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Hartl D, Tirouvanziam R, Laval J, Greene CM, Habiel D, Sharma L, Yildirim AÖ, Dela Cruz CS, Hogaboam CM. Innate Immunity of the Lung: From Basic Mechanisms to Translational Medicine. J Innate Immun 2018; 10:487-501. [PMID: 29439264 DOI: 10.1159/000487057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The respiratory tract is faced daily with 10,000 L of inhaled air. While the majority of air contains harmless environmental components, the pulmonary immune system also has to cope with harmful microbial or sterile threats and react rapidly to protect the host at this intimate barrier zone. The airways are endowed with a broad armamentarium of cellular and humoral host defense mechanisms, most of which belong to the innate arm of the immune system. The complex interplay between resident and infiltrating immune cells and secreted innate immune proteins shapes the outcome of host-pathogen, host-allergen, and host-particle interactions within the mucosal airway compartment. Here, we summarize and discuss recent findings on pulmonary innate immunity and highlight key pathways relevant for biomarker and therapeutic targeting strategies for acute and chronic diseases of the respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Hartl
- Department of Pediatrics I, Children's Hospital, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, .,Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Immunology, Inflammation and Infectious Diseases (I3) Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel,
| | - Rabindra Tirouvanziam
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Center for Cystic Fibrosis and Airways Disease Research, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Julie Laval
- Department of Pediatrics I, Children's Hospital, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Catherine M Greene
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David Habiel
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lokesh Sharma
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ali Önder Yildirim
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Charles S Dela Cruz
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Cory M Hogaboam
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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102
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Kim DH, Park HJ, Lim S, Koo JH, Lee HG, Choi JO, Oh JH, Ha SJ, Kang MJ, Lee CM, Lee CG, Elias JA, Choi JM. Regulation of chitinase-3-like-1 in T cell elicits Th1 and cytotoxic responses to inhibit lung metastasis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:503. [PMID: 29403003 PMCID: PMC5799380 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02731-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitinase-3-like-1 (Chi3l1) is known to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of Type 2 inflammation and cancer. However, the function of Chi3l1 in T cell and its clinical implications are largely unknown. Here we show that Chi3l1 expression was increased in activated T cells, especially in Th2 cells. In addition, Chi3l1-deficient T cells are hyper-responsive to TcR stimulation and are prone to differentiating into Th1 cells. Chi3l1-deficient Th1 cells show increased expression of anti-tumor immunity genes and decreased Th1 negative regulators. Deletion of Chi3l1 in T cells in mice show reduced melanoma lung metastasis with increased IFNγ and TNFα-producing T cells in the lung. Furthermore, silencing of Chi3l1 expression in the lung using peptide-siRNA complex (dNP2-siChi3l1) efficiently inhibit lung metastasis with enhanced Th1 and CTL responses. Collectively, this study demonstrates Chi3l1 is a regulator of Th1 and CTL which could be a therapeutic target to enhance anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-Hyun Kim
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Korea
- Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Korea
| | - Hong-Jai Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Sangho Lim
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Korea
- Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Korea
| | - Ja-Hyun Koo
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Korea
- Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Korea
| | - Hong-Gyun Lee
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Korea
- Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Korea
| | - Jin Ouk Choi
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Oh
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Sang-Jun Ha
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Min-Jong Kang
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Chang-Min Lee
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Chun Geun Lee
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, 04763, Korea
| | - Jack A Elias
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
- Division of Medical and Biological Sciences, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Je-Min Choi
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Korea.
- Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Korea.
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research (CNIR), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, 16419, Korea.
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103
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Osman GA, Fasseas MK, Koneru SL, Essmann CL, Kyrou K, Srinivasan MA, Zhang G, Sarkies P, Félix MA, Barkoulas M. Natural Infection of C. elegans by an Oomycete Reveals a New Pathogen-Specific Immune Response. Curr Biol 2018; 28:640-648.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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104
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Chitinase-like proteins as regulators of innate immunity and tissue repair: helpful lessons for asthma? Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:141-151. [PMID: 29351964 DOI: 10.1042/bst20170108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chitinases and chitinase-like proteins (CLPs) belong to the glycoside hydrolase family 18 of proteins. Chitinases are expressed in mammals and lower organisms, facilitate chitin degradation, and hence act as host-defence enzymes. Gene duplication and loss-of-function mutations of enzymatically active chitinases have resulted in the expression of a diverse range of CLPs across different species. CLPs are genes that are increasingly associated with inflammation and tissue remodelling not only in mammals but also across distant species. While the focus has remained on understanding the functions and expression patterns of CLPs during disease in humans, studies in mouse and lower organisms have revealed important and overlapping roles of the CLP family during physiology, host defence and pathology. This review will summarise recent insights into the regulatory functions of CLPs on innate immune pathways and discuss how these effects are not only important for host defence and tissue injury/repair after pathogen invasion, but also how they have extensive implications for pathological processes involved in diseases such as asthma.
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105
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Schwartz C, Hams E, Fallon PG. Helminth Modulation of Lung Inflammation. Trends Parasitol 2018; 34:388-403. [PMID: 29339033 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic helminths must establish chronic infections to complete their life cycle and therefore are potent modulators of multiple facets of host physiology. Parasitic helminths have coevolved with humans to become arguably master selectors of our immune system, whereby they have impacted on the selection of genes with beneficial mutations for both host and parasite. While helminth infections of humans are a significant health burden, studies have shown that helminths or helminth products can alter susceptibility to unrelated infectious or inflammatory diseases. This has generated interest in the use of helminth infections or molecules as therapeutics. In this review, we focus on the impact of helminth infections on pulmonary immunity, especially with regard to homeostatic lung function, pulmonary viral and bacterial (co)infections, and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schwartz
- School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Emily Hams
- School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Padraic G Fallon
- School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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106
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Haemonchus contortus excretory and secretory proteins (HcESPs) suppress functions of goat PBMCs in vitro. Oncotarget 2018; 7:35670-35679. [PMID: 27229536 PMCID: PMC5094953 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Excretory and secretory products (ESPs) of nematode contain various proteins which are capable of inducing the instigation or depression of the host immune response and are involved in the pathogenesis of the worms. In the present study, Haemonchus contortus excretory and secretory products (HcESPs) were collected from the adult worms. Binding of HcESPs to goat peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was confirmed by immune-fluorescence assay. Effects of the HcESPs on cytokine production, cell proliferation, cell migration and nitric oxide (NO) production of PBMCs were checked by co-incubation of HcESPs with goat PBMCs. The results indicated that the production of IL-4 and IFN-γ were significantly decreased by HcESPs in dose dependent manner. On the contrary, the production of IL-10 and IL-17 were increased. Cell migration was significantly enhanced by HcESPs, whereas, HcESPs treatment significantly suppressed the cell proliferation and NO production. These results indicated that the HcESPs played important suppressive regulatory roles on PBMCs and provided highlights to the understanding of the host-parasite interactions.
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107
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Harris NL, Loke P. Recent Advances in Type-2-Cell-Mediated Immunity: Insights from Helminth Infection. Immunity 2017; 47:1024-1036. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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108
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this review, we will integrate recent knowledge on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and allergy, thereby highlighting the therapeutic potential of ER stress in the context of precision medicine for allergic diseases. RECENT FINDINGS Emerging evidence suggests that allergic diseases are very heterogeneous having numerous endotypes. This leads to the new era of modern medicine, which assumes that a particular endotype-driven therapy, called precision medicine, would be more efficacious in a specific group of patients rather than in all patients. Currently, a dichotomy involving type 2/non-type 2 immune response underlies most of the studies on inflammatory and immunologic mechanisms of allergic disorders. Whereas there are several approved or investigational endotype-driven therapeutic agents targeting type 2 immune responses, investigation of mechanisms and endotype-driven interventions regarding non-type 2 immune response lags far behind. Considering that non-type 2 immune response may represent a significant proportion of allergic disease, particularly corticosteroid-resistant severe disease, defining a novel concept of endotype-driven approach may be essential. Recently, stress responses originate from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the associated inflammatory molecular platform has been suggested as a crucial player of immune and inflammatory responses. This implies that ER stress-related pathways may represent a new endotype-driven therapeutic strategy in the treatment of allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Seok Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Research Center for Pulmonary Disorders, Chonbuk National University Medical School, san 2-20, Geumam-dong, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, 561-180, South Korea
| | - So Ri Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Research Center for Pulmonary Disorders, Chonbuk National University Medical School, san 2-20, Geumam-dong, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, 561-180, South Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, San 2-20 Geumam-dong, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, 561-180, South Korea
| | - Seong Ho Cho
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA
| | - Yong Chul Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Research Center for Pulmonary Disorders, Chonbuk National University Medical School, san 2-20, Geumam-dong, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, 561-180, South Korea.
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, San 2-20 Geumam-dong, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, 561-180, South Korea.
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109
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Henry EK, Inclan-Rico JM, Siracusa MC. Type 2 cytokine responses: regulating immunity to helminth parasites and allergic inflammation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 3:346-359. [PMID: 29399438 DOI: 10.1007/s40495-017-0114-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review It is well established that T helper type 2 (TH2) immune responses are necessary to provide protection against helminth parasites but also to promote the detrimental inflammation associated with allergies and asthma. Given the importance of type 2 immunity and inflammation, many studies have focused on better understanding the factors that regulate TH2 cell development and activation. As a result, significant progress has been made in understanding the signaling pathways and molecular events necessary to promote TH2 cell polarization. In addition to the adaptive compartment, emerging studies are better defining the innate immune pathways needed to promote TH2 cell responses. Given the recent and substantial growth of this field, the purpose of this review is to highlight recent studies defining the innate immune events that promote immunity to helminth parasites and allergic inflammation. Recent Findings Emerging studies have begun to elucidate the importance of cytokine alarmins such as thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), IL-25 (IL-17E) and IL-33 in promoting type 2 immunity and inflammation following helminth challenge or exposure to allergens. Specifically, recent reports have begun to define the complex cellular networks these alarmins activate and their contribution to type 2 immunity and inflammation. Summary Our increased understanding of the pathways that regulate type 2 cytokine-mediated immunity and inflammation have revealed novel therapeutic targets to treat both helminth infections and allergic disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Everett K Henry
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA.,Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Juan M Inclan-Rico
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA.,Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Mark C Siracusa
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA.,Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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110
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Takagi S, Furube E, Nakano Y, Morita M, Miyata S. Microglia are continuously activated in the circumventricular organs of mouse brain. J Neuroimmunol 2017; 331:74-86. [PMID: 29107327 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are the primary resident immune cells of the brain parenchyma and transform into the amoeboid form in the "activated state" under pathological conditions from the ramified form in the "resting state" under physiologically healthy conditions. In the present study, we found that microglia in the circumventricular organs (CVOs) of adult mice displayed the amoeboid form with fewer branched cellular processes even under normal conditions; however, those in other brain regions showed the ramified form, which is characterized by well-branched and dendritic cellular processes. Moreover, microglia in the CVOs showed the strong protein expression of the M1 markers CD16/32 and CD86 and M2 markers CD206 and Ym1 without any pathological stimulation. Thus, the present results indicate that microglia in the CVOs of adult mice are morphologically and functionally activated under normal conditions, possibly due to the specialized features of the CVOs, namely, the entry of blood-derived molecules into parenchyma through fenestrated capillaries and the presence of neural stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Takagi
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Eriko Furube
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Yousuke Nakano
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; Department of Anatomy and Brain Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Morita
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Seiji Miyata
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan.
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111
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He R, Shen N, Zhang H, Ren Y, He M, Xu J, Guo C, Xie Y, Gu X, Lai W, Peng X, Yang G. Molecular characteristics and serodiagnostic potential of chitinase-like protein from Sarcoptes scabiei. Oncotarget 2017; 8:83995-84005. [PMID: 29137399 PMCID: PMC5663571 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Scabies, caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei, is an allergic skin disease that affects millions of people and other mammals worldwide. This highly contagious parasitic disease is among the top 50 epidemic disease and is regarded as a neglected tropical disease. Diagnosis of scabies is difficult in the early stage, and the pathogenesis of scabies is not currently clear. Here, we expressed, identified and located the chitinase-like protein of S. scabiei (SsCLP), and evaluated its potential as an early-stage diagnostic antigen for rabbit scabies. Indirect ELISA using recombinant SsCLP (rSsCLP) exhibited diagnostic sensitivity of 94.4% (17/18) and specificity of 86.7% (26/30). Early diagnostic test after artificial infection of rabbits with S. scabiei for 1 week showed a positive detection rate of 96.7% (29/30). Immunolocalization assays showed that fluorescence signals were localized on the surface of mites and, in infected rabbits, were observed in keratinized skin and embedded mites. Intradermal skin tests of rabbits by injecting rSsCLP showed a wheal, flare and erythema reaction. These results suggest that S. scabiei chitinase-like protein is conducive to host invasion, participates in inducing the allergic response of the host, and is an effective antigen for the diagnosis of S. scabiei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran He
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Nengxing Shen
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Haojie Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Yongjun Ren
- Sichuan Animal Sciences Academy, Sichuan Chengdu, China
| | - Manli He
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Cheng Guo
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Yue Xie
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Xiaobin Gu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Weimin Lai
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Xuerong Peng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Life and Basic Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Guangyou Yang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
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112
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Entwistle LJ, Wilson MS. MicroRNA-mediated regulation of immune responses to intestinal helminth infections. Parasite Immunol 2017; 39. [PMID: 27977850 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal helminth infections are highly prevalent in the developing world, often resulting in chronic infection and inflicting high host morbidity. With the emergence of drug-resistant parasites, a limited number of chemotherapeutic drugs available and stalling vaccine efforts, an increased understanding of antihelminth immunity is essential to provide new avenues to therapeutic intervention. MicroRNAs are a class of small, nonprotein coding RNAs which negatively regulate mRNA translation, thus providing finite control over gene expression in a plethora of biological settings. The miRNA-mediated coordinated control of gene expression has been shown to be essential in infection and immunity, in promoting and fine-tuning the appropriate immune response. This review gathers together and discusses observations of miRNA-mediated effects on the immune system and the subsequent impact on our understanding of antihelminth immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Entwistle
- Allergy and Anti-Helminth Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - M S Wilson
- Allergy and Anti-Helminth Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
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113
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Wang L, Xie H, Xu L, Liao Q, Wan S, Yu Z, Lin D, Zhang B, Lv Z, Wu Z, Sun X. rSj16 Protects against DSS-Induced Colitis by Inhibiting the PPAR-α Signaling Pathway. Am J Cancer Res 2017; 7:3446-3460. [PMID: 28912887 PMCID: PMC5596435 DOI: 10.7150/thno.20359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Epidemiologic studies and animal model experiments have shown that parasites have significant modulatory effects on autoimmune disorders, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Recombinant Sj16 (rSj16), a 16-kDa secreted protein of Schistosoma japonicum (S.japonicum) produced by Escherichia coli (E. coli), has been shown to have immunoregulatory effects in vivo and in vitro. In this study, we aimed to determine the effects of rSj16 on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. Methods: DSS-induced colitis mice were treated with rSj16. Body weight loss, disease activity index (DAI), myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity levels, colon lengths, macroscopic scores, histopathology findings, inflammatory cytokine levels and regulatory T cell (Treg) subset levels were examined. Moreover, the differential genes expression after treated with rSj16 were sequenced, analyzed and identified. Results: rSj16 attenuated clinical activity of DSS-induced colitis mice, diminished pro-inflammatory cytokine production, up-regulated immunoregulatory cytokine production and increased Treg percentages in DSS-induced colitis mice. Moreover, DSS-induced colitis mice treated with rSj16 displayed changes in the expression levels of specific genes in the colon and show the crucial role of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α (PPAR-α) signaling pathway. PPAR-α activation diminished the therapeutic effects of rSj16 in DSS-induced colitis mice, indicating that the PPAR-α signaling pathway plays a crucial role in DSS-induced colitis development. Conclusions: rSj16 has protective effects on DSS-induced colitis, effects mediated mainly by PPAR-α signaling pathway inhibition. The findings of this study suggest that rSj16 may be useful as a therapeutic agent and that PPAR-α may be a new therapeutic target in the treatment of IBD.
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114
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Abstract
Many major tropical diseases are caused by long-lived helminth parasites that are able to survive by modulation of the host immune system, including the innate compartment of myeloid cells. In particular, dendritic cells and macrophages show markedly altered phenotypes during parasite infections. In addition, many specialized subsets such as eosinophils and basophils expand dramatically in response to these pathogens. The changes in phenotype and function, and their effects on both immunity to infection and reactivity to bystander antigens such as allergens, are discussed.
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115
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Zeghir-Bouteldja R, Polomé A, Bousbata S, Touil-Boukoffa C. Comparative proteome profiling of hydatid fluid from Algerian patients reveals cyst location-related variation in Echinococcus granulosus. Acta Trop 2017; 171:199-206. [PMID: 28412048 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human cystic echinococcosis, an endemic zoonosis in Algeria, is caused by larvae of the cestode Echinococcus granulosus. Parasitic modulation of the immune response allows E. granulosus to persist in intermediate hosts. Previous in vitro and in vivo immunological studies have shown differences in host immune responses according to the status and location of the hydatid cysts in the body. In this study, a proteomic analysis of human hydatid fluids was performed to identify the proteins in hydatid cyst fluids. Hydatid fluid was obtained after cystic surgical removal from three patients with these cysts. The study was conducted on fertile hydatid fluids from lungs, vertebra, and infertile paravertebral fluids. Comparisons of the protein compositions of these fluids revealed differences in their protein profiles. These differences are probably related to the cyst location and fertility status of the parasite. Notably, our analysis identified new proteins from the parasite and human host. The identification of host proteins in hydatid fluids indicates that the hydatid walls are permeable allowing a high protein exchange rate between the metacestode and the affected tissue. Interestingly, our study also revealed that parasite antigenic protein expression variations reflect the differences observed in host immunostimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razika Zeghir-Bouteldja
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Team 'Cytokines and NO Synthases' Faculty of Biological Science University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, USTHB, PB 32 El-Alia, Algiers 16111, Algeria; Department of Biological Science, Akli Mohand Oulhadj University, Bouira, Algeria.
| | - Andy Polomé
- Proteomic Platform, Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium.
| | - Sabrina Bousbata
- Proteomic Platform, Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium.
| | - Chafia Touil-Boukoffa
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Team 'Cytokines and NO Synthases' Faculty of Biological Science University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, USTHB, PB 32 El-Alia, Algiers 16111, Algeria.
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116
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Van Dyken SJ, Liang HE, Naikawadi RP, Woodruff PG, Wolters PJ, Erle DJ, Locksley RM. Spontaneous Chitin Accumulation in Airways and Age-Related Fibrotic Lung Disease. Cell 2017; 169:497-509.e13. [PMID: 28431248 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The environmentally widespread polysaccharide chitin is degraded and recycled by ubiquitous bacterial and fungal chitinases. Although vertebrates express active chitinases from evolutionarily conserved loci, their role in mammalian physiology is unclear. We show that distinct lung epithelial cells secrete acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase), which is required for airway chitinase activity. AMCase-deficient mice exhibit premature morbidity and mortality, concomitant with accumulation of environmentally derived chitin polymers in the airways and expression of pro-fibrotic cytokines. Over time, these mice develop spontaneous pulmonary fibrosis, which is ameliorated by restoration of lung chitinase activity by genetic or therapeutic approaches. AMCase-deficient epithelial cells express fibrosis-associated gene sets linked with cell stress pathways. Mice with lung fibrosis due to telomere dysfunction and humans with interstitial lung disease also accumulate excess chitin polymers in their airways. These data suggest that altered chitin clearance could exacerbate fibrogenic pathways in the setting of lung diseases characterized by epithelial cell dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Van Dyken
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Hong-Erh Liang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ram P Naikawadi
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Prescott G Woodruff
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Paul J Wolters
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - David J Erle
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Richard M Locksley
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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117
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Minutti CM, Jackson-Jones LH, García-Fojeda B, Knipper JA, Sutherland TE, Logan N, Ringqvist E, Guillamat-Prats R, Ferenbach DA, Artigas A, Stamme C, Chroneos ZC, Zaiss DM, Casals C, Allen JE. Local amplifiers of IL-4Rα-mediated macrophage activation promote repair in lung and liver. Science 2017; 356:1076-1080. [PMID: 28495878 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaj2067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The type 2 immune response controls helminth infection and maintains tissue homeostasis but can lead to allergy and fibrosis if not adequately regulated. We have discovered local tissue-specific amplifiers of type 2-mediated macrophage activation. In the lung, surfactant protein A (SP-A) enhanced interleukin-4 (IL-4)-dependent macrophage proliferation and activation, accelerating parasite clearance and reducing pulmonary injury after infection with a lung-migrating helminth. In the peritoneal cavity and liver, C1q enhancement of type 2 macrophage activation was required for liver repair after bacterial infection, but resulted in fibrosis after peritoneal dialysis. IL-4 drives production of these structurally related defense collagens, SP-A and C1q, and the expression of their receptor, myosin 18A. These findings reveal the existence within different tissues of an amplification system needed for local type 2 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M Minutti
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029-Madrid, Spain.,School of Biological Sciences and School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Lucy H Jackson-Jones
- School of Biological Sciences and School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Belén García-Fojeda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029-Madrid, Spain
| | - Johanna A Knipper
- School of Biological Sciences and School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Tara E Sutherland
- School of Biological Sciences and School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK.,Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Nicola Logan
- School of Biological Sciences and School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Emma Ringqvist
- School of Biological Sciences and School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Raquel Guillamat-Prats
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029-Madrid, Spain.,Critical Care Centre, Corporació Sanitària Universitària Parc Taulí, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Parc Taulí 1, 08208-Sabadell, Spain
| | - David A Ferenbach
- School of Biological Sciences and School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Antonio Artigas
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029-Madrid, Spain.,Critical Care Centre, Corporació Sanitària Universitària Parc Taulí, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Parc Taulí 1, 08208-Sabadell, Spain
| | - Cordula Stamme
- Division of Cellular Pneumology, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Center for Medicine and Biosciences, 23845 Borstel, and Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Zissis C Chroneos
- Pulmonary Immunology and Physiology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, and Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey PA 17033, USA
| | - Dietmar M Zaiss
- School of Biological Sciences and School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Cristina Casals
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029-Madrid, Spain
| | - Judith E Allen
- School of Biological Sciences and School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK.,Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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118
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Karadjian G, Fercoq F, Pionnier N, Vallarino-Lhermitte N, Lefoulon E, Nieguitsila A, Specht S, Carlin LM, Martin C. Migratory phase of Litomosoides sigmodontis filarial infective larvae is associated with pathology and transient increase of S100A9 expressing neutrophils in the lung. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005596. [PMID: 28486498 PMCID: PMC5438187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Filarial infections are tropical diseases caused by nematodes of the Onchocercidae family such as Mansonella perstans. The infective larvae (L3) are transmitted into the skin of vertebrate hosts by blood-feeding vectors. Many filarial species settle in the serous cavities including M. perstans in humans and L. sigmodontis, a well-established model of filariasis in mice. L. sigmodontis L3 migrate to the pleural cavity where they moult into L4 around day 9 and into male and female adult worms around day 30. Little is known of the early phase of the parasite life cycle, after the L3 is inoculated in the dermis by the vector and enters the afferent lymphatic vessels and before the moulting processes in the pleural cavity. Here we reveal a pulmonary phase associated with lung damage characterized by haemorrhages and granulomas suggesting L3 reach the lung via pulmonary capillaries and damage the endothelium and parenchyma by crossing them to enter the pleural cavity. This study also provides evidence for a transient inflammation in the lung characterized by a very early recruitment of neutrophils associated with high expression levels of S100A8 and S100A9 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Karadjian
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM, UMR 7245), Sorbonne Universités, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Fercoq
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM, UMR 7245), Sorbonne Universités, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Pionnier
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM, UMR 7245), Sorbonne Universités, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Nathaly Vallarino-Lhermitte
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM, UMR 7245), Sorbonne Universités, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Emilie Lefoulon
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM, UMR 7245), Sorbonne Universités, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Adélaïde Nieguitsila
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM, UMR 7245), Sorbonne Universités, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Sabine Specht
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Leo M. Carlin
- Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Coralie Martin
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM, UMR 7245), Sorbonne Universités, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Paris, France
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119
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Warnatsch A, Tsourouktsoglou TD, Branzk N, Wang Q, Reincke S, Herbst S, Gutierrez M, Papayannopoulos V. Reactive Oxygen Species Localization Programs Inflammation to Clear Microbes of Different Size. Immunity 2017; 46:421-432. [PMID: 28314592 PMCID: PMC5965455 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
How the number of immune cells recruited to sites of infection is determined and adjusted to differences in the cellular stoichiometry between host and pathogen is unknown. Here, we have uncovered a role for reactive oxygen species (ROS) as sensors of microbe size. By sensing the differential localization of ROS generated in response to microbes of different size, neutrophils tuned their interleukin (IL)-1β expression via the selective oxidation of NF-κB, in order to implement distinct inflammatory programs. Small microbes triggered ROS intracellularly, suppressing IL-1β expression to limit neutrophil recruitment as each phagocyte eliminated numerous pathogens. In contrast, large microbes triggered ROS extracellularly, amplifying IL-1β expression to recruit numerous neutrophils forming cooperative clusters. Defects in ROS-mediated microbe size sensing resulted in large neutrophil infiltrates and clusters in response to small microbes that contribute to inflammatory disease. These findings highlight the impact of ROS localization on signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Warnatsch
- Antimicrobial Defence Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | | | - Nora Branzk
- Antimicrobial Defence Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Qian Wang
- Antimicrobial Defence Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Susanna Reincke
- Antimicrobial Defence Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Susanne Herbst
- Host-Pathogen Interactions in Tuberculosis Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Maximiliano Gutierrez
- Host-Pathogen Interactions in Tuberculosis Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London NW1 1AT, UK
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120
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Alves MJ, Figuerêdo RG, Azevedo FF, Cavallaro DA, Neto NIP, Lima JDC, Matos-Neto E, Radloff K, Riccardi DM, Camargo RG, De Alcântara PSM, Otoch JP, Junior MLB, Seelaender M. Adipose tissue fibrosis in human cancer cachexia: the role of TGFβ pathway. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:190. [PMID: 28288584 PMCID: PMC5348844 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3178-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer cachexia is a multifactorial syndrome that dramatically decreases survival. Loss of white adipose tissue (WAT) is one of the key characteristics of cachexia. WAT wasting is paralleled by microarchitectural remodeling in cachectic cancer patients. Fibrosis results from uncontrolled ECM synthesis, a process in which, transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) plays a pivotal role. So far, the mechanisms involved in adipose tissue (AT) re-arrangement, and the role of TGFβ in inducing AT remodeling in weight-losing cancer patients are poorly understood. This study examined the modulation of ECM components mediated by TGFβ pathway in fibrotic AT obtained from cachectic gastrointestinal cancer patients. Methods After signing the informed consent form, patients were enrolled into the following groups: cancer cachexia (CC, n = 21), weight-stable cancer (WSC, n = 17), and control (n = 21). The total amount of collagen and elastic fibers in the subcutaneous AT was assessed by histological analysis and by immunohistochemistry. TGFβ isoforms expression was analyzed by Multiplex assay and by immunohistochemistry. Alpha-smooth muscle actin (αSMA), fibroblast-specific protein (FSP1), Smad3 and 4 were quantified by qPCR and/or by immunohistochemistry. Interleukin (IL) 2, IL5, IL8, IL13 and IL17 content, cytokines known to be associated with fibrosis, was measured by Multiplex assay. Results There was an accumulation of collagen and elastic fibers in the AT of CC, as compared with WSC and controls. Collagens type I, III, VI, and fibronectin expression was enhanced in the tissue of CC, compared with both WSC and control. The pronounced expression of αSMA in the surrounding of adipocytes, and the increased mRNA content for FSP1 (20-fold) indicate the presence of activated myofibroblasts; particularly in CC. TGFβ1 and TGFβ3 levels were up-regulated by cachexia in AT, as well in the isolated adipocytes. Smad3 and Smad4 labeling was found to be more evident in the fibrotic areas of CC adipose tissue. Conclusions Cancer cachexia promotes the development of AT fibrosis, in association with altered TGFβ signaling, compromising AT organization and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Joana Alves
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Raquel Galvão Figuerêdo
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Diego Alexandre Cavallaro
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Joanna Darck Carola Lima
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Emidio Matos-Neto
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Katrin Radloff
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela Mendes Riccardi
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo Gonzalez Camargo
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - José Pinhata Otoch
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Clinical Surgery, Hospital University, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Miguel Luiz Batista Junior
- Biotechnology Group, Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, University of Mogi das Cruzes, Mogi das Cruzes, Brazil
| | - Marília Seelaender
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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121
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Wang H, Li M, Zhang X, He F, Zhang S, Zhao J. Impairment of peripheral Vdelta2 T cells in human cystic echinococcosis. Exp Parasitol 2017; 174:17-24. [PMID: 28153802 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) induced by metacestodes (larval stages) of Echinococcus granulosus (E.granulosus) represents a severe endemic disease worldwide. Gamma delta (γδ) T cells, one of innate immune cells, play pivotal role in pathogenic infections. However, whether γδ T cells are involved in CE remains unclear. This study firstly investigated the role of peripheral γδ T cells in CE. The results showed that the percentage of peripheral γδ T cells from CE patients was decreased, compared with healthy controls (HC) (p < 0.01). This decrease was primarily due to a reduction in Vδ2 subset. Furthermore, Vδ2 T cells in CE expressed lower Natural Killer Group 2D (NKG2D) (p < 0.01). The abundance of Vδ2 T cells correlated negatively with cyst burden. To further identify the function of decreased Vδ2 T cells in CE, proliferation rate, cytokine secretion and cytotoxin were detected subsequently in vitro. As a result, the proliferation rate of Vδ2 cells in CE patients was lower than that in HC (p < 0.01). Meanwhile, Vδ2 T cells from CE patients released significantly decreased interferon (IFN)-γ, compared with HC (p < 0.05). Moreover, the levels of perforin and granzyme B of Vδ2 T cells from the patients were decreased significantly (p < 0.05), suggesting impaired cytotoxin generation of Vδ2 cells in CE. Collectively, our findings indicated that circulating Vδ2 T cells in CE was impaired, and these aberrations may contribute to disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Medical Immunology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China; Key Lab of Hydatid Disease, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China.
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Xiaoxia Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Medical Immunology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Fang He
- Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, China
| | - Shengbin Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Baogang Hospital, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Jiaqing Zhao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Medical Immunology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China; Key Lab of Hydatid Disease, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China.
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122
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Burnley B, P Jones H. Corticotropin-releasing hormone improves survival in pneumococcal pneumonia by reducing pulmonary inflammation. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:5/1/e13000. [PMID: 28057851 PMCID: PMC5256152 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of glucocorticoids to reduce inflammatory responses is largely based on the knowledge of the physiological action of the endogenous glucocorticoid, cortisol. Corticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH) is a neuropeptide released from the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis of the central nervous system. This hormone serves as an important mediator of adaptive physiological responses to stress. In addition to its role in inducing downstream cortisol release that in turn regulates immune suppression, CRH has also been found to mediate inflammatory responses in peripheral tissues. Streptococcus pneumoniae is a microorganism commonly present among the commensal microflora along the upper respiratory tract. Transmission of disease stems from the resident asymptomatic pneumococcus along the nasal passages. Glucocorticoids are central mediators of immune suppression and are the primary adjuvant pharmacological treatment used to reduce inflammatory responses in patients with severe bacterial pneumonia. However, controversy exists in the effectiveness of glucocorticoid treatment in reducing mortality rates during S. pneumoniae infection. In this study, we compared the effect of the currently utilized pharmacologic glucocorticoid dexamethasone with CRH. Our results demonstrated that intranasal administration of CRH increases survival associated with a decrease in inflammatory cellular immune responses compared to dexamethasone independent of neutrophils. Thus, providing evidence of its use in the management of immune and inflammatory responses brought on by severe pneumococcal infection that could reduce mortality risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittney Burnley
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, UNT Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Harlan P Jones
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, UNT Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
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123
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Damle SR, Martin RK, Cross JV, Conrad DH. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor deficiency enhances immune response to Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:205-214. [PMID: 27049059 PMCID: PMC5053838 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Infections with helminth parasites are endemic in the developing world and are a target for intervention with new therapies. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a cytokine with pleiotropic effects in inflammation and immune responses. We investigated the role of MIF in a naturally cleared model of helminth infection in rodents, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. At day 7 postinfection, MIF-deficient (MIF-/-) mice had reduced parasite burden and mounted an enhanced type 2 immune response (Th2), including increased Gata3 expression and interleukin-13 (IL-13) production in the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs). Bone marrow reconstitution demonstrated that MIF produced from hematopoietic cells was crucial and Rag1-/- reconstitution provided direct evidence that MIF-/- CD4+ T cells were responsible for the augmented parasite clearance. MIF-/- CD4+ T cells produced less IL-6 postinfection, which correlated with enhanced Th2 responses. MIF-/- CD4+ T cells exhibited lower nuclear factor-κB activation, potentially explaining the reduction in IL-6. Finally, we demonstrated enhanced clearance of the parasite and Th2 response in wild-type mice treated with the MIF tautomerase inhibitor, sulforaphane, a compound found naturally found in cruciferous vegetables. These results are the first to describe the importance of the tautomerase enzyme activity in MIF function in N. brasiliensis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheela R. Damle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Rebecca K. Martin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Janet V. Cross
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904
| | - Daniel H. Conrad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298
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124
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Finley PJ, DeClue CE, Sell SA, DeBartolo JM, Shornick LP. Diabetic Wounds Exhibit Decreased Ym1 and Arginase Expression with Increased Expression of IL-17 and IL-20. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2016; 5:486-494. [PMID: 27867753 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2015.0676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Impaired wound healing in diabetic (DB) patients is a significant health problem; however, the roles that cytokines and innate immune cells contribute to this impaired healing are not completely understood. Approach: A mouse model was used to compare the innate immune response during DB and normal wound healing. Two 5-mm full-thickness wounds were created on the dorsal skin of BKS.Cg-m+/+Leprdb/J (DB) and C57BL/6 (wild-type) mice. Innate immune cell markers and cytokine mRNA levels were measured in wound biopsies during the first week of healing. Results: Innate immune cell influx (typified by the Gr-1 neutrophil marker and the Ym1 macrophage marker) was delayed in the DB wounds. Expression of the M2 macrophage-related genes, Ym1 and arginase 1, was significantly reduced in the DB wounds. PCR array analysis demonstrated altered cytokine expression in DB wounds. Most prominently, both interleukin (IL)-17 and IL-20 mRNA levels were significantly increased in the DB wounds. Innovation: This is the first study to identify increased levels of IL-17 and IL-20 in DB wounds. These cytokines are also elevated in the inflammatory skin disorder, psoriasis; thus, they may be potential therapeutic targets to aid in DB wound healing. Conclusion: The entire cytokine profile of DB wounds over the course of healing is not completely understood. This study suggests that the IL-17 and IL-20 families of cytokines should be further analyzed in the context of DB wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip J. Finley
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri
- Division of Trauma and Burn Research, Mercy Hospital, Springfield, Missouri
| | - Cory E. DeClue
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Scott A. Sell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Laurie P. Shornick
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri
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125
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Role of Macrophages in the Repair Process during the Tissue Migrating and Resident Helminth Infections. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:8634603. [PMID: 27648452 PMCID: PMC5014929 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8634603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The Th1/Th2/Th17 balance is a fundamental feature in the regulation of the inflammatory microenvironment during helminth infections, and an imbalance in this paradigm greatly contributes to inflammatory disorders. In some cases of helminthiasis, an initial Th1 response could occur during the early phases of infection (acute), followed by a Th2 response that prevails in chronic infections. During the late phase of infection, alternatively activated macrophages (AAMs) are important to counteract the inflammation caused by the Th1/Th17 response and larval migration, limiting damage and repairing the tissue affected. Macrophages are the archetype of phagocytic cells, with the primary role of pathogen destruction and antigen presentation. Nevertheless, other subtypes of macrophages have been described with important roles in tissue repair and immune regulation. These types of macrophages challenge the classical view of macrophages activated by an inflammatory response. The role of these subtypes of macrophages during helminthiasis is a controversial topic in immunoparasitology. Here, we analyze some of the studies regarding the role of AAMs in tissue repair during the tissue migration of helminths.
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126
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Innate cell communication kick-starts pathogen-specific immunity. Nat Immunol 2016; 17:356-63. [PMID: 27002843 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Innate cells are responsible for the rapid recognition of infection and mediate essential mechanisms of pathogen elimination, and also facilitate adaptive immune responses. We review here the numerous intricate interactions among innate cells that initiate protective immunity. The efficient eradication of pathogens depends on the coordinated actions of multiple cells, including innate cells and epithelial cells. Rather than acting as isolated effector cells, innate cells are in constant communication with other responding cells of the immune system, locally and distally. These interactions are critically important for the efficient control of primary infections as well for the development of 'trained' innate cells that facilitate the rapid elimination of homologous or heterologous infections.
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127
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Interleukin-17A Is Associated With Alveolar Inflammation and Poor Outcomes in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Crit Care Med 2016; 44:496-502. [PMID: 26540401 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000001409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Interleukin-17A is a proinflammatory cytokine known to play a role in host defense and pathologic inflammation in murine models of lung injury. The relationship between interleukin-17A and inflammation in human lung injury is unknown. Our primary objective was to determine whether interleukin-17A levels are associated with alveolar measures of inflammation and injury in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Our secondary objective was to test whether interleukin-17A levels are associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome-related outcomes. DESIGN Observational study. SETTING Six North American medical centers. PATIENTS We studied two groups of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: 1) patients previously enrolled in a placebo-controlled clinical trial of omega-3 fatty acids performed at five North American medical centers (n = 86, acute respiratory distress syndrome 1), and 2) patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome admitted to an ICU who developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (n = 140, acute respiratory distress syndrome 2). In acute respiratory distress syndrome 1, we used paired serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples obtained within 48 hours of acute respiratory distress syndrome onset, whereas in acute respiratory distress syndrome 2, we used plasma obtained within the first 24 hours of ICU admission. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS We measured circulating interleukin-17A in acute respiratory distress syndrome 1 and acute respiratory distress syndrome 2. We also measured interleukin-17A, neutrophil counts, and total protein in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from acute respiratory distress syndrome 1. We found that bronchoalveolar lavage interleukin-17A was strongly associated with higher bronchoalveolar lavage percent neutrophils (p < 0.001) and bronchoalveolar lavage total protein (p < 0.01) in acute respiratory distress syndrome1. In both acute respiratory distress syndrome 1 and acute respiratory distress syndrome 2, elevated interleukin-17A was associated with higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scores (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Elevated circulating and alveolar levels of interleukin-17A are associated with increased percentage of alveolar neutrophils, alveolar permeability, and organ dysfunction in acute respiratory distress syndrome.
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128
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Pathological Type-2 Immune Response, Enhanced Tumor Growth, and Glucose Intolerance in Retnlβ (RELMβ) Null Mice: A Model of Intestinal Immune System Dysfunction in Disease Susceptibility. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:2404-16. [PMID: 27397737 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Resistin, and its closely related homologs, the resistin-like molecules (RELMs) have been implicated in metabolic dysregulation, inflammation, and cancer. Specifically, RELMβ, expressed predominantly in the goblet cells in the colon, is released both apically and basolaterally, and is hence found in both the intestinal lumen in the mucosal layer as well as in the circulation. RELMβ has been linked to both the pathogenesis of colon cancer and type 2 diabetes. RELMβ plays a complex role in immune system regulation, and the impact of loss of function of RELMβ on colon cancer and metabolic regulation has not been fully elucidated. We therefore tested whether Retnlβ (mouse ortholog of human RETNLβ) null mice have an enhanced or reduced susceptibility for colon cancer as well as metabolic dysfunction. We found that the lack of RELMβ leads to increased colonic expression of T helper cell type-2 cytokines and IL-17, associated with a reduced ability to maintain intestinal homeostasis. This defect leads to an enhanced susceptibility to the development of inflammation, colorectal cancer, and glucose intolerance. In conclusion, the phenotype of the Retnlβ null mice unravels new aspects of inflammation-mediated diseases and strengthens the notion that a proper intestinal barrier function is essential to sustain a healthy phenotype.
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129
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Agache I, Akdis CA. Endotypes of allergic diseases and asthma: An important step in building blocks for the future of precision medicine. Allergol Int 2016; 65:243-52. [PMID: 27282212 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Discoveries from basic science research in the last decade have brought significant progress in knowledge of pathophysiologic processes of allergic diseases, with a compelling impact on understanding of the natural history, risk prediction, treatment selection or mechanism-specific prevention strategies. The view of the pathophysiology of allergic diseases developed from a mechanistic approach, with a focus on symptoms and organ function, to the recognition of a complex network of immunological pathways. Several subtypes of inflammation and complex immune-regulatory networks and the reasons for their failure are now described, that open the way for the development of new diagnostic tools and innovative targeted-treatments. An endotype is a subtype of a disease condition, which is defined by a distinct pathophysiological mechanism, whereas a disease phenotype defines any observable characteristic of a disease without any implication of a mechanism. Another key word linked to disease endotyping is biomarker that is measured and evaluated to examine any biological or pathogenic processes, including response to a therapeutic intervention. These three keywords will be discussed more and more in the future with the upcoming efforts to revolutionize patient care in the direction of precision medicine and precision health. The understanding of disease endotypes based on pathophysiological principles and their validation across clinically meaningful outcomes in asthma, allergic rhinitis, chronic rhinosinusitis, atopic dermatitis and food allergy will be crucial for the success of precision medicine as a new approach to patient management.
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130
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Abstract
Neutrophils are indispensable antagonists of microbial infection and facilitators of wound healing. In the cancer setting, a newfound appreciation for neutrophils has come into view. The traditionally held belief that neutrophils are inert bystanders is being challenged by the recent literature. Emerging evidence indicates that tumours manipulate neutrophils, sometimes early in their differentiation process, to create diverse phenotypic and functional polarization states able to alter tumour behaviour. In this Review, we discuss the involvement of neutrophils in cancer initiation and progression, and their potential as clinical biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth B Coffelt
- Division of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Max D Wellenstein
- Division of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karin E de Visser
- Division of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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131
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Ramalingam TR, Gieseck RL, Acciani TH, M Hart K, Cheever AW, Mentink-Kane MM, Vannella KM, Wynn TA. Enhanced protection from fibrosis and inflammation in the combined absence of IL-13 and IFN-γ. J Pathol 2016; 239:344-54. [PMID: 27125685 DOI: 10.1002/path.4733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Persistent or dysregulated IL-13 responses are key drivers of fibrosis in multiple organ systems, and this identifies this cytokine as an important therapeutic target. Nevertheless, the mechanisms by which IL-13 blockade leads to the amelioration of fibrosis remain unclear. Because IFN-γ exhibits potent anti-fibrotic activity, and IL-4Rα signalling antagonizes IFN-γ effector function, compensatory increases in IFN-γ activity following IL-13/IL-4Rα blockade might contribute to the reduction in fibrosis. To investigate the role of IFN-γ, we developed novel IL-13(-/-) /IFN-γ(-/-) double cytokine-deficient mice and examined disease progression in models of type 2-driven fibrosis. As predicted, we showed that fibrosis in the lung and liver are both highly dependent on IL-13. We also observed increased IFN-γ production and inflammatory activity in the tissues of IL-13-deficient mice. Surprisingly, however, an even greater reduction in fibrosis was observed in IL-13/IFN-γ double deficient mice, most notably in the livers of mice chronically infected with Schistosoma mansoni. The increased protection was associated with marked decreases in Tgfb1, Mmp12, and Timp1 mRNA expression in the tissues; reduced inflammation; and decreased expression of important pro-inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α. Experiments conducted with neutralizing monoclonal antibodies to IL-13 and IFN-γ validated the findings with the genetically deficient mice. Together, these studies demonstrate that the reduction in fibrosis observed when IL-13 signalling is suppressed is not dependent on increased IFN-γ activity. Instead, by reducing compensatory increases in type 1-associated inflammation, therapeutic strategies that block IFN-γ and IL-13 activity simultaneously can confer greater protection from progressive fibrosis than IL-13 blockade alone. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thirumalai R Ramalingam
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Richard L Gieseck
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas H Acciani
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kevin M Hart
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Allen W Cheever
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Kevin M Vannella
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas A Wynn
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
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132
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Wu F, Wei J, Liu Z, Zeng X, Yu Z, Lv Z, Sun X, Wu Z. Soluble antigen derived from IV larva of Angiostrongylus cantonensis promotes chitinase-like protein 3 (Chil3) expression induced by interleukin-13. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:3737-46. [PMID: 27256220 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5135-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Angiostrongyliasis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis (A. cantonensis) is an emerging food-borne parasitic disease, which refers basically to eosinophilic meningitis. Chitinase-like protein 3 (Chil3), a member of chitinase-like protein family which has chemotactic activity for eosinophils, is reported to be highly upregulated in brain of mouse infected with A. cantonensis. The mechanisms of high expression of Chil3 and the association between A. cantonensis and Chil3 are rarely reported. In order to understand the mechanism of high expression of Chil3 in A. cantonensis-infected mouse, we measured the level of Chil3 in RAW 264.7 and BV2 cell lines stimulated with soluble antigen of A. cantonensis by qPCR and ELISA. To explore the role of Chil3 in inflammation caused by A. cantonensis, we extracted and cultured brain mononuclear cells (BMNCs) and detected the eosinophil chemotactic activity of Chil3 using transwell assay and flow cytometer. Furthermore, we treated the infected mice by injection with rmChil3 and then counted the number of larvae in brains of infected mice and treated mice to examine the association between the worm and Chil3. Our results showed the soluble antigen from A. cantonensis could promote the Chil3 expression in macrophage and microglial cell lines induced by interleukin-13. In conclusion, we supposed that high expression of Chil3 enhanced by soluble antigens from A. cantonensis might be the reason of serious eosinophil infiltration in mouse brain after A. cantonensis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wu
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jie Wei
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xin Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zilong Yu
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zhiyue Lv
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xi Sun
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Zhongdao Wu
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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133
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) lie at the heart of the innate immune system, specialised at recognising danger signals in many forms including foreign material, infection or tissue damage and initiating powerful adaptive immune and inflammatory responses. In barrier sites such as the lung, the instrumental role that DCs play at the interface between the environment and the host places them in a pivotal position in determining the severity of inflammatory disease. The past few years has seen a significant increase in our fundamental understanding of the subsets of DCs involved in pulmonary immunity, as well as the mechanisms by which they are activated and which they may use to coordinate downstream inflammation and pathology. In this review, we will summarise current understanding of the multi-faceted role that DCs play in the induction, maintenance and regulation of lung immunopathology, with an emphasis on allergic pulmonary disease.
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134
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Kumagai K, Lewandowski R, Jackson-Humbles DN, Li N, Van Dyken SJ, Wagner JG, Harkema JR. Ozone-Induced Nasal Type 2 Immunity in Mice Is Dependent on Innate Lymphoid Cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2016; 54:782-91. [DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2015-0118oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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135
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Nair MG, Herbert DR. Immune polarization by hookworms: taking cues from T helper type 2, type 2 innate lymphoid cells and alternatively activated macrophages. Immunology 2016; 148:115-24. [PMID: 26928141 PMCID: PMC4863575 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular and molecular investigation of parasitic helminth infections has greatly accelerated the understanding of type 2 immune responses. However, there remains considerable debate regarding the specific leucocytes that kill parasites and whether these mechanisms are distinct from those responsible for tissue repair. Herein, we chronicle discoveries over the past decade highlighting current paradigms in type 2 immunity with a particular emphasis upon how CD4(+) T helper type 2 cells, type 2 innate lymphoid cells and alternatively activated macrophages coordinately control helminth-induced parasitism. Primarily, this review will draw from studies of the murine nematode parasite Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, which bears important similarities to the human hookworms Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus. Given that one or more hookworm species currently infect millions of individuals across the globe, we propose that vaccine and/or pharmaceutical-based cure strategies targeting these affected human populations should incorporate the conceptual advances outlined herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meera G Nair
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - De'Broski R Herbert
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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136
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Vannella KM, Ramalingam TR, Hart KM, de Queiroz Prado R, Sciurba J, Barron L, Borthwick LA, Smith AD, Mentink-Kane M, White S, Thompson RW, Cheever AW, Bock K, Moore I, Fitz LJ, Urban JF, Wynn TA. Acidic chitinase primes the protective immune response to gastrointestinal nematodes. Nat Immunol 2016; 17:538-44. [PMID: 27043413 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase) is known to be induced by allergens and helminths, yet its role in immunity is unclear. Using AMCase-deficient mice, we show that AMCase deficiency reduced the number of group 2 innate lymphoid cells during allergen challenge but was not required for establishment of type 2 inflammation in the lung in response to allergens or helminths. In contrast, AMCase-deficient mice showed a profound defect in type 2 immunity following infection with the chitin-containing gastrointestinal nematodes Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri. The impaired immunity was associated with reduced mucus production and decreased intestinal expression of the signature type 2 response genes Il13, Chil3, Retnlb, and Clca1. CD103(+) dendritic cells, which regulate T cell homing, were also reduced in mesenteric lymph nodes of infected AMCase-deficient mice. Thus, AMCase functions as a critical initiator of protective type 2 responses to intestinal nematodes but is largely dispensable for allergic responses in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Vannella
- Program in Tissue Immunity and Repair, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Thirumalai R Ramalingam
- Program in Tissue Immunity and Repair, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kevin M Hart
- Program in Tissue Immunity and Repair, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Rafael de Queiroz Prado
- Program in Tissue Immunity and Repair, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joshua Sciurba
- Program in Tissue Immunity and Repair, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Luke Barron
- Program in Tissue Immunity and Repair, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lee A Borthwick
- Program in Tissue Immunity and Repair, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Tissue Fibrosis and Repair Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Allen D Smith
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Center, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Margaret Mentink-Kane
- Program in Tissue Immunity and Repair, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sandra White
- Program in Tissue Immunity and Repair, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert W Thompson
- Program in Tissue Immunity and Repair, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Allen W Cheever
- Program in Tissue Immunity and Repair, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kevin Bock
- Infectious Disease Pathology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Ian Moore
- Infectious Disease Pathology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Lori J Fitz
- Inflammation and Immunity, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph F Urban
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Center, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas A Wynn
- Program in Tissue Immunity and Repair, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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137
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Comparison of RELMα and RELMβ Single- and Double-Gene-Deficient Mice Reveals that RELMα Expression Dictates Inflammation and Worm Expulsion in Hookworm Infection. Infect Immun 2016; 84:1100-1111. [PMID: 26831469 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01479-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistin-like molecules (RELMs) are highly expressed following helminth infection, where they impact both the host and helminth. While RELMα (Retnla) impairs helminth expulsion by inhibiting protective Th2 immunity, RELMβ (Retnlb) can promote its expulsion. We employed Retnla(-/-) and Retnlb(-/-) mice to delineate the function of both proteins following infection with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, a hookworm that infects the lung and intestine. Whereas wild-type (WT) and Retnlb(-/-)mice exhibited equivalent infection-induced inflammation, Retnla(-/-) mice suffered a heightened inflammatory response, including increased mortality, weight loss, and lung inflammation. In the intestine, Retnla(-/-)mice had low parasite egg burdens compared to those of WT mice, while Retnlb(-/-) mice exhibited high egg burdens, suggesting that RELMα and RELMβ have functionally distinct effects on immunity and inflammation to N. brasiliensis To test the importance of both proteins, we generated Retnla(-/-) Retnlb(-/-) mice. Infected Retnla(-/-)Retnlb(-/-) mice exhibited similar responses to Retnla(-/-) mice, including increased mortality and lung inflammation. This inflammatory response in Retnla(-/-) Retnlb(-/-) mice negatively impacted N. brasiliensis fitness, as demonstrated by significantly lower worm ATP levels and decreased intestinal worm burden and fecundity. Lung cytokine analysis revealed that Retnla(-/-) and Retnla(-/-) Retnlb(-/-) mice expressed significantly increased levels of interleukin-4 (IL-4). Finally, we generated Retnla(-/-) mice on the Rag(-/-) background and observed that the effects of RELMα were abrogated in the absence of adaptive immunity. Together, these data demonstrate that RELMα but not RELMβ significantly impacts the immune response toN. brasiliensis infection by downregulating the Th2 adaptive immune response in the lung, which protects the host but allows improved parasite fitness.
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138
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Kucerova L, Broz V, Arefin B, Maaroufi HO, Hurychova J, Strnad H, Zurovec M, Theopold U. The Drosophila Chitinase-Like Protein IDGF3 Is Involved in Protection against Nematodes and in Wound Healing. J Innate Immun 2015; 8:199-210. [PMID: 26694862 DOI: 10.1159/000442351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitinase-like proteins (CLPs) of the 18 glycosyl hydrolase family retain structural similarity to chitinases but lack enzymatic activity. Although CLPs are upregulated in several human disorders that affect regenerative and inflammatory processes, very little is known about their normal physiological function. We show that an insect CLP (Drosophila imaginal disc growth factor 3, IDGF3) plays an immune-protective role during entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) infections. During these infections, nematodes force their entry into the host via border tissues, thus creating wounds. Whole-genome transcriptional analysis of nematode-infected wild-type and Idgf3 mutant larvae have shown that, in addition to the regulation of genes related to immunity and wound closure, IDGF3 represses Jak/STAT and Wingless signaling. Further experiments have confirmed that IDGF3 has multiple roles in innate immunity. It serves as an essential component required for the formation of hemolymph clots that seal wounds, and Idgf3 mutants display an extended developmental delay during wound healing. Altogether, our findings indicate that vertebrate and invertebrate CLP proteins function in analogous settings and have a broad impact on inflammatory reactions and infections. This opens the way to further genetic analysis of Drosophila IDGF3 and will help to elucidate the exact molecular context of CLP function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Kucerova
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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139
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Yamaguchi T, Takizawa F, Fischer U, Dijkstra JM. Along the Axis between Type 1 and Type 2 Immunity; Principles Conserved in Evolution from Fish to Mammals. BIOLOGY 2015; 4:814-59. [PMID: 26593954 PMCID: PMC4690019 DOI: 10.3390/biology4040814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A phenomenon already discovered more than 25 years ago is the possibility of naïve helper T cells to polarize into TH1 or TH2 populations. In a simplified model, these polarizations occur at opposite ends of an "immune 1-2 axis" (i1-i2 axis) of possible conditions. Additional polarizations of helper/regulatory T cells were discovered later, such as for example TH17 and Treg phenotypes; although these polarizations are not selected by the axis-end conditions, they are affected by i1-i2 axis factors, and may retain more potential for change than the relatively stable TH1 and TH2 phenotypes. I1-i2 axis conditions are also relevant for polarizations of other types of leukocytes, such as for example macrophages. Tissue milieus with "type 1 immunity" ("i1") are biased towards cell-mediated cytotoxicity, while the term "type 2 immunity" ("i2") is used for a variety of conditions which have in common that they inhibit type 1 immunity. The immune milieus of some tissues, like the gills in fish and the uterus in pregnant mammals, probably are skewed towards type 2 immunity. An i2-skewed milieu is also created by many tumors, which allows them to escape eradication by type 1 immunity. In this review we compare a number of i1-i2 axis factors between fish and mammals, and conclude that several principles of the i1-i2 axis system seem to be ancient and shared between all classes of jawed vertebrates. Furthermore, the present study is the first to identify a canonical TH2 cytokine locus in a bony fish, namely spotted gar, in the sense that it includes RAD50 and bona fide genes of both IL-4/13 and IL-3/ IL-5/GM-CSF families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Fish Immunology, Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, Greifswald-Insel Riems 17493, Germany.
| | - Fumio Takizawa
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Uwe Fischer
- Laboratory of Fish Immunology, Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, Greifswald-Insel Riems 17493, Germany.
| | - Johannes M Dijkstra
- Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Dengakugakubo 1-98, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
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140
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Enteric nematodes and the path to up-regulation of type 2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13. Cytokine 2015; 75:62-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Chien SJ, Silva KA, Kennedy VE, HogenEsch H, Sundberg JP. The pathogenesis of chronic eosinophilic esophagitis in SHARPIN-deficient mice. Exp Mol Pathol 2015; 99:460-7. [PMID: 26321245 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Increased numbers of eosinophils in the esophagus are common in several esophageal and systemic diseases, and a prominent feature of eosinophilic esophagitis. Mouse models can provide insight into the mechanisms of eosinophil infiltration and their pathogenic role. SHARPIN-deficient cpdm mice develop a chronic proliferative dermatitis and an esophagitis characterized by epithelial hyperplasia and the accumulation of eosinophils in the serosa, submucosa, lamina propria and epithelium of the esophagus. We conducted a detailed investigation of the pathogenesis of the esophagitis by light microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and gene expression as the mice aged from 4 to 10 weeks. The thickness of the esophageal epithelium and the number of eosinophils in the esophagus both increased with age. There were scattered apoptotic epithelial cells in mice at 6-10 weeks of age that reacted with antibodies to activated caspase 3 and caspase 9. The expression of CCL11 (eotaxin-1), IL4, IL13 and TSLP was increased in cpdm mice compared with wild type (WT) mice, and there was no change in the expression of CCL24 (eotaxin-2), IL5 and IL33. The expression of chitinase-like 3 and 4 (YM1 and YM2) proteins, markers of type 2 inflammation, was greatly increased in cpdm mice, and this was replicated in vitro by incubation of WT esophagus in the presence of IL4 and IL13. Immunohistochemistry showed that these proteins were localized in esophageal epithelial cells. The severity of the esophagitis was not affected by crossing SHARPIN-deficient mice with lymphocyte-deficient Rag1 null mice indicating that the inflammation is independent of B and T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syu-Jhe Chien
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | | | | | - Harm HogenEsch
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States.
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Resende NM, Gazzinelli-Guimarães PH, Barbosa FS, Oliveira LM, Nogueira DS, Gazzinelli-Guimarães AC, Gonçalves MTP, Amorim CCO, Oliveira FMS, Caliari MV, Rachid MA, Volpato GT, Bueno LL, Geiger SM, Fujiwara RT. New insights into the immunopathology of early Toxocara canis infection in mice. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:354. [PMID: 26135397 PMCID: PMC4494798 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0962-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nematodes of the genus Toxocara are cosmopolitan roundworms frequently found in dogs and cats. Toxocara spp. can accidentally infect humans and cause a zoonosis called human toxocariasis, which is characterized by visceral, ocular or cerebral migration of larval stages of the parasite, without completing its life cycle. In general, chronic nematode infections induce a polarized TH2 immune response. However, during the initial phase of infection, a strong pro-inflammatory response is part of the immunological profile and might determine the outcome and/or pathology of the infection. Methods Parasitological aspects and histopathology during larval migration were evaluated after early T. canis experimental infection of BALB/c mice, which were inoculated via the intra-gastric route with a single dose of 1000 fully embryonated eggs. Innate immune responses and systemic cytokine patterns (TH1, TH2, TH17 and regulatory cytokines) were determined at different times after experimental challenge by sandwich ELISA. Results We found that experimental infection with T. canis induced a mix of innate inflammatory/TH17/TH2 responses during early infection, with a predominance of the latter. The TH2 response was evidenced by significant increases in cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 and IL-33, in addition to increasing levels of IL-6 and IL-17. No significant increases were observed for IL-10, TNF-α or IFN-γ levels. In parallel, parasitological analysis clearly revealed the pattern of larval migration through the mouse organs, starting from the liver in the first 24 h of infection, reaching the peak in the lungs on the 3rd day of infection and finally being found numerously in the brain after 5 days of infection. Peripheral leukocytosis, characterized by early neutrophilia and subsequent eosinophilia, was remarkable during early infection. The tissue damage induced by larvae was evidenced by histopathological analysis of the organs at different time points of infection. In all of the affected organs, larval migration induced intense inflammatory infiltrate and hemorrhage. Conclusion In conclusion, these new insights into early T. canis infection in mice presented here enabled a better understanding of the immunopathological events that might also occur during human toxocariasis, thus contributing to future strategies of diagnosis and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathália M Resende
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. .,Laboratório de Fisiologia de Sistemas e Toxicologia Reprodutiva, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, Brazil.
| | | | - Fernando S Barbosa
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | - Luciana M Oliveira
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | - Denise S Nogueira
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | - Ana Clara Gazzinelli-Guimarães
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | - Marco Túlio P Gonçalves
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | - Chiara C O Amorim
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | - Fabrício M S Oliveira
- Departamento de Patologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo V Caliari
- Departamento de Patologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | - Milene A Rachid
- Departamento de Patologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | - Gustavo T Volpato
- Laboratório de Fisiologia de Sistemas e Toxicologia Reprodutiva, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, Brazil.
| | - Lilian L Bueno
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | - Stefan M Geiger
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | - Ricardo T Fujiwara
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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143
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Coffelt SB, Kersten K, Doornebal CW, Weiden J, Vrijland K, Hau CS, Verstegen NJM, Ciampricotti M, Hawinkels LJAC, Jonkers J, de Visser KE. IL-17-producing γδ T cells and neutrophils conspire to promote breast cancer metastasis. Nature 2015; 522:345-348. [PMID: 25822788 PMCID: PMC4475637 DOI: 10.1038/nature14282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1187] [Impact Index Per Article: 131.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic disease remains the primary cause of death for patients with breast cancer. The different steps of the metastatic cascade rely on reciprocal interactions between cancer cells and their microenvironment. Within this local microenvironment and in distant organs, immune cells and their mediators are known to facilitate metastasis formation. However, the precise contribution of tumour-induced systemic inflammation to metastasis and the mechanisms regulating systemic inflammation are poorly understood. Here we show that tumours maximize their chance of metastasizing by evoking a systemic inflammatory cascade in mouse models of spontaneous breast cancer metastasis. We mechanistically demonstrate that interleukin (IL)-1β elicits IL-17 expression from gamma delta (γδ) T cells, resulting in systemic, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)-dependent expansion and polarization of neutrophils in mice bearing mammary tumours. Tumour-induced neutrophils acquire the ability to suppress cytotoxic T lymphocytes carrying the CD8 antigen, which limit the establishment of metastases. Neutralization of IL-17 or G-CSF and absence of γδ T cells prevents neutrophil accumulation and downregulates the T-cell-suppressive phenotype of neutrophils. Moreover, the absence of γδ T cells or neutrophils profoundly reduces pulmonary and lymph node metastases without influencing primary tumour progression. Our data indicate that targeting this novel cancer-cell-initiated domino effect within the immune system--the γδ T cell/IL-17/neutrophil axis--represents a new strategy to inhibit metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth B Coffelt
- Divisions of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam, 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Kelly Kersten
- Divisions of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam, 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Chris W Doornebal
- Divisions of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam, 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Jorieke Weiden
- Divisions of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam, 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Kim Vrijland
- Divisions of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam, 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Cheei-Sing Hau
- Divisions of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam, 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Niels J M Verstegen
- Divisions of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam, 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Metamia Ciampricotti
- Divisions of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam, 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Lukas J A C Hawinkels
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands and Centre for Biomedical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Jonkers
- Molecular Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam, 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Karin E de Visser
- Divisions of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, Amsterdam, 1066 CX, The Netherlands
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144
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Isailovic N, Daigo K, Mantovani A, Selmi C. Interleukin-17 and innate immunity in infections and chronic inflammation. J Autoimmun 2015; 60:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Understanding the Mysterious M2 Macrophage through Activation Markers and Effector Mechanisms. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:816460. [PMID: 26089604 PMCID: PMC4452191 DOI: 10.1155/2015/816460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1163] [Impact Index Per Article: 129.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The alternatively activated or M2 macrophages are immune cells with high phenotypic heterogeneity and are governing functions at the interface of immunity, tissue homeostasis, metabolism, and endocrine signaling. Today the M2 macrophages are identified based on the expression pattern of a set of M2 markers. These markers are transmembrane glycoproteins, scavenger receptors, enzymes, growth factors, hormones, cytokines, and cytokine receptors with diverse and often yet unexplored functions. This review discusses whether these M2 markers can be reliably used to identify M2 macrophages and define their functional subdivisions. Also, it provides an update on the novel signals of the tissue environment and the neuroendocrine system which shape the M2 activation. The possible evolutionary roots of the M2 macrophage functions are also discussed.
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146
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Haçarız O, Akgün M, Kavak P, Yüksel B, Sağıroğlu MŞ. Comparative transcriptome profiling approach to glean virulence and immunomodulation-related genes of Fasciola hepatica. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:366. [PMID: 25956885 PMCID: PMC4429430 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1539-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fasciola hepatica causes chronic liver disease, fasciolosis, leading to significant losses in the livestock economy and concerns for human health in many countries. The identification of F. hepatica genes involved in the parasite's virulence through modulation of host immune system is utmost important to comprehend evasion mechanisms of the parasite and develop more effective strategies against fasciolosis. In this study, to identify the parasite's putative virulence genes which are associated with host immunomodulation, we explored whole transcriptome of an adult F. hepatica using current transcriptome profiling approaches integrated with detailed in silico analyses. In brief, the comparison of the parasite transcripts with the specialised public databases containing sequence data of non-parasitic organisms (Dugesiidae species and Caenorhabditis elegans) or of numerous pathogens and investigation of the sequences in terms of nucleotide evolution (directional selection) and cytokine signaling relation were conducted. RESULTS NGS of the whole transcriptome resulted in 19,534,766 sequence reads, yielding a total of 40,260 transcripts (N₅₀ = 522 bp). A number of the parasite transcripts (n = 1,671) were predicted to be virulence-related on the basis of the exclusive homology with the pathogen-associated data, positive selection or relationship with cytokine signaling. Of these, a group of the virulence-related genes (n = 62), not previously described, were found likely to be associated with immunomodulation based on in silico functional categorisation, showing significant sequence similarities with various immune receptors (i.e. MHC I class, TGF-β receptor, toll/interleukin-1 receptor, T-cell receptor, TNF receptor, and IL-18 receptor accessory protein), cytokines (i.e. TGF-β, interleukin-4/interleukin-13 and TNF-α), cluster of differentiations (e.g. CD48 and CD147) or molecules associated with other immunomodulatory mechanisms (such as regulation of macrophage activation). Some of the genes (n = 5) appeared to be under positive selection (Ka/Ks > 1), imitating proteins associated with cytokine signaling (through sequence homologies with thrombospondin type 1, toll/interleukin-1 receptor, TGF-β receptor and CD147). CONCLUSIONS With a comparative transcriptome profiling approach, we have identified a number of potential immunomodulator genes of F. hepatica (n = 62), which are firstly described here, could be employed for the development of better strategies (including RNAi) in the battle against both zoonotically and economically important disease, fasciolosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orçun Haçarız
- TÜBİTAK Marmara Research Center, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, P.O. Box 21, 41470, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Mete Akgün
- TÜBİTAK Marmara Research Center, Information Technologies Institute, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Pınar Kavak
- TÜBİTAK Marmara Research Center, Information Technologies Institute, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Bayram Yüksel
- TÜBİTAK Marmara Research Center, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, P.O. Box 21, 41470, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Mahmut Şamil Sağıroğlu
- TÜBİTAK Marmara Research Center, Information Technologies Institute, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey.
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148
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Bouchery T, Kyle R, Camberis M, Shepherd A, Filbey K, Smith A, Harvie M, Painter G, Johnston K, Ferguson P, Jain R, Roediger B, Delahunt B, Weninger W, Forbes-Blom E, Le Gros G. ILC2s and T cells cooperate to ensure maintenance of M2 macrophages for lung immunity against hookworms. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6970. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Jones LH, Cook PC, Ivens AC, Thomas GD, Phythian-Adams AT, Allen JE, MacDonald AS. Modulation of dendritic cell alternative activation and function by the vitamin A metabolite retinoic acid. Int Immunol 2015; 27:589-96. [PMID: 25899567 PMCID: PMC4625886 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxv020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid modulates the functions of IL-4 in alternatively activated DCs The archetypal Th2 cytokine IL-4 has previously been shown to alternatively activate murine macrophages and, more recently, dendritic cells (DCs) both in vitro and in vivo. IL-4 has also been shown to induce Aldh1a2 (aldehyde dehydrogenase 1a2) expression in murine macrophages recruited to the peritoneal cavity. However, the influence of IL-4 on DC Aldh1a2 induction in vivo has not yet been addressed. In this work, we found that DCs show enhanced aldehyde dehydrogenase enzyme activity in vivo, which led us to investigate the impact of the vitamin A metabolite all-trans retinoic acid (RA) on DC alternative activation and function. Antagonism of RA receptors reduced production of resistin-like molecule alpha by DCs responding to IL-4, while addition of exogenous RA enhanced production of this marker of alternative activation. Functionally, RA increased DC induction of CD4+ T-cell IL-10, while reducing CD4+ T-cell IL-4 and IL-13, revealing a previously unidentified role for RA in regulating the ability of alternatively activated DCs to influence Th2 polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy H Jones
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Peter C Cook
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Alasdair C Ivens
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Graham D Thomas
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Alexander T Phythian-Adams
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Judith E Allen
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Andrew S MacDonald
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
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150
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Esser-von Bieren J, Volpe B, Sutherland DB, Bürgi J, Verbeek JS, Marsland BJ, Urban JF, Harris NL. Immune antibodies and helminth products drive CXCR2-dependent macrophage-myofibroblast crosstalk to promote intestinal repair. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004778. [PMID: 25806513 PMCID: PMC4373753 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Helminth parasites can cause considerable damage when migrating through host tissues, thus making rapid tissue repair imperative to prevent bleeding and bacterial dissemination particularly during enteric infection. However, how protective type 2 responses targeted against these tissue-disruptive multicellular parasites might contribute to homeostatic wound healing in the intestine has remained unclear. Here, we observed that mice lacking antibodies (Aid-/-) or activating Fc receptors (Fcrg-/-) displayed impaired intestinal repair following infection with the murine helminth Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri (Hpb), whilst transfer of immune serum could partially restore chemokine production and rescue wound healing in Aid-/- mice. Impaired healing was associated with a reduced expression of CXCR2 ligands (CXCL2/3) by macrophages (MΦ) and myofibroblasts (MF) within intestinal lesions. Whilst antibodies and helminths together triggered CXCL2 production by MΦ in vitro via surface FcR engagement, chemokine secretion by intestinal MF was elicited by helminths directly via Fcrg-chain/dectin2 signaling. Blockade of CXCR2 during Hpb challenge infection reproduced the delayed wound repair observed in helminth infected Aid-/- and Fcrg-/- mice. Finally, conditioned media from human MΦ stimulated with infective larvae of the helminth Ascaris suum together with immune serum, promoted CXCR2-dependent scratch wound closure by human MF in vitro. Collectively our findings suggest that helminths and antibodies instruct a chemokine driven MΦ-MF crosstalk to promote intestinal repair, a capacity that may be harnessed in clinical settings of impaired wound healing. To complete their lifecycles, helminth parasites have to migrate through tissues such as the skin, lung, liver and intestine. This migration causes severe tissue damage, resulting in the need for rapid repair to restore the integrity and function of damaged tissues. Protective type 2 immune responses against helminths can repair acute lung damage, but they can also promote liver fibrosis. However, how protective immune mechanisms might contribute to wound healing during enteric nematode infection has remained unclear. Here we show that during a protective antibody response, where helminth larvae are trapped in the intestinal mucosa, macrophages and myofibroblasts secrete chemokines, which promote the repair of helminth-caused lesions. Chemokine secretion by macrophages was triggered by antibodies and helminth products, whilst myofibroblasts produced chemokines directly in response to innate recognition of helminth products. The same chemokines that instructed intestinal repair in mice were also secreted by human macrophages, when co-cultured with immune serum and helminths. Finally, human myofibroblasts closed in vitro scratch wounds more rapidly, when stimulated with the chemokine secretions of helminth-antibody activated human macrophages. Thus, our findings reveal a novel mechanism, by which a protective antibody response can promote the repair of intestinal injury during helminth infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Esser-von Bieren
- Laboratory of Intestinal Immunology, Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Technische Universität and Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Beatrice Volpe
- Laboratory of Intestinal Immunology, Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Duncan B. Sutherland
- Laboratory of Intestinal Immunology, Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Jérôme Bürgi
- Laboratory of Cell and Membrane Biology, Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - J. Sjef Verbeek
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin J. Marsland
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Service de Pneumologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Joseph F. Urban
- Diet, Genomics, & Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nicola L. Harris
- Laboratory of Intestinal Immunology, Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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