1
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Carré A, Zhou Z, Perez-Hernandez J, Samassa F, Lekka C, Manganaro A, Oshima M, Liao H, Parker R, Nicastri A, Brandao B, Colli ML, Eizirik DL, Göransson M, Morales OB, Anderson A, Landry L, Kobaisi F, Scharfmann R, Marselli L, Marchetti P, You S, Nakayama M, Hadrup SR, Kent SC, Richardson SJ, Ternette N, Mallone R. Interferon-α promotes neo-antigen formation and preferential HLA-B-restricted antigen presentation in pancreatic β-cells. bioRxiv 2023:2023.09.15.557918. [PMID: 37745505 PMCID: PMC10516036 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.15.557918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Interferon (IFN)-α is the earliest cytokine signature observed in individuals at risk for type 1 diabetes (T1D), but its effect on the repertoire of HLA Class I (HLA-I)-bound peptides presented by pancreatic β-cells is unknown. Using immunopeptidomics, we characterized the peptide/HLA-I presentation in in-vitro resting and IFN-α-exposed β-cells. IFN-α increased HLA-I expression and peptide presentation, including neo-sequences derived from alternative mRNA splicing, post-translational modifications - notably glutathionylation - and protein cis-splicing. This antigenic landscape relied on processing by both the constitutive and immune proteasome. The resting β-cell immunopeptidome was dominated by HLA-A-restricted ligands. However, IFN-α only marginally upregulated HLA-A and largely favored HLA-B, translating into a major increase in HLA-B-restricted peptides and into an increased activation of HLA-B-restricted vs. HLA-A-restricted CD8+ T-cells. A preferential HLA-B hyper-expression was also observed in the islets of T1D vs. non-diabetic donors, and we identified islet-infiltrating CD8+ T-cells from T1D donors reactive to HLA-B-restricted granule peptides. Thus, the inflammatory milieu of insulitis may skew the autoimmune response toward epitopes presented by HLA-B, hence recruiting a distinct T-cell repertoire that may be relevant to T1D pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Carré
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Zhicheng Zhou
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Javier Perez-Hernandez
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Valencian International University (VIU), Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Christiana Lekka
- Islet Biology Group, Exeter Centre of Excellence in Diabetes Research, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Anthony Manganaro
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Masaya Oshima
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Hanqing Liao
- Centre for Immuno-Oncology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Robert Parker
- Centre for Immuno-Oncology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Annalisa Nicastri
- Centre for Immuno-Oncology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Barbara Brandao
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Maikel L. Colli
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Decio L. Eizirik
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marcus Göransson
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Amanda Anderson
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Laurie Landry
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Farah Kobaisi
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | | | - Lorella Marselli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Piero Marchetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Sylvaine You
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
- Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Maki Nakayama
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Sine R. Hadrup
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sally C. Kent
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Sarah J. Richardson
- Islet Biology Group, Exeter Centre of Excellence in Diabetes Research, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Nicola Ternette
- Centre for Immuno-Oncology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Roberto Mallone
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
- Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Diabétologie et Immunologie Clinique, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
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2
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Roca-Rivada A, Marín-Cañas S, Colli ML, Vinci C, Sawatani T, Marselli L, Cnop M, Marchetti P, Eizirik DL. Inhibition of the type 1 diabetes candidate gene PTPN2 aggravates TNF-α-induced human beta cell dysfunction and death. Diabetologia 2023; 66:1544-1556. [PMID: 36988639 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-023-05908-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS TNF-α plays a role in pancreatic beta cell loss in type 1 diabetes mellitus. In clinical interventions, TNF-α inhibition preserves C-peptide levels in early type 1 diabetes. In this study we evaluated the crosstalk of TNF-α, as compared with type I IFNs, with the type 1 diabetes candidate gene PTPN2 (encoding protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 2 [PTPN2]) in human beta cells. METHODS EndoC-βH1 cells, dispersed human pancreatic islets or induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived islet-like cells were transfected with siRNAs targeting various genes (siCTRL, siPTPN2, siJNK1, siJNK3 or siBIM). Cells were treated for 48 h with IFN-α (2000 U/ml) or TNF-α (1000 U/ml). Cell death was evaluated using Hoechst 33342 and propidium iodide staining. mRNA levels were assessed by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) and protein expression by immunoblot. RESULTS PTPN2 silencing sensitised beta cells to cytotoxicity induced by IFN-α and/or TNF-α by 20-50%, depending on the human cell model utilised; there was no potentiation between the cytokines. We silenced c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)1 or Bcl-2-like protein 2 (BIM), and this abolished the proapoptotic effects of IFN-α, TNF-α or the combination of both after PTPN2 inhibition. We further observed that PTPN2 silencing increased TNF-α-induced JNK1 and BIM phosphorylation and that JNK3 is necessary for beta cell resistance to IFN-α cytotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION We show that the type 1 diabetes candidate gene PTPN2 is a key regulator of the deleterious effects of TNF-α in human beta cells. It is conceivable that people with type 1 diabetes carrying risk-associated PTPN2 polymorphisms may particularly benefit from therapies inhibiting TNF-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Roca-Rivada
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre De Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Sandra Marín-Cañas
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre De Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maikel L Colli
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre De Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Chiara Vinci
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre De Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Toshiaki Sawatani
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre De Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lorella Marselli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Miriam Cnop
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre De Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Piero Marchetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Decio L Eizirik
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre De Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- WELBIO Department, WEL Research Institute, Wavre, Belgium
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3
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Kaur S, Frørup C, Mirza AH, Fløyel T, Yarani R, Colli ML, Johannesen J, Størling J, Eizirik DL, Pociot F. Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines Promote the Transcription of Circular RNAs in Human Pancreatic β Cells. Noncoding RNA 2022; 8:ncrna8050069. [PMID: 36287121 PMCID: PMC9609391 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna8050069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have recently been implicated in impaired β-cell function in diabetes. Using microarray-based profiling of circRNAs in human EndoC-βH1 cells treated with pro-inflammatory cytokines, this study aimed to investigate the expression and possible regulatory roles of circRNAs in human β cells. We identified ~5000 β-cell-expressed circRNAs, of which 84 were differentially expressed (DE) after cytokine exposure. Pathway analysis of the host genes of the DE circRNAs revealed the enrichment of cytokine signaling pathways, indicative of circRNA transcription from inflammatory genes in response to cytokines. Multiple binding sites for β-cell-enriched microRNAs and RNA-binding proteins were observed for the highly upregulated circRNAs, supporting their function as ‘sponges’ or ‘decoys’. We also present evidence for circRNA sequence conservation in multiple species, the presence of cytokine-induced regulatory elements, and putative protein-coding potential for the DE circRNAs. This study highlights the complex regulatory potential of circRNAs, which may play a crucial role during immune-mediated β-cell destruction in type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simranjeet Kaur
- Translational Type 1 Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Caroline Frørup
- Translational Type 1 Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Aashiq H Mirza
- Translational Type 1 Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Tina Fløyel
- Translational Type 1 Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Reza Yarani
- Translational Type 1 Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Maikel L Colli
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jesper Johannesen
- Translational Type 1 Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joachim Størling
- Translational Type 1 Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Decio L Eizirik
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Flemming Pociot
- Translational Type 1 Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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4
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Azoury ME, Samassa F, Buitinga M, Nigi L, Brusco N, Callebaut A, Giraud M, Irla M, Lalanne AI, Carré A, Afonso G, Zhou Z, Brandao B, Colli ML, Sebastiani G, Dotta F, Nakayama M, Eizirik DL, You S, Pinto S, Mamula MJ, Verdier Y, Vinh J, Buus S, Mathieu C, Overbergh L, Mallone R. CD8 + T Cells Variably Recognize Native Versus Citrullinated GRP78 Epitopes in Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes 2021; 70:2879-2891. [PMID: 34561224 PMCID: PMC8660990 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In type 1 diabetes, autoimmune β-cell destruction may be favored by neoantigens harboring posttranslational modifications (PTMs) such as citrullination. We studied the recognition of native and citrullinated glucose-regulated protein (GRP)78 peptides by CD8+ T cells. Citrullination modulated T-cell recognition and, to a lesser extent, HLA-A2 binding. GRP78-reactive CD8+ T cells circulated at similar frequencies in healthy donors and donors with type 1 diabetes and preferentially recognized either native or citrullinated versions, without cross-reactivity. Rather, the preference for native GRP78 epitopes was associated with CD8+ T cells cross-reactive with bacterial mimotopes. In the pancreas, a dominant GRP78 peptide was instead preferentially recognized when citrullinated. To further clarify these recognition patterns, we considered the possibility of citrullination in the thymus. Citrullinating peptidylarginine deiminase (Padi) enzymes were expressed in murine and human medullary epithelial cells (mTECs), with citrullinated proteins detected in murine mTECs. However, Padi2 and Padi4 expression was diminished in mature mTECs from NOD mice versus C57BL/6 mice. We conclude that, on one hand, the CD8+ T cell preference for native GRP78 peptides may be shaped by cross-reactivity with bacterial mimotopes. On the other hand, PTMs may not invariably favor loss of tolerance because thymic citrullination, although impaired in NOD mice, may drive deletion of citrulline-reactive T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mijke Buitinga
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laura Nigi
- Toscana Life Sciences, Diabetes Unit and Fondazione Umberto di Mario ONLUS, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Noemi Brusco
- Toscana Life Sciences, Diabetes Unit and Fondazione Umberto di Mario ONLUS, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Aïsha Callebaut
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matthieu Giraud
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, INSERM UMR1064, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Magali Irla
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, INSERM, CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Ana Ines Lalanne
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Alexia Carré
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Georgia Afonso
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Zhicheng Zhou
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Barbara Brandao
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Maikel L Colli
- Medical Faculty, Center for Diabetes Research and Welbio, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guido Sebastiani
- Toscana Life Sciences, Diabetes Unit and Fondazione Umberto di Mario ONLUS, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Francesco Dotta
- Toscana Life Sciences, Diabetes Unit and Fondazione Umberto di Mario ONLUS, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Maki Nakayama
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Decio L Eizirik
- Medical Faculty, Center for Diabetes Research and Welbio, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Sylvaine You
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Sheena Pinto
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Yann Verdier
- ESPCI Paris, PSL University, Spectrométrie de Masse Biologique et Protéomique, CNRS UMR8249, Paris, France
| | - Joelle Vinh
- ESPCI Paris, PSL University, Spectrométrie de Masse Biologique et Protéomique, CNRS UMR8249, Paris, France
| | - Soren Buus
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Panum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Chantal Mathieu
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lut Overbergh
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Roberto Mallone
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Diabétologie et Immunologie Clinique, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
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5
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Luce S, Guinoiseau S, Gadault A, Letourneur F, Nitschke P, Bras M, Vidaud M, Charneau P, Larger E, Colli ML, Eizirik DL, Lemonnier F, Boitard C. A Humanized Mouse Strain That Develops Spontaneously Immune-Mediated Diabetes. Front Immunol 2021; 12:748679. [PMID: 34721418 PMCID: PMC8551915 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.748679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
To circumvent the limitations of available preclinical models for the study of type 1 diabetes (T1D), we developed a new humanized model, the YES-RIP-hB7.1 mouse. This mouse is deficient of murine major histocompatibility complex class I and class II, the murine insulin genes, and expresses as transgenes the HLA-A*02:01 allele, the diabetes high-susceptibility HLA-DQ8A and B alleles, the human insulin gene, and the human co-stimulatory molecule B7.1 in insulin-secreting cells. It develops spontaneous T1D along with CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses to human preproinsulin epitopes. Most of the responses identified in these mice were validated in T1D patients. This model is amenable to characterization of hPPI-specific epitopes involved in T1D and to the identification of factors that may trigger autoimmune response to insulin-secreting cells in human T1D. It will allow evaluating peptide-based immunotherapy that may directly apply to T1D in human and complete preclinical model availability to address the issue of clinical heterogeneity of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Luce
- Laboratory Immunology of Diabetes, INSERMU1016, Department EMD, Cochin Institute, Paris, France.,Medical Faculty, Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Guinoiseau
- Laboratory Immunology of Diabetes, INSERMU1016, Department EMD, Cochin Institute, Paris, France.,Medical Faculty, Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Alexis Gadault
- Laboratory Immunology of Diabetes, INSERMU1016, Department EMD, Cochin Institute, Paris, France.,Medical Faculty, Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Franck Letourneur
- Laboratory Immunology of Diabetes, INSERMU1016, Department EMD, Cochin Institute, Paris, France
| | | | - Marc Bras
- Medical Faculty, Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Michel Vidaud
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Charneau
- Molecular Virology and Vaccinology, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - Etienne Larger
- Laboratory Immunology of Diabetes, INSERMU1016, Department EMD, Cochin Institute, Paris, France.,Diabetology Department, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Maikel L Colli
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Decio L Eizirik
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Diabetes Center, Indiana Biosciences Research Institute (IBRI), Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - François Lemonnier
- Laboratory Immunology of Diabetes, INSERMU1016, Department EMD, Cochin Institute, Paris, France.,Medical Faculty, Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Christian Boitard
- Laboratory Immunology of Diabetes, INSERMU1016, Department EMD, Cochin Institute, Paris, France.,Medical Faculty, Paris University, Paris, France.,Diabetology Department, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
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6
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Szymczak F, Colli ML, Mamula MJ, Evans-Molina C, Eizirik DL. Gene expression signatures of target tissues in type 1 diabetes, lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Sci Adv 2021; 7:7/2/eabd7600. [PMID: 33523973 PMCID: PMC7787485 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd7600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are typically studied with a focus on the immune system, and less attention is paid to responses of target tissues exposed to the immune assault. We presently evaluated, based on available RNA sequencing data, whether inflammation induces similar molecular signatures at the target tissues in type 1 diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis. We identified confluent signatures, many related to interferon signaling, indicating pathways that may be targeted for therapy, and observed a high (>80%) expression of candidate genes for the different diseases at the target tissue level. These observations suggest that future research on autoimmune diseases should focus on both the immune system and the target tissues, and on their dialog. Discovering similar disease-specific signatures may allow the identification of key pathways that could be targeted for therapy, including the repurposing of drugs already in clinical use for other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Szymczak
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- Interuniversity Institute of Bioinformatics in Brussels, Université Libre de Bruxelles-Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - M L Colli
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.
| | - M J Mamula
- Section of Rheumatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - C Evans-Molina
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - D L Eizirik
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.
- Indiana Biosciences Research Institute (IBRI), Indianapolis, IN, USA
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7
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Marselli L, Piron A, Suleiman M, Colli ML, Yi X, Khamis A, Carrat GR, Rutter GA, Bugliani M, Giusti L, Ronci M, Ibberson M, Turatsinze JV, Boggi U, De Simone P, De Tata V, Lopes M, Nasteska D, De Luca C, Tesi M, Bosi E, Singh P, Campani D, Schulte AM, Solimena M, Hecht P, Rady B, Bakaj I, Pocai A, Norquay L, Thorens B, Canouil M, Froguel P, Eizirik DL, Cnop M, Marchetti P. Persistent or Transient Human β Cell Dysfunction Induced by Metabolic Stress: Specific Signatures and Shared Gene Expression with Type 2 Diabetes. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108466. [PMID: 33264613 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic β cell failure is key to type 2 diabetes (T2D) onset and progression. Here, we assess whether human β cell dysfunction induced by metabolic stress is reversible, evaluate the molecular pathways underlying persistent or transient damage, and explore the relationships with T2D islet traits. Twenty-six islet preparations are exposed to several lipotoxic/glucotoxic conditions, some of which impair insulin release, depending on stressor type, concentration, and combination. The reversal of dysfunction occurs after washout for some, although not all, of the lipoglucotoxic insults. Islet transcriptomes assessed by RNA sequencing and expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis identify specific pathways underlying β cell failure and recovery. Comparison of a large number of human T2D islet transcriptomes with those of persistent or reversible β cell lipoglucotoxicity show shared gene expression signatures. The identification of mechanisms associated with human β cell dysfunction and recovery and their overlap with T2D islet traits provide insights into T2D pathogenesis, fostering the development of improved β cell-targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorella Marselli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, and AOUP Cisanello University Hospital, University of Pisa, Pisa 56126, Italy.
| | - Anthony Piron
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1070, Belgium
| | - Mara Suleiman
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, and AOUP Cisanello University Hospital, University of Pisa, Pisa 56126, Italy
| | - Maikel L Colli
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1070, Belgium
| | - Xiaoyan Yi
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1070, Belgium
| | - Amna Khamis
- INSERM UMR 1283, CNRS UMR 8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille, University of Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille 59000, France
| | - Gaelle R Carrat
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Guy A Rutter
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Imperial College, London, UK; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marco Bugliani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, and AOUP Cisanello University Hospital, University of Pisa, Pisa 56126, Italy
| | - Laura Giusti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, and AOUP Cisanello University Hospital, University of Pisa, Pisa 56126, Italy; School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Maurizio Ronci
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Centre for Advanced Studies and Technologies (CAST), University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Mark Ibberson
- Vital-IT Group, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | | | - Ugo Boggi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa 56126, Italy; Division of General and Transplant Surgery, Cisanello University Hospital, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Paolo De Simone
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa 56126, Italy; Division of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Cisanello University Hospital, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Vincenzo De Tata
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa 56126, Italy
| | - Miguel Lopes
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1070, Belgium
| | - Daniela Nasteska
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1070, Belgium
| | - Carmela De Luca
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, and AOUP Cisanello University Hospital, University of Pisa, Pisa 56126, Italy
| | - Marta Tesi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, and AOUP Cisanello University Hospital, University of Pisa, Pisa 56126, Italy
| | - Emanuele Bosi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, and AOUP Cisanello University Hospital, University of Pisa, Pisa 56126, Italy
| | - Pratibha Singh
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1070, Belgium
| | - Daniela Campani
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and the Critical Areas, University of Pisa, Pisa 56126, Italy
| | - Anke M Schulte
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Diabetes Research, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Michele Solimena
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Peter Hecht
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Diabetes Research, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Bernard Thorens
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mickaël Canouil
- INSERM UMR 1283, CNRS UMR 8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille, University of Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille 59000, France
| | - Philippe Froguel
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Decio L Eizirik
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1070, Belgium; WELBIO, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Division of Endocrinology, ULB Erasmus Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Miriam Cnop
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1070, Belgium; Division of Endocrinology, ULB Erasmus Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Piero Marchetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, and AOUP Cisanello University Hospital, University of Pisa, Pisa 56126, Italy.
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8
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Azoury ME, Tarayrah M, Afonso G, Pais A, Colli ML, Maillard C, Lavaud C, Alexandre-Heymann L, Gonzalez-Duque S, Verdier Y, Vinh J, Pinto S, Buus S, Dubois-Laforgue D, Larger E, Beressi JP, Bruno G, Eizirik DL, You S, Mallone R. Peptides Derived From Insulin Granule Proteins Are Targeted by CD8 + T Cells Across MHC Class I Restrictions in Humans and NOD Mice. Diabetes 2020; 69:2678-2690. [PMID: 32928873 DOI: 10.2337/db20-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The antigenic peptides processed by β-cells and presented through surface HLA class I molecules are poorly characterized. Each HLA variant (e.g., the most common being HLA-A2 and HLA-A3) carries some peptide-binding specificity. Hence, features that, despite these specificities, remain shared across variants may reveal factors favoring β-cell immunogenicity. Building on our previous description of the HLA-A2/A3 peptidome of β-cells, we analyzed the HLA-A3-restricted peptides targeted by circulating CD8+ T cells. Several peptides were recognized by CD8+ T cells within a narrow frequency (1-50/106), which was similar in donors with and without type 1 diabetes and harbored variable effector/memory fractions. These epitopes could be classified as conventional peptides or neoepitopes, generated either via peptide cis-splicing or mRNA splicing (e.g., secretogranin-5 [SCG5]-009). As reported for HLA-A2-restricted peptides, several epitopes originated from β-cell granule proteins (e.g., SCG3, SCG5, and urocortin-3). Similarly, H-2Kd-restricted CD8+ T cells recognizing the murine orthologs of SCG5, urocortin-3, and proconvertase-2 infiltrated the islets of NOD mice and transferred diabetes into NOD/scid recipients. The finding of granule proteins targeted in both humans and NOD mice supports their disease relevance and identifies the insulin granule as a rich source of epitopes, possibly reflecting its impaired processing in type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahmoud Tarayrah
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Georgia Afonso
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Aurore Pais
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Maikel L Colli
- Université Libre de Bruxelles Center for Diabetes Research and Welbio, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Claire Maillard
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Cassandra Lavaud
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Laure Alexandre-Heymann
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris Centre-Université de Paris, Cochin Hospital, Service de Diabétologie et Immunologie Clinique, Paris, France
| | - Sergio Gonzalez-Duque
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
- École Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles Paris, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, Spectrométrie de Masse Biologique et Protéomique, CNRS USR3149, Paris, France
| | - Yann Verdier
- École Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles Paris, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, Spectrométrie de Masse Biologique et Protéomique, CNRS USR3149, Paris, France
| | - Joelle Vinh
- École Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles Paris, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres, Spectrométrie de Masse Biologique et Protéomique, CNRS USR3149, Paris, France
| | - Sheena Pinto
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Soren Buus
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Danièle Dubois-Laforgue
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris Centre-Université de Paris, Cochin Hospital, Service de Diabétologie et Immunologie Clinique, Paris, France
| | - Etienne Larger
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris Centre-Université de Paris, Cochin Hospital, Service de Diabétologie et Immunologie Clinique, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Paul Beressi
- Service de Diabétologie, Centre Hospitalier de Versailles André Mignot, Le Chesnay, France
| | - Graziella Bruno
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Decio L Eizirik
- Université Libre de Bruxelles Center for Diabetes Research and Welbio, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sylvaine You
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Roberto Mallone
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris Centre-Université de Paris, Cochin Hospital, Service de Diabétologie et Immunologie Clinique, Paris, France
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9
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Fignani D, Licata G, Brusco N, Nigi L, Grieco GE, Marselli L, Overbergh L, Gysemans C, Colli ML, Marchetti P, Mathieu C, Eizirik DL, Sebastiani G, Dotta F. SARS-CoV-2 Receptor Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme Type 2 (ACE2) Is Expressed in Human Pancreatic β-Cells and in the Human Pancreas Microvasculature. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:596898. [PMID: 33281748 PMCID: PMC7691425 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.596898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence demonstrated that the expression of Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme type 2 (ACE2) is a necessary step for SARS-CoV-2 infection permissiveness. In light of the recent data highlighting an association between COVID-19 and diabetes, a detailed analysis aimed at evaluating ACE2 expression pattern distribution in human pancreas is still lacking. Here, we took advantage of INNODIA network EUnPOD biobank collection to thoroughly analyze ACE2, both at mRNA and protein level, in multiple human pancreatic tissues and using several methodologies. Using multiple reagents and antibodies, we showed that ACE2 is expressed in human pancreatic islets, where it is preferentially expressed in subsets of insulin producing β-cells. ACE2 is also highly expressed in pancreas microvasculature pericytes and moderately expressed in rare scattered ductal cells. By using different ACE2 antibodies we showed that a recently described short-ACE2 isoform is also prevalently expressed in human β-cells. Finally, using RT-qPCR, RNA-seq and High-Content imaging screening analysis, we demonstrated that pro-inflammatory cytokines, but not palmitate, increase ACE2 expression in the β-cell line EndoC-βH1 and in primary human pancreatic islets. Taken together, our data indicate a potential link between SARS-CoV-2 and diabetes through putative infection of pancreatic microvasculature and/or ductal cells and/or through direct β-cell virus tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Fignani
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Fondazione Umberto Di Mario, c/o Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | - Giada Licata
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Fondazione Umberto Di Mario, c/o Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | - Noemi Brusco
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Fondazione Umberto Di Mario, c/o Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | - Laura Nigi
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Fondazione Umberto Di Mario, c/o Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppina E. Grieco
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Fondazione Umberto Di Mario, c/o Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | - Lorella Marselli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lut Overbergh
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology (CEE), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KULEUVEN), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Conny Gysemans
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology (CEE), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KULEUVEN), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maikel L. Colli
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Piero Marchetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Chantal Mathieu
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology (CEE), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KULEUVEN), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Decio L. Eizirik
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Guido Sebastiani
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Fondazione Umberto Di Mario, c/o Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | - Francesco Dotta
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Fondazione Umberto Di Mario, c/o Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
- Tuscany Centre for Precision Medicine (CReMeP), Siena, Italy
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Decio L Eizirik
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
- Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Maikel L Colli
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
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11
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Colli ML, Szymczak F, Eizirik DL. Molecular Footprints of the Immune Assault on Pancreatic Beta Cells in Type 1 Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:568446. [PMID: 33042023 PMCID: PMC7522353 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.568446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic disease caused by the selective destruction of the insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells by infiltrating immune cells. We presently evaluated the transcriptomic signature observed in beta cells in early T1D and compared it with the signatures observed following in vitro exposure of human islets to inflammatory or metabolic stresses, with the aim of identifying "footprints" of the immune assault in the target beta cells. We detected similarities between the beta cell signatures induced by cytokines present at different moments of the disease, i.e., interferon-α (early disease) and interleukin-1β plus interferon-γ (later stages) and the beta cells from T1D patients, identifying biological process and signaling pathways activated during early and late stages of the disease. Among the first responses triggered on beta cells was an enrichment in antiviral responses, pattern recognition receptors activation, protein modification and MHC class I antigen presentation. During putative later stages of insulitis the processes were dominated by T-cell recruitment and activation and attempts of beta cells to defend themselves through the activation of anti-inflammatory pathways (i.e., IL10, IL4/13) and immune check-point proteins (i.e., PDL1 and HLA-E). Finally, we mined the beta cell signature in islets from T1D patients using the Connectivity Map, a large database of chemical compounds/drugs, and identified interesting candidates to potentially revert the effects of insulitis on beta cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maikel L. Colli
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Maikel L. Colli
| | - Florian Szymczak
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Decio L. Eizirik
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- Welbio, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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12
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Colli ML, Paula FM, Marselli L, Marchetti P, Roivainen M, Eizirik DL, Op de Beeck A. Coxsackievirus B Tailors the Unfolded Protein Response to Favour Viral Amplification in Pancreatic β Cells. J Innate Immun 2019; 11:375-390. [PMID: 30799417 DOI: 10.1159/000496034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease characterized by islet inflammation and progressive pancreatic β cell destruction. The disease is triggered by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, but the mechanisms leading to the triggering of early innate and late adaptive immunity and consequent progressive pancreatic β cell death remain unclear. The insulin-producing β cells are active secretory cells and are thus particularly sensitive to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. ER stress plays an important role in the pathologic pathway leading to autoimmunity, islet inflammation, and β cell death. We show here that group B coxsackievirus (CVB) infection, a putative causative factor for T1D, induces a partial ER stress in rat and human β cells. The activation of the PERK/ATF4/CHOP branch is blunted while the IRE1α branch leads to increased spliced XBP1 expression and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation. Interestingly, JNK1 activation is essential for CVB amplification in both human and rat β cells. Furthermore, a chemically induced ER stress preceding viral infection increases viral replication, in a process dependent on IRE1α activation. Our findings show that CVB tailors the unfolded protein response in β cells to support their replication, preferentially triggering the pro-viral IRE1α/XBP1s/JNK1 pathway while blocking the pro-apoptotic PERK/ATF4/CHOP pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maikel L Colli
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Flavia M Paula
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lorella Marselli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Piero Marchetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Merja Roivainen
- Viral Infections Unit, Department of Infectious Disease, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Decio L Eizirik
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anne Op de Beeck
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium,
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13
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Gonzalez-Duque S, Azoury ME, Colli ML, Afonso G, Turatsinze JV, Nigi L, Lalanne AI, Sebastiani G, Carré A, Pinto S, Culina S, Corcos N, Bugliani M, Marchetti P, Armanet M, Diedisheim M, Kyewski B, Steinmetz LM, Buus S, You S, Dubois-Laforgue D, Larger E, Beressi JP, Bruno G, Dotta F, Scharfmann R, Eizirik DL, Verdier Y, Vinh J, Mallone R. Conventional and Neo-antigenic Peptides Presented by β Cells Are Targeted by Circulating Naïve CD8+ T Cells in Type 1 Diabetic and Healthy Donors. Cell Metab 2018; 28:946-960.e6. [PMID: 30078552 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Although CD8+ T-cell-mediated autoimmune β cell destruction occurs in type 1 diabetes (T1D), the target epitopes processed and presented by β cells are unknown. To identify them, we combined peptidomics and transcriptomics strategies. Inflammatory cytokines increased peptide presentation in vitro, paralleling upregulation of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I expression. Peptide sources featured several insulin granule proteins and all known β cell antigens, barring islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit-related protein. Preproinsulin yielded HLA-A2-restricted epitopes previously described. Secretogranin V and its mRNA splice isoform SCG5-009, proconvertase-2, urocortin-3, the insulin gene enhancer protein ISL-1, and an islet amyloid polypeptide transpeptidation product emerged as antigens processed into HLA-A2-restricted epitopes, which, as those already described, were recognized by circulating naive CD8+ T cells in T1D and healthy donors and by pancreas-infiltrating cells in T1D donors. This peptidome opens new avenues to understand antigen processing by β cells and for the development of T cell biomarkers and tolerogenic vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Gonzalez-Duque
- INSERM, U1016, Cochin Institute, 75014 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR8104, Cochin Institute, 75014 Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France; ESPCI Paris, PSL University, Spectrométrie de Masse Biologique et Protéomique, CNRS USR3149, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Marie Eliane Azoury
- INSERM, U1016, Cochin Institute, 75014 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR8104, Cochin Institute, 75014 Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Maikel L Colli
- Université Libre de Bruxelles Center for Diabetes Research and Welbio, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Georgia Afonso
- INSERM, U1016, Cochin Institute, 75014 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR8104, Cochin Institute, 75014 Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Valery Turatsinze
- Université Libre de Bruxelles Center for Diabetes Research and Welbio, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laura Nigi
- University of Siena, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Diabetes Unit and Fondazione Umberto di Mario ONLUS, Toscana Life Sciences, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Ana Ines Lalanne
- INSERM, U1016, Cochin Institute, 75014 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR8104, Cochin Institute, 75014 Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Guido Sebastiani
- University of Siena, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Diabetes Unit and Fondazione Umberto di Mario ONLUS, Toscana Life Sciences, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Alexia Carré
- INSERM, U1016, Cochin Institute, 75014 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR8104, Cochin Institute, 75014 Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Sheena Pinto
- DKFZ, Division of Developmental Immunology, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Slobodan Culina
- INSERM, U1016, Cochin Institute, 75014 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR8104, Cochin Institute, 75014 Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Noémie Corcos
- INSERM, U1016, Cochin Institute, 75014 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR8104, Cochin Institute, 75014 Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Marco Bugliani
- University of Pisa, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Piero Marchetti
- University of Pisa, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Mathieu Armanet
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Cell Therapy Unit, Saint Louis Hospital, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Marc Diedisheim
- INSERM, U1016, Cochin Institute, 75014 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR8104, Cochin Institute, 75014 Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France; Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Diabétologie, Cochin Hospital, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Bruno Kyewski
- DKFZ, Division of Developmental Immunology, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lars M Steinmetz
- Stanford University, School of Medicine, Department of Genetics and Stanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Genome Biology Unit, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Søren Buus
- Panum Institute, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sylvaine You
- INSERM, U1016, Cochin Institute, 75014 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR8104, Cochin Institute, 75014 Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Daniele Dubois-Laforgue
- INSERM, U1016, Cochin Institute, 75014 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR8104, Cochin Institute, 75014 Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France; Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Diabétologie, Cochin Hospital, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Etienne Larger
- INSERM, U1016, Cochin Institute, 75014 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR8104, Cochin Institute, 75014 Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France; Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Diabétologie, Cochin Hospital, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Paul Beressi
- Centre Hospitalier de Versailles André Mignot, Service de Diabétologie, 78150 Le Chesnay, France
| | - Graziella Bruno
- University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Francesco Dotta
- University of Siena, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Diabetes Unit and Fondazione Umberto di Mario ONLUS, Toscana Life Sciences, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Raphael Scharfmann
- INSERM, U1016, Cochin Institute, 75014 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR8104, Cochin Institute, 75014 Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Decio L Eizirik
- Université Libre de Bruxelles Center for Diabetes Research and Welbio, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yann Verdier
- ESPCI Paris, PSL University, Spectrométrie de Masse Biologique et Protéomique, CNRS USR3149, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Joelle Vinh
- ESPCI Paris, PSL University, Spectrométrie de Masse Biologique et Protéomique, CNRS USR3149, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Roberto Mallone
- INSERM, U1016, Cochin Institute, 75014 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR8104, Cochin Institute, 75014 Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France; Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Diabétologie, Cochin Hospital, 75014 Paris, France.
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14
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Colli ML, Hill JLE, Marroquí L, Chaffey J, Dos Santos RS, Leete P, Coomans de Brachène A, Paula FMM, Op de Beeck A, Castela A, Marselli L, Krogvold L, Dahl-Jorgensen K, Marchetti P, Morgan NG, Richardson SJ, Eizirik DL. PDL1 is expressed in the islets of people with type 1 diabetes and is up-regulated by interferons-α and-γ via IRF1 induction. EBioMedicine 2018; 36:367-375. [PMID: 30269996 PMCID: PMC6197434 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antibodies targeting PD-1 and its ligand PDL1 are used in cancer immunotherapy but may lead to autoimmune diseases, including type 1 diabetes (T1D). It remains unclear whether PDL1 is expressed in pancreatic islets of people with T1D and how is it regulated. Methods The expression of PDL1, IRF1, insulin and glucagon was evaluated in samples of T1D donors by immunofluorescence. Cytokine-induced PDL1 expression in the human beta cell line, EndoC-βH1, and in primary human pancreatic islets was determined by real-time RT-PCR, flow cytometry and Western blot. Specific and previously validated small interference RNAs were used to inhibit STAT1, STAT2, IRF1 and JAK1 signaling. Key results were validated using the JAK inhibitor Ruxolitinib. Findings PDL1 was present in insulin-positive cells from twelve T1D individuals (6 living and 6 deceased donors) but absent from insulin-deficient islets or from the islets of six non-diabetic controls. Interferons-α and -γ, but not interleukin-1β, induced PDL1 expression in vitro in human islet cells and EndoC-βH1 cells. Silencing of STAT1 or STAT2 individually did not prevent interferon-α-induced PDL1, while blocking of JAKs – a proposed therapeutic strategy for T1D – or IRF1 prevented PDL1 induction. Interpretation These findings indicate that PDL1 is expressed in beta cells from people with T1D, possibly to attenuate the autoimmune assault, and that it is induced by both type I and II interferons via IRF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maikel L Colli
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1070, Belgium.
| | - Jessica L E Hill
- Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Laura Marroquí
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1070, Belgium
| | - Jessica Chaffey
- Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Reinaldo S Dos Santos
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1070, Belgium
| | - Pia Leete
- Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | | | - Flavia M M Paula
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1070, Belgium
| | - Anne Op de Beeck
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1070, Belgium
| | - Angela Castela
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1070, Belgium
| | - Lorella Marselli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Islet Cell Laboratory, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lars Krogvold
- Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut Dahl-Jorgensen
- Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Piero Marchetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Islet Cell Laboratory, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Noel G Morgan
- Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Sarah J Richardson
- Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Décio L Eizirik
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1070, Belgium.
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15
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Coomans de Brachène A, Dos Santos RS, Marroqui L, Colli ML, Marselli L, Mirmira RG, Marchetti P, Eizirik DL. IFN-α induces a preferential long-lasting expression of MHC class I in human pancreatic beta cells. Diabetologia 2018; 61:636-640. [PMID: 29305625 PMCID: PMC6241216 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4536-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS IFN-α, a cytokine expressed in human islets from individuals affected by type 1 diabetes, plays a key role in the pathogenesis of diabetes by upregulating inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and MHC class I overexpression, three hallmarks of islet histology in early type 1 diabetes. We tested whether expression of these mediators of beta cell loss is reversible upon IFN-α withdrawal or IFN-α pathway inhibition. METHODS IFN-α-induced MHC class I overexpression, ER stress and inflammation were evaluated by flow cytometry, immunofluorescence and real-time PCR in human EndoC-βH1 cells or human islets exposed to IFN-α with or without the presence of Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors. Protein expression was evaluated by western blot. RESULTS IFN-α-induced expression of inflammatory and ER stress markers returned to baseline after 24-48 h following cytokine removal. In contrast, MHC class I overexpression at the cell surface persisted for at least 7 days. Treatment with JAK inhibitors, when added with IFN-α, prevented MHC class I overexpression, but when added 24 h after IFN-α exposure these inhibitors failed to accelerate MHC class I return to baseline. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION IFN-α mediates a long-lasting and preferential MHC class I overexpression in human beta cells, which is not affected by the subsequent addition of JAK inhibitors. These observations suggest that IFN-α-stimulated long-lasting MHC class I expression may amplify beta cell antigen presentation during the early phase of type 1 diabetes and that IFN-α inhibitors might need to be used at very early stages of the disease to be effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Coomans de Brachène
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Campus Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik, 808-CP618, B-1070, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Reinaldo S Dos Santos
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Campus Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik, 808-CP618, B-1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laura Marroqui
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Campus Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik, 808-CP618, B-1070, Brussels, Belgium
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM) and Institute of Bioengineering, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Maikel L Colli
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Campus Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik, 808-CP618, B-1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lorella Marselli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Raghavendra G Mirmira
- Department of Pediatrics, Medicine, and Physiology, Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Piero Marchetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Decio L Eizirik
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Campus Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik, 808-CP618, B-1070, Brussels, Belgium.
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16
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de Almeida Ramos D, Miani M, Pandolfi R, Tondo L, Colli ML, Rosado Spilki F, Rovaris Gardinali N, Alves Pinto M, Kreutz LC, Frandoloso R. Production and characterization of a Brazilian candidate antigen for Hepatitis E Virus genotype 3 diagnosis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2016; 363:fnw021. [PMID: 26832642 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnw021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E, caused by hepatitis E virus (HEV), is a viral infectious pathology of great importance in the public health. Hepatitis E outbreaks were registered in developing countries with poor or no sanitation, where drinking water was contaminated with fecal material, but also in many industrialized countries probably due to consumption of HEV-positive swine meat. In this study, we present the development and characterization of a recombinant antigen from ORF2 HEV genotype 3. Viral RNA was extracted from swine feces infected with the native virus. A total of 267 residues from the C-terminal ORF2((394-661)) coding sequence were cloned into the pET20a vector and expressed in Escherichia coli ER2566. Recombinant protein was purified by liquid chromatography and the fragment obtained a 98% homology against other human or swine HEV genotype 3 ORF2 sequences. Wistar rats were inoculated with ORF2p, developing antibodies able to recognize both the homologous antigen and the native HEV genotype 3 ORF2 present in infected stool. In parallel, HEV-negative swine were experimentally challenged with HEV genotype 3. ORF2 was detected by PCR 14 days post-inoculation in three-fourth piglets' feces and one week later by dot blot. In conclusion, this study proved the immunogenic and antigenic properties of the recombinant protein ORF2p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise de Almeida Ramos
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Advanced Immunology, Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, 99052-900, Brazil
| | - Michela Miani
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Advanced Immunology, Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, 99052-900, Brazil
| | - Rafael Pandolfi
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Advanced Immunology, Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, 99052-900, Brazil
| | - Luis Tondo
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Advanced Immunology, Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, 99052-900, Brazil
| | - Maikel L Colli
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Advanced Immunology, Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, 99052-900, Brazil
| | - Fernando Rosado Spilki
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Institute of Health Sciences, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo, RS, 93525-075, Brazil
| | - Noemi Rovaris Gardinali
- Laboratory of Technological Development in Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Alves Pinto
- Laboratory of Technological Development in Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Luiz C Kreutz
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Advanced Immunology, Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, 99052-900, Brazil
| | - Rafael Frandoloso
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Advanced Immunology, Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, 99052-900, Brazil
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Miani M, Barthson J, Colli ML, Brozzi F, Cnop M, Eizirik DL. Endoplasmic reticulum stress sensitizes pancreatic beta cells to interleukin-1β-induced apoptosis via Bim/A1 imbalance. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e701. [PMID: 23828564 PMCID: PMC3730410 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We have recently shown that the crosstalk between mild endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and low concentrations of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1β exacerbates beta cell inflammatory responses via the IRE1α/XBP1 pathway. We presently investigated whether mild ER stress also sensitizes beta cells to cytokine-induced apoptosis. Cyclopiazonic acid (CPA)-induced ER stress enhanced the IL-1β apoptosis in INS-1E and primary rat beta cells. This was not prevented by XBP1 knockdown (KD), indicating the dissociation between the pathways leading to inflammation and cell death. Analysis of the role of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins in cytokine-induced apoptosis indicated a central role for the pro-apoptotic BH3 (Bcl-2 homology 3)-only protein Bim (Bcl-2-interacting mediator of cell death), which was counteracted by four anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma-2) proteins, namely Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, Mcl-1 and A1. CPA+IL-1β-induced beta cell apoptosis was accompanied by increased expression of Bim, particularly the most pro-apoptotic variant, small isoform of Bim (BimS), and decreased expression of A1. Bim silencing protected against CPA+IL-1β-induced apoptosis, whereas A1 KD aggravated cell death. Bim inhibition protected against cell death caused by A1 silencing under all conditions studied. In conclusion, mild ER stress predisposes beta cells to the pro-apoptotic effects of IL-1β by disrupting the balance between pro- and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins. These findings link ER stress to exacerbated apoptosis during islet inflammation and provide potential mechanistic targets for beta cell protection, namely downregulation of Bim and upregulation of A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Miani
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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18
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Miani M, Colli ML, Ladrière L, Cnop M, Eizirik DL. Mild endoplasmic reticulum stress augments the proinflammatory effect of IL-1β in pancreatic rat β-cells via the IRE1α/XBP1s pathway. Endocrinology 2012; 153:3017-28. [PMID: 22529213 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-2090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity and type 1 diabetes in children is increasing worldwide. Insulin resistance and augmented circulating free fatty acids associated with obesity may cause pancreatic β-cell endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. We tested the hypothesis that mild ER stress predisposes β-cells to an exacerbated inflammatory response when exposed to IL-1β or TNF-α, cytokines that contribute to the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. INS-1E cells or primary rat β-cells were exposed to a low dose of the ER stressor cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) or free fatty acids, followed by low-dose IL-1β or TNF-α. ER stress signaling was inhibited by small interfering RNA. Cells were evaluated for proinflammatory gene expression by RT-PCR and ELISA, gene reporter activity, p65 activation by immunofluorescence, and apoptosis. CPA pretreatment enhanced IL-1β- induced, but not TNF-α-induced, expression of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and Fas via augmented nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation. X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) and inositol-requiring enzyme 1, but not CCAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous protein, knockdown prevented the CPA-induced exacerbation of NF-κB-dependent genes and decreased IL-1β-induced NF-κB promoter activity. XBP1 modulated NF-κB activity via forkhead box O1 inhibition. In conclusion, rat β-cells facing mild ER stress are sensitized to IL-1β, generating a more intense and protracted inflammatory response through inositol-requiring enzyme 1/XBP1 activation. These observations link β-cell ER stress to the triggering of exacerbated local inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Miani
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Erasmus Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium
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19
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Eizirik DL, Sammeth M, Bouckenooghe T, Bottu G, Sisino G, Igoillo-Esteve M, Ortis F, Santin I, Colli ML, Barthson J, Bouwens L, Hughes L, Gregory L, Lunter G, Marselli L, Marchetti P, McCarthy MI, Cnop M. The human pancreatic islet transcriptome: expression of candidate genes for type 1 diabetes and the impact of pro-inflammatory cytokines. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1002552. [PMID: 22412385 PMCID: PMC3297576 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease in which pancreatic beta cells are killed by infiltrating immune cells and by cytokines released by these cells. Signaling events occurring in the pancreatic beta cells are decisive for their survival or death in diabetes. We have used RNA sequencing (RNA–seq) to identify transcripts, including splice variants, expressed in human islets of Langerhans under control conditions or following exposure to the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ). Based on this unique dataset, we examined whether putative candidate genes for T1D, previously identified by GWAS, are expressed in human islets. A total of 29,776 transcripts were identified as expressed in human islets. Expression of around 20% of these transcripts was modified by pro-inflammatory cytokines, including apoptosis- and inflammation-related genes. Chemokines were among the transcripts most modified by cytokines, a finding confirmed at the protein level by ELISA. Interestingly, 35% of the genes expressed in human islets undergo alternative splicing as annotated in RefSeq, and cytokines caused substantial changes in spliced transcripts. Nova1, previously considered a brain-specific regulator of mRNA splicing, is expressed in islets and its knockdown modified splicing. 25/41 of the candidate genes for T1D are expressed in islets, and cytokines modified expression of several of these transcripts. The present study doubles the number of known genes expressed in human islets and shows that cytokines modify alternative splicing in human islet cells. Importantly, it indicates that more than half of the known T1D candidate genes are expressed in human islets. This, and the production of a large number of chemokines and cytokines by cytokine-exposed islets, reinforces the concept of a dialog between pancreatic islets and the immune system in T1D. This dialog is modulated by candidate genes for the disease at both the immune system and beta cell level. Pancreatic beta cells are destroyed by the immune system in type 1 diabetes mellitus, causing insulin dependence for life. Candidate genes for diabetes contribute to this process by acting both at the immune system and, as we suggest here, at the pancreatic beta cell level. We have utilized a novel technology, RNA sequencing, to define all transcripts expressed in human pancreatic islets under basal conditions and following exposure to cytokines, pro-inflammatory mediators that contribute to trigger diabetes. Our observations double the number of known genes present in human islets and indicate that >60% of the candidate genes for type 1 diabetes are expressed in beta cells. The data also show that pro-inflammatory cytokines modify alternative splicing in human islets, a process that may generate novel RNAs and proteins recognizable by the immune system. This, taken together with the findings that pancreatic beta cells themselves express and release many cytokines and chemokines (proteins that attract immune cells), indicates that early type 1 diabetes is characterized by a dialog between beta cells and the immune system. We suggest that candidate genes for diabetes function at least in part as “writers” for the beta cell words in this dialog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Décio L. Eizirik
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- * E-mail: (DLE); (MC)
| | - Michael Sammeth
- Functional Bioinformatics (FBI), Centre Nacional d'Anàlisi Genòmica (CNAG), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas Bouckenooghe
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guy Bottu
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Giorgia Sisino
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mariana Igoillo-Esteve
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fernanda Ortis
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Izortze Santin
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maikel L. Colli
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jenny Barthson
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Luc Bouwens
- Cell Differentiation Unit, Diabetes Research Centre, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Linda Hughes
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lorna Gregory
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gerton Lunter
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lorella Marselli
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Piero Marchetti
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mark I. McCarthy
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Miriam Cnop
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- * E-mail: (DLE); (MC)
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Santin I, Moore F, Colli ML, Gurzov EN, Marselli L, Marchetti P, Eizirik DL. PTPN2, a candidate gene for type 1 diabetes, modulates pancreatic β-cell apoptosis via regulation of the BH3-only protein Bim. Diabetes 2011; 60:3279-88. [PMID: 21984578 PMCID: PMC3219938 DOI: 10.2337/db11-0758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Genome-wide association studies allowed the identification of several associations between specific loci and type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, the mechanisms by which most candidate genes predispose to T1D remain unclear. We presently evaluated the mechanisms by which PTPN2, a candidate gene for T1D, modulates β-cell apoptosis after exposure to type I and II interferons (IFNs), cytokines that contribute to β-cell loss in early T1D. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Small interfering RNAs were used to inhibit PTPN2, STAT1, Bim, and Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1) expression. Cell death was assessed by Hoechst and propidium iodide staining. BAX translocation, Bim phosphorylation, cytochrome c release, and caspases 9 and 3 activation were measured by Western blot or immunofluorescence. RESULTS PTPN2 knockdown exacerbated type I IFN-induced apoptosis in INS-1E, primary rat, and human β-cells. PTPN2 silencing and exposure to type I and II IFNs induced BAX translocation to the mitochondria, cytochrome c release, and caspase 3 activation. There was also an increase in Bim phosphorylation that was at least in part regulated by JNK1. Of note, both Bim and JNK1 knockdown protected β-cells against IFN-induced apoptosis in PTPN2-silenced cells. CONCLUSIONS The present findings suggest that local IFN production may interact with a genetic factor (PTPN2) to induce aberrant proapoptotic activity of the BH3-only protein Bim, resulting in increased β-cell apoptosis via JNK activation and the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. This is the first indication of a direct interaction between a candidate gene for T1D and the activation of a specific downstream proapoptotic pathway in β-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izortze Santin
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fabrice Moore
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maikel L. Colli
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Esteban N. Gurzov
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lorella Marselli
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Metabolic Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Piero Marchetti
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Metabolic Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Decio L. Eizirik
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Corresponding author: Decio L. Eizirik,
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Colli ML, Nogueira TC, Allagnat F, Cunha DA, Gurzov EN, Cardozo AK, Roivainen M, Op de beeck A, Eizirik DL. Exposure to the viral by-product dsRNA or Coxsackievirus B5 triggers pancreatic beta cell apoptosis via a Bim / Mcl-1 imbalance. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002267. [PMID: 21977009 PMCID: PMC3178579 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The rise in type 1 diabetes (T1D) incidence in recent decades is probably related to modifications in environmental factors. Viruses are among the putative environmental triggers of T1D. The mechanisms regulating beta cell responses to viruses, however, remain to be defined. We have presently clarified the signaling pathways leading to beta cell apoptosis following exposure to the viral mimetic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and a diabetogenic enterovirus (Coxsackievirus B5). Internal dsRNA induces cell death via the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway. In this process, activation of the dsRNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) promotes eIF2α phosphorylation and protein synthesis inhibition, leading to downregulation of the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 protein myeloid cell leukemia sequence 1 (Mcl-1). Mcl-1 decrease results in the release of the BH3-only protein Bim, which activates the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. Indeed, Bim knockdown prevented both dsRNA- and Coxsackievirus B5-induced beta cell death, and counteracted the proapoptotic effects of Mcl-1 silencing. These observations indicate that the balance between Mcl-1 and Bim is a key factor regulating beta cell survival during diabetogenic viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maikel L. Colli
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tatiane C. Nogueira
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Florent Allagnat
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Daniel A. Cunha
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Esteban N. Gurzov
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alessandra K. Cardozo
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Merja Roivainen
- Intestinal Viruses Unit, Department of Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anne Op de beeck
- Virology Unit, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Decio L. Eizirik
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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22
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Moore F, Naamane N, Colli ML, Bouckenooghe T, Ortis F, Gurzov EN, Igoillo-Esteve M, Mathieu C, Bontempi G, Thykjaer T, Ørntoft TF, Eizirik DL. STAT1 is a master regulator of pancreatic {beta}-cell apoptosis and islet inflammation. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:929-41. [PMID: 20980260 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.162131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines produced by islet-infiltrating immune cells induce β-cell apoptosis in type 1 diabetes. The IFN-γ-regulated transcription factors STAT1/IRF-1 have apparently divergent effects on β-cells. Thus, STAT1 promotes apoptosis and inflammation, whereas IRF-1 down-regulates inflammatory mediators. To understand the molecular basis for these differential outcomes within a single signal transduction pathway, we presently characterized the gene networks regulated by STAT1 and IRF-1 in β-cells. This was done by using siRNA approaches coupled to microarray analysis of insulin-producing cells exposed or not to IL-1β and IFN-γ. Relevant microarray findings were further studied in INS-1E cells and primary rat β-cells. STAT1, but not IRF-1, mediates the cytokine-induced loss of the differentiated β-cell phenotype, as indicated by decreased insulin, Pdx1, MafA, and Glut2. Furthermore, STAT1 regulates cytokine-induced apoptosis via up-regulation of the proapoptotic protein DP5. STAT1 and IRF-1 have opposite effects on cytokine-induced chemokine production, with IRF-1 exerting negative feedback inhibition on STAT1 and downstream chemokine expression. The present study elucidates the transcriptional networks through which the IFN-γ/STAT1/IRF-1 axis controls β-cell function/differentiation, demise, and islet inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Moore
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium
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Colli ML, Moore F, Gurzov EN, Ortis F, Eizirik DL. MDA5 and PTPN2, two candidate genes for type 1 diabetes, modify pancreatic beta-cell responses to the viral by-product double-stranded RNA. Hum Mol Genet 2010; 19:135-46. [PMID: 19825843 PMCID: PMC2792153 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddp474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Cell destruction in type 1 diabetes (T1D) is at least in part consequence of a ‘dialog’ between β-cells and immune system. This dialog may be affected by the individual's genetic background. We presently evaluated whether modulation of MDA5 and PTPN2, two candidate genes for T1D, affects β-cell responses to double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), a by-product of viral replication. These genes were selected following comparison between known candidate genes for T1D and genes expressed in pancreatic β-cells, as identified in previous array analysis. INS-1E cells and primary fluorescence-activated cell sorting-purified rat β-cells were transfected with small interference RNAs (siRNAs) targeting MDA5 or PTPN2 and subsequently exposed to intracellular synthetic dsRNA (polyinosinic–polycitidilic acid—PIC). Real-time RT–PCR, western blot and viability assays were performed to characterize gene/protein expression and viability. PIC increased MDA5 and PTPN2 mRNA expression, which was inhibited by the specific siRNAs. PIC triggered apoptosis in INS-1E and primary β-cells and this was augmented by PTPN2 knockdown (KD), although inhibition of MDA5 did not modify PIC-induced apoptosis. In contrast, MDA5 silencing decreased PIC-induced cytokine and chemokine expression, although inhibition of PTPN2 induced minor or no changes in these inflammatory mediators. These findings indicate that changes in MDA5 and PTPN2 expression modify β-cell responses to dsRNA. MDA5 regulates inflammatory signals, whereas PTPN2 may function as a defence mechanism against pro-apoptotic signals generated by dsRNA. These two candidate genes for T1D may thus modulate β-cell apoptosis and/or local release of inflammatory mediators in the course of a viral infection by acting, at least in part, at the pancreatic β-cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maikel L Colli
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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Ortis F, Naamane N, Flamez D, Ladrière L, Moore F, Cunha DA, Colli ML, Thykjaer T, Thorsen K, Ørntoft TF, Eizirik DL. Cytokines interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha regulate different transcriptional and alternative splicing networks in primary beta-cells. Diabetes 2010; 59:358-74. [PMID: 19934004 PMCID: PMC2809955 DOI: 10.2337/db09-1159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cytokines contribute to pancreatic beta-cell death in type 1 diabetes. This effect is mediated by complex gene networks that remain to be characterized. We presently utilized array analysis to define the global expression pattern of genes, including spliced variants, modified by the cytokines interleukin (IL)-1beta + interferon (IFN)-gamma and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha + IFN-gamma in primary rat beta-cells. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Fluorescence-activated cell sorter-purified rat beta-cells were exposed to IL-1beta + IFN-gamma or TNF-alpha + IFN-gamma for 6 or 24 h, and global gene expression was analyzed by microarray. Key results were confirmed by RT-PCR, and small-interfering RNAs were used to investigate the mechanistic role of novel and relevant transcription factors identified by pathway analysis. RESULTS Nearly 16,000 transcripts were detected as present in beta-cells, with temporal differences in the number of genes modulated by IL-1beta + IFNgamma or TNF-alpha + IFN-gamma. These cytokine combinations induced differential expression of inflammatory response genes, which is related to differential induction of IFN regulatory factor-7. Both treatments decreased the expression of genes involved in the maintenance of beta-cell phenotype and growth/regeneration. Cytokines induced hypoxia-inducible factor-alpha, which in this context has a proapoptotic role. Cytokines also modified the expression of >20 genes involved in RNA splicing, and exon array analysis showed cytokine-induced changes in alternative splicing of >50% of the cytokine-modified genes. CONCLUSIONS The present study doubles the number of known genes expressed in primary beta-cells, modified or not by cytokines, and indicates the biological role for several novel cytokine-modified pathways in beta-cells. It also shows that cytokines modify alternative splicing in beta-cells, opening a new avenue of research for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Ortis
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Najib Naamane
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Daisy Flamez
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laurence Ladrière
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fabrice Moore
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Daniel A. Cunha
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maikel L. Colli
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas Thykjaer
- CMO Aros Applied Biotechnology A/S, Science Park Skejby Brendstrupgaardsvej, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kasper Thorsen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Torben F. Ørntoft
- CMO Aros Applied Biotechnology A/S, Science Park Skejby Brendstrupgaardsvej, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Decio L. Eizirik
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Corresponding author: Decio L. Eizirik,
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Moore F, Colli ML, Cnop M, Esteve MI, Cardozo AK, Cunha DA, Bugliani M, Marchetti P, Eizirik DL. PTPN2, a candidate gene for type 1 diabetes, modulates interferon-gamma-induced pancreatic beta-cell apoptosis. Diabetes 2009; 58:1283-91. [PMID: 19336676 PMCID: PMC2682688 DOI: 10.2337/db08-1510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes has a strong genetic component. Genome-wide association scans recently identified novel susceptibility genes including the phosphatases PTPN22 and PTPN2. We hypothesized that PTPN2 plays a direct role in beta-cell demise and assessed PTPN2 expression in human islets and rat primary and clonal beta-cells, besides evaluating its role in cytokine-induced signaling and beta-cell apoptosis. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS PTPN2 mRNA and protein expression was evaluated by real-time PCR and Western blot. Small interfering (si)RNAs were used to inhibit the expression of PTPN2 and downstream STAT1 in beta-cells, allowing the assessment of cell death after cytokine treatment. RESULTS PTPN2 mRNA and protein are expressed in human islets and rat beta-cells and upregulated by cytokines. Transfection with PTPN2 siRNAs inhibited basal- and cytokine-induced PTPN2 expression in rat beta-cells and dispersed human islets cells. Decreased PTPN2 expression exacerbated interleukin (IL)-1beta + interferon (IFN)-gamma-induced beta-cell apoptosis and turned IFN-gamma alone into a proapoptotic signal. Inhibition of PTPN2 amplified IFN-gamma-induced STAT1 phosphorylation, whereas double knockdown of both PTPN2 and STAT1 protected beta-cells against cytokine-induced apoptosis, suggesting that STAT1 hyperactivation is responsible for the aggravation of cytokine-induced beta-cell death in PTPN2-deficient cells. CONCLUSIONS We identified a functional role for the type 1 diabetes candidate gene PTPN2 in modulating IFN-gamma signal transduction at the beta-cell level. PTPN2 regulates cytokine-induced apoptosis and may thereby contribute to the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Moore
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
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Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic autoimmune disease with a strong inflammatory component. The latest studies indicate that innate immunity and inflammatory mediators have a much broader role in T1DM than initially assumed. Inflammation might contribute to early induction and amplification of the immune assault against pancreatic beta cells and, at later stages, to the stabilization and maintenance of insulitis. Inflammatory mediators probably contribute to the suppression of beta-cell function and subsequent apoptosis; they may also inhibit or stimulate beta-cell regeneration and might cause peripheral insulin resistance. The different effects of inflammation take place in different phases of the course of T1DM, and should be considered in the context of a 'dialog' between invading immune cells and the target beta cells. This dialog is mediated both by cytokines and chemokines that are released by beta cells and immune cells, and by putative, immunogenic signals that are delivered by dying beta cells. In this Review, we divided the role of inflammation in T1DM into three arbitrary stages: induction, amplification and maintenance or resolution of insulitis. These stages, and their progression or resolution, might depend on a patient's genetic background, which contributes to disease heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Décio L Eizirik
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 808 Route de Lennik, Brussels,Belgium.
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