101
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Glasner A, Ghadially H, Gur C, Stanietsky N, Tsukerman P, Enk J, Mandelboim O. Recognition and prevention of tumor metastasis by the NK receptor NKp46/NCR1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:2509-15. [PMID: 22308311 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
NK cells employ a variety of activating receptors to kill virally infected and tumor cells. Prominent among these receptors are the natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs) (NKp30, NKp44, and NKp46), of which only NKp46 has a mouse ortholog (NCR1). The tumor ligand(s) of NKp46/NCR1 is still unknown, but it was shown that the human NKp46 and the mouse NCR1 are involved in tumor eradication both in vitro and in vivo. Whether any of the NK activating receptors is involved in the prevention of tumor metastasis is unknown. To address this question, we studied the activity of the NK cell receptor NKp46/NCR1 in two spontaneous metastasis models, the B16F10.9 melanoma (B16) and the Lewis lung carcinoma (D122) in the NCR1 knockout mouse that was generated by our group, in various in vitro and in vivo assays. We demonstrated that all B16 and D122 tumors, including those generated in vivo, express an unknown ligand(s) for NKp46/NCR1. We have characterized the properties of the NKp46/NCR1 ligand(s) and demonstrated that NKp46/NCR1 is directly involved in the killing of B16 and D122 cells. Importantly, we showed in vivo that NKp46/NCR1 plays an important role in controlling B16 and D122 metastasis. Thus, to our knowledge, in this study we provide the first evidence for the direct involvement of a specific NK killer receptor in preventing tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariella Glasner
- Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
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102
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Horowitz A, Stegmann KA, Riley EM. Activation of natural killer cells during microbial infections. Front Immunol 2012; 2:88. [PMID: 22566877 PMCID: PMC3342047 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2011.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are large granular lymphocytes that express a diverse array of germline encoded inhibitory and activating receptors for MHC Class I and Class I-like molecules, classical co-stimulatory ligands, and cytokines. The ability of NK cells to be very rapidly activated by inflammatory cytokines, to secrete effector cytokines, and to kill infected or stressed host cells, suggests that they may be among the very early responders during infection. Recent studies have also identified a small number of pathogen-derived ligands that can bind to NK cell surface receptors and directly induce their activation. Here we review recent studies that have begun to elucidate the various pathways by which viral, bacterial, and parasite pathogens activate NK cells. We also consider two emerging themes of NK cell–pathogen interactions, namely their contribution to adaptive immune responses and their potential to take on regulatory and immunomodulatory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Horowitz
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine London, UK
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103
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Gougeon ML, Melki MT, Saïdi H. HMGB1, an alarmin promoting HIV dissemination and latency in dendritic cells. Cell Death Differ 2012; 19:96-106. [PMID: 22033335 PMCID: PMC3252828 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2011.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) initiate immune responses by transporting antigens and migrating to lymphoid tissues to initiate T-cell responses. DCs are located in the mucosal surfaces that are involved in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission and they are probably among the earliest targets of HIV-1 infection. DCs have an important role in viral transmission and dissemination, and HIV-1 has evolved different strategies to evade DC antiviral activity. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a DNA-binding nuclear protein that can act as an alarmin, a danger signal to alert the innate immune system for the initiation of host defense. It is the prototypic damage-associated molecular pattern molecule, and it can be secreted by innate cells, including DCs and natural killer (NK) cells. The fate of DCs is dependent on a cognate interaction with NK cells, which involves HMGB1 expressed at NK-DC synapse. HMGB1 is essential for DC maturation, migration to lymphoid tissues and functional type-1 polarization of naïve T cells. This review highlights the latest advances in our understanding of the impact of HIV on the interactions between HMGB1 and DCs, focusing on the mechanisms of HMGB1-dependent viral dissemination and persistence in DCs, and discussing the consequences on antiviral innate immunity, immune activation and HIV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-L Gougeon
- Antiviral Immunity, Biotherapy and Vaccine Unit, Infection and Epidemiology Department, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
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104
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Abstract
In recent years, it has been emphasized the role of the crosstalk between natural killer (NK) cells and monocyte-derived dendritic cells dendritic cells (moDCs) in the regulation of the early phases of innate immunity innate immunity and of the subsequent adaptive immune responses. NK cells and DCs coordinate their response communicating through direct cell-to-cell contact and soluble factors. NK cells appear to contribute to the quality control of immature DCs (iDCs) undergoing maturation. On the other hand, DCs may shape the magnitude of innate immune responses by modulating the NK-mediated cytolytic activity against tumors or infected cells. Recent studies suggest that the cooperation between NK cells and DCs is also critical in several anti-viral responses. In particular, NK cells are capable of effectively counteracting viral immune evasion immune evasion strategies by eliminating infected DCs, that display impaired antigen presenting functions, thus indirectly favoring the development of adaptive immune responses to viral antigens cross-presented by healthy DCs.
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105
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The NK cell response to mouse cytomegalovirus infection affects the level and kinetics of the early CD8(+) T-cell response. J Virol 2011; 86:2165-75. [PMID: 22156533 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06042-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells and CD8(+) T cells play a prominent role in the clearance of mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection. The role of NK cells in modulating the CD8(+) T-cell response to MCMV infection is still the subject of intensive research. For analyzing the impact of NK cells on mounting of a CD8(+) T-cell response and the contribution of these cells to virus control during the first days postinfection (p.i.), we used C57BL/6 mice in which NK cells are specifically activated through the Ly49H receptor engaged by the MCMV-encoded ligand m157. Our results indicate that the requirement for CD8(+) T cells in early MCMV control inversely correlates with the engagement of Ly49H. While depletion of CD8(+) T cells has only a minor effect on the early control of wild-type MCMV, CD8(+) T cells are essential in the control of Δm157 virus. The frequencies of virus epitope-specific CD8(+) T cells and their activation status were higher in mice infected with Δm157 virus. In addition, these mice showed elevated levels of alpha interferon (IFN-α) and several other proinflammatory cytokines as early as 1.5 days p.i. Although the numbers of conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) were reduced later during infection, particularly in Δm157-infected mice, they were not significantly affected at the peak of the cytokine response. Altogether, we concluded that increased antigen load, preservation of early cDCs' function, and higher levels of innate cytokines collectively account for an enhanced CD8(+) T-cell response in C57BL/6 mice infected with a virus unable to activate NK cells via the Ly49H-m157 interaction.
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106
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Type I interferons: diversity of sources, production pathways and effects on immune responses. Curr Opin Virol 2011; 1:463-75. [PMID: 22440910 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2011.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Revised: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN-I) were first described over 50 years ago as factors produced by cells that interfere with virus replication and promote an antiviral state. Innate and adaptive immune responses to viruses are also greatly influenced by IFN-I. In this article we discuss the diversity of cellular sources of IFN-I and the pathways leading to IFN-I production during viral infections. Finally, we discuss the effects of IFN-I on cells of the immune system with emphasis on dendritic cells.
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107
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Moresco EMY, Beutler B. Resisting viral infection: the gene by gene approach. Curr Opin Virol 2011; 1:513-8. [PMID: 22440911 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2011.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Revised: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on genes required for resistance to mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV), as identified through unbiased genetic screening. Components of the developmental, sensing, and effector pathways, functioning in multiple cell types, were detected by infecting 22,000 G3 mutant mice with MCMV at an inoculum easily contained by WT animals. Merging these findings with discoveries from hypothesis-based studies, we present a cohesive picture of the essential elements utilized by the mouse innate immune system to counter MCMV. We believe that many breakthrough discoveries will yet be made using a classical genetic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Marie Y Moresco
- Department of Genetics, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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108
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Barreira da Silva R, Münz C. Natural killer cell activation by dendritic cells: balancing inhibitory and activating signals. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:3505-18. [PMID: 21861182 PMCID: PMC11114903 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0801-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells have originally been identified by their spontaneous cytolytic potential against tumor cells, which, however, might result from pre-activation due to prior pathogen exposure. Resting NK cells, on the contrary, require activation by bystander antigen-presenting cells to reach their full functional competence. In this review, we will summarize studies on how dendritic cells (DCs), the most potent type of antigen-presenting cell, communicate with human NK cells to activate them in secondary lymphoid organs and to integrate signals from activated NK cells at sites of inflammation for their own maturation. Furthermore, we will review aspects of the immunological synapse, which mediates this cross-talk. These studies provide the mechanistic understanding of how mature DCs can activate NK cells and survive to go on for the activation of adaptive immunity. This feature of DCs, to activate different waves of immune responses, could be harnessed for immunotherapies, including vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Barreira da Silva
- Department of Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar and Graduate Program in Areas of Basic and Applied Biology (GABBA), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Christian Münz
- Department of Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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109
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Cytoskeletal stabilization of inhibitory interactions in immunologic synapses of mature human dendritic cells with natural killer cells. Blood 2011; 118:6487-98. [PMID: 21917751 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-07-366328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human mature dendritic cells (DCs) can efficiently stimulate natural killer (NK)-cell responses without being targeted by their cytotoxicity. To understand this important regulatory crosstalk, we characterized the development of the immunologic synapse between mature DCs and resting NK cells. Conjugates between these 2 innate leukocyte populations formed rapidly, persisted for prolonged time periods and matured with DC-derived f-actin polymerization at the synapse. Polarization of IL-12 and IL-12R to the synapse coincided with f-actin polymerization, while other activating and inhibitory molecules were enriched at the interface between DCs and NK cells earlier. Functional assays revealed that inhibition of f-actin polymerization in mature synapses led to an increase of IFN-γ secretion and cytotoxicity by NK cells. This elevated NK-cell reactivity resulted from decreased inhibitory signaling in the absence of MHC class I polarization at the interface, which was observed on inhibition of f-actin polymerization in DCs. Thus, inhibitory signaling is stabilized by f-actin at the synapse between mature DCs and resting NK cells.
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110
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Sun JC, Lanier LL. NK cell development, homeostasis and function: parallels with CD8⁺ T cells. Nat Rev Immunol 2011; 11:645-57. [PMID: 21869816 DOI: 10.1038/nri3044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 488] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells survey host tissues for signs of infection, transformation or stress and, true to their name, kill target cells that have become useless or are detrimental to the host. For decades, NK cells have been classified as a component of the innate immune system. However, accumulating evidence in mice and humans suggests that, like the B and T cells of the adaptive immune system, NK cells are educated during development, possess antigen-specific receptors, undergo clonal expansion during infection and generate long-lived memory cells. In this Review, we highlight the many stages that an NK cell progresses through during its remarkable lifetime, discussing similarities and differences with its close relative, the cytotoxic CD8(+) T cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Sun
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
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111
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Stacey MA, Marsden M, Wang ECY, Wilkinson GWG, Humphreys IR. IL-10 restricts activation-induced death of NK cells during acute murine cytomegalovirus infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:2944-52. [PMID: 21849677 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-10 is an immunomodulatory cytokine that acts to antagonize T cell responses elicited during acute and chronic infections. Thus, the IL-10R signaling pathway provides a potential therapeutic target in strategies aimed at combating infectious diseases. In this study, we set out to investigate whether IL-10 expression had an effect on NK cells. Murine CMV infection provides the best characterized in vivo system to evaluate the NK cell response, with NK cells being critical in the early control of acute infection. Blockade of IL-10R during acute murine CMV infection markedly reduced the accumulation of cytotoxic NK cells in the spleen and lung, a phenotype associated with a transient elevation of virus DNA load. Impaired NK cell responsiveness after IL-10R blockade was attributed to elevated levels of apoptosis observed in NK cells exhibiting an activated phenotype. Therefore, we conclude that IL-10 contributes to antiviral innate immunity during acute infection by restricting activation-induced death in NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Stacey
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
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112
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Swiecki M, McCartney SA, Wang Y, Colonna M. TLR7/9 versus TLR3/MDA5 signaling during virus infections and diabetes. J Leukoc Biol 2011; 90:691-701. [PMID: 21844166 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0311166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
IFN-I are pleiotropic cytokines that impact innate and adaptive immune responses. In this article, we discuss TLR7/9 versus TLR3/MDA5 signaling in antiviral responses and diabetes. pDCs are thought to have a critical role in antiviral defense because of their ability to rapidly secrete large amounts of IFN-I through TLR7/9 signaling. A recent study demonstrates that although pDCs are a source of IFN-I in vivo, their overall contribution to viral containment is limited and time-dependent, such that additional cellular sources of IFN-I are required to fully control viral infections. dsRNA sensors, such as TLR3 and MDA5, provide another important trigger for antiviral IFN-I responses, which can be exploited to enhance immune responses to vaccines. In the absence of infection, IFN-I production by pDCs or from signaling through dsRNA sensors has been implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases such as diabetes. However, recent data demonstrate that IFN-I production via TLR3 and MDA5 is critical to counter diabetes caused by a virus with preferential tropism for pancreatic β-cells. This highlights the complexity of the host antiviral response and how multiple cellular and molecular components balance protective versus pathological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Swiecki
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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113
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De Paiva CS, Raince JK, McClellan AJ, Shanmugam KP, Pangelinan SB, Volpe EA, Corrales RM, Farley WJ, Corry DB, Li DQ, Pflugfelder SC. Homeostatic control of conjunctival mucosal goblet cells by NKT-derived IL-13. Mucosal Immunol 2011; 4:397-408. [PMID: 21178983 PMCID: PMC3577073 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2010.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Although the effects of the interleukin 13 (IL-13) on goblet cell (GC) hyperplasia have been studied in the gut and respiratory tracts, its effect on regulating conjunctival GC has not been explored. The purpose of this study was to determine the major IL-13-producing cell type and the role of IL-13 in GC homeostasis in normal murine conjunctiva. Using isolating techniques, we identified natural killer (NK)/natural killer T (NKT) cells as the main producers of IL-13. We also observed that IL-13 knockout (KO) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 knockout (STAT6KO) mice had a lower number of periodic acid Schiff (PAS)+GCs. We observed that desiccating stress (DS) decreases NK population, GCs, and IL-13, whereas it increases interferon-γ (IFN-γ) mRNA in conjunctiva. Cyclosporine A treatment during DS maintained the number of NK/NKT cells in the conjunctiva, increased IL-13 mRNA in NK+ cells, and decreased IFN-γ and IL-17A mRNA transcripts in NK+ and NK- populations. C57BL/6 mice chronically depleted of NK/NKT cells, as well as NKT cell-deficient RAG1KO and CD1dKO mice, had fewer filled GCs than their wild-type counterparts. NK depletion in CD1dKO mice had no further effect on the number of PAS+ cells. Taken together, these findings indicate that NKT cells are major sources of IL-13 in the conjunctival mucosa that regulates GC homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- CS De Paiva
- Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - JK Raince
- Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - AJ McClellan
- Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - KP Shanmugam
- Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - SB Pangelinan
- Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - EA Volpe
- Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - RM Corrales
- Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - WJ Farley
- Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - DB Corry
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - D-Q Li
- Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - SC Pflugfelder
- Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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114
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The impact of Ly49-NK cell-dependent recognition of MCMV infection on innate and adaptive immune responses. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:641702. [PMID: 21660138 PMCID: PMC3110313 DOI: 10.1155/2011/641702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical and experimental data indicate that a subset of innate lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, plays a crucial role in the response against herpesviruses, especially cytomegaloviruses (CMV). Indeed, in mice, NK cells, due to the expression of germline encoded Ly49 receptors, possess multiple mechanisms to recognize CMV infection. Classically, this results in NK cell activation and the destruction of the infected cells. More recently, however, this unique host-pathogen interaction has permitted the discovery of novel aspects of NK cell biology, implicating them in the regulation of adaptive immune responses as well as in the development of immunological memory. Here, we will concisely review the newly acquired evidence pertaining to NK cell Ly49-dependent recognition of MCMV-infected cell and the ensuing NK cell regulatory responses.
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115
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Role of natural killer and dendritic cell crosstalk in immunomodulation by commensal bacteria probiotics. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:473097. [PMID: 21660136 PMCID: PMC3110311 DOI: 10.1155/2011/473097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A cooperative dialogue between natural killer (NK) cells and dendritic cells (DCs) has been elucidated in the last years. They help each other to acquire their complete functions, both in the periphery and in the secondary lymphoid organs. Thus, NK cells' activation by dendritic cells allows the killing of transformed or infected cells in the periphery but may also be important for the generation of adaptive immunity. Indeed, it has been shown that NK cells may play a key role in polarizing a Th1 response upon interaction with DCs exposed to microbial products. This regulatory role of DC/NK cross-talk is of particular importance at mucosal surfaces such as the intestine, where the immune system exists in intimate association with commensal bacteria such as lactic acid bacteria (LAB). We here review NK/DC interactions in the presence of gut-derived commensal bacteria and their role in bacterial strain-dependent immunomodulatory effects. We particularly aim to highlight the ability of distinct species of commensal bacterial probiotics to differently affect the outcome of DC/NK cross-talk and consequently to differently influence the polarization of the adaptive immune response.
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116
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Abstract
MHC class I (MHC I) is essential to NK- and T-cell effector and surveillance functions. However, it is unknown whether MHC I polymorphism influences adaptive immunity through NK cells. Previously, we found that MHC I D(k), a cognate ligand for the Ly49G2 inhibitory receptor, was essential to NK control of murine (M)CMV infection. Here we assessed the significance of NK inhibitory receptor recognition of MCMV on CD8 T cells in genetically defined MHC I D(k) disparate mice. We observed that D(k)-licensed Ly49G2⁺ NK cells stabilized and then enhanced conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) recovery after infection. Furthermore, licensed NK support of cDC recovery was essential to enhance the tempo, magnitude, and effector activity of virus-specific CD8 T cells. Minimal cDC and CD8 T-cell number differences after low-dose MCMV in D(k) disparate animals further implied that licensed NK recognition of MCMV imparted qualitative cDC changes to enhance CD8 T-cell priming.
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117
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Brandstadter JD, Yang Y. Natural killer cell responses to viral infection. J Innate Immun 2011; 3:274-9. [PMID: 21411975 DOI: 10.1159/000324176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells, as part of the innate immune system, play a key role in host defense against viral infections. Recent advances have indicated that NK cell activation and function are regulated by the interplay between inhibitory and activating signals. Thus, a better understanding of mechanisms responsible for NK cell activation and function in the control of viral infections will help develop NK cell-based therapies. In this review, we will first discuss how NK cells are activated in response to viral infections. We will then focus on the recruitment of activated NK cells to the site of infection as well as on NK cell effector mechanisms against virally infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Brandstadter
- Molecular Cancer Biology Program, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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118
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Homeostatic defects in interleukin 18-deficient mice contribute to protection against the lethal effects of endotoxin. Immunol Cell Biol 2011; 89:739-46. [PMID: 21263463 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2010.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor-4-lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated inflammation is used to delineate signals involved in cross-talk between antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and lymphocytes such as natural killer (NK) cells. Following APC stimulation and cytokine release, NK cells produce interferon (IFN)-γ. High levels of LPS induce endotoxicosis, a systemic inflammatory disease in which IFN-γ causes significant morbidity and mortality. Several studies have highlighted the role of interleukin (IL)-18, IL-1β, IL-17A and IFN-γ in the development of endotoxicosis, but whether these cytokines interact with each other is yet to be determined. Our data demonstrate that IL-18 and IL-17A have important roles in NK cell IFN-γ production during endotoxicosis. Importantly, we provide the first evidence that IL-18 also has a role in IL-17A production by T-cell receptor (TCR)-δ cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate that IL-18-deficient mice have a defect in γδ T-cell homeostasis and IL-1β production, both of which can contribute to the development of disease through induction of IL-17A. These results reveal novel requirements for IL-18 in innate immune cell homeostasis and activation, demonstrating that the role of IL-18 in innate immunity occurs at a level other than activation.
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119
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NKp46 and DNAM-1 NK-cell receptors drive the response to human cytomegalovirus-infected myeloid dendritic cells overcoming viral immune evasion strategies. Blood 2011; 117:848-56. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-08-301374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Information on natural killer (NK)–cell receptor-ligand interactions involved in the response to human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is limited and essentially based on the study of infected fibroblasts. Experimental conditions were set up to characterize the NK response to HCMV-infected myeloid dendritic cells (DCs). Monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs) infected by the TB40/E HCMV strain down-regulated the expression of human leukocyte antigen class I molecules and specifically activated autologous NK-cell populations. NKG2D ligands appeared virtually undetectable in infected moDCs, reflecting the efficiency of immune evasion mechanisms, and explained the lack of antagonistic effects of NKG2D-specific monoclonal antibody. By contrast, DNAM-1 and DNAM-1 ligands (DNAM-1L)–specific monoclonal antibodies inhibited the NK response at 48 hours after infection, although the impact of HCMV-dependent down-regulation of DNAM-1L in infected moDCs was perceived at later stages. moDCs constitutively expressed ligands for NKp46 and NKp30 natural cytotoxicity receptors, which were partially reduced on HCMV infection; yet, only NKp46 appeared involved in the NK response. In contrast to previous reports in fibroblasts, human leukocyte antigen-E expression was not preserved in HCMV-infected moDCs, which triggered CD94/NKG2A+ NK-cell activation. The results provide an insight on key receptor-ligand interactions involved in the NK-cell response against HCMV-infected moDCs, stressing the importance of the dynamics of viral immune evasion mechanisms.
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120
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Tze LE, Horikawa K, Domaschenz H, Howard DR, Roots CM, Rigby RJ, Way DA, Ohmura-Hoshino M, Ishido S, Andoniou CE, Degli-Esposti MA, Goodnow CC. CD83 increases MHC II and CD86 on dendritic cells by opposing IL-10-driven MARCH1-mediated ubiquitination and degradation. J Exp Med 2011; 208:149-65. [PMID: 21220452 PMCID: PMC3023131 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20092203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective vaccine adjuvants must induce expression of major histocompatibility (MHC) class II proteins and the costimulatory molecule CD86 on dendritic cells (DCs). However, some adjuvants elicit production of cytokines resulting in adverse inflammatory consequences. Development of agents that selectively increase MHC class II and CD86 expression without triggering unwanted cytokine production requires a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms influencing the production and degradation of MHC class II and CD86 in DCs. Here, we investigate how CD83, an immunoglobulin protein expressed on the surface of mature DCs, promotes MHC class II and CD86 expression. Using mice with an N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-induced mutation eliminating the transmembrane (TM) region of CD83, we found that the TM domain of CD83 enhances MHC class II and CD86 expression by blocking MHC class II association with the ubiquitin ligase MARCH1. The TM region of CD83 blocks interleukin 10-driven, MARCH1-dependent ubiquitination and degradation of MHC class II and CD86 in DCs. Exploiting this posttranslational pathway for boosting MHC class II and CD86 expression on DCs may provide an opportunity to enhance the immunogenicity of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina E. Tze
- Immunology Department, John Curtin School of Medical Research, the Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Keisuke Horikawa
- Immunology Department, John Curtin School of Medical Research, the Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Heather Domaschenz
- Immunology Department, John Curtin School of Medical Research, the Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Debbie R. Howard
- Immunology Department, John Curtin School of Medical Research, the Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Carla M. Roots
- Immunology Department, John Curtin School of Medical Research, the Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Robert J. Rigby
- Immunology Department, John Curtin School of Medical Research, the Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - David A. Way
- Immunology Department, John Curtin School of Medical Research, the Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Mari Ohmura-Hoshino
- Laboratory for Infectious Immunity, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ishido
- Laboratory for Infectious Immunity, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Christopher E. Andoniou
- Immunology and Virology Program, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
- Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Mariapia A. Degli-Esposti
- Immunology and Virology Program, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
- Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Christopher C. Goodnow
- Immunology Department, John Curtin School of Medical Research, the Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
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121
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Swiecki M, Gilfillan S, Vermi W, Wang Y, Colonna M. Plasmacytoid dendritic cell ablation impacts early interferon responses and antiviral NK and CD8(+) T cell accrual. Immunity 2010; 33:955-66. [PMID: 21130004 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2010.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Revised: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) mediate type I interferon (IFN-I) responses to viruses that are recognized through the Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) or TLR9 signaling pathway. However, it is unclear how pDCs regulate the antiviral responses via innate and adaptive immune cells. We generated diphtheria toxin receptor transgenic mice to selectively deplete pDCs by administration of diphtheria toxin. pDC-depleted mice were challenged with viruses known to activate pDCs. In murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection, pDC depletion reduced early IFN-I production and augmented viral burden facilitating the expansion of natural killer (NK) cells expressing the MCMV-specific receptor Ly49H. During vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) infection, pDC depletion enhanced early viral replication and impaired the survival and accumulation of virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. We conclude that pDCs mediate early antiviral IFN-I responses and influence the accrual of virus-specific NK or CD8(+) T cells in a virus-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Swiecki
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 425 S. Euclid, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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122
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Wai LE, Garcia JA, Martinez OM, Krams SM. Distinct roles for the NK cell-activating receptors in mediating interactions with dendritic cells and tumor cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 186:222-9. [PMID: 21106845 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
NK cells are innate immune cells that are important in tumor immunity, but also have the ability to modulate the adaptive immune system through cytokine production or direct cell-cell interactions. This study investigates the interaction of NK cells with dendritic cells (DCs) and tumor cells, and the role of specific NK cell-activating receptors in this process. Primary rat NK cells and an NK cell line produced IFN-γ when cocultured with either DCs or the rat hepatoma cell line McA-RH7777 (McA). This NK cell activation by DCs and McA required cell-cell contact and was dependent on distinct NK-activating receptors. Silencing NK cell expression of NKp46 and NKp30 significantly diminished DC- and McA-mediated NK cell IFN-γ production, respectively. NK cells killed immature and mature DCs independently of NKp46, NKp30, and NKG2D; however, cytotoxicity against McA cells was dependent on NKp30 and NKG2D. Thus, we have shown in this study that NKp30 plays dual activating roles in NK-McA tumor interactions by mediating cytokine production and cytotoxicity. More importantly, NK cells are activated by both DCs and hepatoma cells to produce IFN-γ, but require distinct NK cell-activating receptors, NKp46 and NKp30, respectively. Our data suggest that therapeutics could be developed specifically to target NK-DC interactions without compromising NK tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-En Wai
- Division of Transplantation and Program in Immunology, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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123
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Zhu J, Huang X, Yang Y. NKG2D is required for NK cell activation and function in response to E1-deleted adenovirus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:7480-6. [PMID: 21076062 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite high transduction efficiency in vivo, the application of recombinant E1-deleted adenoviral vectors for in vivo gene therapy has been limited by the attendant innate and adaptive immune responses to adenoviral vectors. NK cells have been shown to play an important role in innate immune elimination of adenoviral vectors in vivo. However, the mechanisms underlying NK cell activation and function in response to adenoviral vectors remain largely undefined. In this study, we showed that NK cell activation upon adenoviral infection was dependent on accessory cells such as dendritic cells and macrophages and that cell contact-dependent signals from the accessory cells are necessary for NK cell activation. We further demonstrated that ligands of the NK activating receptor NKG2D were upregulated in accessory cells upon adenoviral infection and that blockade of NKG2D inhibited NK cell activation upon adenoviral infection, leading to a delay in adenoviral clearance in vivo. In addition, NKG2D was required for NK cell-mediated cytolysis on adenovirus-infected targets. Taken together, these results suggest that efficient NK cell activation and function in response to adenoviral infection is critically dependent on the NKG2D pathway, which understanding may assist in the design of effective strategies to improve the outcome of adenovirus-mediated gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangao Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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124
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Increased degranulation of natural killer cells during acute HCV correlates with the magnitude of virus-specific T cell responses. J Hepatol 2010; 53:805-16. [PMID: 20688412 PMCID: PMC4178223 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Revised: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Natural killer (NK) cells provide early defense against viral infections by killing infected cells and producing cytokines that inhibit viral replication. NK cells also interact with dendritic cells (DCs) and this reciprocal interaction regulates both innate and adaptive immunity. Genetic studies have suggested that NK cell activity is a determinant of HCV infectious outcome but a functional correlation has not been established. We hypothesized that increased NK cell activity during acute HCV infection correlates with spontaneous viral clearance. METHODS We used multiparametric flow cytometry to monitor longitudinally the phenotype and the activity of NK cells in a cohort of intravenous drug users following HCV exposure. Three groups were studied: acute HCV with chronic evolution (n = 13), acute resolving HCV (n = 11), and exposed un-infected individuals (n = 10). We examined the expression of several NK cell-activating and -inhibiting receptors, IFN-γ production and CD107a degranulation upon stimulation, and the kinetics of NK cell responses relative to T cell responses. RESULTS We observed decreased expression of the inhibitory NKG2A receptor in NK cells following spontaneous HCV clearance. In addition, we observed increased NK cell degranulation during acute HCV irrespective of infectious outcome. NK cell peak responses preceded or coincided with peak T cell responses. Furthermore, NK cell degranulation correlated with the magnitude of HCV-specific T cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that NK cells are activated during acute HCV regardless of infection outcome and may play an indirect role through induction and priming of T cell responses.
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125
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Sun JC, Beilke JN, Lanier LL. Immune memory redefined: characterizing the longevity of natural killer cells. Immunol Rev 2010; 236:83-94. [PMID: 20636810 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2010.00900.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells respond rapidly to transformed, stressed, or virally infected cells and provide a first-line immune defense against pathogen invasion and cancer. Thought to involve short-lived effector cells that are armed for battle, NK cells were not previously known to contribute in recall responses to pathogen re-encounter. Here, we highlight recent discoveries demonstrating that NK cells are not limited to driving primary immune responses to foreign antigen but can mount secondary responses contributing to immune memory. We also further characterize the phenotype and function of long-lived memory NK cells generated during viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Cancer Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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126
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Blood dendritic cells suppress NK cell function and increase the risk of leukemia relapse after hematopoietic cell transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2010; 17:598-607. [PMID: 20977942 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2010.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
NK cells play an important role in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) and in cross talk with dendritic cells (DCs) to induce primary T cell response against infection. Therefore, we hypothesized that blood DCs should augment NK cell function and reduce the risk of leukemia relapse after HCT. To test this hypothesis, we conducted laboratory and clinical studies in parallel. We found that although, phenotypically, NK cells could induce DC maturation and DCs could in turn increase activating marker expression on NK cells, paradoxically, both BDCA1(+) myeloid DCs and BDCA4(+) plasmacytoid DCs suppressed the function of NK cells. Patients who received an HLA-haploidentical graft containing a larger number of BDCA1(+) DCs or BDCA4(+) DCs had a higher risk of leukemia relapse and poorer survival. Further experiments indicated that the potent inhibition on NK cell cytokine production and cytotoxicity was mediated in part through the secretion of IL-10 by BDCA1(+) DCs and IL-6 by BDCA4(+) DCs. These results have significant implications for future HCT strategies.
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127
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Perrot I, Deauvieau F, Massacrier C, Hughes N, Garrone P, Durand I, Demaria O, Viaud N, Gauthier L, Blery M, Bonnefoy-Berard N, Morel Y, Tschopp J, Alexopoulou L, Trinchieri G, Paturel C, Caux C. TLR3 and Rig-like receptor on myeloid dendritic cells and Rig-like receptor on human NK cells are both mandatory for production of IFN-gamma in response to double-stranded RNA. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2010; 185:2080-8. [PMID: 20639488 PMCID: PMC3545654 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cross-talk between NK cells and dendritic cells (DCs) is critical for the potent therapeutic response to dsRNA, but the receptors involved remained controversial. We show in this paper that two dsRNAs, polyadenylic-polyuridylic acid and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)], similarly engaged human TLR3, whereas only poly(I:C) triggered human RIG-I and MDA5. Both dsRNA enhanced NK cell activation within PBMCs but only poly(I:C) induced IFN-gamma. Although myeloid DCs (mDCs) were required for NK cell activation, induction of cytolytic potential and IFN-gamma production did not require contact with mDCs but was dependent on type I IFN and IL-12, respectively. Poly(I:C) but not polyadenylic-polyuridylic acid synergized with mDC-derived IL-12 for IFN-gamma production by acting directly on NK cells. Finally, the requirement of both TLR3 and Rig-like receptor (RLR) on mDCs and RLRs but not TLR3 on NK cells for IFN-gamma production was demonstrated using TLR3- and Cardif-deficient mice and human RIG-I-specific activator. Thus, we report the requirement of cotriggering TLR3 and RLR on mDCs and RLRs on NK cells for a pathogen product to induce potent innate cell activation.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Animals
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- DEAD Box Protein 58
- DEAD-box RNA Helicases/genetics
- DEAD-box RNA Helicases/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells/cytology
- Dendritic Cells/drug effects
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Humans
- Interferon-Induced Helicase, IFIH1
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/cytology
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Myeloid Cells/cytology
- Myeloid Cells/drug effects
- Myeloid Cells/metabolism
- Poly A-U/pharmacology
- Poly I-C/pharmacology
- RNA, Double-Stranded/pharmacology
- Receptors, Immunologic
- Toll-Like Receptor 3/genetics
- Toll-Like Receptor 3/metabolism
- Transfection
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128
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Guo H, Kumar P, Malarkannan S. Evasion of natural killer cells by influenza virus. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 89:189-94. [PMID: 20682623 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0610319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cells are important innate immune effectors during influenza virus infection. However, the influenza virus seems able to use several tactics to counter NK cell recognition for immune evasion. In this review, we will summarize and discuss recent advances regarding the understanding of NK cell evasion mechanisms manipulated by the influenza virus to facilitate its rapid replication inside the respiratory epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Guo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA.
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129
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Abstract
Initially described as effectors of natural cytotoxicity and critical players for the control of viral infections and tumor growth, recent investigations unraveled more widespread functions for the natural killer (NK) cells. Through the establishment of a crosstalk with dendritic cells, NK cells promote T helper-1- and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-mediated immunity, whereas through the establishment of a crosstalk with macrophages, NK cells contribute to the activation of their microbicidal functions. Recent evidence has shown that NK cells also display memory, a characteristic thought to be privative of T and B cells, and that NK cells acquire their mature phenotype during a complex ontogeny program which tunes their activation threshold. Cytokines play critical roles in regulating all aspects of immune responses, including lymphoid development, homeostasis, differentiation, tolerance, and memory. Cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-2, IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, IL-21, and type I interferons constitute pivotal factors involved in the maturation, activation, and survival of NK cells. In addition, the discovery of novel cytokines is increasing the spectrum of soluble mediators that regulate NK cell immunobiology. In this review, we summarize and integrate novel concepts about the role of different cytokines in the regulation of NK cell function. We believe that a full understanding of how NK cells become activated and develop their effector functions in response to cytokines and other stimuli may lead to the development of novel immunotherapeutic strategies for the treatment of different types of cancer, viral infections, and chronic autoimmune diseases.
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130
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Aktas E, Erten G, Kucuksezer UC, Deniz G. Natural killer cells: versatile roles in autoimmune and infectious diseases. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2010; 5:405-20. [PMID: 20477037 DOI: 10.1586/eci.09.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are essential members of innate immunity and they rapidly respond to a variety of insults via cytokine secretion and cytolytic activity. Effector functions of NK cells form an important first line of innate immunity against viral, bacterial and parasitic infections, as well as an important bridge for the activation of adaptive immune responses. The control of NK-cell activation and killing is now understood to be a highly complex system of diverse inhibitory and activatory receptor-ligand interactions, sensing changes in MHC expression. NK cells have a functional role in innate immunity as the primary source of NK-cell-derived immunoregulatory cytokines, which have been identified in target organs of patients suffering from autoimmune diseases, and play a critical role in early defense against infectious agents. This review focuses on recent research of NK cells, summarizing their potential immunoregulatory role in modulating autoimmunity and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esin Aktas
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine (DETAE), Istanbul University, 34393 Istanbul, Turkey.
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131
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Combined Treatment With Dendritic Cells and 5-fluorouracil Elicits Augmented NK Cell-mediated Antitumor Activity Through the Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Pathway. J Immunother 2010; 33:467-74. [DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e3181d36726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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132
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Waggoner SN, Taniguchi RT, Mathew PA, Kumar V, Welsh RM. Absence of mouse 2B4 promotes NK cell-mediated killing of activated CD8+ T cells, leading to prolonged viral persistence and altered pathogenesis. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:1925-38. [PMID: 20440077 PMCID: PMC2877945 DOI: 10.1172/jci41264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent viral infections are often associated with inefficient T cell responses and sustained high-level expression of inhibitory receptors, such as the NK cell receptor 2B4 (also known as CD244), on virus-specific T cells. However, the role of 2B4 in T cell dysfunction is undefined, and it is unknown whether NK cells contribute to regulation of these processes. We show here that persistent lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection of mice lacking 2B4 resulted in diminished LCMV-specific CD8+ T cell responses, prolonged viral persistence, and spleen and thymic pathologies that differed from those observed in infected wild-type mice. Surprisingly, these altered phenotypes were not caused by 2B4 deficiency in T cells. Rather, the entire and long-lasting pathology and viral persistence were regulated by 2B4-deficient NK cells acting early in infection. In the absence of 2B4, NK cells lysed activated (defined as CD44hi) but not naive (defined as CD44lo) CD8+ T cells in a perforin-dependent manner in vitro and in vivo. These results illustrate the importance of NK cell self-tolerance to activated CD8+ T cells and demonstrate how an apparent T cell-associated persistent infection can actually be regulated by NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen N. Waggoner
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Ruth T. Taniguchi
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Porunelloor A. Mathew
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Vinay Kumar
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Raymond M. Welsh
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
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133
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Andrews DM, Estcourt MJ, Andoniou CE, Wikstrom ME, Khong A, Voigt V, Fleming P, Tabarias H, Hill GR, van der Most RG, Scalzo AA, Smyth MJ, Degli-Esposti MA. Innate immunity defines the capacity of antiviral T cells to limit persistent infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 207:1333-43. [PMID: 20513749 PMCID: PMC2882831 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20091193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Effective immunity requires the coordinated activation of innate and adaptive immune responses. Natural killer (NK) cells are central innate immune effectors, but can also affect the generation of acquired immune responses to viruses and malignancies. How NK cells influence the efficacy of adaptive immunity, however, is poorly understood. Here, we show that NK cells negatively regulate the duration and effectiveness of virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses by limiting exposure of T cells to infected antigen-presenting cells. This impacts the quality of T cell responses and the ability to limit viral persistence. Our studies provide unexpected insights into novel interplays between innate and adaptive immune effectors, and define the critical requirements for efficient control of viral persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Andrews
- Immunology and Virology Program, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University Department of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
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134
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Flt3 permits survival during infection by rendering dendritic cells competent to activate NK cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:9759-64. [PMID: 20457904 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1005186107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A previously unappreciated signal necessary for dendritic cell (DC)-mediated activation of natural killer (NK) cells during viral infection was revealed by a recessive N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-induced mutation called warmflash (wmfl). Wmfl homozygotes displayed increased susceptibility to mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection. In response to MCMV infection in vivo, delayed NK cell activation was observed, but no intrinsic defects in NK cell activation or function were identified. Rather, coculture experiments demonstrated that NK cells are suboptimally activated by wmfl DCs, which showed impaired cytokine production in response to MCMV or synthetic TLR7 and TLR9 ligands. The wmfl mutation was identified in the gene encoding the Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (Flt3). Flt3 ligand (Flt3L) is transiently induced in the serum upon infection or TLR activation. However, antibody blockade reveals no acute requirement for Flt3L, suggesting that the Flt3L --> Flt3 axis programs the development of DCs, making them competent to support NK effector function. In the absence of Flt3 signaling, NK cell activation is delayed and survival during MCMV infection is markedly compromised.
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135
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Magro CM, Kerns MJ, Votava H, Vasil KE, Dyrsen ME, Morrison CD. Early-onset lichenoid graft-vs.-host disease: a unique variant of acute graft-vs.-host disease occurring in peripheral blood stem cell transplant recipients. J Cutan Pathol 2010; 37:549-58. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2009.01427.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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136
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Abstract
Natural killer group 2, member D (NKG2D) is an activating receptor present on the surface of natural killer (NK) cells, some NKT cells, CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells, gammadelta T cells, and under certain conditions CD4(+) T cells. Present in both humans and mice, this highly conserved receptor binds to a surprisingly diverse family of ligands that are distant relatives of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules. There is increasing evidence that ligand expression can result in both immune activation (tumor clearance, viral immunity, autoimmunity, and transplantation) and immune silencing (tumor evasion). In this review, we describe this family of NKG2D ligands and the various mechanisms that control their expression in stressed and normal cells. We also discuss the host response to both membrane-bound and secreted NKG2D ligands and summarize the models proposed to explain the consequences of this differential expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Champsaur
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program and The Cancer Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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137
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Loewendorf A, Benedict CA. Modulation of host innate and adaptive immune defenses by cytomegalovirus: timing is everything. J Intern Med 2010; 267:483-501. [PMID: 20433576 PMCID: PMC2902254 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2010.02220.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) (HHV-5, a beta-herpesvirus) causes the vast majority of infection-related congenital birth defects, and can trigger severe disease in immune suppressed individuals. The high prevalence of societal infection, the establishment of lifelong persistence and the growing number of immune-related diseases where HCMV is touted as a potential promoter is slowly heightening public awareness to this virus. The millions of years of co-evolution between CMV and the immune system of its host provides for a unique opportunity to study immune defense strategies, and pathogen counterstrategies. Dissecting the timing of the cellular and molecular processes that regulate innate and adaptive immunity to this persistent virus has revealed a complex defense network that is shaped by CMV immune modulation, resulting in a finely tuned host-pathogen relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Loewendorf
- Division of Molecular Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
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138
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MHC class I D(k) expression in hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells confers natural killer cell resistance to murine cytomegalovirus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:8754-9. [PMID: 20421478 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0913126107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cell-mediated murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) resistance (Cmv(r)) is under H-2(k) control in MA/My mice, but the underlying gene(s) is unclear. Prior genetic analysis mapped Cmv(r) to the MHC class I (MHC-I) D(k) gene interval. Because NK cell receptors are licensed by and responsive to MHC class I molecules, D(k) itself is a candidate gene. A 10-kb genomic D(k) fragment was subcloned and microinjected into MCMV-susceptible (Cmv(s)) (MA/My.L-H2(b) x C57L)F(1) or (B6 x DBA/2)F(2) embryos. Transgenic founders, which are competent for D(k) expression and germline transgene transmission, were identified and further backcrossed to MA/My.L-H2(b) or C57L mice. Remarkably, D(k) expression delivered NK-mediated resistance in either genetic background. Further, NK cells with cognate inhibitory Ly49G receptors for self-MHC-I D(k) were licensed and critical in protection against MCMV infection. In radiation bone marrow chimeras, NK resistance was significantly diminished when MHC-I D(k) expression was restricted to only hematopoietic or nonhematopoietic cells. Thus, MHC-I D(k) is the H-2(k)-linked Cmv(r) locus; these findings suggest a role for NK cell interaction with D(k)-bearing hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells to shape NK-mediated virus immunity.
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139
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Melki MT, Saïdi H, Dufour A, Olivo-Marin JC, Gougeon ML. Escape of HIV-1-infected dendritic cells from TRAIL-mediated NK cell cytotoxicity during NK-DC cross-talk--a pivotal role of HMGB1. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1000862. [PMID: 20419158 PMCID: PMC2855334 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Early stages of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1) infection are associated with local recruitment and activation of important effectors of innate immunity, i.e. natural killer (NK) cells and dendritic cells (DCs). Immature DCs (iDCs) capture HIV-1 through specific receptors and can disseminate the infection to lymphoid tissues following their migration, which is associated to a maturation process. This process is dependent on NK cells, whose role is to keep in check the quality and the quantity of DCs undergoing maturation. If DC maturation is inappropriate, NK cells will kill them (“editing process”) at sites of tissue inflammation, thus optimizing the adaptive immunity. In the context of a viral infection, NK-dependent killing of infected-DCs is a crucial event required for early elimination of infected target cells. Here, we report that NK-mediated editing of iDCs is impaired if DCs are infected with HIV-1. We first addressed the question of the mechanisms involved in iDC editing, and we show that cognate NK-iDC interaction triggers apoptosis via the TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-Death Receptor 4 (DR4) pathway and not via the perforin pathway. Nevertheless, once infected with HIV-1, DCHIV become resistant to NK-induced TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. This resistance occurs despite normal amounts of TRAIL released by NK cells and comparable DR4 expression on DCHIV. The escape of DCHIV from NK killing is due to the upregulation of two anti-apoptotic molecules, the cellular-Flice like inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) and the cellular inhibitor of apoptosis 2 (c-IAP2), induced by NK-DCHIV cognate interaction. High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), an alarmin and a key mediator of NK-DC cross-talk, was found to play a pivotal role in NK-dependent upregulation of c-FLIP and c-IAP2 in DCHIV. Finally, we demonstrate that restoration of DCHIV susceptibility to NK-induced TRAIL killing can be obtained either by silencing c-FLIP and c-IAP2 by specific siRNA, or by inhibiting HMGB1 with blocking antibodies or glycyrrhizin, arguing for a key role of HMGB1 in TRAIL resistance and DCHIV survival. These findings provide evidence for a new strategy developed by HIV to escape immune attack, they challenge the question of the involvement of HMGB1 in the establishment of viral reservoirs in DCs, and they identify potential therapeutic targets to eliminate infected DCs. Dendritic cells (DCs), the professional antigen presenting cells, are critical for host immunity by inducing specific immune responses against a broad variety of pathogens. Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1) has evolved ways to exploit DCs, thereby facilitating viral dissemination and allowing evasion of antiviral immunity. In particular, infected DCs may function as cellular reservoirs for HIV-1, thus contributing to viral persistence in lymphoid tissues. The mechanisms involved in the constitution of HIV reservoirs in DCs are poorly understood. In this study, we reveal that DCs infected with HIV-1 (DCHIV) become resistant to killing by natural killer (NK) cells, early effectors of innate immunity involved in the destruction of virus infected cells or cancer cells. This protection of DCHIV from NK cytotoxicity is induced through a cross-talk between NK cells and DCHIV, which induces the upregulation in DCHIV of two inhibitors of cell death, i.e. cellular-Flice like inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) and cellular inhibitor of apoptosis 2 (c-IAP2). The molecule responsible for the induction of these inhibitors is High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), an alarmin involved in the functional maturation of DCs. Blocking HMGB1 restores DCHIV susceptibility to NK cell killing, arguing for a key role of HMGB1 in the persistence of DCHIV. These findings provide evidence of the crucial role of NK-DC cross-talk in promoting viral persistence, and they identify potential therapeutic targets to eliminate infected DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Thérèse Melki
- Institut Pasteur, Antiviral Immunity, Biotherapy and Vaccine Unit, Paris, France
| | - Héla Saïdi
- Institut Pasteur, Antiviral Immunity, Biotherapy and Vaccine Unit, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Dufour
- Institut Pasteur, Quantitative Image Analysis Unit, CNRS URA 2582, Paris, France
| | | | - Marie-Lise Gougeon
- Institut Pasteur, Antiviral Immunity, Biotherapy and Vaccine Unit, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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140
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Sozzani S, Bosisio D, Scarsi M, Tincani A. Type I interferons in systemic autoimmunity. Autoimmunity 2010; 43:196-203. [DOI: 10.3109/08916930903510872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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141
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Direct TLR2 signaling is critical for NK cell activation and function in response to vaccinia viral infection. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1000811. [PMID: 20300608 PMCID: PMC2837413 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play an essential role in innate immune control of poxviral infections in vivo. However, the mechanism(s) underlying NK cell activation and function in response to poxviruses remains poorly understood. In a mouse model of infection with vaccinia virus (VV), the most studied member of the poxvirus family, we identified that the Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2-myeloid differentiating factor 88 (MyD88) pathway was critical for the activation of NK cells and the control of VV infection in vivo. We further showed that TLR2 signaling on NK cells, but not on accessory cells such as dendritic cells (DCs), was necessary for NK cell activation and that this intrinsic TLR2-MyD88 signaling pathway was required for NK cell activation and played a critical role in the control of VV infection in vivo. In addition, we showed that the activating receptor NKG2D was also important for efficient NK activation and function, as well as recognition of VV-infected targets. We further demonstrated that VV could directly activate NK cells via TLR2 in the presence of cytokines in vitro and TLR2-MyD88-dependent activation of NK cells by VV was mediated through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. Taken together, these results represent the first evidence that intrinsic TLR signaling is critical for NK cell activation and function in the control of a viral infection in vivo, indicate that multiple pathways are required for efficient NK cell activation and function in response to VV infection, and may provide important insights into the design of effective strategies to combat poxviral infections. NK cells are an important component of innate immunity in fighting against poxviral infections in vivo. However, how NK cells are activated and exert their function in controlling poxviruses remains poorly understood. In this paper, we found that VV, the most studied member of the poxvirus family, could directly activate TLR2 on NK cells and that the direct TLR2 stimulation was critical for NK cell activation and function in the control of VV infection in vivo. We further showed that TLR2-dependent NK cell activation by VV was mediated through the PI3K-ERK pathway. In addition, we demonstrated that the activating receptor NKG2D was also required for efficient NK cell activation and function. Collectively, these results represent the first evidence that direct TLR signaling is crucial to NK cell activation and function in the control of a viral infection in vivo, indicate that multiple pathways are required for efficient NK cell activation, and may provide important insights into the design of effective strategies to combat poxviral infections.
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142
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Swiecki M, Colonna M. Unraveling the functions of plasmacytoid dendritic cells during viral infections, autoimmunity, and tolerance. Immunol Rev 2010; 234:142-62. [PMID: 20193017 PMCID: PMC3507434 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2009.00881.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are bone marrow-derived cells that secrete large amounts of type I interferon (IFN) in response to viruses. Type I IFNs are pleiotropic cytokines with antiviral activity that also enhance innate and adaptive immune responses. Viruses trigger activation of pDCs and type I IFN responses mainly through the Toll-like receptor pathway. However, a variety of activating and inhibitory pDC receptors fine tune the amplitude of type I IFN responses. Chronic activation and secretion of type I IFN in the absence of infection can promote autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, while activated pDCs promote immunity and autoimmunity, resting or alternatively activated pDCs may be tolerogenic. The various roles of pDCs have been extensively studied in vitro and in vivo with depleting antibodies. However, depleting antibodies cross-react with other cell types that are critical for eliciting protective immunity, potentially yielding ambiguous phenotypes. Here we discuss new approaches to assess pDC functions in vivo and provide preliminary data on their potential roles during viral infections. Such approaches would also prove useful in the more specific evaluation of how pDCs mediate tolerance and autoimmunity. Finally, we discuss the emergent role of pDCs and one of their receptors, tetherin, in human immunodeficiency virus pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Swiecki
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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143
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Crabé S, Guay-Giroux A, Tormo AJ, Duluc D, Lissilaa R, Guilhot F, Mavoungou-Bigouagou U, Lefouili F, Cognet I, Ferlin W, Elson G, Jeannin P, Gauchat JF. The IL-27 p28 subunit binds cytokine-like factor 1 to form a cytokine regulating NK and T cell activities requiring IL-6R for signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 183:7692-702. [PMID: 19933857 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
IL-27 is formed by the association of a cytokine subunit, p28, with the soluble cytokine receptor EBV-induced gene 3 (EBI3). The IL-27R comprises gp130 and WSX-1. The marked difference between EBI3(-/-) and WSX-1(-/-) mice suggests that p28 has functions independent of EBI3. We have identified an alternative secreted complex formed by p28 and the soluble cytokine receptor cytokine-like factor 1 (CLF). Like IL-27, p28/CLF is produced by dendritic cells and is biologically active on human NK cells, increasing IL-12- and IL-2-induced IFN-gamma production and activation marker expression. Experiments with Ba/F3 transfectants indicate that p28/CLF activates cells expressing IL-6Ralpha in addition to the IL-27R subunits. When tested on CD4 and CD8 T cells, p28/CLF induces IL-6Ralpha-dependent STAT1 and STAT3 phosphorylation. Furthermore, p28/CLF inhibits CD4 T cell proliferation and induces IL-17 and IL-10 secretion. These results indicate that p28/CLF may participate in the regulation of NK and T cell functions by dendritic cells. The p28/CLF complex engages IL-6R and may therefore be useful for therapeutic applications targeting cells expressing this receptor. Blocking IL-6R using humanized mAbs such as tocilizumab has been shown to be beneficial in pathologies like rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile idiopathic arthritis. The identification of a new IL-6R ligand is therefore important for a complete understanding of the mechanism of action of this emerging class of immunosuppressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Crabé
- Département de Pharmacologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
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144
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Suzuki T, Chang MO, Kitajima M, Takaku H. Baculovirus activates murine dendritic cells and induces non-specific NK cell and T cell immune responses. Cell Immunol 2010; 262:35-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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145
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Lucas M, Vonarbourg C, Aichele P, Diefenbach A. Studying NK cell/dendritic cell interactions. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 612:97-126. [PMID: 20033637 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-362-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although NK cells were originally identified as "naturally" active cells believed to follow a cell-autonomous activation program, it is now widely accepted that NK cells need to interact with dendritic cells for their full functional activation and for their homeostasis. In this chapter, we will provide an experimental guide to the analysis of NK cell/DC interactions in vitro and in vivo. We have put special emphasis on the recently developed mouse models allowing the inducible and specific ablation of various subsets of DCs and other myeloid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Lucas
- Institute of Medical Microbiology & Hygiene, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
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146
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Della Chiesa M, Falco M, Parolini S, Bellora F, Petretto A, Romeo E, Balsamo M, Gambarotti M, Scordamaglia F, Tabellini G, Facchetti F, Vermi W, Bottino C, Moretta A, Vitale M. GPR56 as a novel marker identifying the CD56dull CD16+ NK cell subset both in blood stream and in inflamed peripheral tissues. Int Immunol 2009; 22:91-100. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxp116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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147
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McCartney S, Vermi W, Gilfillan S, Cella M, Murphy TL, Schreiber RD, Murphy KM, Colonna M. Distinct and complementary functions of MDA5 and TLR3 in poly(I:C)-mediated activation of mouse NK cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 206:2967-76. [PMID: 19995959 PMCID: PMC2806445 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20091181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) analogue poly(I:C) is a promising adjuvant for cancer vaccines because it activates both dendritic cells (DCs) and natural killer (NK) cells, concurrently promoting adaptive and innate anticancer responses. Poly(I:C) acts through two dsRNA sensors, Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and melanoma differentiation-associated protein-5 (MDA5). Here, we investigated the relative contributions of MDA5 and TLR3 to poly(I:C)-mediated NK cell activation using MDA5−/−, TLR3−/−, and MDA5−/−TLR3−/− mice. MDA5 was crucial for NK cell activation, whereas TLR3 had a minor impact most evident in the absence of MDA5. MDA5 and TLR3 activated NK cells indirectly through accessory cells and induced the distinct stimulatory cytokines interferon-α and interleukin-12, respectively. To identify the relevant accessory cells in vivo, we generated bone marrow chimeras between either wild-type (WT) and MDA5−/− or WT and TLR3−/− mice. Interestingly, multiple accessory cells were implicated, with MDA5 acting primarily in stromal cells and TLR3 predominantly in hematopoietic cells. Furthermore, poly(I:C)-mediated NK cell activation was not notably impaired in mice lacking CD8α DCs, providing further evidence that poly(I:C) acts through diverse accessory cells rather than solely through DCs. These results demonstrate distinct yet complementary roles for MDA5 and TLR3 in poly(I:C)-mediated NK cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen McCartney
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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148
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Bourquin C, Schmidt L, Lanz AL, Storch B, Wurzenberger C, Anz D, Sandholzer N, Mocikat R, Berger M, Poeck H, Hartmann G, Hornung V, Endres S. Immunostimulatory RNA oligonucleotides induce an effective antitumoral NK cell response through the TLR7. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:6078-86. [PMID: 19890064 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RNA oligonucleotides containing immune-activating sequences promote the development of cytotoxic T cell and B cell responses to Ag. In this study, we show for the first time that immunostimulatory RNA oligonucleotides induce a NK cell response that prevents growth of NK-sensitive tumors. Treatment of mice with immunostimulatory RNA oligonucleotides activates NK cells in a sequence-dependent manner, leading to enhanced IFN-gamma production and increased cytotoxicity. Use of gene-deficient mice showed that NK activation is entirely TLR7-dependent. We further demonstrate that NK activation is indirectly induced through IL-12 and type I IFN production by dendritic cells. Reconstitution of TLR7-deficient mice with wild-type dendritic cells restores NK activation upon treatment with immunostimulatory RNA oligonucleotides. Thus, by activating both NK cells and CTLs, RNA oligonucleotides stimulate two major cellular effectors of antitumor immunity. This dual activation may enhance the efficacy of immunotherapeutic strategies against cancer by preventing the development of tumor immune escape variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Bourquin
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
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149
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Interferon-induced protection against foot-and-mouth disease virus infection correlates with enhanced tissue-specific innate immune cell infiltration and interferon-stimulated gene expression. J Virol 2009; 84:2063-77. [PMID: 19955313 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01874-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we demonstrated that type I interferon (IFN-alpha/beta) or a combination of IFN-alpha/beta and type II IFN (IFN-gamma) delivered by a replication-defective human adenovirus 5 (Ad5) vector protected swine when challenged 1 day later with foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). To gain a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanism of protection induced by IFNs, we inoculated groups of six swine with Ad5-vectors containing these genes, challenged 1 day later and euthanized 2 animals from each group prior to (1 day postinoculation [dpi]) and at 1 (2 dpi) and 6 days postchallenge (7 dpi). Blood, skin, and lymphoid tissues were examined for IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) induction and infiltration by innate immune cells. All IFN-inoculated animals had delayed and decreased clinical signs and viremia compared to the controls, and one animal in the IFN-alpha treated group did not develop disease. At 1 and 2 dpi the groups inoculated with the IFNs had increased numbers of dendritic cells and natural killer cells in the skin and lymph nodes, respectively, as well as increased levels of several ISGs compared to the controls. In particular, all tissues examined from IFN-treated groups had significant upregulation of the chemokine 10-kDa IFN-gamma-inducible protein 10, and preferential upregulation of 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase, Mx1, and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. There was also upregulation of monocyte chemotactic protein 1 and macrophage inflammatory protein 3alpha in the skin. These data suggest that there is a complex interplay between IFN-induced immunomodulatory and antiviral activities in protection of swine against FMDV.
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150
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Baranek T, Zucchini N, Dalod M. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells and the control of herpesvirus infections. Viruses 2009; 1:383-419. [PMID: 21994554 PMCID: PMC3185500 DOI: 10.3390/v1030383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Revised: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Type-I interferons (IFN-I) are cytokines essential for vertebrate antiviral defense, including against herpesviruses. IFN-I have potent direct antiviral activities and also mediate a multiplicity of immunoregulatory functions, which can either promote or dampen antiviral adaptive immune responses. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are the professional producers of IFN-I in response to many viruses, including all of the herpesviruses tested. There is strong evidence that pDCs could play a major role in the initial orchestration of both innate and adaptive antiviral immune responses. Depending on their activation pattern, pDC responses may be either protective or detrimental to the host. Here, we summarize and discuss current knowledge regarding pDC implication in the physiopathology of mouse and human herpesvirus infections, and we discuss how pDC functions could be manipulated in immunotherapeutic settings to promote health over disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Baranek
- Université de la Méditerranée, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Parc Scientifique & Technologique de Luminy, Case 906, F13288 Marseille, Cedex 09, France; E-Mails: (T.B.); (N.Z.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U631, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Parc Scientifique & Technologique de Luminy, Case 906, F13288 Marseille, Cedex 09, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR6102, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Parc Scientifique & Technologique de Luminy, Case 906, F13288 Marseille, Cedex 09, France
| | - Nicolas Zucchini
- Université de la Méditerranée, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Parc Scientifique & Technologique de Luminy, Case 906, F13288 Marseille, Cedex 09, France; E-Mails: (T.B.); (N.Z.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U631, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Parc Scientifique & Technologique de Luminy, Case 906, F13288 Marseille, Cedex 09, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR6102, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Parc Scientifique & Technologique de Luminy, Case 906, F13288 Marseille, Cedex 09, France
| | - Marc Dalod
- Université de la Méditerranée, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Parc Scientifique & Technologique de Luminy, Case 906, F13288 Marseille, Cedex 09, France; E-Mails: (T.B.); (N.Z.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U631, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Parc Scientifique & Technologique de Luminy, Case 906, F13288 Marseille, Cedex 09, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR6102, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Parc Scientifique & Technologique de Luminy, Case 906, F13288 Marseille, Cedex 09, France
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