101
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Koh AL, Tan ES, Brett MS, Lai AHM, Jamuar SS, Ng I, Tan EC. The spectrum of genetic variants and phenotypic features of Southeast Asian patients with Noonan syndrome. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e00581. [PMID: 30784236 PMCID: PMC6465663 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Noonan syndrome (NS) is an autosomal dominant disorder that belongs to a group of developmental disorders called RASopathies with overlapping features and multiple causative genes. The aim of the study was to identify mutations underlying this disorder in patients from Southeast Asia and characterize their clinical presentations. Methods Patients were identified from the hospital's Genetics clinics after assessment by attending clinical geneticists. A targeted gene panel was used for next‐generation sequencing on genomic DNA extracted from the blood samples of 17 patients. Results Heterozygous missense variants were identified in 13 patients: eight were in PTPN11, three in SOS1, and one each in RIT1 and KRAS. All are known variants that have been reported in patients with NS. Of the 13 patients with identified variants, 10 had short stature, the most common feature for NS. Four of the eight patients with PTPN11 variants had atrial septal defect. Only two had pulmonary stenosis which is reported to be common for PTPN11 mutation carriers. Another two had hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, a feature which is negatively associated with PTPN11 mutations. Conclusions Our study provides the mutation and phenotypic spectrum of NS from a new population group. The molecular testing yield of 76% is similar to other studies and shows that the targeted panel approach is useful for identifying genetic mutations in NS which has multiple causative genes. The molecular basis for the phenotypes of the remaining patients remains unknown and would need to be uncovered via sequencing of additional genes or other investigative methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Ling Koh
- Department of Paediatrics, KK Women's & Children's Hospital, Singapore
| | - Ee-Shien Tan
- Genetics Service, Department of Paediatrics, KK Women's & Children's Hospital, Singapore.,Paediatrics Academic Clinical Programme, SingHealth Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Maggie S Brett
- Research Laboratory, KK Women's & Children's Hospital, Singapore
| | - Angeline H M Lai
- Genetics Service, Department of Paediatrics, KK Women's & Children's Hospital, Singapore.,Paediatrics Academic Clinical Programme, SingHealth Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Saumya Shekhar Jamuar
- Genetics Service, Department of Paediatrics, KK Women's & Children's Hospital, Singapore.,Paediatrics Academic Clinical Programme, SingHealth Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Ivy Ng
- Genetics Service, Department of Paediatrics, KK Women's & Children's Hospital, Singapore.,Paediatrics Academic Clinical Programme, SingHealth Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Ene-Choo Tan
- Genetics Service, Department of Paediatrics, KK Women's & Children's Hospital, Singapore.,Paediatrics Academic Clinical Programme, SingHealth Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore.,Research Laboratory, KK Women's & Children's Hospital, Singapore
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102
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Bandaru P, Kondo Y, Kuriyan J. The Interdependent Activation of Son-of-Sevenless and Ras. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2019; 9:cshperspect.a031534. [PMID: 29610148 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a031534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The guanine-nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) Son-of-Sevenless (SOS) plays a critical role in metazoan signaling by converting Ras•GDP (guanosine diphosphate) to Ras•GTP (guanosine triphosphate) in response to tyrosine kinase activation. Structural studies have shown that SOS differs from other Ras-specific GEFs in that SOS is itself activated by Ras•GTP binding to an allosteric site, distal to the site of nucleotide exchange. The activation of SOS involves membrane recruitment and conformational changes, triggered by lipid binding, that open the allosteric binding site for Ras•GTP. This is in contrast to other Ras-specific GEFs, which are activated by second messengers that more directly affect the active site. Allosteric Ras•GTP binding stabilizes SOS at the membrane, where it can turn over other Ras molecules processively, leading to an ultrasensitive response that is distinct from that of other Ras-specific GEFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Bandaru
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Yasushi Kondo
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - John Kuriyan
- Departments of Molecular and Cell Biology and of Chemistry, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
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103
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Cai D, Choi PS, Gelbard M, Meyerson M. Identification and Characterization of Oncogenic SOS1 Mutations in Lung Adenocarcinoma. Mol Cancer Res 2019; 17:1002-1012. [PMID: 30635434 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-18-0316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinomas are characterized by mutations in the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)/Ras/Raf pathway, with up to 75% of cases containing mutations in known driver genes. However, the driver alterations in the remaining cases are yet to be determined. Recent exome sequencing analysis has identified SOS1, encoding a guanine nucleotide exchange factor, as significantly mutated in lung adenocarcinomas lacking canonical oncogenic RTK/Ras/Raf pathway mutations. Here, we demonstrate that ectopic expression of lung adenocarcinoma-derived mutants of SOS1 induces anchorage-independent cell growth in vitro and tumor formation in vivo. Biochemical experiments suggest that these mutations lead to overactivation of the Ras pathway, which can be suppressed by mutations that disrupt either the Ras-GEF or putative Rac-GEF activity of SOS1. Transcriptional profiling reveals that the expression of mutant SOS1 leads to the upregulation of MYC target genes and genes associated with Ras transformation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that an AML cancer cell line harboring a lung adenocarcinoma-associated mutant SOS1 is dependent on SOS1 for survival and is also sensitive to MEK inhibition. Our work provides experimental evidence for the role of SOS1 as an oncogene and suggests a possible therapeutic strategy to target SOS1-mutated cancers. IMPLICATIONS: This study demonstrates that SOS1 mutations found in lung adenocarcinoma are oncogenic and that MEK inhibition may be a therapeutic avenue for the treatment of SOS1-mutant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Cai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Program in Genetics and Genomics, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Peter S Choi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Maya Gelbard
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew Meyerson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. .,The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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104
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Zarich N, Anta B, Fernández-Medarde A, Ballester A, de Lucas MP, Cámara AB, Anta B, Oliva JL, Rojas-Cabañeros JM, Santos E. The CSN3 subunit of the COP9 signalosome interacts with the HD region of Sos1 regulating stability of this GEF protein. Oncogenesis 2019; 8:2. [PMID: 30631038 PMCID: PMC6328564 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-018-0111-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Sos1 is an universal, widely expressed Ras guanine nucleotide-exchange factor (RasGEF) in eukaryotic cells. Its N-terminal HD motif is known to be involved in allosteric regulation of Sos1 GEF activity through intramolecular interaction with the neighboring PH domain. Here, we searched for other cellular proteins also able to interact productively with the Sos1 HD domain. Using a yeast two-hybrid system, we identified the interaction between the Sos1 HD region and CSN3, the third component of the COP9 signalosome, a conserved, multi-subunit protein complex that functions in the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway to control degradation of many cellular proteins. The interaction of CSN3 with the HD of Sos1 was confirmed in vitro by GST pull-down assays using truncated mutants and reproduced in vivo by co-immunoprecipitation with the endogenous, full-length cellular Sos1 protein. In vitro kinase assays showed that PKD, a COP9 signalosome-associated-kinase, is able to phosphorylate Sos1. The intracellular levels of Sos1 protein were clearly diminished following CSN3 or PKD knockdown. A sizable fraction of the endogenous Sos1 protein was found ubiquitinated in different mammalian cell types. A significant reduction of RasGTP formation upon growth factor stimulation was also observed in CSN3-silenced as compared with control cells. Our data suggest that the interaction of Sos1 with the COP9 signalosome and PKD plays a significant role in maintenance of cellular Sos1 protein stability and homeostasis under physiological conditions and raises the possibility of considering the CSN/PKD complex as a potential target for design of novel therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Zarich
- Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC) and CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Anta
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, IBMCC (CSIC-USAL) and CIBERONC, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alberto Fernández-Medarde
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, IBMCC (CSIC-USAL) and CIBERONC, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alicia Ballester
- Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC) and CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Pilar de Lucas
- Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC) and CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Belén Cámara
- Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC) and CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Berta Anta
- Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC) and CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luís Oliva
- Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC) and CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | - José M Rojas-Cabañeros
- Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC) and CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Eugenio Santos
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, IBMCC (CSIC-USAL) and CIBERONC, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
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105
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide information on the scope of cardiac disease in Noonan syndrome. RECENT FINDINGS Noonan syndrome is a common autosomal dominant RASopathy disorder characterized by clinical findings of facial dysmorphism, congenital heart disease, and short stature. The degree of genetic heterogeneity has recently become evident in that Noonan syndrome is now known to be caused by mutations in a large variety of genes which produce dysregulation of the RAS-MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signaling pathway. The scope of cardiac disease in Noonan syndrome is quite variable depending on the gene mutation, with some mutations usually associated with a high incidence of congenital heart defects (PTPN11, KRAS, and others) while those with predominantly hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) have higher risk and morbidity profiles (RAF1, RIT1, and those associated with multiple lentigines). SUMMARY Cardiac disease in Noonan syndrome varies according to the type of gene mutation. The most common forms of cardiac disease include pulmonary stenosis, HCM, and atrial septal defect. HCM in general is associated with increased risk, mortality, and morbidity. New concepts for potential treatments are discussed.
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106
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Tajan M, Paccoud R, Branka S, Edouard T, Yart A. The RASopathy Family: Consequences of Germline Activation of the RAS/MAPK Pathway. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:676-700. [PMID: 29924299 DOI: 10.1210/er.2017-00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Noonan syndrome [NS; Mendelian Inheritance in Men (MIM) #163950] and related syndromes [Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines (formerly called LEOPARD syndrome; MIM #151100), Noonan-like syndrome with loose anagen hair (MIM #607721), Costello syndrome (MIM #218040), cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome (MIM #115150), type I neurofibromatosis (MIM #162200), and Legius syndrome (MIM #611431)] are a group of related genetic disorders associated with distinctive facial features, cardiopathies, growth and skeletal abnormalities, developmental delay/mental retardation, and tumor predisposition. NS was clinically described more than 50 years ago, and disease genes have been identified throughout the last 3 decades, providing a molecular basis to better understand their physiopathology and identify targets for therapeutic strategies. Most of these genes encode proteins belonging to or regulating the so-called RAS/MAPK signaling pathway, so these syndromes have been gathered under the name RASopathies. In this review, we provide a clinical overview of RASopathies and an update on their genetics. We then focus on the functional and pathophysiological effects of RASopathy-causing mutations and discuss therapeutic perspectives and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mylène Tajan
- INSERM UMR 1048, Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases (I2MC), University of Toulouse Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Romain Paccoud
- INSERM UMR 1048, Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases (I2MC), University of Toulouse Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Sophie Branka
- INSERM UMR 1048, Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases (I2MC), University of Toulouse Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Thomas Edouard
- Endocrine, Bone Diseases, and Genetics Unit, Children's Hospital, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Armelle Yart
- INSERM UMR 1048, Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases (I2MC), University of Toulouse Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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107
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Zhang X, Shi Y, Song L, Shen C, Cai Q, Zhang Z, Wu J, Fu G, Shen W. Identification of mutations in patients with acquired pure red cell aplasia. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2018; 50:685-692. [PMID: 29767669 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmy052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic acquired pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) is a rare, autoimmune-related disease. This study aimed to describe the previously unidentified DNA alterations associated with PRCA. Here, next generation sequencing using a panel containing 295 critical genes was applied to detect potentially pathogenic mutations in four patients with PRCA. A total of 529 mutations were identified and further classified into three categories, namely, uncertain (n = 25), likely benign (n = 20) and benign (n = 484) mutations, based on the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) 2015 guidelines and ClinVar database. The spatial proximity between two loci of the uncertain or benign mutations was evaluated using Hi-C datasets of KBM7 and K562 cell lines, respectively. Significant spatial proximity was observed in uncertain mutation pairs compared with benign mutation pairs. In addition, 17 variants were eventually identified after excluding those with mutant frequencies >0.001, including 7 newly identified variants. FANCF and LRP1B mutations existed twice in patients. FANCF and LRP1B mutations were likely to affect protein stability based on prediction analysis. Taken together, our data may provide valuable information about PRCA. FANCF and LRP1B mutations may be associated with acquired PRCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchao Zhang
- Pathology Center, Shanghai General Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingjun Song
- Pathology Center, Shanghai General Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chang Shen
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Cai
- Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Jun Wu
- Pathology Center, Shanghai General Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guohui Fu
- Pathology Center, Shanghai General Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiwei Shen
- Pathology Center, Shanghai General Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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108
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Dard L, Bellance N, Lacombe D, Rossignol R. RAS signalling in energy metabolism and rare human diseases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2018; 1859:845-867. [PMID: 29750912 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The RAS pathway is a highly conserved cascade of protein-protein interactions and phosphorylation that is at the heart of signalling networks that govern proliferation, differentiation and cell survival. Recent findings indicate that the RAS pathway plays a role in the regulation of energy metabolism via the control of mitochondrial form and function but little is known on the participation of this effect in RAS-related rare human genetic diseases. Germline mutations that hyperactivate the RAS pathway have been discovered and linked to human developmental disorders that are known as RASopathies. Individuals with RASopathies, which are estimated to affect approximately 1/1000 human birth, share many overlapping characteristics, including cardiac malformations, short stature, neurocognitive impairment, craniofacial dysmorphy, cutaneous, musculoskeletal, and ocular abnormalities, hypotonia and a predisposition to developing cancer. Since the identification of the first RASopathy, type 1 neurofibromatosis (NF1), which is caused by the inactivation of neurofibromin 1, several other syndromes have been associated with mutations in the core components of the RAS-MAPK pathway. These syndromes include Noonan syndrome (NS), Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines (NSML), which was formerly called LEOPARD syndrome, Costello syndrome (CS), cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome (CFC), Legius syndrome (LS) and capillary malformation-arteriovenous malformation syndrome (CM-AVM). Here, we review current knowledge about the bioenergetics of the RASopathies and discuss the molecular control of energy homeostasis and mitochondrial physiology by the RAS pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Dard
- Bordeaux University, 33000 Bordeaux, France; INSERM U1211, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - N Bellance
- Bordeaux University, 33000 Bordeaux, France; INSERM U1211, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - D Lacombe
- Bordeaux University, 33000 Bordeaux, France; INSERM U1211, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CHU de Bordeaux, Service de Génétique Médicale, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - R Rossignol
- Bordeaux University, 33000 Bordeaux, France; INSERM U1211, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CELLOMET, CGFB-146 Rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, France.
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109
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Bustos F, Segarra-Fas A, Chaugule VK, Brandenburg L, Branigan E, Toth R, Macartney T, Knebel A, Hay RT, Walden H, Findlay GM. RNF12 X-Linked Intellectual Disability Mutations Disrupt E3 Ligase Activity and Neural Differentiation. Cell Rep 2018; 23:1599-1611. [PMID: 29742418 PMCID: PMC5976579 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked intellectual disability (XLID) is a heterogeneous syndrome affecting mainly males. Human genetics has identified >100 XLID genes, although the molecular and developmental mechanisms underpinning this disorder remain unclear. Here, we employ an embryonic stem cell model to explore developmental functions of a recently identified XLID gene, the RNF12/RLIM E3 ubiquitin ligase. We show that RNF12 catalytic activity is required for proper stem cell maintenance and neural differentiation, and this is disrupted by patient-associated XLID mutation. We further demonstrate that RNF12 XLID mutations specifically impair ubiquitylation of developmentally relevant substrates. XLID mutants disrupt distinct RNF12 functional modules by either inactivating the catalytic RING domain or interfering with a distal regulatory region required for efficient ubiquitin transfer. Our data thereby uncover a key function for RNF12 E3 ubiquitin ligase activity in stem cell and neural development and identify mechanisms by which this is disrupted in intellectual disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Bustos
- The MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, The University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Anna Segarra-Fas
- The MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, The University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Viduth K Chaugule
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Lennart Brandenburg
- The MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, The University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Emma Branigan
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, The University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Rachel Toth
- The MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, The University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Thomas Macartney
- The MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, The University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Axel Knebel
- The MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, The University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Ronald T Hay
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, The University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Helen Walden
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Greg M Findlay
- The MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, The University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK.
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110
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Tafazoli A, Eshraghi P, Pantaleoni F, Vakili R, Moghaddassian M, Ghahraman M, Muto V, Paolacci S, Golyan FF, Abbaszadegan MR. Novel mutations and their genotype-phenotype correlations in patients with Noonan syndrome, using next-generation sequencing. Adv Med Sci 2018; 63:87-93. [PMID: 28957739 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Noonan Syndrome (NS) is an autosomal dominant disorder with many variable and heterogeneous conditions. The genetic basis for 20-30% of cases is still unknown. This study evaluates Iranian Noonan patients both clinically and genetically for the first time. MATERIALS/METHODS Mutational analysis of PTPN11 gene was performed in 15 Iranian patients, using PCR and Sanger sequencing at phase one. Then, as phase two, Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) in the form of targeted resequencing was utilized for analysis of exons from other related genes. Homology modelling for the novel founded mutations was performed as well. The genotype, phenotype correlation was done according to the molecular findings and clinical features. RESULTS Previously reported mutation (p.N308D) in some patients and a novel mutation (p.D155N) in one of the patients were identified in phase one. After applying NGS methods, known and new variants were found in four patients in other genes, including: CBL (p. V904I), KRAS (p. L53W), SOS1 (p. I1302V), and SOS1 (p. R552G). Structural studies of two deduced novel mutations in related genes revealed deficiencies in the mutated proteins. Following genotype, phenotype correlation, a new pattern of the presence of intellectual disability in two patients was registered. CONCLUSIONS NS shows strong variable expressivity along the high genetic heterogeneity especially in distinct populations and ethnic groups. Also possibly unknown other causative genes may be exist. Obviously, more comprehensive and new technologies like NGS methods are the best choice for detection of molecular defects in patients for genotype, phenotype correlation and disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Tafazoli
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Peyman Eshraghi
- Department of Pediatrics, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Francesca Pantaleoni
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; Research Center, Genetic and Rare Diseases, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCSS, Rome, Italy
| | - Rahim Vakili
- Department of Pediatrics, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Morteza Moghaddassian
- The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Martha Ghahraman
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Razavi Cancer Research Center, Razavi Hospital, Imam Reza International University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Valentina Muto
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Paolacci
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Fatemeh Fardi Golyan
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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111
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Collins TN, Mao Y, Li H, Bouaziz M, Hong A, Feng GS, Wang F, Quilliam LA, Chen L, Park T, Curran T, Zhang X. Crk proteins transduce FGF signaling to promote lens fiber cell elongation. eLife 2018; 7:32586. [PMID: 29360039 PMCID: PMC5818251 DOI: 10.7554/elife.32586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific cell shapes are fundamental to the organization and function of multicellular organisms. Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) signaling induces the elongation of lens fiber cells during vertebrate lens development. Nonetheless, exactly how this extracellular FGF signal is transmitted to the cytoskeletal network has previously not been determined. Here, we show that the Crk family of adaptor proteins, Crk and Crkl, are required for mouse lens morphogenesis but not differentiation. Genetic ablation and epistasis experiments demonstrated that Crk and Crkl play overlapping roles downstream of FGF signaling in order to regulate lens fiber cell elongation. Upon FGF stimulation, Crk proteins were found to interact with Frs2, Shp2 and Grb2. The loss of Crk proteins was partially compensated for by the activation of Ras and Rac signaling. These results reveal that Crk proteins are important partners of the Frs2/Shp2/Grb2 complex in mediating FGF signaling, specifically promoting cell shape changes. As an embryo develops, its cells divide multiple times to transform into the specialized cell types that form our tissues and organs. To carry out specific roles, cells need to be of a certain shape. For example, in mammals, the cells that make up the main portion of the eye lens, develop into a fiber-like shape to be perfectly aligned with each other. This enables them to transmit light to the retina at the rear end of the eye. To do so, the lens cells increase over 1000 times in length with the help of a group of proteins called the Fibroblast Growth Factor, or FGF for short. The FGF pathway includes a network of interacting proteins that transmit signals to molecules inside the lens cells to control how they specialize and grow. However, until now it was not clear how it does this. Here, Zhang et al. used mouse lens-cells grown in the laboratory to investigate how FGF signaling causes cells to change their structure. The experiments revealed two related proteins called Crk and Crkl that linked the FGF pathway with another signaling system. When these two proteins were removed from the lens cells, the lens cells were still able to specialize, but could no longer grow in length. This suggests that these two processes are independent of each other. Moreover, Crk and Crkl helped the cells to change shape by increasing the amount of another group of proteins called Ras, which are known to both help cells to specialize and to regulate their shape. Zhang et al. discovered that the amount of Ras proteins determined whether cells specialized or modified their shape by changing the organization of proteins in the cell. Millions of children are born with cataracts, a disease caused when lens cells fail to shape properly. A better knowledge of FGF signaling may help to understand how cataracts develop and inspire future treatments. Moreover, the pathways identified in this study could also apply to other organs and diseases in which FGF signaling is active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamica N Collins
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Yingyu Mao
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Hongge Li
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Michael Bouaziz
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Angela Hong
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Gen-Sheng Feng
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Fen Wang
- Center for Cancer Biology and Nutrition, Houston, United States
| | - Lawrence A Quilliam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Taeju Park
- The Children's Research Institute, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, United States
| | - Tom Curran
- The Children's Research Institute, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, United States
| | - Xin Zhang
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, United States
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112
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Donato L, Bramanti P, Scimone C, Rinaldi C, Giorgianni F, Beranova-Giorgianni S, Koirala D, D'Angelo R, Sidoti A. miRNAexpression profile of retinal pigment epithelial cells under oxidative stress conditions. FEBS Open Bio 2018; 8:219-233. [PMID: 29435412 PMCID: PMC5794457 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep analysis of regulative mechanisms of transcription and translation in eukaryotes could improve knowledge of many genetic pathologies such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP). New layers of complexity have recently emerged with the discovery that ‘junk’ DNA is transcribed and, among these, miRNAs have assumed a preponderant role. We compared changes in the expression of miRNAs obtained from whole transcriptome analyses, between two groups of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells, one untreated and the other exposed to the oxidant agent oxidized low‐density lipoprotein (oxLDL), examining four time points (1, 2, 4 and 6 h). We found that 23 miRNAs exhibited altered expression in the treated samples, targeting genes involved in several biochemical pathways, many of them associated to RP for the first time, such as those mediated by insulin receptor signaling and son of sevenless. Moreover, five RP causative genes (KLHL7, RDH11,CERKL, AIPL1 and USH1G) emerged as already validated targets of five altered miRNAs (hsa‐miR‐1307, hsa‐miR‐3064, hsa‐miR‐4709, hsa‐miR‐3615 and hsa‐miR‐637), suggesting a tight connection between induced oxidative stress and RP development and progression. This miRNA expression analysis of oxidative stress‐induced RPE cells has discovered new regulative functions of miRNAs in RP that should lead to the discovery of new ways to regulate the etiopathogenesis of RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Donato
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging Division of Medical Biotechnologies and Preventive Medicine University of Messina Italy.,Department of Cutting-Edge Medicine and Therapies Biomolecular Strategies and Neuroscience Section of Neuroscience-applied, Molecular Genetics and Predictive MedicineI.E.M E.S.T. Palermo Italy
| | | | - Concetta Scimone
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging Division of Medical Biotechnologies and Preventive Medicine University of Messina Italy.,Department of Cutting-Edge Medicine and Therapies Biomolecular Strategies and Neuroscience Section of Neuroscience-applied, Molecular Genetics and Predictive MedicineI.E.M E.S.T. Palermo Italy
| | - Carmela Rinaldi
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging Division of Medical Biotechnologies and Preventive Medicine University of Messina Italy
| | | | | | | | - Rosalia D'Angelo
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging Division of Medical Biotechnologies and Preventive Medicine University of Messina Italy
| | - Antonina Sidoti
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging Division of Medical Biotechnologies and Preventive Medicine University of Messina Italy.,Department of Cutting-Edge Medicine and Therapies Biomolecular Strategies and Neuroscience Section of Neuroscience-applied, Molecular Genetics and Predictive MedicineI.E.M E.S.T. Palermo Italy
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113
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van Trier DC, van der Burgt I, Draaijer RW, Cruysberg JRM, Noordam C, Draaisma JM. Ocular findings in Noonan syndrome: a retrospective cohort study of 105 patients. Eur J Pediatr 2018; 177:1293-1298. [PMID: 29948256 PMCID: PMC6061046 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-018-3183-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The aim of this retrospective study is to describe ocular findings in a large Noonan syndrome cohort and to detect associations between ocular features and genetic mutations that were not found in earlier studies. We collected ophthalmological and genetic data of 105 patients (median age, 12 years; range, 0-60 years) clinically diagnosed as Noonan syndrome. The ocular findings were linked to the genotypes. All patients with Noonan syndrome showed multiple abnormalities in the categories of vision and refraction, external ocular features, ocular alignment and motility, anterior ocular segment, and posterior ocular segment. In total, 50 patients have NS due to a mutation in PTPN11. Permanent visual impairment (bilateral best-corrected visual acuity < 0.3) was found in 7 patients, including patients with a mutation in RAF1, SHOC2, and KRAS. Keratoconus was found in 2 PTPN11 positive patients, and prominent corneal nerves were observed in a patient with a SOS1 mutation. CONCLUSIONS This study shows an overview of ocular abnormalities in Noonan syndrome, including permanent visual impairment caused by binocular optic nerve abnormalities and nystagmus. Delay in ophthalmological diagnosis is still present, also in patients with visual impairment. All Noonan syndrome patients should have a complete ophthalmological examination at the time of diagnosis. What is Known: • Although we discover more pathogenic mutations in patients with Noonan syndrome, Noonan syndrome still is a clinical diagnosis • Ocular features of Noonan syndrome are characterized by developmental anomalies of the eyelids and associated with other ocular abnormalities in childhood (including refractive errors, strabismus and amblyopia). What is New: • There seems to be a delay in the ophthalmological diagnosis and awareness of the broad variety ofophthalmological features including refractive errors and visual impairment in Noonan syndrome is needed. All children should have a full ophthalmological examination at the time of diagnosis. • Permanent visual impairment (best-corrected visual acuity < 0.3) is found in patients with mutations in RAF1, SHOC2, and KRAS and the cause is probably a developmental disorder of the optic nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothée C. van Trier
- Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Center Amalia Children’s hospital, P.O. Box, 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ineke van der Burgt
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Renske W. Draaijer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Cees Noordam
- Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Center Amalia Children’s hospital, P.O. Box, 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jos M. Draaisma
- Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Center Amalia Children’s hospital, P.O. Box, 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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114
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Harms FL, Alawi M, Amor DJ, Tan TY, Cuturilo G, Lissewski C, Brinkmann J, Schanze D, Kutsche K, Zenker M. The novel RAF1 mutation p.(Gly361Ala) located outside the kinase domain of the CR3 region in two patients with Noonan syndrome, including one with a rare brain tumor. Am J Med Genet A 2017; 176:470-476. [PMID: 29271604 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Noonan syndrome is characterized by typical craniofacial dysmorphism, postnatal growth retardation, congenital heart defect, and learning difficulties and belongs to the RASopathies, a group of neurodevelopmental disorders caused by germline mutations in genes encoding components of the RAS-MAPK pathway. Mutations in the RAF1 gene are associated with Noonan syndrome, with a high prevalence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). RAF1 mutations cluster in exons encoding the conserved region 2 (CR2), the kinase activation segment of the CR3 domain, and the C-terminus. We present two boys with Noonan syndrome and the identical de novo RAF1 missense variant c.1082G>C/p.(Gly361Ala) affecting the CR3, but located outside the kinase activation segment. The p.(Gly361Ala) mutation has been identified as a RAF1 allele conferring resistance to RAF inhibitors. This amino acid change favors a RAF1 conformation that allows for enhanced RAF dimerization and increased intrinsic kinase activity. Both patients with Noonan syndrome showed typical craniofacial dysmorphism, macrocephaly, and short stature. One individual developed HCM and was diagnosed with a disseminated oligodendroglial-like leptomeningeal tumor (DOLT) of childhood at the age of 9 years. While there is a well-established association of NS with malignant tumors, especially childhood hemato-oncological diseases, brain tumors have rarely been reported in Noonan syndrome. Our data demonstrate that mutation scanning of the entire coding region of genes associated with Noonan syndrome is mandatory not to miss rare variants located outside the known mutational hotspots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederike L Harms
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Malik Alawi
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Bioinformatics Core Facility, Hamburg, Germany.,Center for Bioinformatics, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.,Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz-Institute for Experimental Virology, Virus Genomics, Hamburg, Germany
| | - David J Amor
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Tiong Y Tan
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Goran Cuturilo
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,University Children's Hospital, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Christina Lissewski
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Julia Brinkmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Denny Schanze
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Kutsche
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Zenker
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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115
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Nakamura Y, Umeki N, Abe M, Sako Y. Mutation-Specific Mechanisms of Hyperactivation of Noonan Syndrome SOS Molecules Detected with Single-molecule Imaging in Living Cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14153. [PMID: 29074966 PMCID: PMC5658395 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14190-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Noonan syndrome (NS) is a congenital hereditary disorder associated with developmental and cardiac defects. Some patients with NS carry mutations in SOS, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for the small GTPase RAS. NS mutations have been identified not only in the GEF domain, but also in various domains of SOS, suggesting that multiple mechanisms disrupt SOS function. In this study, we examined three NS mutations in different domains of SOS to clarify the abnormality in its translocation to the plasma membrane, where SOS activates RAS. The association and dissociation kinetics between SOS tagged with a fluorescent protein and the living cell surface were observed in single molecules. All three mutants showed increased affinity for the plasma membrane, inducing excessive RAS signalling. However, the mechanisms by which their affinity was increased were specific to each mutant. Conformational disorder in the resting state, increased probability of a conformational change on the plasma membrane, and an increased association rate constant with the membrane receptor are the suggested mechanisms. These different properties cause the specific phenotypes of the mutants, which should be rescuable with different therapeutic strategies. Therefore, single-molecule kinetic analyses of living cells are useful for the pathological analysis of genetic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Nakamura
- Cellular Informatics Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Umeki
- Cellular Informatics Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Abe
- Cellular Informatics Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yasushi Sako
- Cellular Informatics Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, 351-0198, Japan.
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116
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Baldassarre G, Mussa A, Carli D, Molinatto C, Ferrero GB. Constitutional bone impairment in Noonan syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2017; 173:692-698. [PMID: 28211980 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Noonan syndrome (NS) is an autosomal dominant trait characterized by genotypic and phenotypic variability. It belongs to the Ras/MAPK pathway disorders collectively named Rasopathies or neurocardiofaciocutaneous syndromes. Phenotype is characterized by short stature, congenital heart defects, facial dysmorphisms, skeletal and ectodermal anomalies, cryptorchidism, mild to moderate developmental delay/learning disability, and tumor predisposition. Short stature and skeletal dysmorphisms are almost constant and several studies hypothesized a role for the RAS pathway in regulating bone metabolism. In this study, we investigated the bone quality assessed by phalangeal quantitative ultrasound (QUS) and the metabolic bone profiling in a group of patients with NS, to determine whether low bone mineralization is primary or secondary to NS characteristics. Thirty-five patients were enrolled, including 20 males (55.6%) and 15 females (44.5%) aged 1.0-17.8 years (mean 6.4 ± 4.5, median 4.9 years). Each patients was submitted to clinical examination, estimation of the bone age, laboratory assays, and QUS assessment. Twenty-five percent of the cohort shows reduced QUS values for their age based on bone transmission time. Bone measurement were adjusted for multiple factors frequently observed in NS patients, such as growth retardation, delayed bone age, retarded puberty, and reduced body mass index, potentially affecting bone quality or its appraisal. In spite of the correction attempts, QUS measurement indicates that bone impairment persists in nearly 15% of the cohort studied. Our results indicate that bone impairment in NS is likely primary and not secondary to any of the phenotypic traits of NS, nor consistent with metabolic disturbances. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Diana Carli
- Department of Pediatric and Public Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Cristina Molinatto
- Department of Pediatric and Public Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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117
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Theofanopoulou C, Gastaldon S, O’Rourke T, Samuels BD, Messner A, Martins PT, Delogu F, Alamri S, Boeckx C. Self-domestication in Homo sapiens: Insights from comparative genomics. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185306. [PMID: 29045412 PMCID: PMC5646786 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study identifies and analyzes statistically significant overlaps between selective sweep screens in anatomically modern humans and several domesticated species. The results obtained suggest that (paleo-)genomic data can be exploited to complement the fossil record and support the idea of self-domestication in Homo sapiens, a process that likely intensified as our species populated its niche. Our analysis lends support to attempts to capture the "domestication syndrome" in terms of alterations to certain signaling pathways and cell lineages, such as the neural crest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantina Theofanopoulou
- Section of General Linguistics, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat de Barcelona Institute for Complex Systems, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Simone Gastaldon
- Section of General Linguistics, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- School of Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Thomas O’Rourke
- Section of General Linguistics, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bridget D. Samuels
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Angela Messner
- Section of General Linguistics, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Francesco Delogu
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Saleh Alamri
- Section of General Linguistics, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cedric Boeckx
- Section of General Linguistics, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat de Barcelona Institute for Complex Systems, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
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118
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Santoro C, Giugliano T, Melone MAB, Cirillo M, Schettino C, Bernardo P, Cirillo G, Perrotta S, Piluso G. Multiple spinal nerve enlargement and SOS1 mutation: Further evidence of overlap between neurofibromatosis type 1 and Noonan phenotype. Clin Genet 2017; 93:138-143. [PMID: 28456002 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) has long been considered a well-defined, recognizable monogenic disorder, with neurofibromas constituting a pathognomonic sign. This dogma has been challenged by recent descriptions of patients with enlarged nerves or paraspinal tumors, suggesting that neurogenic tumors and hypertrophic neuropathy may be a complication of Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines (NSML) or RASopathy phenotype. We describe a 15-year-old boy, whose mother previously received clinical diagnosis of NF1 due to presence of bilateral cervical and lumbar spinal lesions resembling plexiform neurofibromas and features suggestive of NS. NF1 molecular analysis was negative in the mother. The boy presented with Noonan features, multiple lentigines and pectus excavatum. Next-generation sequencing analysis of all RASopathy genes identified p.Ser548Arg missense mutation in SOS1 in the boy, confirmed in his mother. Brain and spinal magnetic resonance imaging scans were negative in the boy. No heart involvement or deafness was observed in proband or mother. This is the first report of a SOS1 mutation associated with hypertrophic neuropathy resembling plexiform neurofibromas, a rare complication in Noonan phenotypes with mutations in RASopathy genes. Our results highlight the overlap between RASopathies, suggesting that NF1 diagnostic criteria need rethinking. Genetic analysis of RASopathy genes should be considered when diagnosis is uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Santoro
- Dipartimento della Donna, del Bambino e della Chirurgia generale e specialistica, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - T Giugliano
- Dipartimento di Biochimica, Biofisica e Patologia Generale, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - M A B Melone
- Divisione di Neurologia, Dipartimento Medico-Chirurgico di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi e A. Lanzara", Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.,Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca in Neuroscienze (CIRN), Naples, Italy
| | - M Cirillo
- Prima Divisione di Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Chirurgiche, Neurologiche, Metaboliche e dell'Invecchiamento, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - C Schettino
- Divisione di Neurologia, Dipartimento Medico-Chirurgico di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi e A. Lanzara", Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - P Bernardo
- Dipartimento di Salute Mentale, Fisica e Medicina Preventiva, Clinica di Neuropsichiatria Infantile, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - G Cirillo
- Prima Divisione di Neurologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Chirurgiche, Neurologiche, Metaboliche e dell'Invecchiamento, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - S Perrotta
- Dipartimento della Donna, del Bambino e della Chirurgia generale e specialistica, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - G Piluso
- Dipartimento di Biochimica, Biofisica e Patologia Generale, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
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119
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van Trier DC, Rinne T, Noordam K, Draaisma JM, van der Burgt I. Variable phenotypic expression in a large Noonan syndrome family segregating a novel SOS1 mutation. Am J Med Genet A 2017; 173:2968-2972. [PMID: 28884940 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Noonan syndrome (NS) is an autosomal dominant multisystem condition with a variable phenotype. The most characteristic features are short stature, congenital heart defects, and recognizable facial features. Mutations in SOS1 are found in 10-20% of patients with NS. Different genotype-phenotype studies mention correlations between SOS1 mutations and some features, such as ectodermal abnormalities and specific facial features. We present a large NS family with a novel pathogenic mutation; SOS1 c.3134C>G, p.Pro1045Arg. Ten family members with NS are included with genetically confirmed mutation and clinical evaluation. The phenotype shows a broad spectrum from only few suggestive features for NS in the older generation to typical features in the youngest generation. We report on a novel pathogenic mutation in the SOS1 gene and a large clinical spectrum in a NS family with ten genetically confirmed affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothée C van Trier
- Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Center Amalia Children's Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tuula Rinne
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kees Noordam
- Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Center Amalia Children's Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jos M Draaisma
- Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Center Amalia Children's Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ineke van der Burgt
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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120
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Kruszka P, Porras AR, Addissie YA, Moresco A, Medrano S, Mok GTK, Leung GKC, Tekendo-Ngongang C, Uwineza A, Thong MK, Muthukumarasamy P, Honey E, Ekure EN, Sokunbi OJ, Kalu N, Jones KL, Kaplan JD, Abdul-Rahman OA, Vincent LM, Love A, Belhassan K, Ouldim K, El Bouchikhi I, Shukla A, Girisha KM, Patil SJ, Sirisena ND, Dissanayake VHW, Paththinige CS, Mishra R, Klein-Zighelboim E, Gallardo Jugo BE, Chávez Pastor M, Abarca-Barriga HH, Skinner SA, Prijoles EJ, Badoe E, Gill AD, Shotelersuk V, Smpokou P, Kisling MS, Ferreira CR, Mutesa L, Megarbane A, Kline AD, Kimball A, Okello E, Lwabi P, Aliku T, Tenywa E, Boonchooduang N, Tanpaiboon P, Richieri-Costa A, Wonkam A, Chung BHY, Stevenson RE, Summar M, Mandal K, Phadke SR, Obregon MG, Linguraru MG, Muenke M. Noonan syndrome in diverse populations. Am J Med Genet A 2017; 173:2323-2334. [PMID: 28748642 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Noonan syndrome (NS) is a common genetic syndrome associated with gain of function variants in genes in the Ras/MAPK pathway. The phenotype of NS has been well characterized in populations of European descent with less attention given to other groups. In this study, individuals from diverse populations with NS were evaluated clinically and by facial analysis technology. Clinical data and images from 125 individuals with NS were obtained from 20 countries with an average age of 8 years and female composition of 46%. Individuals were grouped into categories of African descent (African), Asian, Latin American, and additional/other. Across these different population groups, NS was phenotypically similar with only 2 of 21 clinical elements showing a statistically significant difference. The most common clinical characteristics found in all population groups included widely spaced eyes and low-set ears in 80% or greater of participants, short stature in more than 70%, and pulmonary stenosis in roughly half of study individuals. Using facial analysis technology, we compared 161 Caucasian, African, Asian, and Latin American individuals with NS with 161 gender and age matched controls and found that sensitivity was equal to or greater than 94% for all groups, and specificity was equal to or greater than 90%. In summary, we present consistent clinical findings from global populations with NS and additionally demonstrate how facial analysis technology can support clinicians in making accurate NS diagnoses. This work will assist in earlier detection and in increasing recognition of NS throughout the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Kruszka
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Antonio R Porras
- Children's National Health System, Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Yonit A Addissie
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Angélica Moresco
- Servicio de Genética, Hospital de Pediatría Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sofia Medrano
- Servicio de Genética, Hospital de Pediatría Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gary T K Mok
- LKS Faculty of Medicine, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gordon K C Leung
- LKS Faculty of Medicine, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Annette Uwineza
- Center of Human Genetics, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Meow-Keong Thong
- Faculty of Medicine,Department of Paediatrics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Engela Honey
- Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Ekanem N Ekure
- Department of Paediatrics College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Ogochukwu J Sokunbi
- Department of Paediatrics College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Nnenna Kalu
- Department of Paediatrics College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Kelly L Jones
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Julie D Kaplan
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Omar A Abdul-Rahman
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | | | | | - Khadija Belhassan
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,Medical Genetics and Oncogenetics Unit, Hassan II University Hospital, Fez, Morocco
| | - Karim Ouldim
- Medical Genetics and Oncogenetics Unit, Hassan II University Hospital, Fez, Morocco
| | - Ihssane El Bouchikhi
- Medical Genetics and Oncogenetics Unit, Hassan II University Hospital, Fez, Morocco.,Faculty of Sciences and Techniques,Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology, University of Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, Fez, Morocco
| | - Anju Shukla
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, India
| | - Katta M Girisha
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, India
| | | | - Nirmala D Sirisena
- Faculty of Medicine, Human Genetics Unit, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | | | | | - Rupesh Mishra
- Faculty of Medicine, Human Genetics Unit, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Eben Badoe
- School of Medicine and Dentistry,Department of Child Health, College of Health Sciences, Accra, Ghana
| | - Ashleigh D Gill
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Vorasuk Shotelersuk
- Faculty of Medicine,Center of Excellence for Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Patroula Smpokou
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Children's National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Monisha S Kisling
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Children's National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Carlos R Ferreira
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Children's National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Leon Mutesa
- Center of Human Genetics, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
| | | | - Antonie D Kline
- Harvey Institute for Human Genetics, Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Amy Kimball
- Harvey Institute for Human Genetics, Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | | | | | - Emmanuel Tenywa
- Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala, Uganda.,Jinja Regional Referral Hospital, Jinja, Uganda
| | - Nonglak Boonchooduang
- Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Chiangmai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Pranoot Tanpaiboon
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Children's National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Antonio Richieri-Costa
- Hospital for the Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, São Paulo University, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Ambroise Wonkam
- Division of Human Genetics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Brian H Y Chung
- LKS Faculty of Medicine, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Marshall Summar
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Children's National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Kausik Mandal
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shubha R Phadke
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - María G Obregon
- Servicio de Genética, Hospital de Pediatría Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marius G Linguraru
- Children's National Health System, Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Maximilian Muenke
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Ali MM, Chasen ST, Norton ME. Testing for Noonan syndrome after increased nuchal translucency. Prenat Diagn 2017; 37:750-753. [PMID: 28569377 DOI: 10.1002/pd.5076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to report the prevalence of Noonan syndrome (NS) in a cohort of fetuses that presented with increased nuchal translucency (NT) thickness in the first trimester of pregnancy. METHODS This is a retrospective chart review. INCLUSION CRITERIA (1) first trimester NT measurement ≥3 mm, (2) normal karyotype by either a CVS or an amniocentesis procedure, and (3) prenatal molecular genetic testing for NS completed. Results with known pathogenic variants were considered positive, while those with variants of unknown clinical significance, or with no variants, were considered negative. RESULTS A total of 804 fetuses had an NT measurement of ≥3 mm, with a median NT thickness of 3.6 mm. Of these, 302 had karyotyping by CVS or amniocentesis, 200 (66.23%) with normal results. Of fetuses with a normal karyotype, 39 with a median NT thickness of 4.0 mm had a NS gene sequencing panel done, and 161 fetuses with a mean NT thickness of 4.3 mm were not tested for NS (p = 0.05). Of the 39 fetuses who were tested for NS, four (10.3%) had variants consistent with this diagnosis. CONCLUSION In euploid fetuses, increased NT is associated with a 10% risk of NS. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwan M Ali
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephen T Chasen
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mary E Norton
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Matsuda T, Jeong JI, Ikeda S, Yamamoto T, Gao S, Babu GJ, Zhai P, Del Re DP. H-Ras Isoform Mediates Protection Against Pressure Overload-Induced Cardiac Dysfunction in Part Through Activation of AKT. Circ Heart Fail 2017; 10:CIRCHEARTFAILURE.116.003658. [PMID: 28193718 DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.116.003658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In general, Ras proteins are thought to promote cardiac hypertrophy, an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease and heart failure. However, the contribution of different Ras isoforms has not been investigated. The objective of this study was to define the role of H- and K-Ras in modulating stress-induced myocardial hypertrophy and failure. METHODS AND RESULTS We used H- and K-Ras gene knockout mice and subjected them to pressure overload to induce cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction. We observed a worsened cardiac phenotype in Hras-/- mice, while outcomes were improved in Kras+/- mice. We also used a neonatal rat cardiomyocyte culture system to elucidate the mechanisms underlying these observations. Our findings demonstrate that H-Ras, but not K-Ras, promotes cardiomyocyte hypertrophy both in vivo and in vitro. This response was mediated in part through the phosphoinositide 3-kinase-AKT signaling pathway. Adeno-associated virus-mediated increase in AKT activation improved the cardiac function in pressure overloaded Hras null hearts in vivo. These findings further support engagement of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase-AKT signaling axis by H-Ras. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these findings indicate that H- and K-Ras have divergent effects on cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure in response to pressure overload stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahisa Matsuda
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institute and the Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
| | - Jae Im Jeong
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institute and the Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
| | - Shohei Ikeda
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institute and the Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
| | - Takanobu Yamamoto
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institute and the Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
| | - Shumin Gao
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institute and the Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
| | - Gopal J Babu
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institute and the Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
| | - Peiyong Zhai
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institute and the Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
| | - Dominic P Del Re
- From the Cardiovascular Research Institute and the Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ.
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Ueda K, Yaoita M, Niihori T, Aoki Y, Okamoto N. Craniosynostosis in patients with RASopathies: Accumulating clinical evidence for expanding the phenotype. Am J Med Genet A 2017. [PMID: 28650561 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
RASopathies are phenotypically overlapping genetic disorders caused by dysregulation of the RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. RASopathies include Noonan syndrome, cardio-facio-cutaneous (CFC) syndrome, Costello syndrome, Neurofibromatosis type 1, Legius syndrome, Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines, Noonan-like syndrome, hereditary gingival fibromatosis, and capillary malformation/arteriovenous malformation syndrome. Recently, six patients with craniosynostosis and Noonan syndrome involving KRAS mutations were described in a review, and a patient with craniosynostosis and Noonan syndrome involving a SHOC2 mutation has also been reported. Here, we describe patients with craniosynostosis and Noonan syndrome due to de novo mutations in PTPN11 and patients with craniosynostosis and CFC syndrome due to de novo mutations in BRAF or KRAS. All of these patients had cranial deformities in addition to the typical phenotypes of CFC syndrome and Noonan syndrome. In RASopathy, patients with cranial deformities, further assessments may be necessary to look for craniosynostosis. Future studies should attempt to elucidate the pathogenic mechanism responsible for craniosynostosis mediated by the RAS/MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimiko Ueda
- Department of Medical Genetics, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masako Yaoita
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Niihori
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoko Aoki
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Okamoto
- Department of Medical Genetics, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, Osaka, Japan
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Abstract
In this article we discuss the occurrence of myeloid neoplasms in patients with a range of syndromes that are due to germline defects of the RAS signaling pathway and in patients with trisomy 21. Both RAS mutations and trisomy 21 are common somatic events contributing to leukemogenis. Thus, the increased leukemia risk observed in children affected by these conditions is biologically highly plausible. Children with myeloid neoplasms in the context of these syndromes require different treatments than children with sporadic myeloid neoplasms and provide an opportunity to study the role of trisomy 21 and RAS signaling during leukemogenesis and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian P Kratz
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Shai Izraeli
- The Genes, Development and Environment Institute for Pediatric Research, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel; Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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125
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Villani A, Greer MLC, Kalish JM, Nakagawara A, Nathanson KL, Pajtler KW, Pfister SM, Walsh MF, Wasserman JD, Zelley K, Kratz CP. Recommendations for Cancer Surveillance in Individuals with RASopathies and Other Rare Genetic Conditions with Increased Cancer Risk. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:e83-e90. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-0631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Narayanan DL, Pandey H, Moirangthem A, Mandal K, Gupta R, Puri RD, Patil SJ, Phadke SR. Hotspots in PTPN11 Gene Among Indian Children With Noonan Syndrome. Indian Pediatr 2017; 54:638-643. [PMID: 28607217 DOI: 10.1007/s13312-017-1125-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test for PTPN11 mutations in clinically diagnosed cases of Noonan syndrome. METHODS 17 individuals with clinical diagnosis of Noonan syndrome were included in the study. Sanger sequencing of all the 15 exons of PTPN11 was done. A genotype-phenotype correlation was attempted. RESULTS Mutation in PTPN11 was detected in 11 out of 17 (64.7%) patients with Noonan syndrome; 72% had mutation in exon 3 and 27 % had mutation in exon 13. CONCLUSION PTPN11 mutation accounts for 64.7% of cases with clinical features of Noonan syndrome in India. Majority of the mutations are in exon 3 and exon 13 of PTPN11, making them the hotspots in Indian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanya Lakshmi Narayanan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh; *GRIPMER and Institute of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi; #Clinical Genetics, Narayana Hrudayalaya Hospitals, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. Correspondence to: Dr Kausik Mandal, Associate Professor, Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Higgins EM, Bos JM, Mason-Suares H, Tester DJ, Ackerman JP, MacRae CA, Sol-Church K, Gripp KW, Urrutia R, Ackerman MJ. Elucidation of MRAS-mediated Noonan syndrome with cardiac hypertrophy. JCI Insight 2017; 2:e91225. [PMID: 28289718 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.91225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Noonan syndrome (NS; MIM 163950) is an autosomal dominant disorder and a member of a family of developmental disorders termed "RASopathies," which are caused mainly by gain-of-function mutations in genes encoding RAS/MAPK signaling pathway proteins. Whole exome sequencing (WES) and trio-based genomic triangulation of a 15-year-old female with a clinical diagnosis of NS and concomitant cardiac hypertrophy and her unaffected parents identified a de novo variant in MRAS-encoded RAS-related protein 3 as the cause of her disease. Mutation analysis using in silico mutation prediction tools and molecular dynamics simulations predicted the identified variant, p.Gly23Val-MRAS, to be damaging to normal protein function and adversely affect effector interaction regions and the GTP-binding site. Subsequent ectopic expression experiments revealed a 40-fold increase in MRAS activation for p.Gly23Val-MRAS compared with WT-MRAS. Additional biochemical assays demonstrated enhanced activation of both RAS/MAPK pathway signaling and downstream gene expression in cells expressing p.Gly23Val-MRAS. Mutational analysis of MRAS in a cohort of 109 unrelated patients with phenotype-positive/genotype-negative NS and cardiac hypertrophy yielded another patient with a sporadic de novo MRAS variant (p.Thr68Ile, c.203C>T). Herein, we describe the discovery of mutations in MRAS in patients with NS and cardiac hypertrophy, establishing MRAS as the newest NS with cardiac hypertrophy-susceptibility gene.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J Martijn Bos
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Windland Smith Rice Sudden Death Genomics Laboratory.,Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Heather Mason-Suares
- Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Partners Healthcare Personalized Medicine, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David J Tester
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Windland Smith Rice Sudden Death Genomics Laboratory.,Department of Cardiovascular Diseases/Division of Heart Rhythm Services, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jaeger P Ackerman
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Windland Smith Rice Sudden Death Genomics Laboratory
| | - Calum A MacRae
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Karen W Gripp
- Center for Applied Clinical Genomics and.,Division of Medical Genetics, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
| | - Raul Urrutia
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biophysics, and Medicine, Laboratory of Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics, Epigenomics Translational Program, Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Michael J Ackerman
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Windland Smith Rice Sudden Death Genomics Laboratory.,Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Cardiovascular Diseases/Division of Heart Rhythm Services, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Dimopoulos A, Sicko RJ, Kay DM, Rigler SL, Druschel CM, Caggana M, Browne ML, Fan R, Romitti PA, Brody LC, Mills JL. Rare copy number variants in a population-based investigation of hypoplastic right heart syndrome. Birth Defects Res 2017; 109:8-15. [PMID: 28009100 PMCID: PMC5388571 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoplastic right heart syndrome (HRHS) is a rare congenital defect characterized by underdevelopment of the right heart structures commonly accompanied by an atrial septal defect. Familial HRHS reports suggest genetic factor involvement. We examined the role of copy number variants (CNVs) in HRHS. METHODS We genotyped 32 HRHS cases identified from all New York State live births (1998-2005) using Illumina HumanOmni2.5 microarrays. CNVs were called with PennCNV and prioritized if they were ≥20 Kb, contained ≥10 SNPs and had minimal overlap with CNVs from in-house controls, the Database of Genomic Variants, HapMap3, and Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia database. RESULTS We identified 28 CNVs in 17 cases; several encompassed genes important for right heart development. One case had a 2p16-2p23 duplication spanning LBH, a limb and heart development transcription factor. Lbh mis-expression results in right ventricular hypoplasia and pulmonary valve defects. This duplication also encompassed SOS1, a factor associated with pulmonary valve stenosis in Noonan syndrome. Sos1-/- mice display thin and poorly trabeculated ventricles. In another case, we identified a 1.5 Mb deletion associated with Williams-Beuren syndrome, a disorder that includes valvular malformations. A third case had a 24 Kb deletion upstream of the TGFβ ligand ITGB8. Embryos genetically null for Itgb8, and its intracellular interactant Band 4.1B, display lethal cardiac phenotypes. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first study of CNVs in HRHS. We identified several rare CNVs that overlap genes related to right ventricular wall and valve development, suggesting that genetics plays a role in HRHS and providing clues for further investigation. Birth Defects Research 109:16-26, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aggeliki Dimopoulos
- Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Robert J. Sicko
- Division of Genetics, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY
| | - Denise M. Kay
- Division of Genetics, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY
| | - Shannon L. Rigler
- Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Charlotte M. Druschel
- Congenital Malformations Registry, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany School of Public Health, Rensselaer, New York, USA
| | - Michele Caggana
- Division of Genetics, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY
| | - Marilyn L. Browne
- Congenital Malformations Registry, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany School of Public Health, Rensselaer, New York, USA
| | - Ruzong Fan
- Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Paul A. Romitti
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Lawrence C. Brody
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - James L. Mills
- Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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Mitra I, Lavillaureix A, Yeh E, Traglia M, Tsang K, Bearden CE, Rauen KA, Weiss LA. Reverse Pathway Genetic Approach Identifies Epistasis in Autism Spectrum Disorders. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006516. [PMID: 28076348 PMCID: PMC5226683 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although gene-gene interaction, or epistasis, plays a large role in complex traits in model organisms, genome-wide by genome-wide searches for two-way interaction have limited power in human studies. We thus used knowledge of a biological pathway in order to identify a contribution of epistasis to autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) in humans, a reverse-pathway genetic approach. Based on previous observation of increased ASD symptoms in Mendelian disorders of the Ras/MAPK pathway (RASopathies), we showed that common SNPs in RASopathy genes show enrichment for association signal in GWAS (P = 0.02). We then screened genome-wide for interactors with RASopathy gene SNPs and showed strong enrichment in ASD-affected individuals (P < 2.2 x 10-16), with a number of pairwise interactions meeting genome-wide criteria for significance. Finally, we utilized quantitative measures of ASD symptoms in RASopathy-affected individuals to perform modifier mapping via GWAS. One top region overlapped between these independent approaches, and we showed dysregulation of a gene in this region, GPR141, in a RASopathy neural cell line. We thus used orthogonal approaches to provide strong evidence for a contribution of epistasis to ASDs, confirm a role for the Ras/MAPK pathway in idiopathic ASDs, and to identify a convergent candidate gene that may interact with the Ras/MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileena Mitra
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Alinoë Lavillaureix
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculty of Medicine, Paris, France
| | - Erika Yeh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Michela Traglia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kathryn Tsang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Carrie E. Bearden
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Katherine A. Rauen
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Lauren A. Weiss
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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Yapijakis C, Pachis N, Voumvourakis C. Neurofibromatosis-Noonan Syndrome: A Possible Paradigm of the Combination of Genetic and Epigenetic Factors. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 987:151-159. [PMID: 28971455 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-57379-3_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome (NFNS) is a clinical entity possessing traits of autosomal dominant disorders neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and Noonan syndrome (NS). Germline mutations that disrupt the RAS/MAPK pathway are involved in the pathogenesis of both NS and NF1. In light of a studied Greek family, a new theory for etiological pathogenesis of NFNS is suggested. The NFNS phenotype may be the final result of a combination of a genetic factor (a mutation in the NF1 gene) and an environmental factor with the epigenetic effects of muscle hypotonia (such as hydantoin in the reported Greek family), causing hypoplasia of the face and micrognathia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Yapijakis
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Attikon Hospital, Athens, Greece. .,"Cephalogenetics" Genetic Center, Athens, Greece. .,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece.
| | - Nikos Pachis
- "Cephalogenetics" Genetic Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Costas Voumvourakis
- 2nd Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Attikon Hospital, Athens, Greece
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131
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Grant MG, Patterson VL, Grimes DT, Burdine RD. Modeling Syndromic Congenital Heart Defects in Zebrafish. Curr Top Dev Biol 2017; 124:1-40. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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132
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Muntean I, Togănel R, Benedek T. Genetics of Congenital Heart Disease: Past and Present. Biochem Genet 2016; 55:105-123. [PMID: 27807680 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-016-9780-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Congenital heart disease is the most common congenital anomaly, representing an important cause of infant morbidity and mortality. Congenital heart disease represents a group of heart anomalies that include septal defects, valve defects, and outflow tract anomalies. The exact genetic, epigenetic, or environmental basis of congenital heart disease remains poorly understood, although the exact mechanism is likely multifactorial. However, the development of new technologies including copy number variants, single-nucleotide polymorphism, next-generation sequencing are accelerating the detection of genetic causes of heart anomalies. Recent studies suggest a role of small non-coding RNAs, micro RNA, in congenital heart disease. The recently described epigenetic factors have also been found to contribute to cardiac morphogenesis. In this review, we present past and recent genetic discoveries in congenital heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iolanda Muntean
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases and Transplantation, Clinic of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Tîrgu Mureş, 50 Gh Marinescu St, 540136, Tirgu Mures, Romania
| | - Rodica Togănel
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases and Transplantation, Clinic of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Tîrgu Mureş, 50 Gh Marinescu St, 540136, Tirgu Mures, Romania.
| | - Theodora Benedek
- Clinic of Cardiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Tîrgu Mureş, Tirgu Mures, Romania
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133
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Christensen SM, Tu HL, Jun JE, Alvarez S, Triplet MG, Iwig JS, Yadav KK, Bar-Sagi D, Roose JP, Groves JT. One-way membrane trafficking of SOS in receptor-triggered Ras activation. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2016; 23:838-46. [PMID: 27501536 PMCID: PMC5016256 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.3275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
SOS is a key activator of the small GTPase Ras. In cells, SOS-Ras signaling is thought to be initiated predominantly by membrane recruitment of SOS via the adaptor Grb2 and balanced by rapidly reversible Grb2-SOS binding kinetics. However, SOS has multiple protein and lipid interactions that provide linkage to the membrane. In reconstituted-membrane experiments, these Grb2-independent interactions were sufficient to retain human SOS on the membrane for many minutes, during which a single SOS molecule could processively activate thousands of Ras molecules. These observations raised questions concerning how receptors maintain control of SOS in cells and how membrane-recruited SOS is ultimately released. We addressed these questions in quantitative assays of reconstituted SOS-deficient chicken B-cell signaling systems combined with single-molecule measurements in supported membranes. These studies revealed an essentially one-way trafficking process in which membrane-recruited SOS remains trapped on the membrane and continuously activates Ras until being actively removed via endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sune M. Christensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Hsiung-Lin Tu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Jesse E. Jun
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Steven Alvarez
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Meredith G. Triplet
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Iwig
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Kamlesh K. Yadav
- Department of Biochemistry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Dafna Bar-Sagi
- Department of Biochemistry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Jeroen P. Roose
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jay T. Groves
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
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134
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El Bouchikhi I, Belhassan K, Moufid FZ, Iraqui Houssaini M, Bouguenouch L, Samri I, Atmani S, Ouldim K. Noonan syndrome-causing genes: Molecular update and an assessment of the mutation rate. Int J Pediatr Adolesc Med 2016; 3:133-142. [PMID: 30805484 PMCID: PMC6372459 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpam.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Noonan syndrome is a common autosomal dominant disorder characterized by short stature, congenital heart disease and facial dysmorphia with an incidence of 1/1000 to 2500 live births. Up to now, several genes have been proven to be involved in the disturbance of the transduction signal through the RAS-MAP Kinase pathway and the manifestation of Noonan syndrome. The first gene described was PTPN11, followed by SOS1, RAF1, KRAS, BRAF, NRAS, MAP2K1, and RIT1, and recently SOS2, LZTR1, and A2ML1, among others. Progressively, the physiopathology and molecular etiology of most signs of Noonan syndrome have been demonstrated, and inheritance patterns as well as genetic counseling have been established. In this review, we summarize the data concerning clinical features frequently observed in Noonan syndrome, and then, we describe the molecular etiology as well as the physiopathology of most Noonan syndrome-causing genes. In the second part of this review, we assess the mutational rate of Noonan syndrome-causing genes reported up to now in most screening studies. This review should give clinicians as well as geneticists a full view of the molecular aspects of Noonan syndrome and the authentic prevalence of the mutational events of its causing-genes. It will also facilitate laying the groundwork for future molecular diagnosis research, and the development of novel treatment strategies.
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Key Words
- CDC25, cell division cycle 25
- CHD, congenital heart defects
- CR, conserved region
- CRD, cysteine-rich domain
- GAP, GTPase activating protein
- GDP, guanosine-DiPhosphate
- GEF, guanine exchange factor
- GH, growth hormone
- GTP, guanosine-TriPhosphate
- HCM, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
- IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor I
- MAP kinase signaling pathways
- Molecular etiology
- Mutation rate
- Noonan syndrome
- PTPN11
- RAS family
- RBD, RAS binding domain
- REM, RAS exchange motif
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihssane El Bouchikhi
- Medical Genetics and Oncogenetics Laboratory, HASSAN II University Hospital, BP 1835, Atlas, Fez 30000, Morocco.,Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University of Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, B.P. 2202, Route d'Imouzzer, Fez 30000, Morocco
| | - Khadija Belhassan
- Medical Genetics and Oncogenetics Laboratory, HASSAN II University Hospital, BP 1835, Atlas, Fez 30000, Morocco
| | - Fatima Zohra Moufid
- Medical Genetics and Oncogenetics Laboratory, HASSAN II University Hospital, BP 1835, Atlas, Fez 30000, Morocco.,Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University of Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, B.P. 2202, Route d'Imouzzer, Fez 30000, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Iraqui Houssaini
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University of Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, B.P. 2202, Route d'Imouzzer, Fez 30000, Morocco
| | - Laila Bouguenouch
- Medical Genetics and Oncogenetics Laboratory, HASSAN II University Hospital, BP 1835, Atlas, Fez 30000, Morocco
| | - Imane Samri
- Medical Genetics and Oncogenetics Laboratory, HASSAN II University Hospital, BP 1835, Atlas, Fez 30000, Morocco
| | - Samir Atmani
- Medico-Surgical Unit of Cardio-pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, HASSAN II University Hospital, BP 1835, Atlas, Fez 30000, Morocco
| | - Karim Ouldim
- Medical Genetics and Oncogenetics Laboratory, HASSAN II University Hospital, BP 1835, Atlas, Fez 30000, Morocco
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135
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Louros SR, Osterweil EK. Perturbed proteostasis in autism spectrum disorders. J Neurochem 2016; 139:1081-1092. [PMID: 27365114 PMCID: PMC5215415 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic changes in synaptic strength rely on de novo protein synthesis and protein degradation by the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS). Disruption of either of these cellular processes will result in significant impairments in synaptic plasticity and memory formation. Mutations in several genes encoding regulators of mRNA translation and members of the UPS have been associated with an increased risk for the development of autism spectrum disorders. It is possible that these mutations result in a similar imbalance in protein homeostasis (proteostasis) at the synapse. This review will summarize recent work investigating the role of the UPS in synaptic plasticity at glutamatergic synapses, and propose that dysfunctional proteostasis is a common consequence of several genetic mutations linked to autism spectrum disorders.
Dynamic changes in synaptic strength rely on de novo protein synthesis and protein degradation by the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS). Disruption of either of these cellular processes will result in significant impairments in synaptic plasticity and memory formation. Mutations in several genes encoding regulators of mRNA translation (i.e. FMR1) and protein degradation (i.e. UBE3A) have been associated with an increased risk for autism spectrum disorders and intellectual disability (ASD/ID). These mutations similarly disrupt protein homeostasis (proteostasis). Compensatory changes that reset the rate of proteostasis may contribute to the neurological symptoms of ASD/ID. This review summarizes recent work investigating the role of the UPS in synaptic plasticity at glutamatergic synapses, and proposes that dysfunctional proteostasis is a common consequence of several genetic mutations linked to ASD.
This article is part of a mini review series: “Synaptic Function and Dysfunction in Brain Diseases”.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana R Louros
- Centre for Integrative Physiology/Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Emily K Osterweil
- Centre for Integrative Physiology/Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
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136
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Ostrem JML, Shokat KM. Direct small-molecule inhibitors of KRAS: from structural insights to mechanism-based design. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2016; 15:771-785. [PMID: 27469033 DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2016.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
KRAS is the most frequently mutated oncogene in human cancer. In addition to holding this distinction, unsuccessful attempts to target this protein have led to the characterization of RAS as 'undruggable'. However, recent advances in technology and novel approaches to drug discovery have renewed hope that a direct KRAS inhibitor may be on the horizon. In this Review, we provide an in-depth analysis of the structure, dynamics, mutational activation and inactivation, and signalling mechanisms of RAS. From this perspective, we then consider potential mechanisms of action for effective RAS inhibitors. Finally, we examine each of the many recent reports of direct RAS inhibitors and discuss promising avenues for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M L Ostrem
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Kevan M Shokat
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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137
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Tidyman WE, Rauen KA. Pathogenetics of the RASopathies. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:R123-R132. [PMID: 27412009 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The RASopathies are defined as a group of medical genetics syndromes that are caused by germ-line mutations in genes that encode components or regulators of the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Taken together, the RASopathies represent one of the most prevalent groups of malformation syndromes affecting greater than 1 in 1,000 individuals. The Ras/MAPK pathway has been well studied in the context of cancer as it plays essential roles in growth, differentiation, cell cycle, senescence and apoptosis, all of which are also critical to normal development. The consequence of germ-line dysregulation leads to phenotypic alterations of development. RASopathies can be caused by several pathogenetic mechanisms that ultimately impact or alter the normal function and regulation of the MAPK pathway. These pathogenetic mechanisms can include functional alteration of GTPases, Ras GTPase-activating proteins, Ras guanine exchange factors, kinases, scaffolding or adaptor proteins, ubiquitin ligases, phosphatases and pathway inhibitors. Although these mechanisms are diverse, the common underlying biochemical phenotype shared by all the RASopathies is Ras/MAPK pathway activation. This results in the overlapping phenotypic features among these syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Tidyman
- Division of Behavioral and Developmental Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics UC Davis MIND Institute, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Katherine A Rauen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genomic Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA UC Davis MIND Institute, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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138
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Shi T, Niepel M, McDermott JE, Gao Y, Nicora CD, Chrisler WB, Markillie LM, Petyuk VA, Smith RD, Rodland KD, Sorger PK, Qian WJ, Wiley HS. Conservation of protein abundance patterns reveals the regulatory architecture of the EGFR-MAPK pathway. Sci Signal 2016; 9:rs6. [PMID: 27405981 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaf0891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Various genetic mutations associated with cancer are known to alter cell signaling, but it is not clear whether they dysregulate signaling pathways by altering the abundance of pathway proteins. Using a combination of RNA sequencing and ultrasensitive targeted proteomics, we defined the primary components-16 core proteins and 10 feedback regulators-of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in normal human mammary epithelial cells and then quantified their absolute abundance across a panel of normal and breast cancer cell lines as well as fibroblasts. We found that core pathway proteins were present at very similar concentrations across all cell types, with a variance similar to that of proteins previously shown to display conserved abundances across species. In contrast, EGFR and transcriptionally controlled feedback regulators were present at highly variable concentrations. The absolute abundance of most core proteins was between 50,000 and 70,000 copies per cell, but the adaptors SOS1, SOS2, and GAB1 were found at far lower amounts (2000 to 5000 copies per cell). MAPK signaling showed saturation in all cells between 3000 and 10,000 occupied EGFRs, consistent with the idea that adaptors limit signaling. Our results suggest that the relative stoichiometry of core MAPK pathway proteins is very similar across different cell types, with cell-specific differences mostly restricted to variable amounts of feedback regulators and receptors. The low abundance of adaptors relative to EGFR could be responsible for previous observations that only a fraction of total cell surface EGFR is capable of rapid endocytosis, high-affinity binding, and mitogenic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tujin Shi
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Mario Niepel
- HMS LINCS Center and Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jason E McDermott
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Yuqian Gao
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Carrie D Nicora
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - William B Chrisler
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Lye M Markillie
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352 USA
| | - Vladislav A Petyuk
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Richard D Smith
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA. Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352 USA
| | - Karin D Rodland
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Peter K Sorger
- HMS LINCS Center and Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wei-Jun Qian
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - H Steven Wiley
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352 USA.
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139
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Abstract
The Ras/mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is essential in the regulation of cell cycle, differentiation, growth, cell senescence and apoptosis, all of which are critical to normal development. A class of neurodevelopmental disorders, RASopathies, is caused by germline mutations in genes of the Ras/MAPK pathway. Through the use of whole exome sequencing and targeted sequencing of selected genes in cohorts of panel-negative RASopathy patients, several new genes have been identified. These include: RIT1, SOS2, RASA2, RRAS and SYNGAP1, that likely represent new, albeit rare, causative RASopathy genes. In addition, A2ML1, LZTR1, MYST4, SPRY1 and MAP3K8 may represent new rare genes for RASopathies, but, additional functional studies regarding the mutations are warranted. In addition, recent reports have demonstrated that chromosomal copy number variation in regions encompassing Ras/MAPK pathway genes may be a novel pathogenetic mechanism expanding the RASopathies.
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140
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Nistal M, Paniagua R, González-Peramato P, Reyes-Múgica M. Perspectives in Pediatric Pathology, Chapter 17. Other Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadisms. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2016; 19:278-90. [PMID: 26809023 DOI: 10.2350/16-01-1755-pb.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Nistal
- 1 Department of Pathology, Hospital La Paz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Paniagua
- 2 Department of Cell Biology, Universidad de Alcala, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Miguel Reyes-Múgica
- 3 Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
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141
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Zhao B, Pritchard JR. Inherited Disease Genetics Improves the Identification of Cancer-Associated Genes. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006081. [PMID: 27304678 PMCID: PMC4909226 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of biologically significant variants in cancer genomes is critical to therapeutic discovery, but it is limited by the statistical power needed to discern driver from passenger. Independent biological data can be used to filter cancer exomes and increase statistical power. Large genetic databases for inherited diseases are uniquely suited to this task because they contain specific amino acid alterations with known pathogenicity and molecular mechanisms. However, no rigorous method to overlay this information onto the cancer exome exists. Here, we present a computational methodology that overlays any variant database onto the somatic mutations in all cancer exomes. We validate the computation experimentally and identify novel associations in a re-analysis of 7362 cancer exomes. This analysis identified activating SOS1 mutations associated with Noonan syndrome as significantly altered in melanoma and the first kinase-activating mutations in ACVR1 associated with adult tumors. Beyond a filter, significant variants found in both rare cancers and rare inherited diseases increase the unmet medical need for therapeutics that target these variants and may bootstrap drug discovery efforts in orphan indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyang Zhao
- Computational and Systems Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Discovery/Translational Biology, ARIAD Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (BZ); (JP)
| | - Justin R. Pritchard
- Discovery/Translational Biology, ARIAD Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (BZ); (JP)
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142
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Smeets CJLM, Verbeek DS. Reply: SCA23 and prodynorphin: is it time for gene retraction? Brain 2016; 139:e43. [PMID: 27190014 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cleo J L M Smeets
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dineke S Verbeek
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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143
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Kouz K, Lissewski C, Spranger S, Mitter D, Riess A, Lopez-Gonzalez V, Lüttgen S, Aydin H, von Deimling F, Evers C, Hahn A, Hempel M, Issa U, Kahlert AK, Lieb A, Villavicencio-Lorini P, Ballesta-Martinez MJ, Nampoothiri S, Ovens-Raeder A, Puchmajerová A, Satanovskij R, Seidel H, Unkelbach S, Zabel B, Kutsche K, Zenker M. Genotype and phenotype in patients with Noonan syndrome and a RIT1 mutation. Genet Med 2016; 18:1226-1234. [DOI: 10.1038/gim.2016.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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144
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Christensen SM, Triplet MG, Rhodes C, Iwig JS, Tu HL, Stamou D, Groves JT. Monitoring the Waiting Time Sequence of Single Ras GTPase Activation Events Using Liposome Functionalized Zero-Mode Waveguides. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:2890-5. [PMID: 27013033 PMCID: PMC5515077 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b00969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Activation of small GTPases of the Ras superfamily by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) is a key step in numerous cell signaling processes. Unveiling the detailed molecular mechanisms of GEF-GTPase signaling interactions is of great importance due to their central roles in cell biology, including critical disease states, and their potential as therapeutic targets. Here we present an assay to monitor individual Ras activation events catalyzed by single molecules of the GEF Son of Sevenless (SOS) in the natural membrane environment. The assay employs zero-mode waveguide (ZMW) nanostructures containing a single Ras-functionalized liposome. The ZMWs facilitate highly localized excitation of fluorophores in the vicinity of the liposome membrane, allowing direct observation of individual Ras activation events as single SOS enzymes catalyze exchange of unlabeled nucleotides bound to Ras with fluorescently labeled nucleotides from solution. The system is compatible with continuous recording of long sequences of individual enzymatic turnover events over hour-long time scales. The single turnover waiting time sequence is a molecular footprint that details the temporal characteristics of the system. Data reported here reveal long-lived activity states that correspond to well-defined conformers of SOS at the membrane. Liposome functionalized ZMWs allow for studies of nucleotide exchange reactions at single GTPase resolution, providing a platform to gauge the mechanisms of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sune M. Christensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Meredith G. Triplet
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Christopher Rhodes
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jeffrey S. Iwig
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Hsiung-Lin Tu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Dimitrios Stamou
- Department of Chemistry and Nano-Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jay T. Groves
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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145
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Jeong I, Kang E, Cho JH, Kim GH, Lee BH, Choi JH, Yoo HW. Long-term efficacy of recombinant human growth hormone therapy in short-statured patients with Noonan syndrome. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2016; 21:26-30. [PMID: 27104176 PMCID: PMC4835558 DOI: 10.6065/apem.2016.21.1.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Noonan syndrome (NS) is characterized by short stature, heart anomalies, developmental delays, dysmorphic features, cryptorchidism, and coagulation defects. Several studies reported the short-term effects of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) treatment on the improvement of height. This study was performed to evaluate the long-term efficacy of rhGH in children with NS in Korea. METHODS This study included 15 prepubertal NS children who received rhGH subcutaneously at a dose of 50-75 µg/kg/day for 6 days a week for at least >3 years. Preand posttreatment data, such as height, weight, bone age, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and IGF binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) levels, were collected every 6 months. RESULTS Chronologic age and bone age at the start of treatment were 7.97±1.81 and 5.09±2.12 years, respectively. Height standard deviation score (SDS) was increased from -2.64±0.64 to -1.54±1.24 years after 3 years (P<0.001). Serum IGF-1 SDS levels were elevated from -1.28±1.03 to -0.10±0.94 (P<0.001). Height SDS was more increased in subjects without PTPN11 mutations compared to those with mutations after 3 years (P=0.012). However, the other parameters, including bone age, IGF-1 SDS, and IGFBP-3 SDS, were not significantly different between patients with and without PTPN11 mutations. CONCLUSION Although this study included a relatively small number of patients, long-term rhGH therapy in NS patients was safe and effective at improving height, growth velocity, and serum IGF-1 levels, in accordance with previous studies. However, the meticulous monitoring of potential adverse events is still needed because of high dose of rhGH and preexisting hyperactivity of RAS-MAPK pathway. Patients with PTPN11 mutations demonstrated a decreased response to rhGH therapy compared to those without mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insook Jeong
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eungu Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ja Hyang Cho
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gu-Hwan Kim
- Medical Genetics Center, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Beom Hee Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-Ho Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han-Wook Yoo
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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146
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Nakamura Y, Hibino K, Yanagida T, Sako Y. Switching of the positive feedback for RAS activation by a concerted function of SOS membrane association domains. Biophys Physicobiol 2016; 13:1-11. [PMID: 27924253 PMCID: PMC5042160 DOI: 10.2142/biophysico.13.0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Son of sevenless (SOS) is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor that regulates cell behavior by activating the small GTPase RAS. Recent in vitro studies have suggested that an interaction between SOS and the GTP-bound active form of RAS generates a positive feedback loop that propagates RAS activation. However, it remains unclear how the multiple domains of SOS contribute to the regulation of the feedback loop in living cells. Here, we observed single molecules of SOS in living cells to analyze the kinetics and dynamics of SOS behavior. The results indicate that the histone fold and Grb2-binding domains of SOS concertedly produce an intermediate state of SOS on the cell surface. The fraction of the intermediated state was reduced in positive feedback mutants, suggesting that the feedback loop functions during the intermediate state. Translocation of RAF, recognizing the active form of RAS, to the cell surface was almost abolished in the positive feedback mutants. Thus, the concerted functions of multiple membrane-associating domains of SOS governed the positive feedback loop, which is crucial for cell fate decision regulated by RAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Nakamura
- Cellular Informatics Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Nanobiology Laboratories, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kayo Hibino
- Laboratory for Cell Signaling Dynamics, RIKEN QBiC, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
| | - Toshio Yanagida
- Nanobiology Laboratories, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasushi Sako
- Cellular Informatics Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Nanobiology Laboratories, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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147
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Spectrum of mutations and genotype-phenotype analysis in Noonan syndrome patients with RIT1 mutations. Hum Genet 2015; 135:209-22. [PMID: 26714497 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-015-1627-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
RASopathies are autosomal dominant disorders caused by mutations in more than 10 known genes that regulate the RAS/MAPK pathway. Noonan syndrome (NS) is a RASopathy characterized by a distinctive facial appearance, musculoskeletal abnormalities, and congenital heart defects. We have recently identified mutations in RIT1 in patients with NS. To delineate the clinical manifestations in RIT1 mutation-positive patients, we further performed a RIT1 analysis in RASopathy patients and identified 7 RIT1 mutations, including two novel mutations, p.A77S and p.A77T, in 14 of 186 patients. Perinatal abnormalities, including nuchal translucency, fetal hydrops, pleural effusion, or chylothorax and congenital heart defects, are observed in all RIT1 mutation-positive patients. Luciferase assays in NIH 3T3 cells demonstrated that the newly identified RIT1 mutants, including p.A77S and p.A77T, and the previously identified p.F82V, p.T83P, p.Y89H, and p.M90I, enhanced Elk1 transactivation. Genotype-phenotype correlation analyses of previously reported NS patients harboring RIT1, PTPN11, SOS1, RAF1, and KRAS revealed that hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (56 %) was more frequent in patients harboring a RIT1 mutation than in patients harboring PTPN11 (9 %) and SOS1 mutations (10 %). The rates of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy were similar between patients harboring RIT1 mutations and patients harboring RAF1 mutations (75 %). Short stature (52 %) was less prevalent in patients harboring RIT1 mutations than in patients harboring PTPN11 (71 %) and RAF1 (83 %) mutations. These results delineate the clinical manifestations of RIT1 mutation-positive NS patients: high frequencies of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, atrial septal defects, and pulmonary stenosis; and lower frequencies of ptosis and short stature.
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148
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Čizmárová M, Hlinková K, Bertok S, Kotnik P, Duba HC, Bertalan R, Poločková K, Košťálová Ľ, Pribilincová Z, Hlavatá A, Kovács L, Ilenčíková D. New Mutations Associated with Rasopathies in a Central European Population and Genotype-Phenotype Correlations. Ann Hum Genet 2015; 80:50-62. [PMID: 26607044 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We performed the genetic analysis of Rasopathy syndromes in patients from Central European by direct sequencing followed by next generation sequencing of genes associated with Rasopathies. All 51 patients harboured the typical features of Rasopathy syndromes. Thirty-five mutations were identified in the examined patients (22 in PTPN11, two in SOS1, one in RIT1, one in SHOC2, two in HRAS, three in BRAF, two in MAP2K1 and two in the NF1 gene). Two of them (p.Gly392Glu in the BRAF gene and p.Gln164Lys in the MAP2K1 gene) were novel with a potentially pathogenic effect on the structure of these proteins. Statistically significant differences in the presence of pulmonary stenosis (63.64% vs. 23.81%, P = 0.013897) and cryptorchidism (76.47% vs. 30%, P = 0.040224) were identified as the result of comparison of the prevalence of phenotypic features in patients with the phenotype of Noonan syndrome and mutation in the PTPN11 gene, with the prevalence of the same features in patients without PTPN11 mutation. Cryptorchidism as a statistically significant feature in our patients with PTPN11 mutation was not reported as significant in other European countries (Germany, Italy and Greece). The majority of mutations were clustered in exons 3 (45.45%), 8 (22.73%), and 13 (22.73%) of the PTPN11 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Čizmárová
- 2nd Department of Pediatrcs, University Children's Hospital, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - K Hlinková
- 2nd Department of Pediatrcs, University Children's Hospital, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - S Bertok
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - P Kotnik
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - H C Duba
- Department of Human Genetics, Women's and Children's Clinic, Linz, Austria
| | - R Bertalan
- Department od Pediatric Endocrinology, University Teaching Hospital, Veszprem, Hungary
| | - K Poločková
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital with Policlinic, Karviná, Czech Republic
| | - Ľ Košťálová
- 2nd Department of Pediatrcs, University Children's Hospital, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Z Pribilincová
- 2nd Department of Pediatrcs, University Children's Hospital, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - A Hlavatá
- 2nd Department of Pediatrcs, University Children's Hospital, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - L Kovács
- 2nd Department of Pediatrcs, University Children's Hospital, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - D Ilenčíková
- 2nd Department of Pediatrcs, University Children's Hospital, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Department of Human Genetics, Women's and Children's Clinic, Linz, Austria
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Mutation in NRAS in familial Noonan syndrome--case report and review of the literature. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2015; 16:95. [PMID: 26467218 PMCID: PMC4607013 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-015-0239-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background Noonan syndrome (NS), a heterogeneous developmental disorder associated with variable clinical expression including short stature, congenital heart defect, unusual pectus deformity and typical facial features, is caused by activating mutations in genes involved in the RAS-MAPK signaling pathway. Case presentation Here, we present a clinical and molecular characterization of a small family with Noonan syndrome. Comprehensive mutation analysis of NF1, PTPN11, SOS1, CBL, BRAF, RAF1, SHOC2, MAP2K2, MAP2K1, SPRED1, NRAS, HRAS and KRAS was performed using targeted next-generation sequencing. The result revealed a recurrent mutation in NRAS, c.179G > A (p.G60E), in the index patient. This mutation was inherited from the index patient’s father, who also showed signs of NS. Conclusions We describe clinical features in this family and review the literature for genotype-phenotype correlations for NS patients with mutations in NRAS. Neither of affected individuals in this family presented with juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML), which together with previously published results suggest that the risk for NS individuals with a germline NRAS mutation developing JMML is not different from the proportion seen in other NS cases. Interestingly, 50 % of NS individuals with an NRAS mutation (including our family) present with lentigines and/or Café-au-lait spots. This demonstrates a predisposition to hyperpigmented lesions in NRAS-positive NS individuals. In addition, the affected father in our family presented with a hearing deficit since birth, which together with lentigines are two characteristics of NS with multiple lentigines (previously LEOPARD syndrome), supporting the difficulties in diagnosing individuals with RASopathies correctly. The clinical and genetic heterogeneity observed in RASopathies is a challenge for genetic testing. However, next-generation sequencing technology, which allows screening of a large number of genes simultaneously, will facilitate an early and accurate diagnosis of patients with RASopathies.
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150
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Goodwin AF, Kim R, Bush JO, Klein OD. From Bench to Bedside and Back: Improving Diagnosis and Treatment of Craniofacial Malformations Utilizing Animal Models. Curr Top Dev Biol 2015; 115:459-92. [PMID: 26589935 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Craniofacial anomalies are among the most common birth defects and are associated with increased mortality and, in many cases, the need for lifelong treatment. Over the past few decades, dramatic advances in the surgical and medical care of these patients have led to marked improvements in patient outcomes. However, none of the treatments currently in clinical use address the underlying molecular causes of these disorders. Fortunately, the field of craniofacial developmental biology provides a strong foundation for improved diagnosis and for therapies that target the genetic causes of birth defects. In this chapter, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the embryology of craniofacial conditions, and we focus on the use of animal models to guide rational therapies anchored in genetics and biochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice F Goodwin
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Rebecca Kim
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey O Bush
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
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