101
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Christen S, Coppieters K, Rose K, Holdener M, Bayer M, Pfeilschifter JM, Hintermann E, von Herrath MG, Aurrand-Lions M, Imhof BA, Christen U. Blockade but not overexpression of the junctional adhesion molecule C influences virus-induced type 1 diabetes in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54675. [PMID: 23372751 PMCID: PMC3556033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from the autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta-cells in the pancreas. Recruitment of inflammatory cells is prerequisite to beta-cell-injury. The junctional adhesion molecule (JAM) family proteins JAM-B and JAM–C are involved in polarized leukocyte transendothelial migration and are expressed by vascular endothelial cells of peripheral tissue and high endothelial venules in lympoid organs. Blocking of JAM-C efficiently attenuated cerulean-induced pancreatitis, rheumatoid arthritis or inflammation induced by ischemia and reperfusion in mice. In order to investigate the influence of JAM-C on trafficking and transmigration of antigen-specific, autoaggressive T-cells, we used transgenic mice that express a protein of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) as a target autoantigen in the β-cells of the islets of Langerhans under the rat insulin promoter (RIP). Such RIP-LCMV mice turn diabetic after infection with LCMV. We found that upon LCMV-infection JAM-C protein was upregulated around the islets in RIP-LCMV mice. JAM-C expression correlated with islet infiltration and functional beta-cell impairment. Blockade with a neutralizing anti-JAM-C antibody reduced the T1D incidence. However, JAM-C overexpression on endothelial cells did not accelerate diabetes in the RIP-LCMV model. In summary, our data suggest that JAM-C might be involved in the final steps of trafficking and transmigration of antigen-specific autoaggressive T-cells to the islets of Langerhans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selina Christen
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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102
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Tang C, Naassan AE, Chamson-Reig A, Koulajian K, Goh TT, Yoon F, Oprescu AI, Ghanim H, Lewis GF, Dandona P, Donath MY, Ehses JA, Arany E, Giacca A. Susceptibility to fatty acid-induced β-cell dysfunction is enhanced in prediabetic diabetes-prone biobreeding rats: a potential link between β-cell lipotoxicity and islet inflammation. Endocrinology 2013; 154:89-101. [PMID: 23150493 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
β-Cell lipotoxicity is thought to play an important role in the development of type 2 diabetes. However, no study has examined its role in type 1 diabetes, which could be clinically relevant for slow-onset type 1 diabetes. Reports of enhanced cytokine toxicity in fat-laden islets are consistent with the hypothesis that lipid and cytokine toxicity may be synergistic. Thus, β-cell lipotoxicity could be enhanced in models of autoimmune diabetes. To determine this, we examined the effects of prolonged free fatty acids elevation on β-cell secretory function in the prediabetic diabetes-prone BioBreeding (dp-BB) rat, its diabetes-resistant BioBreeding (dr-BB) control, and normal Wistar-Furth (WF) rats. Rats received a 48-h iv infusion of saline or Intralipid plus heparin (IH) (to elevate free fatty acid levels ~2-fold) followed by hyperglycemic clamp or islet secretion studies ex vivo. IH significantly decreased β-cell function, assessed both by the disposition index (insulin secretion corrected for IH-induced insulin resistance) and in isolated islets, in dp-BB, but not in dr-BB or WF, rats, and the effect of IH was inhibited by the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine. Furthermore, IH significantly increased islet cytokine mRNA and plasma cytokine levels (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and IL-10) in dp-BB, but not in dr-BB or WF, rats. All dp-BB rats had mononuclear infiltration of islets, which was absent in dr-BB and WF rats. In conclusion, the presence of insulitis was permissive for IH-induced β-cell dysfunction in the BB rat, which suggests a link between β-cell lipotoxicity and islet inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Tang
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Room 3336, Medical Sciences Building, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
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103
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Graham KL, Sutherland RM, Mannering SI, Zhao Y, Chee J, Krishnamurthy B, Thomas HE, Lew AM, Kay TWH. Pathogenic mechanisms in type 1 diabetes: the islet is both target and driver of disease. Rev Diabet Stud 2012; 9:148-68. [PMID: 23804258 DOI: 10.1900/rds.2012.9.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes have occurred in all steps of the disease. This review outlines the pathogenic mechanisms utilized by the immune system to mediate destruction of the pancreatic beta-cells. The autoimmune response against beta-cells appears to begin in the pancreatic lymph node where T cells, which have escaped negative selection in the thymus, first meet beta-cell antigens presented by dendritic cells. Proinsulin is an important antigen in early diabetes. T cells migrate to the islets via the circulation and establish insulitis initially around the islets. T cells within insulitis are specific for islet antigens rather than bystanders. Pathogenic CD4⁺ T cells may recognize peptides from proinsulin which are produced locally within the islet. CD8⁺ T cells differentiate into effector T cells in islets and then kill beta-cells, primarily via the perforin-granzyme pathway. Cytokines do not appear to be important cytotoxic molecules in vivo. Maturation of the immune response within the islet is now understood to contribute to diabetes, and highlights the islet as both driver and target of the disease. The majority of our knowledge of these pathogenic processes is derived from the NOD mouse model, although some processes are mirrored in the human disease. However, more work is required to translate the data from the NOD mouse to our understanding of human diabetes pathogenesis. New technology, especially MHC tetramers and modern imaging, will enhance our understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate L Graham
- St. Vincent´s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
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104
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Simon T, Pogu S, Tardif V, Rigaud K, Rémy S, Piaggio E, Bach JM, Anegon I, Blancou P. Carbon monoxide-treated dendritic cells decrease β1-integrin induction on CD8⁺ T cells and protect from type 1 diabetes. Eur J Immunol 2012; 43:209-18. [PMID: 23065740 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) treatment improves pathogenic outcome of autoimmune diseases by promoting tolerance. However, the mechanism behind this protective tolerance is not yet defined. Here, we show in a transgenic mouse model for autoimmune diabetes that ex vivo gaseous CO (gCO)-treated DCs loaded with pancreatic β-cell peptides protect mice from disease. This protection is peptide-restricted, independent of IL-10 secretion by DCs and of CD4(+) T cells. Although no differences were observed in autoreactive CD8(+) T-cell function from gCO-treated versus untreated DC-immunized groups, gCO-treated DCs strongly inhibited accumulation of autoreactive CD8(+) T cells in the pancreas. Interestingly, induction of β1-integrin was curtailed when CD8(+) T cells were primed with gCO-treated DCs, and the capacity of these CD8(+) T cells to lyse isolated islet was dramatically impaired. Thus, immunotherapy using CO-treated DCs appears to be an original strategy to control autoimmune disease.
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105
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Zammit NW, Tan BM, Walters SN, Liuwantara D, Villanueva JE, Malle EK, Grey ST. Low-dose rapamycin unmasks the protective potential of targeting intragraft NF-κB for islet transplants. Cell Transplant 2012; 22:2355-66. [PMID: 23127588 DOI: 10.3727/096368912x658737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Islet grafts can contribute to their own destruction via the elaboration of proinflammatory genes, many of which are transcriptionally regulated by nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B-cells (NF-κB). Thus, NF-κB constitutes an enticing gene therapy candidate to improve the success of islet transplantation. To test this hypothesis in vivo, we blocked NF-κB in BALB/c (H2(d)) to C57/BL6 (H2(b)) mouse islet allografts by genetically engineering islets to express the NF-κB superrepressor, IκBα. Here we show by microarray and RTqPCR that islets exhibit an intrinsic early immediate proinflammatory response, with the most highly upregulated proinflammatory genes comprising the chemokines Cxcl1, Cxcl2, Cxcl10, and Ccl2; the cytokines Tnf-α and Il-6; and the adhesion molecule Icam1. Overexpression of IκBα inhibited the expression of these genes by 50-95% in islets and MIN6 β-cells in vitro, by inhibiting NF-κB-dependent gene transcription. Histological and RTqPCR analysis at postoperative day (POD) 10 revealed that IκBα-transduced islet allografts exhibited improved islet architecture and strong insulin-labeling with decreased Ccl2 and Il-6 mRNA levels compared to the GFP-transduced control grafts. Despite these protective effects, NF-κB-blocked islet allografts were promptly rejected in our MHC-mismatched mouse model. However, IκBα-expressing grafts did harbor localized "pockets" of Foxp3(+) mononuclear cells not evident in the control grafts. This result suggested that the effect of the NF-κB blockade might synergize with regulatory T-cell-sparing rapamycin. Indeed, combining intragraft IκBα expression with low-dose rapamycin increased the mean survival time of islet allografts from 20 to 81 days, with 20% of the grafts surviving for greater than 100 days. In conclusion, rapamycin unmasks the protective potential of intragraft NF-κB blockade, which can, in some cases, permit permanent allograft survival without continuous systemic immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan W Zammit
- Gene Therapy and Autoimmunity Group, Immunology Program, Garvan Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
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106
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Influenza A viruses grow in human pancreatic cells and cause pancreatitis and diabetes in an animal model. J Virol 2012; 87:597-610. [PMID: 23097451 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00714-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses commonly cause pancreatitis in naturally and experimentally infected animals. In this study, we report the results of in vivo investigations carried out to establish whether influenza virus infection could cause metabolic disorders linked to pancreatic infection. In addition, in vitro tests in human pancreatic islets and in human pancreatic cell lines were performed to evaluate viral growth and cell damage. Infection of an avian model with two low-pathogenicity avian influenza isolates caused pancreatic damage resulting in hyperlipasemia in over 50% of subjects, which evolved into hyperglycemia and subsequently diabetes. Histopathology of the pancreas showed signs of an acute infection resulting in severe fibrosis and disruption of the structure of the organ. Influenza virus nucleoprotein was detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in the acinar tissue. Human seasonal H1N1 and H3N2 viruses and avian H7N1 and H7N3 influenza virus isolates were able to infect a selection of human pancreatic cell lines. Human viruses were also shown to be able to infect human pancreatic islets. In situ hybridization assays indicated that viral nucleoprotein could be detected in beta cells. The cytokine activation profile indicated a significant increase of MIG/CXCL9, IP-10/CXCL10, RANTES/CCL5, MIP1b/CCL4, Groa/CXCL1, interleukin 8 (IL-8)/CXCL8, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and IL-6. Our findings indicate that influenza virus infection may play a role as a causative agent of pancreatitis and diabetes in humans and other mammals.
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107
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Ahmadi Z, Arababadi MK, Hassanshahi G. CXCL10 Activities, Biological Structure, and Source Along with Its Significant Role Played in Pathophysiology of Type I Diabetes Mellitus. Inflammation 2012; 36:364-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-012-9555-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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108
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Burke SJ, Goff MR, Updegraff BL, Lu D, Brown PL, Minkin SC, Biggerstaff JP, Zhao L, Karlstad MD, Collier JJ. Regulation of the CCL2 gene in pancreatic β-cells by IL-1β and glucocorticoids: role of MKP-1. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46986. [PMID: 23056550 PMCID: PMC3467264 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from both resident and invading leukocytes within the pancreatic islets impacts the development of Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Synthesis and secretion of the chemokine CCL2 from pancreatic β-cells in response to pro-inflammatory signaling pathways influences immune cell recruitment into the pancreatic islets. Therefore, we investigated the positive and negative regulatory components controlling expression of the CCL2 gene using isolated rat islets and INS-1-derived β-cell lines. We discovered that activation of the CCL2 gene by IL-1β required the p65 subunit of NF-κB and was dependent on genomic response elements located in the -3.6 kb region of the proximal gene promoter. CCL2 gene transcription in response to IL-1β was blocked by pharmacological inhibition of the IKKβ and p38 MAPK pathways. The IL-1β-mediated increase in CCL2 secretion was also impaired by p38 MAPK inhibition and by glucocorticoids. Moreover, multiple synthetic glucocorticoids inhibited the IL-1β-stimulated induction of the CCL2 gene. Induction of the MAP Kinase Phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) gene by glucocorticoids or by adenoviral-mediated overexpression decreased p38 MAPK phosphorylation, which diminished CCL2 gene expression, promoter activity, and release of CCL2 protein. We conclude that glucocorticoid-mediated repression of IL-1β-induced CCL2 gene transcription and protein secretion occurs in part through the upregulation of the MKP-1 gene and subsequent deactivation of the p38 MAPK. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory actions observed with MKP-1 overexpression were obtained without suppressing glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Thus, MKP-1 is a possible target for anti-inflammatory therapeutic intervention with preservation of β-cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan J. Burke
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Matthew R. Goff
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Barrett L. Updegraff
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Danhong Lu
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Patricia L. Brown
- Advanced Microscopy and Imaging Center, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Steven C. Minkin
- Advanced Microscopy and Imaging Center, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - John P. Biggerstaff
- Advanced Microscopy and Imaging Center, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Ling Zhao
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
- University of Tennessee Obesity Research Center, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Michael D. Karlstad
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
- University of Tennessee Obesity Research Center, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - J. Jason Collier
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
- University of Tennessee Obesity Research Center, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
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109
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Yamada Y, Okubo Y, Shimada A, Oikawa Y, Yamada S, Narumi S, Matsushima K, Itoh H. Acceleration of diabetes development in CXC chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3)-deficient NOD mice. Diabetologia 2012; 55:2238-45. [PMID: 22487925 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-012-2547-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The aim of this study was to understand the role of CXC chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3), a T-helper 1(Th1) type chemokine receptor, in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. METHODS We observed the incidence of diabetes in Cxcr3 homozygous knockout mice. We compared the expression pattern of various cytokines and chemokines and the frequency of FOXP3(+) cells in the pancreas and pancreatic lymph nodes from Cxcr3 ( -/- ) NOD mice and wild-type NOD mice. In addition, we observed the migration ability of CXCR3(+)CD4(+) cells to pancreatic islets upon adoptive transfer. Finally, we examined whether Cxcr3 (+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) actually suppressed the onset of diabetes in vivo. RESULTS Cxcr3 ( -/- ) NOD mice developed spontaneous diabetes earlier than did wild-type NOD mice. In Cxcr3 ( -/- ) NOD mice, Tregs were more frequent in pancreatic lymph nodes and less frequent in pancreatic islets than in wild-type NOD mice. While transferred CXCR3(-)CD4(+) cells from wild-type NOD mice did not infiltrate pancreatic islets of NOD-severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice, CXCR3(+)CD4(+) cells from the same mice migrated into the recipient islets and contained Forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) upon adoptive transfer. Moreover, CD4(+)CD25(+) cells from wild-type NOD mice suppressed and delayed the onset of diabetes compared with those from Cxcr3 ( -/- ) NOD mice in a cyclophosphamide-induced diabetes model system. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION The mechanism of accelerated diabetes onset in Cxcr3 ( -/- ) NOD mice was considered to be due to the lack of hybrid Tregs (CXCR3(+)FOXP3(+)CD4(+) cells), which could effectively migrate into and regulate Th1 inflammation in local lesions under Cxcr3 knockout conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yamada
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
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110
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Schulte BM, Lanke KHW, Piganelli JD, Kers-Rebel ED, Bottino R, Trucco M, Huijbens RJF, Radstake TRDJ, Engelse MA, de Koning EJP, Galama JM, Adema GJ, van Kuppeveld FJM. Cytokine and chemokine production by human pancreatic islets upon enterovirus infection. Diabetes 2012; 61:2030-6. [PMID: 22596052 PMCID: PMC3402326 DOI: 10.2337/db11-1547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Enteroviruses of the human enterovirus B species (HEV-Bs) (e.g., coxsackie B viruses [CVBs] and echoviruses) have been implicated as environmental factors that trigger/accelerate type 1 diabetes, but the underlying mechanism remains elusive. The aim of this study was to gain insight into the cytokines and chemokines that are produced by human pancreatic islets upon infection with CVBs. To this end, we studied the response of human islets of Langerhans upon mock or CVB3 infection. Using quantitative PCR, we showed that upon CVB3 infection, transcription of interferon (IFN), IFN-stimulated genes, and inflammatory genes was induced. Analysis of secreted cytokines and chemokines by Luminex technology confirmed production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., interleukin [IL]-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α) as well as various chemotactic proteins, such as IFN-γ-induced protein 10, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, MIP-1β, and IL-8. Infection with other HEV-Bs induced similar responses, yet their extent depended on replication efficiency. Ultra violet-inactivated CVB3 did not induce any response, suggesting that virus replication is a prerequisite for antiviral responses. Our data represent the first comprehensive overview of inflammatory mediators that are secreted by human islets of Langerhans upon CVB infection and may shed light on the role of enteroviruses in type 1 diabetes pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara M Schulte
- 1Department of Tumor Immunology, Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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111
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Sarkar SA, Lee CE, Victorino F, Nguyen TT, Walters JA, Burrack A, Eberlein J, Hildemann SK, Homann D. Expression and regulation of chemokines in murine and human type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2012; 61:436-46. [PMID: 22210319 PMCID: PMC3266427 DOI: 10.2337/db11-0853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
More than one-half of the ~50 human chemokines have been associated with or implicated in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes, yet their actual expression patterns in the islet environment of type 1 diabetic patients remain, at present, poorly defined. Here, we have integrated a human islet culture system, murine models of virus-induced and spontaneous type 1 diabetes, and the histopathological examination of pancreata from diabetic organ donors with the goal of providing a foundation for the informed selection of potential therapeutic targets within the chemokine/receptor family. Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand (CCL) 5 (CCL5), CCL8, CCL22, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand (CXCL) 9 (CXCL9), CXCL10, and chemokine (C-X3-C motif) ligand (CX3CL) 1 (CX3CL1) were the major chemokines transcribed (in an inducible nitric oxide synthase-dependent but not nuclear factor-κB-dependent fashion) and translated by human islet cells in response to in vitro inflammatory stimuli. CXCL10 was identified as the dominant chemokine expressed in vivo in the islet environment of prediabetic animals and type 1 diabetic patients, whereas CCL5, CCL8, CXCL9, and CX3CL1 proteins were present at lower levels in the islets of both species. Of importance, additional expression of the same chemokines in human acinar tissues emphasizes an underappreciated involvement of the exocrine pancreas in the natural course of type 1 diabetes that will require consideration for additional type 1 diabetes pathogenesis and immune intervention studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suparna A. Sarkar
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Catherine E. Lee
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Francisco Victorino
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver and National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Tom T. Nguyen
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jay A. Walters
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Adam Burrack
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver and National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Jens Eberlein
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | - Dirk Homann
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver and National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
- Corresponding author: Dirk Homann,
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112
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Coppieters K, Amirian N, von Herrath M. Intravital imaging of CTLs killing islet cells in diabetic mice. J Clin Invest 2011; 122:119-31. [PMID: 22133877 DOI: 10.1172/jci59285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is caused by autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing β cells in the pancreatic islets, which are essentially mini-organs embedded in exocrine tissue. CTLs are considered to have a predominant role in the autoimmune destruction underlying T1D. Visualization of CTL-mediated killing of β cells would provide new insight into the pathogenesis of T1D, but has been technically challenging to achieve. Here, we report our use of intravital 2-photon imaging in mice to visualize the dynamic behavior of a virally expanded, diabetogenic CTL population in the pancreas at cellular resolution. Following vascular arrest and extravasation, CTLs adopted a random motility pattern throughout the compact exocrine tissue and displayed unimpeded yet nonlinear migration between anatomically nearby islets. Upon antigen encounter within islets, a confined motility pattern was acquired that allowed the CTLs to scan the target cell surface. A minority of infiltrating CTLs subsequently arrested at the β cell junction, while duration of stable CTL-target cell contact was on the order of hours. Slow-rate killing occurred in the sustained local presence of substantial numbers of effector cells. Collectively, these data portray the kinetics of CTL homing to and between antigenic target sites as a stochastic process at the sub-organ level and argue against a dominant influence of chemotactic gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Coppieters
- Type 1 Diabetes Center, The La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
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113
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Simoni Y, Gautron AS, Beaudoin L, Bui LC, Michel ML, Coumoul X, Eberl G, Leite-de-Moraes M, Lehuen A. NOD mice contain an elevated frequency of iNKT17 cells that exacerbate diabetes. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41:3574-85. [PMID: 22002883 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201141751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Revised: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are a distinct lineage of innate-like T lymphocytes and converging studies in mouse models have demonstrated the protective role of iNKT cells in the development of type 1 diabetes. Recently, a new subset of iNKT cells, producing high levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-17, has been identified (iNKT17 cells). Since this cytokine has been implicated in several autoimmune diseases, we have analyzed iNKT17 cell frequency, absolute number and phenotypes in the pancreas and lymphoid organs in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. The role of iNKT17 cells in the development of diabetes was investigated using transfer experiments. NOD mice exhibit a higher frequency and absolute number of iNKT17 cells in the lymphoid organs as compared with C57BL/6 mice. iNKT17 cells infiltrate the pancreas of NOD mice where they express IL-17 mRNA. Contrary to the protective role of CD4(+) iNKT cells, the CD4(-) iNKT cell population, which contains iNKT17 cells, enhances the incidence of diabetes. Treatment with a blocking anti-IL-17 antibody prevents the exacerbation of the disease. This study reveals that different iNKT cell subsets play distinct roles in the regulation of type 1 diabetes and iNKT17 cells, which are abundant in NOD mice, exacerbate diabetes development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Simoni
- INSERM U986, Hôpital Cochin/Saint-Vincent de Paul, Paris, France
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114
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Brezar V, Carel JC, Boitard C, Mallone R. Beyond the hormone: insulin as an autoimmune target in type 1 diabetes. Endocr Rev 2011; 32:623-69. [PMID: 21700723 DOI: 10.1210/er.2011-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Insulin is not only the hormone produced by pancreatic β-cells but also a key target antigen of the autoimmune islet destruction leading to type 1 diabetes. Despite cultural biases between the fields of endocrinology and immunology, these two facets should not be regarded separately, but rather harmonized in a unifying picture of diabetes pathogenesis. There is increasing evidence suggesting that metabolic factors (β-cell dysfunction, insulin resistance) and immunological components (inflammation and β-cell-directed adaptive immune responses) may synergize toward islet destruction, with insulin standing at the crossroad of these pathways. This concept further calls for a revision of the classical dichotomy between type 1 and type 2 diabetes because metabolic and immune mechanisms may both contribute to different extents to the development of different forms of diabetes. After providing a background on the mechanisms of β-cell autoimmunity, we will explain the role of insulin and its precursors as target antigens expressed not only by β-cells but also in the thymus. Available knowledge on the autoimmune antibody and T-cell responses against insulin will be summarized. A unifying scheme will be proposed to show how different aspects of insulin biology may lead to β-cell destruction and may be therapeutically exploited. We will argue about possible reasons why insulin remains the mainstay of metabolic control in type 1 diabetes but has so far failed to prevent or halt β-cell autoimmunity as an immune modulatory reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedran Brezar
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 986, DeAR Lab Avenir, Saint Vincent de Paul Hospital, and Paris Descartes University, 82 avenue Denfert Rochereau, 75674 Paris Cedex 14, France
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115
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Wei H, Wei S, Gan B, Peng X, Zou W, Guan JL. Suppression of autophagy by FIP200 deletion inhibits mammary tumorigenesis. Genes Dev 2011; 25:1510-27. [PMID: 21764854 DOI: 10.1101/gad.2051011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved cellular process for bulk degradation of intracellular protein and organelles in lysosomes. In contrast to elegant studies of beclin1 using mouse models and cultured cells demonstrating a tumor suppression function for autophagy, knockout of other essential autophagy proteins such as ATG5, ATG7, or FIP200 (FAK family-interacting protein of 200 kDa) in various tissues did not lead to malignant tumor development in vivo. Here, we report that inhibition of autophagy by FIP200 ablation suppresses mammary tumor initiation and progression in a mouse model of breast cancer driven by the PyMT oncogene. Deletion of FIP200 resulted in multiple autophagy defects including accumulation of ubiquitinated protein aggregates and p62/SQSTM1, deficient LC3 conversion, and increased number of mitochondria with abnormal morphology in tumor cells. FIP200 deletion did not affect apoptosis of mammary tumor cells or Ras-transformed mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), but significantly reduced their proliferation in both systems. We also observed a reduced glycolysis and cyclin D1 expression in FIP200-null mammary tumor cells and transformed MEFs. In addition, gene profiling studies revealed significantly elevated expression of interferon (IFN)-responsive genes in the early tumors of FIP200 conditional knockout mice, which was accompanied by increased infiltration of effector T cells in the tumor microenvironment triggered by an increased production of chemokines including CXCL10 in FIP200-null tumor cells. Together, these data provide strong evidence for a protumorigenesis role of autophagy in oncogene-induced tumors in vivo and suggest FIP200 as a potential target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Wei
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, USA
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116
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Bettini M, Szymczak-Workman AL, Forbes K, Castellaw AH, Selby M, Pan X, Drake CG, Korman AJ, Vignali DAA. Cutting edge: accelerated autoimmune diabetes in the absence of LAG-3. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:3493-8. [PMID: 21873518 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3; CD223) is a CD4 homolog that is required for maximal regulatory T cell function and for the control of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell homeostasis. Lag3(-)(/)(-) NOD mice developed substantially accelerated diabetes with 100% incidence. Adoptive transfer experiments revealed that LAG-3 was primarily responsible for limiting the pathogenic potential of CD4(+) T cells and, to a lesser extent, CD8(+) T cells. Lag3(-)(/)(-) mice exhibited accelerated, invasive insulitis, corresponding to increased CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell islet infiltration and intraislet proliferation. The frequencies of islet Ag-reactive chromogranin A-specific CD4(+) T cells and islet specific glucose-6-phosphatase-specific CD8(+) T cells were significantly increased in the islets of Lag3(-)(/)(-) mice, suggesting an early expansion of pathogenic clones that is normally restrained by LAG-3. We conclude that LAG-3 is necessary for regulating CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell function during autoimmune diabetes, and thus may contribute to limiting autoimmunity in disease-prone environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bettini
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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117
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Thoma G, Baenteli R, Lewis I, Jones D, Kovarik J, Streiff MB, Zerwes HG. Special ergolines efficiently inhibit the chemokine receptor CXCR3 in blood. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:4745-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.06.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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118
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Collier JJ, Burke SJ, Eisenhauer ME, Lu D, Sapp RC, Frydman CJ, Campagna SR. Pancreatic β-cell death in response to pro-inflammatory cytokines is distinct from genuine apoptosis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22485. [PMID: 21829464 PMCID: PMC3146470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A reduction in functional β-cell mass leads to both major forms of diabetes; pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) and gamma-interferon (γ-IFN), activate signaling pathways that direct pancreatic β-cell death and dysfunction. However, the molecular mechanism of β-cell death in this context is not well understood. In this report, we tested the hypothesis that individual cellular death pathways display characteristic phenotypes that allow them to be distinguished by the precise biochemical and metabolic responses that occur during stimulus-specific initiation. Using 832/13 and INS-1E rat insulinoma cells and isolated rat islets, we provide evidence that apoptosis is unlikely to be the primary pathway underlying β-cell death in response to IL-1β+γ-IFN. This conclusion was reached via the experimental results of several different interdisciplinary strategies, which included: 1) tandem mass spectrometry to delineate the metabolic differences between IL-1β+γ-IFN exposure versus apoptotic induction by camptothecin and 2) pharmacological and molecular interference with either NF-κB activity or apoptosome formation. These approaches provided clear distinctions in cell death pathways initiated by pro-inflammatory cytokines and bona fide inducers of apoptosis. Collectively, the results reported herein demonstrate that pancreatic β-cells undergo apoptosis in response to camptothecin or staurosporine, but not pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jason Collier
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America.
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119
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Christen S, Holdener M, Beerli C, Thoma G, Bayer M, Pfeilschifter JM, Hintermann E, Zerwes HG, Christen U. Small molecule CXCR3 antagonist NIBR2130 has only a limited impact on type 1 diabetes in a virus-induced mouse model. Clin Exp Immunol 2011; 165:318-28. [PMID: 21649647 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04426.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
CXCL10 is one of the key chemokines involved in trafficking of autoaggressive T cells to the islets of Langerhans during the autoimmune destruction of beta cells in type 1 diabetes (T1D). Blockade of CXCL10 or genetic deletion of its receptor CXCR3 results in a reduction of T1D in animal models. As an alternative to the use of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies to CXCL10 or CXCR3 we evaluated the small molecule CXCR3 antagonist NIBR2130 in a virus-induced mouse model for T1D. We found that the overall frequency of T1D was not reduced in mice administered with NIBR2130. An initial slight delay of diabetes onset was not stable over time, because the mice turned diabetic upon removal of the antagonist. Accordingly, no significant differences were found in the islet infiltration rate and the frequency and activity of islet antigen-specific T cells between protected mice administered with NIBR2130 and control mice. Our data indicate that in contrast to direct inhibition of CXCL10, blockade of CXCR3 with the small molecule antagonist NIBR2130 has no impact on trafficking and/or activation of autoaggressive T cells and is not sufficient to prevent T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Christen
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Klinikum der Goethe Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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120
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Groom JR, Luster AD. CXCR3 in T cell function. Exp Cell Res 2011; 317:620-31. [PMID: 21376175 PMCID: PMC3065205 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 666] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
CXCR3 is a chemokine receptor that is highly expressed on effector T cells and plays an important role in T cell trafficking and function. CXCR3 is rapidly induced on naïve cells following activation and preferentially remains highly expressed on Th1-type CD4(+) T cells and effector CD8(+) T cells. CXCR3 is activated by three interferon-inducible ligands CXCL9 (MIG), CXCL10 (IP-10) and CXCL11 (I-TAC). Early studies demonstrated a role for CXCR3 in the trafficking of Th1 and CD8 T cells to peripheral sites of Th1-type inflammation and the establishment of a Th1 amplification loop mediated by IFNγ and the IFNγ-inducible CXCR3 ligands. More recent studies have also suggested that CXCR3 plays a role in the migration of T cells in the microenvironment of the peripheral tissue and lymphoid compartment, facilitating the interaction of T cells with antigen presenting cells leading to the generation of effector and memory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna R Groom
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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121
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Nair S, Leung KC, Rawlinson WD, Naing Z, Craig ME. Enterovirus infection induces cytokine and chemokine expression in insulin-producing cells. J Med Virol 2011; 82:1950-7. [PMID: 20872723 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Despite evidence supporting an association between enterovirus (EV) infection and type 1 diabetes, the etiological mechanism(s) for EV-induced beta cell destruction is(are) not well understood. In this study, the effects of Coxsackievirus B (CVB) 1-6 on cell lysis and cytokine/chemokine expression in the insulinoma-1 (INS-1) beta cell line were investigated. Cytolysis was assessed using tissue culture infectious dose 50 (TCID(50)). Quantitative RT-PCR was used to measure viral RNA and mRNA of cytokines interferon (IFN)-α, IFN-β, IFN-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10 (CXCL10), chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 (CCL5) in infected INS-1 cells. CVB2, 4, 5, and 6 lysed and replicated in INS-1 cells; TCID(50) was lowest for CVB5 and highest for CVB6. IFN-γ, CXCL10, and CCL5 mRNA levels all increased significantly following infection with CVB2, 4, 5, and 6 (P<0.05). CCL2 mRNA increased with CVB2, 5, and 6 (P<0.05), IFN-α mRNA increased with CVB5 infection (P<0.05), while TNF-α mRNA and IFN-β mRNA (P<0.001) increased with CVB2 infection. Dose-dependent effects of infection on cytokine mRNA levels were observed for all (P<0.01) except IFN-γ. Following inoculation of INS-1 cells with CVB1 and 3, viral RNA was not detected and cytokine/chemokine mRNA levels were unchanged. In conclusion, CVB2, 4, 5, and 6 induce dose-dependent cytokine and chemokine mRNA production from INS-1 cells suggesting that pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine secretion by beta cells is a potential mechanism for EV-induced beta cell damage in type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Nair
- Virology Research, POWH and UNSW Research Laboratories, South Eastern Area Laboratory Services, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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122
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Groom JR, Luster AD. CXCR3 ligands: redundant, collaborative and antagonistic functions. Immunol Cell Biol 2011; 89:207-15. [PMID: 21221121 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2010.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 682] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CXCR3 is a chemokine receptor that is rapidly induced on naïve T cells following activation, and preferentially remains highly expressed on type-1 helper (Th1)-type CD4(+) T cells, effector CD8(+) T cells and innate-type lymphocytes, such as natural killer (NK) and NKT cells. CXCR3 is activated by three interferon (IFN)-γ-inducible ligands CXCL9 (monokine induced by gamma-interferon), CXCL10 (interferon-induced protein-10) and CXCL11 (interferon-inducible T-cell alpha chemoattractant). Although some studies have revealed that these ligands have redundant functions in vivo, other studies have demonstrated that the three CXCR3 ligands can also collaborate and even compete with each other. Differential regulation of the three ligands at specific times in defined anatomically restricted locations in vivo likely participates in the fine control of T-cell trafficking over the course of an immune response. Among the differences in regulation, CXCL10 is induced by a variety of innate stimuli that induce IFN-α/β as well as the adaptive immune cell cytokine IFN-γ, whereas CXCL9 induction is restricted to IFN-γ. In this review, we will discuss how the balance, timing and pattern of CXCR3 ligand expression appears to regulate the generation of effector T cells in the lymphoid compartment and subsequent migration into peripheral sites of Th1-type inflammation in which the CXCR3 ligands also then regulate the interactions and migratory behavior of effector T cells in an inflamed peripheral tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna R Groom
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
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123
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Oikawa Y, Shimada A, Yamada Y, Okubo Y, Katsuki T, Shigihara T, Miyazaki JI, Narumi S, Itoh H. CXC chemokine ligand 10 DNA vaccination plus Complete Freund's Adjuvant reverses hyperglycemia in non-obese diabetic mice. Rev Diabet Stud 2010; 7:209-24. [PMID: 21409313 DOI: 10.1900/rds.2010.7.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) is known to arrest autoimmune diabetes development in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. However, CFA alone cannot induce effective remission in diabetic NOD mice. Previously, we reported that anti-CXC chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) antibody can promote beta-cell proliferation in NOD mice. In the present study, we aimed to examine whether anti-CXCL10 plus CFA treatment can effectively reverse autoimmune diabetes development. METHODS Systemic supply of anti-CXCL10 antibody by CXCL10 DNA vaccination in combination with CFA injection was performed in new-onset diabetic NOD mice. Remission rate of diabetes, histological characteristics of residual insulitis lesions, residual beta-cell mass, and regulatory T cell population in local pancreas were examined. RESULTS A high frequency of diabetes reversal was observed after combination treatment with anti-CXCL10 plus CFA. In mice showing diabetes reversal, residual beta-cell mass was significantly increased, and some beta-cells were in a proliferative state. Although systemic cytokine profiles were unaffected, the frequency of "hybrid regulatory T cells", i.e. regulatory T cells expressing CXCR3, was significantly increased in local pancreatic lesions. This was possibly associated with the regulation of anti-islet autoimmunity. CONCLUSIONS Anti-CXCL10 plus appropriate immune adjuvant therapy arrested, and reversed, type 1 diabetes development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Oikawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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124
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Meagher C, Beilke J, Arreaza G, Mi QS, Chen W, Salojin K, Horst N, Cruikshank WW, Delovitch TL. Neutralization of interleukin-16 protects nonobese diabetic mice from autoimmune type 1 diabetes by a CCL4-dependent mechanism. Diabetes 2010; 59:2862-71. [PMID: 20693344 PMCID: PMC2963545 DOI: 10.2337/db09-0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The progressive infiltration of pancreatic islets by lymphocytes is mandatory for development of autoimmune type 1 diabetes. This inflammatory process is mediated by several mediators that are potential therapeutic targets to arrest development of type 1 diabetes. In this study, we investigate the role of one of these mediators, interleukin-16 (IL-16), in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes in NOD mice. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS At different stages of progression of type 1 diabetes, we characterized IL-16 in islets using GEArray technology and immunoblot analysis and also quantitated IL-16 activity in cell migration assays. IL-16 expression was localized in islets by immunofluorescence and confocal imaging. In vivo neutralization studies were performed to assess the role of IL-16 in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. RESULTS The increased expression of IL-16 in islets correlated with the development of invasive insulitis. IL-16 immunoreactivity was found in islet infiltrating T-cells, B-cells, NK-cells, and dendritic cells, and within an insulitic lesion, IL-16 was derived from infiltrating cells. CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cells as well as B220(+) B-cells were identified as sources of secreted IL-16. Blockade of IL-16 in vivo protected against type 1 diabetes by interfering with recruitment of CD4(+) T-cells to the pancreas, and this protection required the activity of the chemokine CCL4. CONCLUSIONS IL-16 production by leukocytes in islets augments the severity of insulitis during the onset of type 1 diabetes. IL-16 and CCL4 appear to function as counterregulatory proteins during disease development. Neutralization of IL-16 may represent a novel therapy for the prevention of type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Meagher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Laboratory of Autoimmune Diabetes, Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Josh Beilke
- Department of Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Guillermo Arreaza
- Laboratory of Autoimmune Diabetes, Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Qing-Sheng Mi
- Laboratory of Autoimmune Diabetes, Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wei Chen
- Laboratory of Autoimmune Diabetes, Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Konstantin Salojin
- Laboratory of Autoimmune Diabetes, Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Noah Horst
- Department of Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Terry L. Delovitch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Laboratory of Autoimmune Diabetes, Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- Corresponding author: Terry L. Delovitch,
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125
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Pugazhenthi U, Velmurugan K, Tran A, Mahaffey G, Pugazhenthi S. Anti-inflammatory action of exendin-4 in human islets is enhanced by phosphodiesterase inhibitors: potential therapeutic benefits in diabetic patients. Diabetologia 2010; 53:2357-68. [PMID: 20635178 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-010-1849-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Exendin-4, a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogue, is reported to have modest anti-inflammatory effects in addition to that of improving beta cell survival. We therefore sought to determine whether exendin-4 decreases expression of the gene encoding chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand (CXCL)10, which plays a role in initiating insulitis in type 1 diabetes. METHODS The expression of CXCL10 in human islets was determined at the mRNA level by real-time RT-PCR analysis and at the protein level by western blotting. The level of CXCL10 in culture medium was measured by ELISA. Pathway-specific gene expression profiling was carried out to determine the expression of a panel of genes encoding chemokines and cytokines in human islets exposed to cytokines. RESULTS IFN-γ induced expression of CXCL10 through activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 (STAT-1). A combination of cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α and IFN-γ) showed strong synergy in the induction of numerous chemokines and cytokines through nuclear factor kappa B and STAT-1. Exendin-4 suppressed basal expression of several inflammatory mediators. In combination with phosphodiesterase inhibitors, exendin-4 also decreased IFN-γ-induced CXCL10 expression in human islets and in MIN6 cells (a mouse beta cell line), and its secretion into the culture medium. Exendin-4 action was mimicked by forskolin, an activator of adenylyl cyclase, and by dibutyryl cyclic AMP. Protein kinase A was not involved in mediating exendin-4 action on CXCL10. The mechanism of exendin-4's anti-inflammatory action involved decreases in STAT-1 levels. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These findings suggest that the GLP-1-cyclic AMP pathway decreases islet inflammation in addition to its known effects on beta cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Pugazhenthi
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Mail Stop 8106, 12801 E 17th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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126
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Moore F, Naamane N, Colli ML, Bouckenooghe T, Ortis F, Gurzov EN, Igoillo-Esteve M, Mathieu C, Bontempi G, Thykjaer T, Ørntoft TF, Eizirik DL. STAT1 is a master regulator of pancreatic {beta}-cell apoptosis and islet inflammation. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:929-41. [PMID: 20980260 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.162131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines produced by islet-infiltrating immune cells induce β-cell apoptosis in type 1 diabetes. The IFN-γ-regulated transcription factors STAT1/IRF-1 have apparently divergent effects on β-cells. Thus, STAT1 promotes apoptosis and inflammation, whereas IRF-1 down-regulates inflammatory mediators. To understand the molecular basis for these differential outcomes within a single signal transduction pathway, we presently characterized the gene networks regulated by STAT1 and IRF-1 in β-cells. This was done by using siRNA approaches coupled to microarray analysis of insulin-producing cells exposed or not to IL-1β and IFN-γ. Relevant microarray findings were further studied in INS-1E cells and primary rat β-cells. STAT1, but not IRF-1, mediates the cytokine-induced loss of the differentiated β-cell phenotype, as indicated by decreased insulin, Pdx1, MafA, and Glut2. Furthermore, STAT1 regulates cytokine-induced apoptosis via up-regulation of the proapoptotic protein DP5. STAT1 and IRF-1 have opposite effects on cytokine-induced chemokine production, with IRF-1 exerting negative feedback inhibition on STAT1 and downstream chemokine expression. The present study elucidates the transcriptional networks through which the IFN-γ/STAT1/IRF-1 axis controls β-cell function/differentiation, demise, and islet inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Moore
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium
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127
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Karin N. The multiple faces of CXCL12 (SDF-1alpha) in the regulation of immunity during health and disease. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 88:463-73. [PMID: 20501749 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0909602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are a group of small, structurally related molecules that regulate the trafficking of various types of leukocytes through interactions with a subset of 7-transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptors. As key chemoattractants of inflammatory leukocytes, chemokines have been marked as potential targets for neutralization in autoimmune diseases. Cancer cells also express chemokines, where they function as survival/growth factors and/or angiogenic factors that promote tumor development and angiogenesis. Accordingly, these functions make them attractive targets for therapy of these diseases. Recently, we reported that one of these chemokines CXCL12 (SDF-1alpha) functions as an anti-inflammatory chemokine during autoimmune inflammatory responses and explored the mechanistic basis of this function. As a pleiotropic chemokine, CXCL12 participates in the regulation of tissue homeostasis, immune surveillance, autoimmunity, and cancer. This chemokine is constitutively expressed in the BM and various tissues, which enables it to regulate the trafficking and localization of immature and maturing leukocytes, including BM stem cells, neutrophils, T cells, and monocytic cells. We have shown recently that CXCL12 increases immunological tolerance in autoimmune diseases by polarizing Tregs and by doing so, restrains the progression of these diseases. This finding suggests a possible use of stabilized rCXCL12 as a potential drug for therapy of these diseases and targeted neutralization of CXCL12 for therapy of cancer diseases. The current review explores the different biological properties of CXCL12 and discusses the implications of CXCL12-based therapies for autoimmunity and cancer diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Karin
- Department of Immunology, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 1 Efron St., Haifa 31096, Israel.
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128
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Colli ML, Moore F, Gurzov EN, Ortis F, Eizirik DL. MDA5 and PTPN2, two candidate genes for type 1 diabetes, modify pancreatic beta-cell responses to the viral by-product double-stranded RNA. Hum Mol Genet 2010; 19:135-46. [PMID: 19825843 PMCID: PMC2792153 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddp474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Cell destruction in type 1 diabetes (T1D) is at least in part consequence of a ‘dialog’ between β-cells and immune system. This dialog may be affected by the individual's genetic background. We presently evaluated whether modulation of MDA5 and PTPN2, two candidate genes for T1D, affects β-cell responses to double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), a by-product of viral replication. These genes were selected following comparison between known candidate genes for T1D and genes expressed in pancreatic β-cells, as identified in previous array analysis. INS-1E cells and primary fluorescence-activated cell sorting-purified rat β-cells were transfected with small interference RNAs (siRNAs) targeting MDA5 or PTPN2 and subsequently exposed to intracellular synthetic dsRNA (polyinosinic–polycitidilic acid—PIC). Real-time RT–PCR, western blot and viability assays were performed to characterize gene/protein expression and viability. PIC increased MDA5 and PTPN2 mRNA expression, which was inhibited by the specific siRNAs. PIC triggered apoptosis in INS-1E and primary β-cells and this was augmented by PTPN2 knockdown (KD), although inhibition of MDA5 did not modify PIC-induced apoptosis. In contrast, MDA5 silencing decreased PIC-induced cytokine and chemokine expression, although inhibition of PTPN2 induced minor or no changes in these inflammatory mediators. These findings indicate that changes in MDA5 and PTPN2 expression modify β-cell responses to dsRNA. MDA5 regulates inflammatory signals, whereas PTPN2 may function as a defence mechanism against pro-apoptotic signals generated by dsRNA. These two candidate genes for T1D may thus modulate β-cell apoptosis and/or local release of inflammatory mediators in the course of a viral infection by acting, at least in part, at the pancreatic β-cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maikel L Colli
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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129
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Roep BO, Kleijwegt FS, van Halteren AGS, Bonato V, Boggi U, Vendrame F, Marchetti P, Dotta F. Islet inflammation and CXCL10 in recent-onset type 1 diabetes. Clin Exp Immunol 2010; 159:338-43. [PMID: 20059481 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.04087.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes results from a T cell-mediated destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells. Little is known on local factors contributing to migration of T cells to pancreatic tissue. We recently demonstrated evidence of viral infection in beta cells in several recent-onset type 1 diabetes patients. Islet inflammation was analysed in a series of new- or recent-onset type 1 diabetic patients and non-diabetic control subjects. Autoimmune T cell reactivity was studied in lymphocytes derived from pancreas-draining lymph nodes of one recent-onset type 1 diabetes patient in partial clinical remission. Insulitic lesions were characterized by presence of beta cells, elevated levels of the chemokine CXCL10 and infiltration of lymphocytes expressing the corresponding chemokine receptor CXCR3 in all pancreatic lesions of type 1 diabetes patients, regardless of enterovirus infection of beta cells. CXCR3 and CXCL10 were undetectable in pancreata of non-diabetic control subjects. T cells isolated from draining lymph nodes of a recent-onset patient with virally infected beta cells and in clinical remission reacted with multiple islet autoantigens and displayed a mixed interferon (IFN)-gamma/interleukin (IL)-10 cytokine pattern. Our data point to CXCL10 as an important cytokine in distressed islets that may contribute to inflammation leading to insulitis and beta cell destruction, regardless of local viral infection. We demonstrate further pro- and anti-inflammatory islet autoreactivity, indicating that different adaptive and innate immune responses may contribute to insulitis and beta cell destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- B O Roep
- Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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130
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Uno S, Imagawa A, Saisho K, Okita K, Iwahashi H, Hanafusa T, Shimomura I. Expression of chemokines, CXC chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) and CXCR3 in the inflamed islets of patients with recent-onset autoimmune type 1 diabetes. Endocr J 2010; 57:991-6. [PMID: 20966598 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.k10e-076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to present direct evidence for the involvement of CXC chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) and CXCR3 in human autoimmune type 1 diabetes. We examined five patients with recent-onset type 1 diabetes and five control subjects without diabetes. Islet cell antibodies or GAD antibodies or both were detected in all five patients. We used double-immunofluorescence to detect the expression of CXCL10 and CXCR3 (the receptor of CXCL10). CXCL10 was detected in the islets of all five patients. Almost all (84.2 ± 10.3 %, mean ± SD) CXCL10-positive cells were insulin-positive in the islet area. CXCL10-positive cells with glucagons, somatostatins or pancreatic polypeptides were not detected at all. CXCL10 expression was not seen in any islet without beta cells. CXCR3 was detected in the islet areas of all five patients. Almost all (80.3 ± 13.4 %, mean ± SD) CXCR3-positive cells were CD3-positive T cells. Our study showed that CXCL10 was expressed in the remaining beta cells, and the infiltrating T cells expressed CXCR3, in pancreatic islets of patients with recent-onset type 1 diabetes. The interaction of CXCL10 and CXCR3 would contribute to the selective destruction of beta cells in the development of type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sae Uno
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2-B5 Yamadaoka, Suita, Japan
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131
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La Torre D, Lernmark A. Immunology of beta-cell destruction. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 654:537-83. [PMID: 20217514 DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-3271-3_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The pancreatic islet beta-cells are the target for an autoimmune process that eventually results in an inability to control blood glucose due to the lack of insulin. The different steps that eventually lead to the complete loss of the beta-cells are reviewed to include the very first step of a triggering event that initiates the development of beta-cell autoimmunity to the last step of appearance of islet-cell autoantibodies, which may mark that insulitis is about to form. The observations that the initial beta-cell destruction by virus or other environmental factors triggers islet autoimmunity not in the islets but in the draining pancreatic lymph nodes are reviewed along with possible basic mechanisms of loss of tolerance to islet autoantigens. Once islet autoimmunity is established the question is how beta-cells are progressively killed by autoreactive lymphocytes which eventually results in chronic insulitis. Many of these series of events have been dissected in spontaneously diabetic mice or rats, but controlled clinical trials have shown that rodent observations are not always translated into mechanisms in humans. Attempts are therefore needed to clarify the step 1 triggering mechanisms and the step to chronic autoimmune insulitis to develop evidence-based treatment approaches to prevent type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria La Torre
- Lund University, CRC, Department of Clinical Sciences, University Hospital MAS, SE-205 02, Malmö, Sweden.
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132
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Tanaka S, Nishida Y, Aida K, Maruyama T, Shimada A, Suzuki M, Shimura H, Takizawa S, Takahashi M, Akiyama D, Arai-Yamashita S, Furuya F, Kawaguchi A, Kaneshige M, Katoh R, Endo T, Kobayashi T. Enterovirus infection, CXC chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10), and CXCR3 circuit: a mechanism of accelerated beta-cell failure in fulminant type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2009; 58:2285-91. [PMID: 19641142 PMCID: PMC2750208 DOI: 10.2337/db09-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fulminant type 1 diabetes is characterized by the rapid onset of severe hyperglycemia and ketoacidosis, with subsequent poor prognosis of diabetes complications. Causative mechanisms for accelerated beta-cell failure are unclear. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Subjects comprised three autopsied patients who died from diabetic ketoacidosis within 2-5 days after onset of fulminant type 1 diabetes. We examined islet cell status, including the presence of enterovirus and chemokine/cytokine/major histocompatibility complex (MHC) expressions in the pancreata using immunohistochemical analyses and RT-PCR. RESULTS Immunohistochemical analysis revealed the presence of enterovirus-capsid protein in all three affected pancreata. Extensive infiltration of CXCR3 receptor-bearing T-cells and macrophages into islets was observed. Dendritic cells were stained in and around the islets. Specifically, interferon-gamma and CXC chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) were strongly coexpressed in all subtypes of islet cells, including beta-cells and alpha-cells. No CXCL10 was expressed in exocrine pancreas. Serum levels of CXCL10 were increased. Expression of MHC class II and hyperexpression of MHC class I was observed in some islet cells. CONCLUSIONS These results strongly suggest the presence of a circuit for the destruction of beta-cells in fulminant type 1 diabetes. Enterovirus infection of the pancreas initiates coexpression of interferon-gamma and CXCL10 in beta-cells. CXCL10 secreted from beta-cells activates and attracts autoreactive T-cells and macrophages to the islets via CXCR3. These infiltrating autoreactive T-cells and macrophages release inflammatory cytokines including interferon-gamma in the islets, not only damaging beta-cells but also accelerating CXCL10 generation in residual beta-cells and thus further activating cell-mediated autoimmunity until all beta-cells have been destroyed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoichiro Tanaka
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Yoriko Nishida
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Kaoru Aida
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Taro Maruyama
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saitama Social Insurance Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Akira Shimada
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masako Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, Sayama Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shimura
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Soichi Takizawa
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Masashi Takahashi
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Daiichiro Akiyama
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Sayaka Arai-Yamashita
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Furuya
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Akio Kawaguchi
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kaneshige
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Ryohei Katoh
- Department of Pathology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Toyoshi Endo
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Kobayashi
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
- Corresponding author: Tetsuro Kobayashi,
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Bradshaw EM, Raddassi K, Elyaman W, Orban T, Gottlieb PA, Kent SC, Hafler DA. Monocytes from patients with type 1 diabetes spontaneously secrete proinflammatory cytokines inducing Th17 cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:4432-9. [PMID: 19748982 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases including type 1 diabetes (T1D) are thought to have a Th1/Th17 bias. The underlying mechanisms driving the activation and differentiation of these proinflammatory T cells are unknown. We examined the monocytes isolated directly from the blood of T1D patients and found they spontaneously secreted the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1beta and IL-6, which are known to induce and expand Th17 cells. Moreover, these in vivo-activated monocytes from T1D subjects induced more IL-17-secreting cells from memory T cells compared with monocytes from healthy control subjects. The induction of IL-17-secreting T cells by monocytes from T1D subjects was reduced in vitro with a combination of an IL-6-blocking Ab and IL-1R antagonist. In this study, we report a significant although modest increase in the frequency of IL-17-secreting cells in lymphocytes from long-term patients with T1D compared with healthy controls. These data suggest that the innate immune system in T1D may drive the adaptive immune system by expanding the Th17 population of effector T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Bradshaw
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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134
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135
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Adorini L, Penna G. Dendritic cell tolerogenicity: a key mechanism in immunomodulation by vitamin D receptor agonists. Hum Immunol 2009; 70:345-52. [PMID: 19405173 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2009.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) induce or tolerize T cells, and tolerogenic DCs can promote the development of regulatory T cells (Treg) with suppressive activity. Thus, the possibility of manipulating DCs and enhancing their tolerogenic properties using different pharmacologic or biologic agents could be exploited to control a variety of chronic immuno-mediated inflammatory conditions. Among agents able to promote induction of tolerogenic DCs, vitamin D receptor (VDR) agonists have attracted considerable attention, also because of their potential in clinical translation. DCs are key targets for the immunomodulatory effects of VDR agonists, which shape DC phenotype and function, enhancing their tolerogenicity in adaptive immune responses. Tolerogenic DCs induced by a short treatment with VDR agonists promote CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg cells that are able to mediate transplantation tolerance and to arrest the development of autoimmune diseases. VDR agonists not only favor induction of CD4+CD25+ Treg cells, but can also enhance their recruitment at inflammatory sites. The tolerogenic properties induced by VDR agonists in DCs, leading to enhanced Treg cell development, likely contribute to the beneficial activity of these hormone-like molecules in autoimmune disease and graft rejection models, highlighting their applicability to the treatment of chronic inflammatory conditions sustained by autoreactive or alloreactive immune responses.
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136
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Brück P, Bartsch W, Penna-Martinez M, Kahles H, Seidl C, Böhme A, Badenhoop K, Ramos-Lopez E. Polymorphisms of CXCR3-binding chemokines in type 1 diabetes. Hum Immunol 2009; 70:552-5. [PMID: 19410617 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2009.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2008] [Revised: 04/25/2009] [Accepted: 04/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a T-cell-mediated autoimmune disease. Although the precise mechanisms leading to the destruction of islet beta cells are unknown, diverse studies support a role of the CXCR3-binding chemokines. A combination of a case (n = 447)-control (n = 300) and family (n = 221) analysis was performed to investigate the role of the CXCL9 (rs10336, rs3733236) and CXCL10 (rs3921, rs35795399 and rs8878) polymorphisms and their interaction with HLA high-risk haplotypes DQ2(DQA*0501-DQB*0201)-DQ8(DQA*0301-DQB*0302) in T1D. In addition, the mRNA expression of these genes and of the CXCR3 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of T1D patients was studied. In the family analysis, an overtransmission of the allele T and G of the polymorphisms rs35795399 and rs8878 in the whole group (p = 0.0520 and p = 0.0290, respectively) as well as in combination with the HLA-high risk haplotypes (p = 0.0209 and 0.0340, respectively) were observed. In addition, the haplotype rs8878G-rs35795399T was more often transmitted from parents to affected offspring, whereas the haplotype rs8878A-rs35795399C was less often transmitted (p = 0.0130 and p = 0.0201, respectively). Nevertheless these associations did not remain significant after correction for multiple testing, and they could not be corroborated in the case-control analysis. Although we did not find an association of the CXCL9 and CXCL10 polymorphisms with type 1 diabetes in the German population, we cannot discard their role in other populations or other autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Brück
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Haematology and Oncology, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Germany
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137
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Zhang N, Schröppel B, Lal G, Jakubzick C, Mao X, Chen D, Yin N, Jessberger R, Ochando JC, Ding Y, Bromberg JS. Regulatory T cells sequentially migrate from inflamed tissues to draining lymph nodes to suppress the alloimmune response. Immunity 2009; 30:458-69. [PMID: 19303390 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2008.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2008] [Revised: 12/14/2008] [Accepted: 12/30/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To determine the site and mechanism of suppression by regulatory T (Treg) cells, we investigated their migration and function in an islet allograft model. Treg cells first migrated from blood to the inflamed allograft where they were essential for the suppression of alloimmunity. This process was dependent on the chemokine receptors CCR2, CCR4, and CCR5 and P- and E-selectin ligands. In the allograft, Treg cells were activated and subsequently migrated to the draining lymph nodes (dLNs) in a CCR2, CCR5, and CCR7 fashion; this movement was essential for optimal suppression. Treg cells inhibited dendritic cell migration in a TGF-beta and IL-10 dependent fashion and suppressed antigen-specific T effector cell migration, accumulation, and proliferation in dLNs and allografts. These results showed that sequential migration from blood to the target tissue and to dLNs is required for Treg cells to differentiate and execute fully their suppressive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- Department of Gene and Cell Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA
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138
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Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic autoimmune disease with a strong inflammatory component. The latest studies indicate that innate immunity and inflammatory mediators have a much broader role in T1DM than initially assumed. Inflammation might contribute to early induction and amplification of the immune assault against pancreatic beta cells and, at later stages, to the stabilization and maintenance of insulitis. Inflammatory mediators probably contribute to the suppression of beta-cell function and subsequent apoptosis; they may also inhibit or stimulate beta-cell regeneration and might cause peripheral insulin resistance. The different effects of inflammation take place in different phases of the course of T1DM, and should be considered in the context of a 'dialog' between invading immune cells and the target beta cells. This dialog is mediated both by cytokines and chemokines that are released by beta cells and immune cells, and by putative, immunogenic signals that are delivered by dying beta cells. In this Review, we divided the role of inflammation in T1DM into three arbitrary stages: induction, amplification and maintenance or resolution of insulitis. These stages, and their progression or resolution, might depend on a patient's genetic background, which contributes to disease heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Décio L Eizirik
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 808 Route de Lennik, Brussels,Belgium.
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139
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Willcox A, Richardson SJ, Bone AJ, Foulis AK, Morgan NG. Analysis of islet inflammation in human type 1 diabetes. Clin Exp Immunol 2009; 155:173-81. [PMID: 19128359 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2008.03860.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 481] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunopathology of type 1 diabetes (T1D) has proved difficult to study in man because of the limited availability of appropriate samples, but we now report a detailed study charting the evolution of insulitis in human T1D. Pancreas samples removed post-mortem from 29 patients (mean age 11.7 years) with recent-onset T1D were analysed by immunohistochemistry. The cell types constituting the inflammatory infiltrate within islets (insulitis) were determined in parallel with islet insulin content. CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells were the most abundant population during insulitis. Macrophages (CD68(+)) were also present during both early and later insulitis, although in fewer numbers. CD20(+) cells were present in only small numbers in early insulitis but were recruited to islets as beta cell death progressed. CD138(+) plasma cells were infrequent at all stages of insulitis. CD4(+) cells were present in the islet infiltrate in all patients but were less abundant than CD8(+) or CD68(+) cells. Forkhead box protein P3(+) regulatory T cells were detected in the islets of only a single patient. Natural killer cells were detected rarely, even in heavily inflamed islets. The results suggest a defined sequence of immune cell recruitment in human T1D. They imply that both CD8(+) cytotoxic cells and macrophages may contribute to beta cell death during early insulitis. CD20(+) cells are recruited in greatest numbers during late insulitis, suggesting an increasing role for these cells as insulitis develops. Natural killer cells and forkhead box protein P3(+) T cells do not appear to be required for beta cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Willcox
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Peninsula Medical School, Tamar Science Park, Plymouth, UK
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140
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Hultcrantz M, Jacobson S, Hill NJ, Santamaria P, Flodström-Tullberg M. The target cell response to cytokines governs the autoreactive T cell repertoire in the pancreas of NOD mice. Diabetologia 2009; 52:299-305. [PMID: 19031069 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-008-1193-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2008] [Accepted: 10/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The pancreatic beta cell response to cytokines is crucial for the development of type 1 diabetes in the NOD mouse. For example, beta cell production of suppressor of cytokine signalling-1 (SOCS-1) protects against diabetes. This finding and other recent studies indicated that cytokine-stressed beta cells might contribute to disease progression by affecting the pancreatic lymphocyte infiltrate. The aim of this study was to provide insight into how the beta cell influences the pancreas-infiltrating T cell repertoire. METHODS Lymphocytes isolated from Socs1-transgenic (tg) and non-tg NOD mice were analysed by flow cytometry. mRNA and protein levels in pancreatic islets were measured by real-time PCR and immunofluorescence analysis, respectively. RESULTS The percentages of regulatory T cells, total counts and ratios between infiltrating CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, and the expression of killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily K, member 1 (NKG2D) on CD8+ T cells did not differ in pancreases from prediabetic Socs1-tg and non-tg NOD mice. However, a striking difference in the percentages of CD8+ T cells specific for glucose 6-phosphatase catalytic subunit-related protein 206-214 was found, showing that SOCS-1 prevents the accumulation of high percentages of self-reactive CD8+ T cells in the pancreas. It was also found that protection from diabetes in Socs1-tg NOD mice correlated with a reduced expression of Cxcl10 mRNA in IFN-gamma treated islets. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION This study highlights an important role for the beta cell in the local regulation of the diabetogenic process. By responding to the pro-inflammatory pancreas milieu it strongly influences the islet-reactive T cell repertoire in the pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hultcrantz
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine HS, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, F59, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
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141
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Schulthess FT, Paroni F, Sauter NS, Shu L, Ribaux P, Haataja L, Strieter RM, Oberholzer J, King CC, Maedler K. CXCL10 impairs beta cell function and viability in diabetes through TLR4 signaling. Cell Metab 2009; 9:125-39. [PMID: 19187771 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2009.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2008] [Revised: 11/05/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In type 1 and type 2 diabetes (T1/T2DM), beta cell destruction by apoptosis results in decreased beta cell mass and progression of the disease. In this study, we found that the interferon gamma-inducible protein 10 plays an important role in triggering beta cell destruction. Islets isolated from patients with T2DM secreted CXCL10 and contained 33.5-fold more CXCL10 mRNA than islets from control patients. Pancreatic sections from obese nondiabetic individuals and patients with T2DM and T1DM expressed CXCL10 in beta cells. Treatment of human islets with CXCL10 decreased beta cell viability, impaired insulin secretion, and decreased insulin mRNA. CXCL10 induced sustained activation of Akt, JNK, and cleavage of p21-activated protein kinase 2 (PAK-2), switching Akt signals from proliferation to apoptosis. These effects were not mediated by the commonly known CXCL10 receptor CXCR3 but through TLR4. Our data suggest CXCL10 as a binding partner for TLR4 and as a signal toward beta cell failure in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne T Schulthess
- Larry L. Hillblom Islet Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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142
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Proteomic analysis of conditioned media from glucose responsive and glucose non-responsive phenotypes reveals a panel of secreted proteins associated with beta cell dysfunction. Electrophoresis 2009; 29:4141-9. [PMID: 18924105 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Media conditioned by dysfunctioning pancreatic beta cells offer an excellent source of potential protein markers associated with this phenotype. Proteins identified from cell culture model systems are often found to be of importance clinically. Previous work by us and others have shown that low-passage MIN-6 cells (MIN-6(L)) respond to changes in glucose concentrations, producing an approximately 5.5-fold glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in response to 26.7 mmol/L, compared with 3.3 mmol/L, glucose. After continuous culture or high-passage (MIN-(H)), this GSIS was no longer present and thus represents an excellent model system for investigating beta cell dysfunction. Employing 2-D difference gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry a panel of protein markers were identified in conditioned media (CM) from MIN-6(L) and MIN-6(H) beta cells. These proteins, including secretogranin II, secretogranin III and transthyretin, are associated with secretory granule biogenesis and were found to have substantially increased levels in the CM from the non-responsive high-passage MIN-6 beta cells. A panel of protein markers found to have increased abundance levels in CM from MIN-6(H) compared with MIN-6(L) beta cells may have the potential to be used clinically for assessing beta cell function and to monitor the effects of specific therapeutics.
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143
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Bongartz JP, Buntinx M, Coesemans E, Hermans B, Lommen GV, Wauwe JV. Synthesis and structure–activity relationship of benzetimide derivatives as human CXCR3 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:5819-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.07.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2008] [Revised: 07/25/2008] [Accepted: 07/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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144
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Lammers KM, Lu R, Brownley J, Lu B, Gerard C, Thomas K, Rallabhandi P, Shea-Donohue T, Tamiz A, Alkan S, Netzel-Arnett S, Antalis T, Vogel SN, Fasano A. Gliadin induces an increase in intestinal permeability and zonulin release by binding to the chemokine receptor CXCR3. Gastroenterology 2008; 135:194-204.e3. [PMID: 18485912 PMCID: PMC2653457 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2007] [Revised: 03/04/2008] [Accepted: 03/13/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Celiac disease is an immune-mediated enteropathy triggered by gliadin, a component of the grain protein gluten. Gliadin induces an MyD88-dependent zonulin release that leads to increased intestinal permeability, a postulated early element in the pathogenesis of celiac disease. We aimed to establish the molecular basis of gliadin interaction with intestinal mucosa leading to intestinal barrier impairment. METHODS Alpha-gliadin affinity column was loaded with intestinal mucosal membrane lysates to identify the putative gliadin-binding moiety. In vitro experiments with chemokine receptor CXCR3 transfectants were performed to confirm binding of gliadin and/or 26 overlapping 20mer alpha-gliadin synthetic peptides to the receptor. CXCR3 protein and gene expression were studied in intestinal epithelial cell lines and human biopsy specimens. Gliadin-CXCR3 interaction was further analyzed by immunofluorescence microscopy, laser capture microscopy, real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, and immunoprecipitation/Western blot analysis. Ex vivo experiments were performed using C57BL/6 wild-type and CXCR3(-/-) mouse small intestines to measure intestinal permeability and zonulin release. RESULTS Affinity column and colocalization experiments showed that gliadin binds to CXCR3 and that at least 2 alpha-gliadin 20mer synthetic peptides are involved in this binding. CXCR3 is expressed in mouse and human intestinal epithelia and lamina propria. Mucosal CXCR3 expression was elevated in active celiac disease but returned to baseline levels following implementation of a gluten-free diet. Gliadin induced physical association between CXCR3 and MyD88 in enterocytes. Gliadin increased zonulin release and intestinal permeability in wild-type but not CXCR3(-/-) mouse small intestine. CONCLUSIONS Gliadin binds to CXCR3 and leads to MyD88-dependent zonulin release and increased intestinal permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M. Lammers
- Mucosal Biology Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland,Center for Celiac Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ruliang Lu
- Mucosal Biology Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland,Center for Celiac Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Julie Brownley
- Mucosal Biology Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland,Center for Celiac Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Bao Lu
- Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Craig Gerard
- Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Karen Thomas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Prasad Rallabhandi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Terez Shea-Donohue
- Mucosal Biology Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Amir Tamiz
- Alba Therapeutics Corporation, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sefik Alkan
- Alba Therapeutics Corporation, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sarah Netzel-Arnett
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Toni Antalis
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Stefanie N. Vogel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alessio Fasano
- Mucosal Biology Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland,Center for Celiac Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Donath MY, Schumann DM, Faulenbach M, Ellingsgaard H, Perren A, Ehses JA. Islet inflammation in type 2 diabetes: from metabolic stress to therapy. Diabetes Care 2008; 31 Suppl 2:S161-4. [PMID: 18227479 DOI: 10.2337/dc08-s243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Decreases in both mass and secretory function of insulin-producing beta-cells contribute to the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes. The histology of islets from patients with type 2 diabetes displays an inflammatory process characterized by the presence of cytokines, apoptotic cells, immune cell infiltration, amyloid deposits, and eventually fibrosis. This inflammatory process is probably the combined consequence of dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, and increased circulating adipokines. Therefore, modulation of intra-islet inflammatory mediators, in particular interleukin-1 beta, appears as a promising therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Y Donath
- Clinic of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University Hospital, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Martin AP, Grisotto MG, Canasto-Chibuque C, Kunkel SL, Bromberg JS, Furtado GC, Lira SA. Islet expression of M3 uncovers a key role for chemokines in the development and recruitment of diabetogenic cells in NOD mice. Diabetes 2008; 57:387-94. [PMID: 18003753 DOI: 10.2337/db07-1309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease characterized by a local inflammatory reaction in and around islets followed by selective destruction of insulin-secreting beta-cells. We tested the hypothesis that chemokines affect different mechanisms responsible for the development of diabetes in NOD mice. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We examined chemokine expression in islets of NOD mice and tested their functional relevance to development of diabetes using transgenic mice expressing the mouse herpesvirus 68-encoded chemokine decoy receptor M3 (NOD-M3 mice) in insulin-secreting beta-cells. RESULTS Multiple chemokines were expressed in pancreatic islets of NOD mice before development of diabetes. Islet-specific expression of the pan-chemokine inhibitor M3 dramatically reduced leukocyte infiltration and islet destruction and completely blocked development of diabetes in NOD-M3 mice. M3 blocked diabetes by inhibiting the priming of diabetogenic cells in the pancreatic lymph nodes and their recruitment into the islets. This effect was specific to the pancreatic islets because M3 expression did not affect other ongoing autoimmune processes. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that chemokines mediate afferent and efferent immunity in type 1 diabetes and suggest that broad chemokine blockade may represent a viable strategy to prevent insulitis and islet destruction.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Crosses, Genetic
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/physiopathology
- Insulin/genetics
- Islets of Langerhans/metabolism
- Islets of Langerhans/physiopathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Rats
- Receptors, Chemokine/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea P Martin
- Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1425 Madison Ave., Box 1630, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA
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Gotsch F, Romero R, Friel L, Kusanovic JP, Espinoza J, Erez O, Than NG, Mittal P, Edwin S, Yoon BH, Kim CJ, Mazaki-Tovi S, Chaiworapongsa T, Hassan SS. CXCL10/IP-10: a missing link between inflammation and anti-angiogenesis in preeclampsia? J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2008; 20:777-92. [PMID: 17943641 DOI: 10.1080/14767050701483298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Interferon (IFN)-gamma inducible protein, CXCL10/IP-10, is a member of the CXC chemokine family with pro-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic properties. This chemokine has been proposed to be a key link between inflammation and angiogenesis. The aim of this study was to determine whether preeclampsia and delivery of a small for gestational age (SGA) neonate are associated with changes in maternal serum concentration of CXCL10/IP-10. STUDY DESIGN This cross-sectional study included patients in the following groups: (1) non-pregnant women (N = 49); (2) women with normal pregnancies (N = 89); (3) patients with preeclampsia (N = 100); and (4) patients who delivered an SGA neonate (N = 78). SGA was defined as birth weight below the 10th percentile. Maternal serum concentrations of CXCL10/IP-10 were measured by sensitive immunoassay. Non-parametric statistics were used for analysis. RESULTS (1) Patients with normal pregnancies had a significantly higher median serum concentration of CXCL10/IP-10 than non-pregnant women (median 116.1 pg/mL, range 40.7-1314.3 vs. median 90.3 pg/mL, range 49.2-214.7, respectively; p = 0.002); (2) no significant correlation was found between maternal serum concentration of CXCL10/IP-10 and gestational age (between 19 and 38 weeks); (3) there were no differences in median serum CXCL10/IP-10 concentrations between patients who delivered an SGA neonate and those with normal pregnancies (median 122.4 pg/mL, range 37.3-693.5 vs. median 116.1 pg/mL, range 40.7-1314.3, respectively; p > 0.05); (4) patients with preeclampsia had a higher median serum concentration of CXCL10/IP-10 than normal pregnant women (median 156.4 pg/mL, range 47.4-645.9 vs. median 116.1 pg/mL, range 40.7-1314.3, respectively; p < 0.05); (5) patients with preeclampsia had a higher median concentration of CXCL10/IP-10 than those who delivered an SGA neonate (median 156.4 pg/mL, range 47.4-645.9 vs. median 122.4 pg/mL, range 37.3-693.5, respectively; p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Patients with preeclampsia have significantly higher serum concentrations of CXCL10/IP-10 than both normal pregnant women and mothers who have SGA neonates. These results are likely to reflect an anti-angiogenic state as well as an enhanced systemic inflammatory response in patients with preeclampsia. Alternatively, since preeclampsia and SGA share several mechanisms of disease, it is possible that a higher concentration of this chemokine may contribute to the clinical presentation of preeclampsia in patients with a similar intrauterine insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Gotsch
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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148
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Gotsch F, Romero R, Espinoza J, Kusanovic JP, Mazaki-Tovi S, Erez O, Than NG, Edwin S, Mazor M, Yoon BH, Hassan SS. Maternal serum concentrations of the chemokine CXCL10/IP-10 are elevated in acute pyelonephritis during pregnancy. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2008; 20:735-44. [PMID: 17763275 PMCID: PMC2413055 DOI: 10.1080/14767050701511650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acute pyelonephritis is one of the most frequent medical complications of pregnancy, as well as a common cause of antepartum hospitalization. Interferon (IFN)-gamma inducible protein, CXCL10/IP-10, is a member of the CXC chemokine family with pro-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic properties. The purpose of this study was to determine whether maternal serum concentrations of CXCL10/IP-10 change in patients with acute pyelonephritis during pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN This cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the difference in maternal serum concentrations of CXCL10/IP-10 in pregnant women with acute pyelonephritis (N = 41) and normal pregnant women (N = 89). Pyelonephritis was defined in the presence of a positive urine culture, fever, and maternal clinical signs; blood cultures were performed in 36 cases. Maternal serum concentrations of CXCL10/IP-10 were measured by a sensitive immunoassay. Non-parametric statistics were used for analysis. RESULTS (1) The median serum concentration of CXCL10/IP-10 in pregnant patients with pyelonephritis was significantly higher than in normal pregnant women (median 318.5 pg/mL, range 78.8-2459.2 vs. median 116.1 pg/mL, range 40.7-1314.3, respectively; p < 0.001); (2) maternal median serum concentrations of CXCL10/IP-10 did not differ significantly among patients with acute pyelonephritis with and without bacteremia (positive blood cultures: median 362.6 pg/mL, range 100.2-2459.2 vs. negative blood cultures: median 298.9 pg/mL, range 108.5-1148.7, respectively; p = 0.3). CONCLUSIONS Pyelonephritis in pregnant women is associated with an increased maternal serum concentration of the chemokine CXCL10/IP-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Gotsch
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Jimmy Espinoza
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University/Hutzel Women’s Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Juan Pedro Kusanovic
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Shali Mazaki-Tovi
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University/Hutzel Women’s Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Offer Erez
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Nandor Gabor Than
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Samuel Edwin
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Moshe Mazor
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Soroka Medical Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Bo Hyun Yoon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sonia S. Hassan
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University/Hutzel Women’s Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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