 and keratin 1, respectively. In this context, healthy skin confetti-like spots represent “repaired” skin due to independent events of reversion of keratin gene mutations via mitotic recombination. In most cases, IWC clinical suspicion is delayed until the detection of white skin spots. Clinical features, which may represent hint to the diagnosis of IWC even before appearance of confetti-like spots, include ear and mammillae hypoplasia, the progressive development of hypertrichosis and, in some patients, of adherent verrucous plaques of hyperkeratosis. Altogether the histopathological finding of keratinocyte vacuolization and the nuclear staining for keratin 10 and keratin 1 by immunofluorescence are pathognomonic. Nevertheless, mutational analysis of KRT10 or KRT1 genes is at present the gold standard to confirm the diagnosis. IWC has to be differentiated mainly from congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma. Differential diagnosis also includes syndromic ichthyoses, in particular Netherton syndrome, and the keratinopathic ichthyoses. Most of reported IWC cases are sporadic, but familial cases with autosomal dominant mode of inheritance have been also described. Therefore, knowledge of the mutation is the only way to properly counsel the couples. No specific and satisfactory therapy is currently available for IWC. Like for other congenital ichthyoses, topical treatments (mainly emollients and keratolytics) are symptomatic and offer only temporary relief. Among systemic treatments, retinoids, in particular acitretin, improve disease symptoms in most patients. Although at present there is no curative therapy for ichthyoses, treatments have improved considerably over the years and the best therapy for each patient is always the result of both physician and patient efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Guerra
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata-IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Andrea Diociaiuti
- Dermatology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital-IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - May El Hachem
- Dermatology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital-IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Daniele Castiglia
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata-IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Giovanna Zambruno
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata-IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
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Zhang SQ, Li CX, Gao XQ, Qiu WY, Chen Q, Li XM, Zhou X, Tian X, Tang ZP, Zhao T, Zhang F, Zhang XB. Identification and functional characterization of a novel transglutaminase 1 gene mutation associated with autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis. Int J Dermatol 2015. [PMID: 26220141 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.12806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis (ARCI) is a group of genetically heterogeneous diseases. Mutations in transglutaminase (TGase) 1 gene (TGM1, OMIM 190195) have been implicated in ARCI. However, little is known about TGM1 mutations in the Chinese population, and no functional studies have investigated the biological effect of mutant TGM1 on human epidermal keratinocytes (HaCaT) cells. OBJECTIVES To identify the pathogenic mutations of TGM1 gene in two Chinese siblings with ARCI and gain insight into functional consequences of these mutations. METHODS Fifteen exons and flanking splice sites of TGM1 gene were amplified by polymerase chain reaction and then underwent bidirectional Sanger sequencing. The HaCaT cells were transfected with lentiviral vectors, which overexpressed either wild-type or mutant TGM1 cDNAs with deleted homeodomain. Cell proliferation and cell cycle progression were detected. The expression of cyclin D1, cyclin B1, CDK4, TGM1, K10, involucrin, and filaggrin proteins were investigated by Western blot analysis. RESULTS We found two compound heterozygous missense mutations (c.515C>T, R143C in exon 3 and c.759C>T, S212F in exon 4) in both siblings. HaCaT cells transfected with mutant TGM1 cDNAs displayed a lower growth rate and delayed S phase while overexpression of wild-type TGM1 cDNAs led to accelerated growth. HaCaT cells transfected with mutant TGM1 cDNAs displayed lower expression of differentiation markers such as involucrin and filaggrin. Our findings suggest that the compound heterozygous missense (c.515C>T, R143C) mutations in exon 3 and missense (c.759C>T, S212F) mutations in exon 4 result in the phenotype of ARCI. TGM1 mutations can suppress keratinocyte growth and cornified cell envelope formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- San-Quan Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Guangzhou Institute of Dermatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chang-Xing Li
- Department of Dermatology, Nanfang Hospital, South Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Dermatology, Dongguan Institute of Dermatology, Dongguan, China
| | - Xin-Qian Gao
- Department of Dermatology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Yuan Qiu
- Department of Dermatology, Guangdong Sian Hospital, Dongguan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Quan Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Guangzhou Institute of Dermatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue-Mei Li
- Department of Dermatology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Guangzhou Institute of Dermatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Tian
- Department of Dermatology, Guangzhou Institute of Dermatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Ping Tang
- Department of Dermatology, Guangzhou Institute of Dermatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tian Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Guangzhou Institute of Dermatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Guangzhou Institute of Dermatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi-Bao Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Guangzhou Institute of Dermatology, Guangzhou, China
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Roethig A, Schildt KJM, Welle MM, Wildermuth BE, Neiger R, Thom N. Is "milk crust" a transient form of golden retriever ichthyosis? Vet Dermatol 2015; 26:265-e57. [PMID: 26178606 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A recessive inherited form of lamellar ichthyosis is well recognized in golden retrievers. In this breed, young puppies demonstrate a self-limiting scaling disorder which is commonly recognized by breeders, who use the term "milk crust" to describe this syndrome. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To determine whether "milk crust" is a new keratinization disorder or a self-limiting form of golden retriever ichthyosis. ANIMALS A total of 179 golden retriever dogs (21 dams and 158 puppies) were examined. METHODS Dermatological examination and assessment of the patatin-like phospholipase-1 (PNPLA1) genotype by PCR testing of buccal mucosal swabs. Skin biopsies from one affected puppy were evaluated for histopathological abnormalities. RESULTS Forty-five of 158 (28%) puppies exhibited scaling at 8 weeks of age; 113 of 158 (72%) were dermatologically normal. Of 144 analysed samples, 40 of 144 (28%) puppies demonstrated a homozygous mutation of the PNPLA1 genotype [of which, 36 of 40 (90%) had signs of scaling], 77 of 144 (53%) demonstrated a heterozygous mutation and 27 of 144 (19%) were a normal wild-type. In six of 17 (35%) dams, a homozygous mutation of the PNPLA1 genotype was found, eight of 17 (47%) demonstrated a heterozygous mutation and three of 17 (18%) were normal wild-type. Dams with a homozygous mutation were clinically unaffected. A 1 year follow-up revealed that 23 of 28 (82%) puppies affected with this syndrome failed to develop typical signs of ichthyosis. In five of 28 (18%) dogs there was persistence of mild scaling. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE We hypothesize that the clinical syndrome termed "milk crust" could represent a transient form of golden retriever ichthyosis. Remission is not fully linked to PNPLA1 genotype, suggesting that unknown factors may contribute to the clinical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Roethig
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Frankfurter Straße 126, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Monika M Welle
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggasstraße 122, PO Box 8466, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Reto Neiger
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Frankfurter Straße 126, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Nina Thom
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Frankfurter Straße 126, 35392, Giessen, Germany
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125
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Nishifuji K. Contributions of Histopathology and Molecular Biology for the Discovery of Genodermatoses in Animals. Vet Pathol 2015; 52:605-6. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985815570483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Nishifuji
- Division of Animal Life Science, Graduate School, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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126
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Sugiura K, Akiyama M. Update on autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis: mRNA analysis using hair samples is a powerful tool for genetic diagnosis. J Dermatol Sci 2015; 79:4-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Parker HG, Gilbert SF. From caveman companion to medical innovator: genomic insights into the origin and evolution of domestic dogs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 5:239-255. [PMID: 28490917 DOI: 10.2147/agg.s57678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The phenotypic and behavioral diversity of the domestic dog has yet to be matched by any other mammalian species. In their current form, which comprises more than 350 populations known as breeds, there is a size range of two orders of magnitude and morphological features reminiscent of not only different species but also different phylogenetic families. The range of both appearance and behavior found in the dog is the product of millennia of human interference, and though humans created the diversity it remains a point of fascination to both lay and scientific communities. In this review we summarize the current understanding of the history of dog domestication based on molecular data. We will examine the ways that canine genetic and genomic studies have evolved and look at examples of dog genetics in the light of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi G Parker
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD, 20892 USA
| | - Samuel F Gilbert
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD, 20892 USA
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Fachal L, Rodríguez-Pazos L, Ginarte M, Carracedo A, Toribio J, Vega A. Identification of a novel PNPLA1 mutation in a Spanish family with autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis. Br J Dermatol 2015; 170:980-2. [PMID: 24344921 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.12757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Fachal
- Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica-SERGAS, Grupo de Medicina Xenómica-USC, CIBERER, IDIS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Qiao R, He Y, Pan B, Xiao S, Zhang X, Li J, Zhang Z, Hong Y, Xing Y, Ren J. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of human microtia via a pig model of HOXA1 syndrome. Dis Model Mech 2015; 8:611-22. [PMID: 26035869 PMCID: PMC4457031 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.018291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtia is a congenital malformation of the outer ears. Although both genetic and environmental components have been implicated in microtia, the genetic causes of this innate disorder are poorly understood. Pigs have naturally occurring diseases comparable to those in humans, providing exceptional opportunity to dissect the molecular mechanism of human inherited diseases. Here we first demonstrated that a truncating mutation in HOXA1 causes a monogenic disorder of microtia in pigs. We further performed RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis on affected and healthy pig embryos (day 14.25). We identified a list of 337 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the normal and mutant samples, shedding light on the transcriptional network involving HOXA1. The DEGs are enriched in biological processes related to cardiovascular system and embryonic development, and neurological, renal and urological diseases. Aberrant expressions of many DEGs have been implicated in human innate deformities corresponding to microtia-associated syndromes. After applying three prioritizing algorithms, we highlighted appealing candidate genes for human microtia from the 337 DEGs. We searched for coding variants of functional significance within six candidate genes in 147 microtia-affected individuals. Of note, we identified one EVC2 non-synonymous mutation (p.Asp1174Asn) as a potential disease-implicating variant for a human microtia-associated syndrome. The findings advance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying human microtia, and provide an interesting example of the characterization of human disease-predisposing variants using pig models. Summary: A pig model of HOXA1 syndrome provides novel insight into the molecular mechanisms of human microtia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruimin Qiao
- Key Laboratory for Animal Biotechnology of Jiangxi Province and the Ministry of Agriculture of China, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, People's Republic of China College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuyong He
- Key Laboratory for Animal Biotechnology of Jiangxi Province and the Ministry of Agriculture of China, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Pan
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100144, People's Republic of China
| | - Shijun Xiao
- Key Laboratory for Animal Biotechnology of Jiangxi Province and the Ministry of Agriculture of China, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, People's Republic of China
| | - Xufei Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Biotechnology of Jiangxi Province and the Ministry of Agriculture of China, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory for Animal Biotechnology of Jiangxi Province and the Ministry of Agriculture of China, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Biotechnology of Jiangxi Province and the Ministry of Agriculture of China, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Hong
- Key Laboratory for Animal Biotechnology of Jiangxi Province and the Ministry of Agriculture of China, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuyun Xing
- Key Laboratory for Animal Biotechnology of Jiangxi Province and the Ministry of Agriculture of China, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Ren
- Key Laboratory for Animal Biotechnology of Jiangxi Province and the Ministry of Agriculture of China, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, People's Republic of China
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Numata S, Teye K, Krol RP, Karashima T, Fukuda S, Matsuda M, Ishii N, Furumura M, Ohata C, Saminathan SD, Ariffin R, Pramono ZAD, Leong KF, Hamada T, Hashimoto T. Mutation study for 9 genes in 23 unrelated patients with autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis in Japan and Malaysia. J Dermatol Sci 2015; 78:82-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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131
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Suga Y, Tsuda T, Nagai M, Sakaguchi Y, Jitsukawa O, Yamamoto M, Hitomi K, Yamanishi K. Lamellar ichthyosis with pseudoexon activation in the transglutaminase 1 gene. J Dermatol 2015; 42:642-5. [DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.12846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Suga
- Department of Dermatology; Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital; Urayasu Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tsuda
- Department of Dermatology; Hyogo College of Medicine; Nishinomiya Japan
| | - Makoto Nagai
- Department of Dermatology; Hyogo College of Medicine; Nishinomiya Japan
| | - Yoshiko Sakaguchi
- Department of Dermatology; Hyogo College of Medicine; Nishinomiya Japan
| | - Orie Jitsukawa
- Department of Dermatology; Hyogo College of Medicine; Nishinomiya Japan
| | - Masaaki Yamamoto
- Department of Dermatology; Hyogo College of Medicine; Nishinomiya Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Hitomi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Nagoya University; Nagoya Japan
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Garcia-Cazorla À, Mochel F, Lamari F, Saudubray JM. The clinical spectrum of inherited diseases involved in the synthesis and remodeling of complex lipids. A tentative overview. J Inherit Metab Dis 2015; 38:19-40. [PMID: 25413954 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-014-9776-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Over one hundred diseases related to inherited defects of complex lipids synthesis and remodeling are now reported. Most of them were described within the last 5 years. New descriptions and phenotypes are expanding rapidly. While the associated clinical phenotype is currently difficult to outline, with only a few patients identified, it appears that all organs and systems may be affected. The main clinical presentations can be divided into (1) Diseases affecting the central and peripheral nervous system. Complex lipid synthesis disorders produce prominent motor manifestations due to upper and/or lower motoneuron degeneration. Motor signs are often complex, associated with other neurological and extra-neurological signs. Three neurological phenotypes, spastic paraparesis, neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation and peripheral neuropathies, deserve special attention. Many apparently well clinically defined syndromes are not distinct entities, but rather clusters on a continuous spectrum, like for the PNPLA6-associated diseases, extending from Boucher-Neuhauser syndrome via Gordon Holmes syndrome to spastic ataxia and pure hereditary spastic paraplegia; (2) Muscular/cardiac presentations; (3) Skin symptoms mostly represented by syndromic (neurocutaneous) and non syndromic ichthyosis; (4) Retinal dystrophies with syndromic and non syndromic retinitis pigmentosa, Leber congenital amaurosis, cone rod dystrophy, Stargardt disease; (5) Congenital bone dysplasia and segmental overgrowth disorders with congenital lipomatosis; (6) Liver presentations characterized mainly by transient neonatal cholestatic jaundice and non alcoholic liver steatosis with hypertriglyceridemia; and (7) Renal and immune presentations. Lipidomics and molecular functional studies could help to elucidate the mechanism(s) of dominant versus recessive inheritance observed for the same gene in a growing number of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Àngels Garcia-Cazorla
- Department of Neurology, Neurometabolic Unit, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu and CIBERER, ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain,
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Lamari F, Mochel F, Saudubray JM. An overview of inborn errors of complex lipid biosynthesis and remodelling. J Inherit Metab Dis 2015; 38:3-18. [PMID: 25238787 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-014-9764-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In a review published in 2012, we delineated 14 inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) related to defects in biosynthesis of complex lipids, particularly phospholipids and sphingolipids (Lamari et al 2013). Given the numerous roles played by these molecules in membrane integrity, cell structure and function, this group of diseases is rapidly expanding as predicted. Almost 40 new diseases related to genetic defects in enzymes involved in the biosynthesis and remodelling of phospholipids, sphingolipids and complex fatty acids are now reported. While the clinical phenotype associated with these defects is currently difficult to outline, with only a few patients identified to date, it appears that all organs and systems may be affected - central and peripheral nervous system, eye, muscle, skin, bone, liver, immune system, etc. This chapter presents an introductive overview of this new group of IEM. More broadly, this special issue provides an update on other IEM involving complex lipids, namely dolichol and isoprenoids, glycolipids and congenital disorders of glycosylation, very long chain fatty acids and plasmalogens. Likewise, more than 100 IEM may actually lead to primary or secondary defects of complex lipids synthesis and remodelling. Because of the implication of several cellular compartments, this new group of disorders affecting the synthesis and remodelling of complex molecules challenges our current classification of IEM still largely based on cellular organelles--i.e. mitochondrial, lysosomal, peroxisomal disorders. While most of these new disorders have been identified by next generation sequencing, we wish to emphasize the promising role of lipidomics in deciphering their pathophysiology and identifying therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foudil Lamari
- Bioclinic and Genetic Unit of Neurometabolic Diseases, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, (APHP), Paris, 75013, France
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Plassais J, Guaguère E, Lagoutte L, Guillory AS, de Citres CD, Degorce-Rubiales F, Delverdier M, Vaysse A, Quignon P, Bleuart C, Hitte C, Fautrel A, Kaerle C, Bellaud P, Bensignor E, Queney G, Bourrat E, Thomas A, André C. A spontaneous KRT16 mutation in a dog breed: a model for human focal non-epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma (FNEPPK). J Invest Dermatol 2014; 135:1187-1190. [PMID: 25521457 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn Plassais
- CNRS, UMR 6290, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, Rennes, France; Université Rennes 1, UEB, Biosit, Faculté de Médecine, Rennes, France
| | | | - Laetitia Lagoutte
- CNRS, UMR 6290, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, Rennes, France; Université Rennes 1, UEB, Biosit, Faculté de Médecine, Rennes, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Guillory
- CNRS, UMR 6290, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, Rennes, France; Université Rennes 1, UEB, Biosit, Faculté de Médecine, Rennes, France
| | | | | | - Maxence Delverdier
- Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Ecole Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Amaury Vaysse
- CNRS, UMR 6290, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, Rennes, France; Université Rennes 1, UEB, Biosit, Faculté de Médecine, Rennes, France; INSERM, UMR 946, Genetic Variation and Human Diseases Unit, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Paris, France
| | - Pascale Quignon
- CNRS, UMR 6290, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, Rennes, France; Université Rennes 1, UEB, Biosit, Faculté de Médecine, Rennes, France
| | - Céline Bleuart
- Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Ecole Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Christophe Hitte
- CNRS, UMR 6290, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, Rennes, France; Université Rennes 1, UEB, Biosit, Faculté de Médecine, Rennes, France
| | - Alain Fautrel
- INSERM, UMR 991, Université de Rennes 1, Biosit Biogenouest, Rennes, France
| | - Cecile Kaerle
- Antagene, Animal Genetics Laboratory, La Tour de Salvagny, France
| | - Pascale Bellaud
- Université de Rennes1, Plateforme H2P2, Biosit Biogenouest, service d'anatomie pathologiques, Rennes, France
| | | | - Guillaume Queney
- Antagene, Animal Genetics Laboratory, La Tour de Salvagny, France
| | | | - Anne Thomas
- Antagene, Animal Genetics Laboratory, La Tour de Salvagny, France
| | - Catherine André
- CNRS, UMR 6290, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, Rennes, France; Université Rennes 1, UEB, Biosit, Faculté de Médecine, Rennes, France.
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Abstract
Zusammenfassung
Ichthyosen gehören zu einer klinisch und genetisch heterogenen Gruppe von Erkrankungen, die durch generalisierte Schuppung und/oder Hyperkeratosen der Haut charakterisiert sind. Seit der überwiegend klinisch orientierten Konsensus-Klassifikation von Sorèze werden diese Verhornungsstörungen als „Mendelian disorders of cornification“ (MEDOC) zusammengefasst und in syndromale sowie nichtsyndromale Ichthyosen unterteilt. Abgesehen von seltenen erworbenen Fällen liegen den Ichthyosen Gendefekte zugrunde, deren Genprodukte an der Differenzierung und der Barrierefunktion der Epidermis beteiligt sind. Zurzeit sind Mutationen in etwa 40 verschiedenen Genen bekannt, die zu den unterschiedlichen Formen der Ichthyosen führen können. Damit kann in etwa 80–90 % der Fälle die Diagnose molekulargenetisch gesichert werden. Die genetischen Ursachen der übrigen 10–20 % sind noch ungeklärt. Ein Großteil der bislang noch unklaren Krankheitsursachen wird sicherlich in den nächsten Jahren dank neuer Technologien wie der Exom-Sequenzierung entschlüsselt werden.
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136
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Lord CC, Brown JM. Distinct roles for alpha-beta hydrolase domain 5 (ABHD5/CGI-58) and adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL/PNPLA2) in lipid metabolism and signaling. Adipocyte 2014; 1:123-131. [PMID: 23145367 PMCID: PMC3492958 DOI: 10.4161/adip.20035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Catabolism of stored triacylglycerol (TAG) from cytoplasmic lipid droplets is critical for providing energy substrates, membrane building blocks and signaling lipids in most cells of the body. However, the lipolytic machinery dictating TAG hydrolysis varies greatly among different cell types. Within the adipocyte, TAG hydrolysis is dynamically regulated by hormones to ensure appropriate metabolic adaptation to nutritional and physiologic cues. In other cell types such as hepatocytes, myocytes and macrophages, mobilization of stored TAG is regulated quite differently. Within the last decade, mutations in two key genes involved in TAG hydrolysis, α-β hydrolase domain 5 (ABHD5/CGI-58) and adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL/PNPLA2), were found to cause two distinct neutral lipid storage diseases (NLSD) in humans. These genetic links, along with supporting evidence in mouse models, have prompted a number of studies surrounding the biochemical function(s) of these proteins. Although both CGI-58 and ATGL have been clearly implicated in TAG hydrolysis in multiple tissues and have even been shown to physically interact with each other, recent evidence suggests that they may also have distinct roles. The purpose of this review is to summarize the most recent insights into how CGI-58 and ATGL regulate lipid metabolism and signaling.
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Mauldin EA, Wang P, Evans E, Cantner CA, Ferracone JD, Credille KM, Casal ML. Autosomal Recessive Congenital Ichthyosis in American Bulldogs Is Associated With NIPAL4 (ICHTHYIN) Deficiency. Vet Pathol 2014; 52:654-62. [PMID: 25322746 DOI: 10.1177/0300985814551425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A minority of patients with nonsyndromic autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis (ARCI) display mutations in NIPAL4 (ICHTHYIN). This protein plays a role in epidermal lipid metabolism, although the mechanism is unknown. The study describes a moderate form of ARCI in an extended pedigree of American Bulldogs that is linked to the gene encoding ichthyin. The gross phenotype was manifest as a disheveled pelage shortly after birth, generalized scaling, and adherent brown scale with erythema of the abdominal skin. Pedigree analysis indicated an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. Ultrastructurally, the epidermis showed discontinuous lipid bilayers, unprocessed lipid within corneocytes, and abnormal lamellar bodies. Linkage analysis, performed by choosing simple sequence repeat markers and single-nucleotide polymorphisms near genes known to cause ACRI, revealed an association with NIPAL4. NIPAL4 was identified and sequenced using standard methods. No mutation was identified within the gene, but affected dogs had a SINE element 5' upstream of exon 1 in a highly conserved region. Of 545 DNA samples from American Bulldogs, 32 dogs (17 females, 15 males) were homozygous for the polymerase chain reaction fragment. All affected dogs were homozygous, with parents heterozygous for the insertion. Immunolabeling revealed an absence of ichthyin in the epidermis. This is the first description of ARCI associated with decreased expression of NIPAL4 in nonhuman species.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Mauldin
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - P Wang
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - E Evans
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - C A Cantner
- Brandywine Veterinary Hospital, University of Pennsylvania, Chadds Ford, PA, USA
| | - J D Ferracone
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - K M Credille
- Eli Lilly and Co, University of Pennsylvania, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - M L Casal
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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138
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Ahmed H, O'Toole EA. Recent advances in the genetics and management of harlequin ichthyosis. Pediatr Dermatol 2014; 31:539-46. [PMID: 24920541 DOI: 10.1111/pde.12383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Harlequin ichthyosis (HI) is the most severe and devastating form of the autosomal recessive congenital ichthyoses (ARCIs). Mutations in the ABCA12 gene result in disruption of intercellular lipid deposition in the stratum corneum and a major skin barrier defect. Patients present at birth, often premature, with cutaneous thick, yellow, hyperkeratotic plates with deep erythematous fissures, causing a typical facial appearance. Harlequin ichthyosis has often been considered to be fatal, and management tends to be palliative, but follow-up of 45 affected infants has shown that with good neonatal care and early introduction of oral retinoids, survival rates are improving. Because ABCA12 mutations have been identified, known carriers are able to undergo preventative preimplantation and prenatal genetic testing. Experimental studies have shown recovery of lipid secretion in lamellar granules using corrective gene therapy. Further research is needed to develop alternative therapies to retinoids in HI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hera Ahmed
- Department of Dermatology, Barts Health National Health Service Trust, Whitechapel, London, UK
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139
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Jung S, Pausch H, Langenmayer MC, Schwarzenbacher H, Majzoub-Altweck M, Gollnick NS, Fries R. A nonsense mutation in PLD4 is associated with a zinc deficiency-like syndrome in Fleckvieh cattle. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:623. [PMID: 25052073 PMCID: PMC4117962 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine hereditary zinc deficiency (BHZD) is an autosomal recessive disorder of cattle, first described in Holstein-Friesian animals. Affected calves suffer from severe skin lesions and show a poor general health status. Recently, eight calves with the phenotypic appearance of BHZD have been reported in the Fleckvieh cattle population. RESULTS In spite of the similar disease phenotypes, SLC39A4, the gene responsible for BHZD in Holstein-Friesian was excluded as underlying gene for the disorder in the affected Fleckvieh calves. In order to identify the disease-associated region, genotypes of eight affected calves obtained with the Illumina BovineHD BeadChip comprising 777,962 SNPs were contrasted with the genotypes of 1,339 unaffected animals. A strong association signal was observed on chromosome 21 (P = 5.87 × 10(-89)). Autozygosity mapping in the eight affected animals revealed a common segment of extended homozygosity encompassing 1,023 kb (BTA 21: 70,550,045 - 71,573,501). This region contains 17 genes/transcripts, among them two genes encoding gastro-intestinal zinc transporters (CRIP1, CRIP2). However, no mutation that was compatible with recessive inheritance could be detected in these candidate genes. One of the affected calves was re-sequenced together with 42 unaffected Fleckvieh animals. Analysis of the sequencing data revealed a nonsense mutation (p.W215X) in a phospholipase encoding gene (PLD4) as candidate causal polymorphism. To confirm the causality, genotypes of the p.W215X-mutation were obtained from 3,650 animals representing three different breeds. None of the unaffected animals was homozygous for the defect allele, while all eight affected calves were homozygous. The deleterious effect of the mutation is manifested in a significantly lower survival rate of descendants from risk matings when compared with the survival rate of descendants from non-risk matings. The deleterious allele has an estimated frequency of 1.1% in the Fleckvieh population. CONCLUSION Our results provide strong evidence that a newly identified recessive disorder in the Fleckvieh population is caused by a nonsense mutation in PLD4, most likely resulting in an impaired function of the encoded protein. Although the phenotype of affected calves strongly resembles BHZD, a zinc deficiency resulting from malabsorption is unlikely to be responsible for the diseased Fleckvieh calves.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ruedi Fries
- Chair of Animal Breeding, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, 85354 Freising, Germany.
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Abstract
Although most modern dog breeds are less than 200 years old, the symbiosis between man and dog is ancient. Since prehistoric times, repeated selection events have transformed the wolf into man's guardians, laborers, athletes, and companions. The rapid transformation from pack predator to loyal companion is a feat that is arguably unique among domesticated animals. How this transformation came to pass remained a biological mystery until recently: Within the past decade, the deployment of genomic approaches to study population structure, detect signatures of selection, and identify genetic variants that underlie canine phenotypes is ushering into focus novel biological mechanisms that make dogs remarkable. Ironically, the very practices responsible for breed formation also spurned morbidity; today, many diseases are correlated with breed identity. In this review, we discuss man's best friend in the context of a genetic model to understand paradigms of heritable phenotypes, both desirable and disadvantageous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Schoenebeck
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892;
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141
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Törmä H, Bergström A, Ghiasifarahani G, Berne B. The effect of two endogenous retinoids on the mRNA expression profile in human primary keratinocytes, focusing on genes causing autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis. Arch Dermatol Res 2014; 306:739-47. [PMID: 24925226 PMCID: PMC4168020 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-014-1476-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Retinoids (natural forms and synthetic derivatives of vitamin A) are used as therapeutic agents for numerous skin diseases such as keratinization disorders (e.g. ichthyoses) and psoriasis. Two endogenous ligands for retinoic acid receptors exist, retinoic acid (atRA) and 3,4-didehydroretinoic acid (ddRA). In primary human epidermal keratinocytes many transcriptional targets for atRA are known, whereas the targets for ddRA are unknown. In an attempt to determine the targets, we compared the effect of atRA and ddRA on transcriptional profiles in undifferentiated and differentiating human primary keratinocytes. First, as expected, many genes were induced or suppressed in response to keratinocyte differentiation. Furthermore, the two retinoids affected substantially more genes in differentiated keratinocytes (>350) than in proliferating keratinocytes (≈20). In differentiating keratinocytes markers of cornification were suppressed suggesting a de-differentiating effect by the two retinoids. When comparing the expression profile of atRA to that of ddRA, no differently regulated genes were found. The array analysis also found that a minor number of miRNAs and a large number of non-coding transcripts were changed during differentiation and in response to the two retinoids. Furthermore, the expression of all, except one, genes known to cause autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis (ARCI) were found to be induced by differentiation. These results comprehensively document that atRA and ddRA exert similar transcriptional changes in keratinocytes and also add new insights into the molecular mechanism influenced by retinoids in the epidermis. Furthermore, it suggests which ARCI patients could benefit from therapy with retinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Törmä
- Department of Medical Sciences, Dermatology and Venereology, Uppsala University, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden,
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142
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Drögemüller M, Jagannathan V, Becker D, Drögemüller C, Schelling C, Plassais J, Kaerle C, Dufaure de Citres C, Thomas A, Müller EJ, Welle MM, Roosje P, Leeb T. A mutation in the FAM83G gene in dogs with hereditary footpad hyperkeratosis (HFH). PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004370. [PMID: 24832243 PMCID: PMC4022470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hereditary footpad hyperkeratosis (HFH) represents a palmoplantar hyperkeratosis, which is inherited as a monogenic autosomal recessive trait in several dog breeds, such as e.g. Kromfohrländer and Irish Terriers. We performed genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in both breeds. In Kromfohrländer we obtained a single strong association signal on chromosome 5 (praw = 1.0×10−13) using 13 HFH cases and 29 controls. The association signal replicated in an independent cohort of Irish Terriers with 10 cases and 21 controls (praw = 6.9×10−10). The analysis of shared haplotypes among the combined Kromfohrländer and Irish Terrier cases defined a critical interval of 611 kb with 13 predicted genes. We re-sequenced the genome of one affected Kromfohrländer at 23.5× coverage. The comparison of the sequence data with 46 genomes of non-affected dogs from other breeds revealed a single private non-synonymous variant in the critical interval with respect to the reference genome assembly. The variant is a missense variant (c.155G>C) in the FAM83G gene encoding a protein with largely unknown function. It is predicted to change an evolutionary conserved arginine into a proline residue (p.R52P). We genotyped this variant in a larger cohort of dogs and found perfect association with the HFH phenotype. We further studied the clinical and histopathological alterations in the epidermis in vivo. Affected dogs show a moderate to severe orthokeratotic hyperplasia of the palmoplantar epidermis. Thus, our data provide the first evidence that FAM83G has an essential role for maintaining the integrity of the palmoplantar epidermis. The palms and soles of mammals are covered by the palmoplantar epidermis, which has to bear immense mechanical forces and has therefore a special composition in comparison to the epidermis on regular skin. We studied a Mendelian disease in dogs, termed hereditary footpad hyperkeratosis (HFH). HFH affected dogs develop deep fissures in the paw pads, which are the consequence of a pathological thickening of the outermost layer of the epidermis. We mapped the disease causing genetic variant in the Kromfohrländer and Irish Terrier breeds to a 611 kb interval on chromosome 5. HFH affected Kromfohrländer and Irish Terriers shared the same haplotype indicating descent from a common founder. We re-sequenced the genome of an affected dog and compared it to genome sequences of 46 control dogs. The HFH affected dog had only one private non-synonymous variant in the critical interval, a missense variant of the FAM83G gene. We genotyped this variant in more than 500 dogs and found perfect association with the HFH phenotype. Our data very strongly suggest that the FAM83G variant is causative for HFH. FAM83G is a protein with unknown biochemical function. Our study thus provides the first link between this protein and the palmoplantar epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Drögemüller
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; DermFocus, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vidhya Jagannathan
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; DermFocus, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Doreen Becker
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; DermFocus, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cord Drögemüller
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; DermFocus, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Claude Schelling
- Clinic for Reproductive Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jocelyn Plassais
- CNRS, UMR 6290, Institut Génétique et Développement de Rennes, Rennes, France; Université Rennes 1, UEB, Biosit, Faculté de Médecine, Rennes, France
| | - Cécile Kaerle
- Antagene, Animal Genetics Laboratory, La Tour de Salvagny, France
| | | | - Anne Thomas
- Antagene, Animal Genetics Laboratory, La Tour de Salvagny, France
| | - Eliane J Müller
- DermFocus, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Monika M Welle
- DermFocus, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Petra Roosje
- DermFocus, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Division of Clinical Dermatology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tosso Leeb
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; DermFocus, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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143
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Downs LM, Mellersh CS. An Intronic SINE insertion in FAM161A that causes exon-skipping is associated with progressive retinal atrophy in Tibetan Spaniels and Tibetan Terriers. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93990. [PMID: 24705771 PMCID: PMC3976383 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) in dogs is characterised by the degeneration of the photoreceptor cells of the retina, resulting in vision loss and eventually complete blindness. The condition affects more than 100 dog breeds and is known to be genetically heterogeneous between breeds. Around 19 mutations have now been identified that are associated with PRA in around 49 breeds, but for the majority of breeds the mutation(s) responsible have yet to be identified. Using genome-wide association with 22 Tibetan Spaniel PRA cases and 10 controls, we identified a novel PRA locus, PRA3, on CFA10 (praw = 2.01×10−5, pgenome = 0.014), where a 3.8 Mb region was homozygous within 12 cases. Using targeted next generation sequencing, a short interspersed nuclear element insertion was identified near a splice acceptor site in an intron of a provocative gene, FAM161A. Analysis of mRNA from an affected dog revealed that the SINE causes exon skipping, resulting in a frame shift, leading to a downstream premature termination codon and possibly a truncated protein product. This mutation segregates with the disease in 22 out of 35 cases tested (63%). Of the PRA controls, none are homozygous for the mutation, 15% carry the mutation and 85% are homozygous wildtype. This mutation was also identified in Tibetan Terriers, although our results indicate that PRA is genetically heterogeneous in both Tibetan Spaniels and Tibetan Terriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise M. Downs
- Kennel Club Genetics Centre, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, United Kingdom
| | - Cathryn S. Mellersh
- Kennel Club Genetics Centre, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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144
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Merveille AC, Battaille G, Billen F, Deleuze S, Fredholm M, Thomas A, Clercx C, Lequarré AS. Clinical findings and prevalence of the mutation associated with primary ciliary dyskinesia in Old English Sheepdogs. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28:771-8. [PMID: 24773602 PMCID: PMC4895470 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is generally a recessively inherited disorder characterized by dysfunction of motile cilia. A mutation in a new causative gene (CCDC39) has been identified in the Old English Sheepdog (OES). Objectives To describe the clinical findings and the molecular changes of affected dogs and estimate the worldwide prevalence of the mutation in a large cohort of OES. Animals 578 OES, including 28 affected and 550 clinically healthy dogs. Methods This retrospective study reviewed the data of OES diagnosed with PCD and OES tested for the mutation. Clinical data including results of physical examination and further investigations were obtained on 11/28 dogs. CCDC39 expression was assessed by qRT‐PCR and Western blot analysis in affected dogs and healthy dogs. DNA was extracted on 561/578 dogs and a genetic test by Taqman technology was developed to genotype the CCDC39 mutation in these dogs. Results Clinical findings were recurrent nasal discharge and cough, pyrexia, leucocytosis, and bronchopneumonia. Ultrastructural defects were characterized by central microtubular abnormalities and decreased number of inner dynein arms (IDAs). Molecular analysis revealed a reduced expression of CCDC39 RNA and an absence of CCDC39 protein in affected dogs compared to healthy dogs. The mutation was more frequent in nonrandomly selected European OES population with a higher proportion of carriers (19%) compared to non‐European dogs (7%). Conclusion and Clinical Importance CCDC39 mutation is dispersed in a worldwide population and is responsible for PCD in this breed. Genetic testing might enable control of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-C Merveille
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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145
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Dupont N, Chauhan S, Arko-Mensah J, Castillo EF, Masedunskas A, Weigert R, Robenek H, Proikas-Cezanne T, Deretic V. Neutral lipid stores and lipase PNPLA5 contribute to autophagosome biogenesis. Curr Biol 2014; 24:609-20. [PMID: 24613307 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autophagy is a fundamental cell biological process whereby eukaryotic cells form membranes in the cytoplasm to sequester diverse intracellular targets. Although significant progress has been made in understanding the origins of autophagosomal organelles, the source of lipids that support autophagic membrane formation remain an important open question. RESULTS Here we show that lipid droplets as cellular stores of neutral lipids including triglycerides contribute to autophagic initiation. Lipid droplets, as previously shown, were consumed upon induction of autophagy by starvation. However, inhibition of autophagic maturation by blocking acidification or using dominant negative Atg4(C74A) that prohibits autophagosomal closure did not prevent disappearance of lipid droplets. Thus, lipid droplets continued to be utilized upon induction of autophagy, but not as autophagic substrates in a process referred to as lipophagy. We considered an alternative model whereby lipid droplets were consumed not as a part of lipophagy, but as a potential contributing source to the biogenesis of lipid precursors for nascent autophagosomes. We carried out a screen for a potential link between triglyceride mobilization and autophagy and identified a neutral lipase, PNPLA5, as being required for efficient autophagy. PNPLA5, which localized to lipid droplets, was needed for optimal initiation of autophagy. PNPLA5 was required for autophagy of diverse substrates, including degradation of autophagic adaptors, bulk proteolysis, mitochondrial quantity control, and microbial clearance. CONCLUSIONS Lipid droplets contribute to autophagic capacity by enhancing it in a process dependent on PNPLA5. Thus, neutral lipid stores are mobilized during autophagy to support autophagic membrane formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Dupont
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 915 Camino de Salud NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; INEM, INSERM U1151, CNRS UMR8253, Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014 Paris France
| | - Santosh Chauhan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 915 Camino de Salud NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - John Arko-Mensah
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 915 Camino de Salud NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Eliseo F Castillo
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 915 Camino de Salud NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Andrius Masedunskas
- Intracellular Membrane Trafficking Unit, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4340, USA
| | - Roberto Weigert
- Intracellular Membrane Trafficking Unit, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4340, USA
| | - Horst Robenek
- Leibniz-Institute for Arteriosclerosis Research, University of Muenster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Tassula Proikas-Cezanne
- Autophagy Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Vojo Deretic
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 915 Camino de Salud NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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146
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Simpson RM, Bastian BC, Michael HT, Webster JD, Prasad ML, Conway CM, Prieto VM, Gary JM, Goldschmidt MH, Esplin DG, Smedley RC, Piris A, Meuten DJ, Kiupel M, Lee CCR, Ward JM, Dwyer JE, Davis BJ, Anver MR, Molinolo AA, Hoover SB, Rodriguez-Canales J, Hewitt SM. Sporadic naturally occurring melanoma in dogs as a preclinical model for human melanoma. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2014; 27:37-47. [PMID: 24128326 PMCID: PMC4066658 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma represents a significant malignancy in humans and dogs. Different from genetically engineered models, sporadic canine melanocytic neoplasms share several characteristics with human disease that could make dogs a more relevant preclinical model. Canine melanomas rarely arise in sun-exposed sites. Most occur in the oral cavity, with a subset having intra-epithelial malignant melanocytes mimicking the in situ component of human mucosal melanoma. The spectrum of canine melanocytic neoplasia includes benign lesions with some analogy to nevi, as well as invasive primary melanoma, and widespread metastasis. Growing evidence of distinct subtypes in humans, differing in somatic and predisposing germ-line genetic alterations, cell of origin, epidemiology, relationship to ultraviolet radiation and progression from benign to malignant tumors, may also exist in dogs. Canine and human mucosal melanomas appear to harbor BRAF, NRAS, and c-kit mutations uncommonly, compared with human cutaneous melanomas, although both species share AKT and MAPK signaling activation. We conclude that there is significant overlap in the clinical and histopathological features of canine and human mucosal melanomas. This represents opportunity to explore canine oral cavity melanoma as a preclinical model.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mark Simpson
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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147
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Lamellar ichthyosis in a collodion baby caused by CYP4F22 mutations in a non-consanguineous family outside the Mediterranean. J Dermatol Sci 2013; 72:193-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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148
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Gillard M, Cadieu E, De Brito C, Abadie J, Vergier B, Devauchelle P, Degorce F, Dréano S, Primot A, Dorso L, Lagadic M, Galibert F, Hédan B, Galibert MD, André C. Naturally occurring melanomas in dogs as models for non-UV pathways of human melanomas. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2013; 27:90-102. [PMID: 24112648 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Spontaneously occurring melanomas are frequent in dogs. They appear at the same localizations as in humans, i.e. skin, mucosal sites, nail matrix and eyes. They display variable behaviors: tumors at oral localizations are more frequent and aggressive than at other anatomical sites. Interestingly, dog melanomas are associated with strong breed predispositions and overrepresentation of black-coated dogs. Epidemiological analysis of 2350 affected dogs showed that poodles are at high risk of developing oral melanoma, while schnauzers or Beauce shepherds mostly developped cutaneous melanoma. Clinical and histopathological analyses were performed on a cohort of 153 cases with a 4-yr follow-up. Histopathological characterization showed that most canine tumors are intradermal and homologous to human rare morphological melanomas types - 'nevocytoid type' and 'animal type'-. Tumor cDNA sequencing data, obtained from 95 dogs for six genes, relevant to human melanoma classification, detected somatic mutations in oral melanoma, in NRAS and PTEN genes, at human hotspot sites, but not in BRAF. Altogether, these findings support the relevance of the dog model for comparative oncology of melanomas, especially for the elucidation of non-UV induced pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Gillard
- CNRS, UMR 6290, Institut Génétique et Développement de Rennes, Rennes, France; Faculté de Médecine, SFR Biosit, Université Rennes 1, Rennes, France
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149
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Very mild lamellar ichthyosis with compound heterozygous TGM1 mutations including the novel missense mutation p.Leu693Phe. J Dermatol Sci 2013; 72:197-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2013.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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150
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Rice RH, Bradshaw KM, Durbin-Johnson BP, Rocke DM, Eigenheer RA, Phinney BS, Schmuth M, Gruber R. Distinguishing ichthyoses by protein profiling. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75355. [PMID: 24130705 PMCID: PMC3793978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the usefulness of protein profiling for characterization of ichthyoses, we here determined the profile of human epidermal stratum corneum by shotgun proteomics. Samples were analyzed after collection on tape circles from six anatomic sites (forearm, palm, lower leg, forehead, abdomen, upper back), demonstrating site-specific differences in profiles. Additional samples were collected from the forearms of subjects with ichthyosis vulgaris (filaggrin (FLG) deficiency), recessive X-linked ichthyosis (steroid sulfatase (STS) deficiency) and autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis type lamellar ichthyosis (transglutaminase 1 (TGM1) deficiency). The ichthyosis protein expression patterns were readily distinguishable from each other and from phenotypically normal epidermis. In general, the degree of departure from normal was lower from ichthyosis vulgaris than from lamellar ichthyosis, parallel to the severity of the phenotype. Analysis of samples from families with ichthyosis vulgaris and concomitant modifying gene mutations (STS deficiency, GJB2 deficiency) permitted correlation of alterations in protein profile with more complex genetic constellations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H. Rice
- Department of Environmental Toxicology and Forensic Science Graduate Program, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Katie M. Bradshaw
- Department of Environmental Toxicology and Forensic Science Graduate Program, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Blythe P. Durbin-Johnson
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Clinical and Translational Science Center Biostatistics Core, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - David M. Rocke
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Clinical and Translational Science Center Biostatistics Core and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Richard A. Eigenheer
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Brett S. Phinney
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Matthias Schmuth
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Robert Gruber
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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