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Fu J, Wang Y, Zhang J, Wu W, Chen X, Yang Y. Anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects of oxysophoridine on lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice. Am J Transl Res 2015; 7:2672-2682. [PMID: 26885265 PMCID: PMC4731665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Oxysophoridine (OSR) is an alkaloid with multiple pharmacological activities. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects and underlying mechanisms of OSR on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in mice. Here, we found that OSR treatment markedly mitigated LPS-induced body weight loss and significant lung injury characterized by the deterioration of histopathology, histologic scores, wet-to-dry ratio, exduate volume, and protein leakage. OSR dramatically attenuated LPS-induced lung inflammation, as evidenced by the reduced levels of total cells, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and macrophages and pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e., tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and of their mRNA expression in lung tissues. OSR also inhibited LPS-induced expression and activation of nuclear factor-κB p65 in pulmonary tissue. Additionally, OSR administration markedly prevented LPS-induced pulmonary cell apoptosis in mice, as reflected by the decrease in expression of procaspase-8, procaspase-3, cleaved caspase-8, and cleaved caspase-3, and Bcl-2-associated X/B-cell lymphoma 2 ratio. These results indicate that OSR is a potential therapeutic drug for treating LPS-induced ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjing Fu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical UniversityWeihui, Henan 453100, PR China
| | - Yongtao Wang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical UniversityWeihui, Henan 453100, PR China
| | - Jianxin Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical UniversityWeihui, Henan 453100, PR China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical UniversityWeihui, Henan 453100, PR China
| | - Xiyan Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical UniversityWeihui, Henan 453100, PR China
| | - Yanrong Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical UniversityWeihui, Henan 453100, PR China
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Zinter MS, Spicer A, Orwoll BO, Alkhouli M, Dvorak CC, Calfee CS, Matthay MA, Sapru A. Plasma angiopoietin-2 outperforms other markers of endothelial injury in prognosticating pediatric ARDS mortality. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 310:L224-31. [PMID: 26660787 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00336.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) is a key mediator of pulmonary vascular permeability. This study tested the association between plasma Ang-2 and mortality in pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), with stratification for prior hematopoietic cellular transplantation (HCT), given the severe, yet poorly understood, ARDS phenotype of this subgroup. We enrolled 259 children <18 years of age with ARDS; 25 had prior HCT. Plasma Ang-2, von Willebrand Factor antigen (vWF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were measured on ARDS days 1 and 3 and correlated with patient outcomes. Day 1 and day 3 Ang-2 levels were associated with mortality independent of age, sex, race, and P/F ratio [odds ratio (OR) 3.7, 95% CI 1.1-11.5, P = 0.027; and OR 10.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.2-46.5, P = 0.003, for each log10 increase in Ang-2]. vWF was associated with mortality (P = 0.027), but VEGF was not. The association between day 1 Ang-2 and mortality was independent of levels of both vWF and VEGF (OR 3.6, 95% CI 1.1-12.1, P = 0.039, for each log10 increase in Ang-2). 45% of the cohort had a rising Ang-2 between ARDS day 1 and 3 (adjusted mortality OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.2-9.2, P = 0.026). HCT patients with a rising Ang-2 had 70% mortality compared with 13% mortality for those without (OR 16.3, 95% CI 1.3-197.8, P = 0.028). Elevated plasma levels of Ang-2 were associated with mortality independent of vWF and VEGF. A rising Ang-2 between days 1 and 3 was strongly associated with mortality, particularly in pediatric HCT patients, suggesting vulnerability to ongoing endothelial damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt S Zinter
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California; University of California, San Francisco, Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, California
| | - Aaron Spicer
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California; University of California, San Francisco, Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, California
| | - Benjamin O Orwoll
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California; University of California, San Francisco, Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, California
| | - Mustafa Alkhouli
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California; University of California, San Francisco, Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, California
| | - Christopher C Dvorak
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California; University of California, San Francisco, Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, California
| | - Carolyn S Calfee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California; and
| | - Michael A Matthay
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California; and
| | - Anil Sapru
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California; University of California, San Francisco, Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, California
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Cox R, Phillips O, Fukumoto J, Fukumoto I, Parthasarathy PT, Arias S, Cho Y, Lockey RF, Kolliputi N. Enhanced Resolution of Hyperoxic Acute Lung Injury as a result of Aspirin Triggered Resolvin D1 Treatment. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2015; 53:422-35. [PMID: 25647402 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0339oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI), which presents as acute respiratory failure, is a major clinical problem that requires aggressive care, and patients who require prolonged oxygen exposure are at risk of developing this disease. Although molecular determinants of ALI have been reported, the molecules involved in disease catabasis associated with oxygen toxicity have not been well studied. It has been reported that lung mucosa is rich in omega-3 fatty acid dicosahexanoic acid (DHA), which has antiinflammatory properties. Aspirin-triggered resolvin D1 (AT-RvD1) is a potent proresolution metabolite of DHA that can curb the inflammatory effects in various acute injuries, yet the effect of AT-RvD1 on hyperoxic acute lung injury (HALI) or in the oxygen toxicity setting in general has not been investigated. The effects of AT-RvD1 on HALI were determined for the first time in 8- to 10-week-old C57BL/6 mice that were exposed to hyperoxia (≥95% O2) for 48 hours. Mice were given AT-RvD1 (100 ng) in saline or a saline vehicle for 24 hours in normoxic (≈21% O2) conditions after hyperoxia. Lung tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid were collected for analysis associated with proinflammatory signaling and lung inflammation. AT-RvD1 treatment resulted in reduced oxidative stress, increased glutathione production, and significantly decreased tissue inflammation. AT-RvD1 treatment also significantly reduced the lung wet/dry ratio, protein in BAL fluid, and decreased apoptotic and NF-κB signaling. These results show that AT-RvD1 curbs oxygen-induced lung edema, permeability, inflammation, and apoptosis and is thus an effective therapy for prolonged hyperoxia exposure in this murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruan Cox
- Departments of 1 Internal Medicine and.,2 Molecular Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Young Cho
- Departments of 1 Internal Medicine and
| | | | - Narasaiah Kolliputi
- Departments of 1 Internal Medicine and.,2 Molecular Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
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Nie DM, Wu QL, Zhu XX, Zhang R, Zheng P, Fang J, You Y, Zhong ZD, Xia LH, Hong M. Angiogenic factors are associated with development of acute graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 35:694-699. [DOI: 10.1007/s11596-015-1492-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Patel A, Zhang S, Moorthy B, Shivanna B. Omeprazole does not Potentiate Acute Oxygen Toxicity in Fetal Human Pulmonary Microvascular Endothelial Cells Exposed to Hyperoxia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 6. [PMID: 26779382 PMCID: PMC4712726 DOI: 10.4172/2153-2435.1000424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Hyperoxia contributes to the pathogenesis of broncho-pulmonary dysplasia (BPD), which is a developmental lung disease of premature infants that is characterized by an interruption of lung alveolar and pulmonary vascular development. Omeprazole (OM) is a proton pump inhibitor that is used to treat humans with gastric acid related disorders. Earlier we observed that OM-mediated aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activation attenuates acute hyperoxic lung injury in adult mice and oxygen toxicity in adult human lung cells. However, our later studies in newborn mice demonstrated that OM potentiates hyperoxia-induced developmental lung injury. Whether OM exerts a similar toxicity in primary human fetal lung cells is unknown. Hence, we tested the hypothesis that OM potentiates hyperoxia-induced cytotoxicity and ROS generation in the human fetal lung derived primary human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMEC). OM activated AhR as evident by a dose-dependent increase in cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1 mRNA levels in OM-treated cells. Furthermore, OM at a concentration of 100 μM (OM 100) increased NADP(H) quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) expression. Surprisingly, hyperoxia decreased rather than increase the NQO1 protein levels in OM 100-treated cells. Exposure to hyperoxia increased cytotoxicity and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels. Interestingly, OM 100-treated cells exposed to air had increased H2O2 levels. However, hyperoxia did not further augment H2O2 levels in OM 100-treated cells. Additionally, hyperoxia-mediated oxygen toxicity was similar in both vehicle- and OM-treated cells. These findings contradict our hypothesis and support the hypothesis that OM does not potentiate acute hyperoxic injury in HPMEC in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananddeep Patel
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Shaojie Zhang
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Bhagavatula Moorthy
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Binoy Shivanna
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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Nagato AC, Bezerra FS, Talvani A, Aarestrup BJ, Aarestrup FM. Hyperoxia promotes polarization of the immune response in ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation, leading to a TH17 cell phenotype. Immun Inflamm Dis 2015; 3:321-37. [PMID: 26417446 PMCID: PMC4578530 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that hyperoxia-induced stress and oxidative damage to the lungs of mice lead to an increase in IL-6, TNF-α, and TGF-β expression. Together, IL-6 and TGF-β have been known to direct T cell differentiation toward the TH17 phenotype. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that hyperoxia promotes the polarization of T cells to the TH17 cell phenotype in response to ovalbumin-induced acute airway inflammation. Airway inflammation was induced in female BALB/c mice by intraperitoneal sensitization and intranasal introduction of ovalbumin, followed by challenge methacholine. After the methacholine challenge, animals were exposed to hyperoxic conditions in an inhalation chamber for 24 h. The controls were subjected to normoxia or aluminum hydroxide dissolved in phosphate buffered saline. After 24 h of hyperoxia, the number of macrophages and lymphocytes decreased in animals with ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation, whereas the number of neutrophils increased after ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation. The results showed that expression of Nrf2, iNOS, T-bet and IL-17 increased after 24 of hyperoxia in both alveolar macrophages and in lung epithelial cells, compared with both animals that remained in room air, and animals with ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation. Hyperoxia alone without the induction of airway inflammation lead to increased levels of TNF-α and CCL5, whereas hyperoxia after inflammation lead to decreased CCL2 levels. Histological evidence of extravasation of inflammatory cells into the perivascular and peribronchial regions of the lungs was observed after pulmonary inflammation and hyperoxia. Hyperoxia promotes polarization of the immune response toward the TH17 phenotype, resulting in tissue damage associated with oxidative stress, and the migration of neutrophils to the lung and airways. Elucidating the effect of hyperoxia on ovalbumin-induced acute airway inflammation is relevant to preventing or treating asthmatic patients that require oxygen supplementation to reverse the hypoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinori C Nagato
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Experimental Pathology, Center for Reproductive Biology-CRB, Federal University of Juiz de Fora Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - André Talvani
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Inflammation, Department of Biological Sciences (DECBI), Center of Research in Biological Sciences (NUPEB), Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP) Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Beatriz J Aarestrup
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Experimental Pathology, Center for Reproductive Biology-CRB, Federal University of Juiz de Fora Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernando M Aarestrup
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Experimental Pathology, Center for Reproductive Biology-CRB, Federal University of Juiz de Fora Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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107
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Xu C, Chen G, Yang W, Xu Y, Xu Y, Huang X, Liu J, Feng Y, Xu Y, Liu B. Hyaluronan ameliorates LPS-induced acute lung injury in mice via Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4-dependent signaling pathways. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 28:1050-8. [PMID: 26321117 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) signaling has been implicated in innate immunity and acute inflammation following acute lung injury (ALI). As such, modulating inflammatory response through TLR4 represents an attractive therapeutic approach to treat ALI. Increasing evidence demonstrates that hyaluronan (HA) can modulate TLR4 activation and has shown early promise as a therapeutic agent in ALI. However, the mechanism associated with HA has not been fully elucidated. In the current study, we sought to determine the effects of HA on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response and gain insights into the mechanism of action in mice with intratracheal instillation of LPS. Our results demonstrate that in contrast to mice challenged with LPS, pretreatment with HA significantly inhibited inflammatory cell recruitment, attenuated lung injury and suppressed the level of cytokine/chemokine in bronchial alveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Investigation of the mechanism responsible for inhibition of LPS activation showed HA treatment significantly inhibited the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 and protein expression of myeloid differentiation primary response protein (MyD88) and TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF) and p38 MAPK, JNK and ERK activation in lung tissue. Furthermore, we compared the protection effect of HA in TLR4-deficient mice with those of genetically matched wild type (WT) mice in an acute model of lung injury. However, in TLR4-deficient mice, HA pretreatment before LPS instillation fail to affect the LPS response. Therefore, our findings suggest that HA pretreatment attenuated LPS-induced ALI and the anti-inflammatory function of HA was partial dependent on TLR4, which shed new light on potential elements that regulate the lung injury response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Xu
- Department of Respiration, Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, 16 Wen Zhou Road, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Respiration, Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, 16 Wen Zhou Road, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Weiwei Yang
- Department of Respiration, Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, 16 Wen Zhou Road, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Yizhe Xu
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Urumqi Road, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yongfang Xu
- Department of Respiration, Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, 16 Wen Zhou Road, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Xuqing Huang
- Department of Respiration, Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, 16 Wen Zhou Road, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Jiangang Liu
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Yuejuan Feng
- Department of Respiration, Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, 16 Wen Zhou Road, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Yanchun Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, WV 26506, USA
| | - Baojun Liu
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Urumqi Road, Shanghai 200040, China.
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Drug Repurposing Screen Identifies Foxo1-Dependent Angiopoietin-2 Regulation in Sepsis. Crit Care Med 2015; 43:e230-40. [PMID: 25855898 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000000993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The recent withdrawal of a targeted sepsis therapy has diminished pharmaceutical enthusiasm for developing novel drugs for the treatment of sepsis. Angiopoietin-2 is an endothelial-derived protein that potentiates vascular inflammation and leakage and may be involved in sepsis pathogenesis. We screened approved compounds for putative inhibitors of angiopoietin-2 production and investigated underlying molecular mechanisms. DESIGN Laboratory and animal research plus prospective placebo-controlled randomized controlled trial (NCT00529139) and retrospective analysis (NCT00676897). SETTING Research laboratories of Hannover Medical School and Harvard Medical School. PATIENTS Septic patients/C57Bl/6 mice and human endothelial cells. INTERVENTIONS Food and Drug Administration-approved library screening. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS In a cell-based screen of more than 650 Food and Drug Administration-approved compounds, we identified multiple members of the 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor drug class (referred to as statins) that suppressed angiopoietin-2. Simvastatin inhibited 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase, which in turn activated PI3K-kinase. Downstream of this signaling, PI3K-dependent phosphorylation of the transcription factor Foxo1 at key amino acids inhibited its ability to shuttle to the nucleus and bind cis-elements in the angiopoietin-2 promoter. In septic mice, transient inhibition of angiopoietin-2 expression by liposomal siRNA in vivo improved absolute survival by 50%. Simvastatin had a similar effect, but the combination of angiopoietin-2 siRNA and simvastatin showed no additive benefit. To verify the link between statins and angiopoietin-2 in humans, we performed a pilot matched case-control study and a small randomized placebo-controlled trial demonstrating beneficial effects on angiopoietin-2. CONCLUSIONS 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors may operate through a novel Foxo1-angiopoietin-2 mechanism to suppress de novo production of angiopoietin-2 and thereby ameliorate manifestations of sepsis. Given angiopoietin-2's dual role as a biomarker and candidate disease mediator, early serum angiopoietin-2 measurement may serve as a stratification tool for future trials of drugs targeting vascular leakage.
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Lysophosphatidic acid generation by pulmonary NKT cell ENPP-2/autotaxin exacerbates hyperoxic lung injury. Purinergic Signal 2015; 11:455-61. [PMID: 26306905 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-015-9463-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperoxia is still broadly used in clinical practice in order to assure organ oxygenation in critically ill patients, albeit known toxic effects. In this present study, we hypothesize that lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) mediates NKT cell activation in a mouse model of hyperoxic lung injury. In vitro, pulmonary NKT cells were exposed to hyperoxia for 72 h, and the induction of the ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2 (ENPP-2) was examined and production of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) was measured. In vivo, animals were exposed to 100 % oxygen for 72 h and lungs and serum were harvested. Pulmonary NKT cells were then incubated with the LPA antagonist Brp-LPA. Animals received BrP-LPA prior to oxygen exposure. Autotaxin (ATX, ENPP-2) was significantly up-regulated on pulmonary NKT cells after hyperoxia (p < 0.01) in vitro. LPA levels were increased in supernatants of hyperoxia-exposed pulmonary NKT cells. LPA levels were significantly reduced by incubating NKT cells with LPA-BrP during oxygen exposure (p < 0,05) in vitro. Hyperoxia-exposed animals showed significantly increased serum levels of LPA (p ≤ 0,05) as well as increased pulmonary NKT cell numbers in vivo. BrP-LPA injection significantly improved survival as well as significantly decreased lung injury and lowered pulmonary NKT cell numbers. We conclude that NKT cell-induced hyperoxic lung injury is mediated by pro-inflammatory LPA generation, at least in part, secondary to ENPP-2 up-regulation on pulmonary NKT cells. Being a potent LPA antagonist, BrP-LPA prevents hyperoxia-induced lung injury in vitro and in vivo.
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110
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Theelen TL, Lappalainen JP, Sluimer JC, Gurzeler E, Cleutjens JP, Gijbels MJ, Biessen EAL, Daemen MJAP, Alitalo K, Ylä-Herttuala S. Angiopoietin-2 blocking antibodies reduce early atherosclerotic plaque development in mice. Atherosclerosis 2015; 241:297-304. [PMID: 26062989 PMCID: PMC4549395 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) blocking agents are currently undergoing clinical trials for use in cancer treatment. Ang-2 has also been associated with rupture-prone atherosclerotic plaques in humans, suggesting a role for Ang-2 in plaque stability. Despite the availability of Ang-2 blocking agents, their clinical use is still lacking. Our aim was to establish if Ang-2 has a role in atheroma development and in the transition of subclinical to clinically relevant atherosclerosis. We investigated the effect of antibody-mediated Ang-2 blockage on atherogenesis after in a mouse model of atherosclerosis. METHODS Hypercholesterolemic (low-density lipoprotein receptor(-/-) apolipoprotein B(100/100)) mice were subjected to high-cholesterol diet for eight weeks, one group with and one group without Ang-2 blocking antibody treatment during weeks 4-8.To enhance plaque development, a peri-adventitial collar was placed around the carotid arteries at the start of antibody treatment. Aortic root, carotid arteries and brachiocephalic arteries were analyzed to evaluate the effect of Ang-2 blockage on atherosclerotic plaque size and stable plaque characteristics. RESULTS Anti-Ang-2 treatment reduced the size of fatty streaks in the brachiocephalic artery (-72%, p < 0.05). In addition, antibody-mediated Ang-2 blockage reduced plasma triglycerides (-27%, p < 0.05). In contrast, Ang-2 blockage did not have any effect on the size or composition (collagen content, macrophage percentage, adventitial microvessel density) of pre-existing plaques in the aortic root or collar-induced plaques in the carotid artery. CONCLUSIONS Ang-2 blockage was beneficial as it decreased fatty streak formation and plasma triglyceride levels, but had no adverse effect on pre-existing atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Theelen
- Department of Pathology, CARIM, Maastricht University Medical Center, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jari P Lappalainen
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Neulaniementie 2, 70150 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Judith C Sluimer
- Department of Pathology, CARIM, Maastricht University Medical Center, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Erika Gurzeler
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Neulaniementie 2, 70150 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jack P Cleutjens
- Department of Pathology, CARIM, Maastricht University Medical Center, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marion J Gijbels
- Department of Pathology, CARIM, Maastricht University Medical Center, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Genetics, CARIM, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik A L Biessen
- Department of Pathology, CARIM, Maastricht University Medical Center, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Mat J A P Daemen
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kari Alitalo
- Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Biology Program, University of Helsinki, Biomedicum Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Neulaniementie 2, 70150 Kuopio, Finland.
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111
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Guo L, Li S, Zhao Y, Qian P, Ji F, Qian L, Wu X, Qian G. Silencing Angiopoietin-Like Protein 4 (ANGPTL4) Protects Against Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury Via Regulating SIRT1 /NF-kB Pathway. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:2390-402. [PMID: 25727991 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Guo
- Institute of Respiratory Disease; Xinqiao Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - Shaoying Li
- Institute of Respiratory Disease; Xinqiao Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - Yunfeng Zhao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine; Pudong New Area Gongli Hospital; Shanghai China
| | - Pin Qian
- Institute of Field Internal Medicine; Xinqiao Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - Fuyun Ji
- Institute of Respiratory Disease; Xinqiao Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - Lanlan Qian
- Institute of Respiratory Disease; Xinqiao Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - Xueling Wu
- Institute of Respiratory Disease; Xinqiao Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - Guisheng Qian
- Institute of Respiratory Disease; Xinqiao Hospital; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing China
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Abstract
The unique characteristics of pulmonary circulation and alveolar-epithelial capillary-endothelial barrier allow for maintenance of the air-filled, fluid-free status of the alveoli essential for facilitating gas exchange, maintaining alveolar stability, and defending the lung against inhaled pathogens. The hallmark of pathophysiology in acute respiratory distress syndrome is the loss of the alveolar capillary permeability barrier and the presence of protein-rich edema fluid in the alveoli. This alteration in permeability and accumulation of fluid in the alveoli accompanies damage to the lung epithelium and vascular endothelium along with dysregulated inflammation and inappropriate activity of leukocytes and platelets. In addition, there is uncontrolled activation of coagulation along with suppression of fibrinolysis and loss of surfactant. These pathophysiological changes result in the clinical manifestations of acute respiratory distress syndrome, which include hypoxemia, radiographic opacities, decreased functional residual capacity, increased physiologic deadspace, and decreased lung compliance. Resolution of acute respiratory distress syndrome involves the migration of cells to the site of injury and re-establishment of the epithelium and endothelium with or without the development of fibrosis. Most of the data related to acute respiratory distress syndrome, however, originate from studies in adults or in mature animals with very few studies performed in children or juvenile animals. The lack of studies in children is particularly problematic because the lungs and immune system are still developing during childhood and consequently the pathophysiology of pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome may differ in significant ways from that seen in acute respiratory distress syndrome in adults. This article describes what is known of the pathophysiologic processes of pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome as we know it today while also presenting the much greater body of evidence on these processes as elucidated by adult and animal studies. It is also our expressed intent to generate enthusiasm for larger and more in-depth investigations of the mechanisms of disease and repair specific to children in the years to come.
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113
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Milam KE, Parikh SM. The angiopoietin-Tie2 signaling axis in the vascular leakage of systemic inflammation. Tissue Barriers 2015; 3:e957508. [PMID: 25838975 DOI: 10.4161/21688362.2014.957508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of small blood vessels to undergo rapid, reversible morphological changes is essential for the adaptive response to tissue injury or local infection. A canonical feature of this response is transient hyperpermeability. However, when leakiness is profound or persistent, adverse consequences accrue to the host, including organ dysfunction and shock. A growing body of literature identifies the Tie2 receptor, a transmembrane tyrosine kinase highly enriched in the endothelium, as an important regulator of vascular barrier function in health and in disease. The principal ligands of Tie2, Angiopoietins 1 and 2, exert opposite effects on this receptor in the context of inflammation. This review will focus on recent studies that have illuminated novel aspects of the exquisitely controlled Tie2 signaling axis while proposing unanswered questions and future directions for this field of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn E Milam
- Center for Vascular Biology Research; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School ; Boston, MA USA
| | - Samir M Parikh
- Center for Vascular Biology Research; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School ; Boston, MA USA ; Division of Nephrology; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School ; Boston, MA USA
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114
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Zhang S, Patel A, Chu C, Jiang W, Wang L, Welty SE, Moorthy B, Shivanna B. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor is necessary to protect fetal human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells against hyperoxic injury: Mechanistic roles of antioxidant enzymes and RelB. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 286:92-101. [PMID: 25831079 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Hyperoxia contributes to the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in premature infants. Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) protects adult and newborn mice against hyperoxic lung injury by mediating increases in the expression of phase I (cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A) and phase II (NADP(H) quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1)) antioxidant enzymes (AOE). AhR positively regulates the expression of RelB, a component of the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) protein that contributes to anti-inflammatory processes in adult animals. Whether AhR regulates the expression of AOE and RelB, and protects fetal primary human lung cells against hyperoxic injury is unknown. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that AhR-deficient fetal human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMEC) will have decreased RelB activation and AOE, which will in turn predispose them to increased oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell death compared to AhR-sufficient HPMEC upon exposure to hyperoxia. AhR-deficient HPMEC showed increased hyperoxia-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), and cell death compared to AhR-sufficient HPMEC. Additionally, AhR-deficient cell culture supernatants displayed increased macrophage inflammatory protein 1α and 1β, indicating a heightened inflammatory state. Interestingly, loss of AhR was associated with a significantly attenuated CYP1A1, NQO1, superoxide dismutase 1(SOD1), and nuclear RelB protein expression. These findings support the hypothesis that decreased RelB activation and AOE in AhR-deficient cells is associated with increased hyperoxic injury compared to AhR-sufficient cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojie Zhang
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ananddeep Patel
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chun Chu
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Weiwu Jiang
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lihua Wang
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Stephen E Welty
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bhagavatula Moorthy
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Binoy Shivanna
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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115
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Scholz A, Plate KH, Reiss Y. Angiopoietin-2: a multifaceted cytokine that functions in both angiogenesis and inflammation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1347:45-51. [PMID: 25773744 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis and inflammation are two highly linked processes. In the last decade, several factors with dual function in both of these major pathways have been identified. This review focuses on angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2), an important proangiogenic factor that has more recently been implicated in mediating inflammatory processes as well. Ang-2 is upregulated in multiple inflammatory diseases and has been implicated in the direct control of inflammation-related signaling pathways. As a consequence of its multiple roles, designs for therapeutic targeting of Ang-2 should consider the dual function of this factor in regulating angiogenesis and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Scholz
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Karl H Plate
- Edinger Institute/Institute of Neurology, Frankfurt University Medical School, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yvonne Reiss
- Edinger Institute/Institute of Neurology, Frankfurt University Medical School, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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116
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Sureshbabu A, Syed MA, Boddupalli CS, Dhodapkar MV, Homer RJ, Minoo P, Bhandari V. Conditional overexpression of TGFβ1 promotes pulmonary inflammation, apoptosis and mortality via TGFβR2 in the developing mouse lung. Respir Res 2015; 16:4. [PMID: 25591994 PMCID: PMC4307226 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-014-0162-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Earlier studies have reported that transforming growth factor beta 1(TGFβ1) is a critical mediator of hyperoxia-induced acute lung injury (HALI) in developing lungs, leading to impaired alveolarization and a pulmonary phenotype of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). However, the mechanisms responsible for the TGFβ1-induced inflammatory signals that lead to cell death and abnormal alveolarization are poorly understood. We hypothesized that TGFβ1 signaling via TGFβR2 is necessary for the pathogenesis of the BPD pulmonary phenotype resulting from HALI. Methods We utilized lung epithelial cell-specific TGFβ1 overexpressing transgenic and TGFβR2 null mutant mice to evaluate the effects on neonatal mortality as well as pulmonary inflammation and apoptosis in developing lungs. Lung morphometry was performed to determine the impaired alveolarization and multicolor flow cytometry studies were performed to detect inflammatory macrophages and monocytes in lungs. Apoptotic cell death was measured with TUNEL assay, immunohistochemistry and western blotting and protein expression of angiogenic mediators were also analyzed. Results Our data reveals that increased TGFβ1 expression in newborn mice lungs leads to increased mortality, macrophage and immature monocyte infiltration, apoptotic cell death specifically in Type II alveolar epithelial cells (AECs), impaired alveolarization, and dysregulated angiogenic molecular markers. Conclusions Our study has demonstrated the potential role of inhibition of TGFβ1 signaling via TGFβR2 for improved survival, reduced inflammation and apoptosis that may provide insights for the development of potential therapeutic strategies targeted against HALI and BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angara Sureshbabu
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
| | - Mansoor A Syed
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
| | - Chandra Sekhar Boddupalli
- Department of Medicine and Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
| | - Madhav V Dhodapkar
- Department of Medicine and Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
| | - Robert J Homer
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| | - Parviz Minoo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California, 1200 North State Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
| | - Vineet Bhandari
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
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Menden H, Welak S, Cossette S, Ramchandran R, Sampath V. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated angiopoietin-2-dependent autocrine angiogenesis is regulated by NADPH oxidase 2 (Nox2) in human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:5449-61. [PMID: 25568324 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.600692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis-mediated endothelial Angiopoeitin-2 (Ang2) signaling may contribute to microvascular remodeling in the developing lung. The mechanisms by which bacterial cell wall components such as LPS mediate Ang2 signaling in human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMECs) remain understudied. In HPMEC, LPS-induced Ang2, Tie2, and VEGF-A protein expression was preceded by increased superoxide formation. NADPH oxidase 2 (Nox2) inhibition, but not Nox4 or Nox1 inhibition, attenuated LPS-induced superoxide formation and Ang2, Tie2, and VEGF-A expression. Nox2 silencing, but not Nox4 or Nox1 silencing, inhibited LPS-mediated inhibitor of κ-B kinase β (IKKβ) and p38 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of NF-κB and AP-1. In HPMECs, LPS increased the number of angiogenic tube and network formations in Matrigel by >3-fold. Conditioned media from LPS-treated cells also induced angiogenic tube and network formation in the presence of Toll-like receptor 4 blockade but not in the presence of Ang2 and VEGF blockade. Nox2 inhibition or conditioned media from Nox2-silenced cells attenuated LPS-induced tube and network formation. Ang2 and VEGF-A treatment rescued angiogenesis in Nox2-silenced cells. We propose that Nox2 regulates LPS-mediated Ang2-dependent autocrine angiogenesis in HPMECs through the IKKβ/NF-κB and MAPK/AP-1 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ramani Ramchandran
- From the Departments of Pediatrics and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
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118
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Feng Y, Zhang Z, Li Q, Li W, Xu J, Cao H. Hyperbaric oxygen preconditioning protects lung against hyperoxic acute lung injury in rats via heme oxygenase-1 induction. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 456:549-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.09.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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119
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Mehta D, Ravindran K, Kuebler WM. Novel regulators of endothelial barrier function. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 307:L924-35. [PMID: 25381026 PMCID: PMC4269690 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00318.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial barrier function is an essential and tightly regulated process that ensures proper compartmentalization of the vascular and interstitial space, while allowing for the diffusive exchange of small molecules and the controlled trafficking of macromolecules and immune cells. Failure to control endothelial barrier integrity results in excessive leakage of fluid and proteins from the vasculature that can rapidly become fatal in scenarios such as sepsis or the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Here, we highlight recent advances in our understanding on the regulation of endothelial permeability, with a specific focus on the endothelial glycocalyx and endothelial scaffolds, regulatory intracellular signaling cascades, as well as triggers and mediators that either disrupt or enhance endothelial barrier integrity, and provide our perspective as to areas of seeming controversy and knowledge gaps, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolly Mehta
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois;
| | - Krishnan Ravindran
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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120
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The angiopoietin/TIE receptor system: Focusing its role for ischemia-reperfusion injury. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 26:281-91. [PMID: 25466648 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) are of fatal consequence for the affected organs, as they provoke a profound inflammatory reaction. This thoroughly destroys cells and tissues, inducing functional failure or even complete loss of organ function. Since I/R is primarily a vascular problem, the interaction between the endothelium and the surrounding environment is of great significance. The angiopoietins (ANG) and the TIE receptors are key players for the vascular homeostasis. This review summarizes biochemical and cellular mechanisms leading to I/R injury. After a brief introduction to the ANG/TIE system, a comprehensive overview of its role for the development of I/R syndrome is given. Finally, current therapeutic approaches to mitigate the consequences of I/R by modulating ANG/TIE signaling are reviewed in detail.
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121
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Berger J, Bhandari V. Animal models of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. The term mouse models. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 307:L936-47. [PMID: 25305249 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00159.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiology of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is multifactorial, with genetics, ante- and postnatal sepsis, invasive mechanical ventilation, and exposure to hyperoxia being well described as contributing factors. Much of what is known about the pathogenesis of BPD is derived from animal models being exposed to the environmental factors noted above. This review will briefly cover the various mouse models of BPD, focusing mainly on the hyperoxia-induced lung injury models. We will also include hypoxia, hypoxia/hyperoxia, inflammation-induced, and transgenic models in room air. Attention to the stage of lung development at the timing of the initiation of the environmental insult and the duration of lung injury is critical to attempt to mimic the human disease pulmonary phenotype, both in the short term and in outcomes extending into childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. The various indexes of alveolar and vascular development as well as pulmonary function including pulmonary hypertension will be highlighted. The advantages (and limitations) of using such approaches will be discussed in the context of understanding the pathogenesis of and targeting therapeutic interventions to ameliorate human BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Berger
- Division of Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Vineet Bhandari
- Division of Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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122
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Weng HB, Li S. Early changes of plasma angiopoietin-2 in patients with multiple trauma. World J Emerg Med 2014; 2:287-90. [PMID: 25215025 DOI: 10.5847/wjem.j.1920-8642.2011.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was undertaken to investigate the early changes of plasma levels of angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) in patients with multiple trauma and the relations of plasma Ang-2, endothelial injury, and prognosis. METHODS This study comprised 59 patients with multiple trauma who had been treated at the emergency department of Liao Cheng People's Hospital from January 2008 to January 2010. Among them, 36 were male and 23 female. Their average age was 32.3±11.5 years. The 59 patients were divided into a severe trauma group (ISS≥16 points, 29 patients) and a slight trauma group (ISS<16 points, 30 patients) by injury severity score (ISS). Thirty healthy people aged more than 18 years with an average of 33.5±10.6 years served as controls (19 male and 11 female). Peripheral blood (10 mL) was collected within 10 minutes after the patients arrived at the emergency department, and plasma was separated from the blood. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was applied to detect the levels of angiopoietin 2, thrombomodulin (TM), and Von willebrand factor (vWF). RESULTS The level of Ang-2 in the severe trauma group (ISS score≥16 points) was significantly higher than that in the slight trauma group (ISS score<16 points) (P<0.05). The levels in the two groups were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). The levels of angiopoietin-2 in deaths were significantly higher than those in survivors (P<0.05). The levels of angiopoietin-2 were significantly correlated with the levels of vWF and TM (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The plasma levels of Ang-2 are significantly higher after multiple trauma, and correlated with the degree of trauma severity. The levels of angiopoietin-2 are correlated with endothelial injury after multiple trauma, and are important values for the prognosis of patients with multiple trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Bin Weng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Liao Cheng People's Hospital, Liao Cheng 252000, China
| | - Sen Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Liao Cheng People's Hospital, Liao Cheng 252000, China
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Li LF, Lai YT, Chang CH, Lin MC, Liu YY, Kao KC, Tsai YH. Neutrophil elastase inhibitor reduces ventilation-induced lung injury via nuclear factor-κB and NF-κB repressing factor in mice. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:1045-1057. [PMID: 24728725 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214529393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical ventilation used in patients with acute lung injury can damage pulmonary epithelial cells through production of inflammatory cytokines, oxygen radicals, and neutrophil infiltration, termed ventilator-induced lung injury. Neutrophil elastase, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and NF-κB repressing factor (NRF) have previously been shown to participate in the regulation of macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) during airway inflammation. However, the mechanisms regulating interactions among mechanical ventilation, neutrophil influx, and NF-κB/NRF remain unclear. Thus, we hypothesized that neutrophil elastase inhibitor attenuated ventilation-induced neutrophil recruitment and MIP-2 production through inhibition of the NF-κB/NRF pathway. Male C57BL/6 mice were exposed to low-tidal-volume (6 mL/kg) or high-tidal-volume (30 mL/kg) mechanical ventilation using room air with or without 2 µg/g NF-κB inhibitor SN50 or 6 µg/g NRF short interfering RNA or 100 µg/g neutrophil elastase inhibitor administration. Nonventilated mice served as a control group. Evan blue dye, lung wet-to-dry weight ratio, free radicals, myeloperoxidase, histopathologic grading of lung tissue, inflammatory cytokines, Western blot of NF-κB and NRF, and gene expression of NRF were measured to establish the extent of lung injury. Neutrophil elastase inhibitor ameliorated high-tidal-volume ventilation-induced lung injury, neutrophil influx, production of MIP-2 and malondialdehyde, activation of NF-κB and NRF, apoptotic epithelial cell death, and disruption of bronchial microstructure in mice. Mechanical stretch-augmented acute lung injury was also attenuated through pharmacological inhibition of NF-κB activity by SN50 and NRF expression by NRF short interfering RNA. Our data suggest that neutrophil elastase inhibitor attenuates high-tidal-volume mechanical ventilation-induced neutrophil influx, oxidative stress, and production of MIP-2, at least partly, through inhibition of NF-κB/NRF pathway. Understanding the protective effects of neutrophil elastase inhibitor associated with the reduction of MIP-2 allow clarification of the pathophysiological mechanisms regulating severe lung inflammation and development of possible therapeutic strategies involved in acute lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Fu Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan Department of Respiratory Therapy, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Lai
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences and Department of Respiratory Care, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hao Chang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Chih Lin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Yang Liu
- Chest Department, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chin Kao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan Department of Respiratory Therapy, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Huang Tsai
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan Department of Respiratory Therapy, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
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Lagishetty V, Parthasarathy PT, Phillips O, Fukumoto J, Cho Y, Fukumoto I, Bao H, Cox R, Galam L, Lockey RF, Kolliputi N. Dysregulation of CLOCK gene expression in hyperoxia-induced lung injury. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014; 306:C999-C1007. [PMID: 24696144 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00064.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hyperoxic acute lung injury (HALI) is characterized by inflammation and epithelial cell death. CLOCK genes are master regulators of circadian rhythm also implicated in inflammation and lung diseases. However, the relationship of CLOCK genes in hyperoxia-induced lung injury has not been studied. This study will determine if HALI alters CLOCK gene expression. To test this, wild-type and NALP3(-/-) mice were exposed to room air or hyperoxia for 24, 48, or 72 h. In addition, mice were exposed to different concentrations of hyperoxia (50, 75, or 100% O2) or room air for 72 h. The mRNA and protein levels of lung CLOCK genes, based on quantitative PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively, and their target genes are significantly elevated in mice exposed to hyperoxia compared with controls. Alterations in CLOCK genes are associated with increased inflammatory markers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of hyperoxic mice compared with controls. Histological examination of mice lungs exposed to hyperoxia show increased inflammation and alveolar congestion compared with controls. Our results indicate sequential increase in CLOCK gene expression in lungs of mice exposed to hyperoxia compared with controls. Additionally, data suggest a dose-dependent increase in CLOCK gene expression with increased oxygen concentrations. To validate if the expression changes related to CLOCK genes are indeed associated with inflammation, NALP3(-/-) was introduced to analyze loss of function in inflammation. Western blot analysis showed significant CLOCK gene downregulation in NALP3(-/-) mice compared with wild-type controls. Together, our results demonstrate that hyperoxia-mediated lung inflammation is associated with alterations in CLOCK gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venu Lagishetty
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Prasanna Tamarapu Parthasarathy
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Oluwakemi Phillips
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Jutaro Fukumoto
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Young Cho
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Itsuko Fukumoto
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Huynh Bao
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Ruan Cox
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Lakshmi Galam
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Richard F Lockey
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Narasaiah Kolliputi
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
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125
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Bhandari V. Postnatal inflammation in the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 100:189-201. [PMID: 24578018 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to hyperoxia, invasive mechanical ventilation, and systemic/local sepsis are important antecedents of postnatal inflammation in the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). This review will summarize information obtained from animal (baboon, lamb/sheep, rat and mouse) models that pertain to the specific inflammatory agents and signaling molecules that predispose a premature infant to BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineet Bhandari
- Division of Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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Lomas-Neira J, Venet F, Chung CS, Thakkar R, Heffernan D, Ayala A. Neutrophil-endothelial interactions mediate angiopoietin-2-associated pulmonary endothelial cell dysfunction in indirect acute lung injury in mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 50:193-200. [PMID: 23980650 PMCID: PMC3930935 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0148oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Unresolved inflammation in the lung is thought to elicit loss of endothelial cell (EC) barrier integrity and impaired lung function. We have shown, in a mouse model of shock/sepsis, that neutrophil interactions with resident pulmonary cells appear central to the pathogenesis of indirect acute lung injury (iALI). Normally, EC growth factors angiopoietin (Ang)-1 and Ang-2 maintain vascular homeostasis through tightly regulated interaction with the kinase receptor Tie2 expressed on ECs. Although Ang-1/Tie2 has been shown to promote vessel integrity, stimulating downstream prosurvival/antiinflammatory signaling, Ang-2, released from activated ECs, is reported to promote vessel destabilization. This mechanism of regulation, together with recent clinical findings that plasma Ang-2 levels are significantly elevated in patients who develop acute respiratory distress syndrome, has focused our investigation on the contribution of Ang-2 to the development of iALI. A murine model of hemorrhagic shock-induced priming for the development of iALI after subsequent septic challenge was used in this study. Our findings show that 1) Ang-2 is elevated in our experimental model for iALI, 2) direct EC/neutrophil interactions contribute significantly to EC Ang-2 release, and 3) suppression of Ang-2 significantly decreases inflammatory lung injury, neutrophil influx, and lung and plasma IL-6 and TNF-α. These findings support our hypothesis and suggest that Ang-2 plays a role in the loss of pulmonary EC barrier function in the development of iALI in mice resultant from the sequential insults of hemorrhagic shock and sepsis and that this is mediated by EC interaction with activated neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Lomas-Neira
- Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital/Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; and
| | - Fabienne Venet
- Immunology Laboratories, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Chun-Shiang Chung
- Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital/Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; and
| | - Rajan Thakkar
- Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital/Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; and
| | - Daithi Heffernan
- Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital/Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; and
| | - Alfred Ayala
- Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital/Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; and
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127
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Hyperoxia exacerbates postnatal inflammation-induced lung injury in neonatal BRP-39 null mutant mice promoting the M1 macrophage phenotype. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:457189. [PMID: 24347826 PMCID: PMC3855965 DOI: 10.1155/2013/457189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Hyperoxia exposure to developing lungs-critical in the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia-may augment lung inflammation by inhibiting anti-inflammatory mediators in alveolar macrophages. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine the O2-induced effects on the polarization of macrophages and the role of anti-inflammatory BRP-39 in macrophage phenotype and neonatal lung injury. METHODS We used RAW264.7, peritoneal, and bone marrow derived macrophages for polarization (M1/M2) studies. For in vivo studies, wild-type (WT) and BRP-39(-/-) mice received continuous exposure to 21% O2 (control mice) or 100% O2 from postnatal (PN) 1 to PN7 days, along with intranasal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administered on alternate days (PN2, -4, and -6). Lung histology, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cell counts, BAL protein, and cytokines measurements were performed. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Hyperoxia differentially contributed to macrophage polarization by enhancing LPS induced M1 and inhibiting interleukin-4 induced M2 phenotype. BRP-39 absence led to further enhancement of the hyperoxia and LPS induced M1 phenotype. In addition, BRP-39(-/-) mice were significantly more sensitive to LPS plus hyperoxia induced lung injury and mortality compared to WT mice. CONCLUSIONS These findings collectively indicate that BRP-39 is involved in repressing the M1 proinflammatory phenotype in hyperoxia, thereby deactivating inflammatory responses in macrophages and preventing neonatal lung injury.
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128
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Madurga A, Mizíková I, Ruiz-Camp J, Morty RE. Recent advances in late lung development and the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2013; 305:L893-905. [PMID: 24213917 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00267.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to early lung development, a process exemplified by the branching of the developing airways, the later development of the immature lung remains very poorly understood. A key event in late lung development is secondary septation, in which secondary septa arise from primary septa, creating a greater number of alveoli of a smaller size, which dramatically expands the surface area over which gas exchange can take place. Secondary septation, together with architectural changes to the vascular structure of the lung that minimize the distance between the inspired air and the blood, are the objectives of late lung development. The process of late lung development is disturbed in bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), a disease of prematurely born infants in which the structural development of the alveoli is blunted as a consequence of inflammation, volutrauma, and oxygen toxicity. This review aims to highlight notable recent developments in our understanding of late lung development and the pathogenesis of BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Madurga
- Dept. of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Parkstrasse 1, D-61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany.
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129
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Abstract
Cytokines and growth factors play an integral role in the maintenance of immune homeostasis, the generation of protective immunity, and lung reparative processes. However, the dysregulated expression of cytokines and growth factors in response to infectious or noxious insults can initiate and perpetuate deleterious lung inflammation and fibroproliferation. In this article, we will comprehensively review the contribution of individual cytokines and growth factors and cytokine networks to key pathophysiological events in human and experimental acute lung injury (ALI), including inflammatory cell recruitment and activation, alveolar epithelial injury and repair, angiogenesis, and matrix deposition and remodeling. The application of cytokines/growth factors as prognostic indicators and therapeutic targets in human ALI is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane C Deng
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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130
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Jones RC, Capen DE. Alveolar oxygen tension and angio-architecture of the distal adult lung. Ultrastruct Pathol 2013; 37:395-407. [PMID: 24144043 DOI: 10.3109/01913123.2013.831156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The present study demonstrates the fine structure of pulmonary capillaries first injured and then undergoing growth in response to a change in the ambient alveolar oxygen tension. Breathing a high fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2 0.75) triggers restriction by endothelial cell injury and effacement leading to segment narrowing and shortening and segment loss as demonstrated by a fall in density. Subsequently, breathing a relatively low fraction (FiO2 0.21) triggers capillary assembly (angiogenesis), which reverses the changes. The data underscore the structural reprogramming (reduction and restoration) of pulmonary capillaries in response to significant shifts in oxygen tension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary C Jones
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and
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131
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Park H, Jung HY, Choi HJ, Kim DY, Yoo JY, Yun CO, Min JK, Kim YM, Kwon YG. Distinct roles of DKK1 and DKK2 in tumor angiogenesis. Angiogenesis 2013; 17:221-34. [PMID: 24091497 PMCID: PMC3898121 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-013-9390-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tumor angiogenesis is essential for tumor invasive growth and metastasis, and generates abnormal vascular structures unlike developmental neovessel formation. To reduce tumor vascular abnormalities such as leakage and perivascular cell coverage deficiency that limit cancer therapy effectiveness, novel therapeutic approaches focus on vessel normalization. We have previously shown that Dickkopf-1 (DKK1), a Wnt antagonist, inhibits and its homolog DKK2 enhances, angiogenesis in normal tissues. In the present study, we investigated the effects of DKK1 and DKK2 on tumor growth and angiogenesis. Treatment of B16F10 melanoma-bearing mice with adenovirus expressing DKK1 significantly reduced tumor growth but DKK2 increased growth compared with controls. Similar pattern of tumor growth was observed in endothelial-specific DKK1 and DKK2 transgenic mice. Interestingly, tumor vascular density and perfusion were significantly decreased by DKK1 but increased by DKK2. Moreover, coverage of blood vessels by pericytes was reduced by DKK1, while DKK2 increased it. We further observed that DKK1 diminished retinal vessel density and increased avascular area in an in vivo murine model of oxygen-induced retinopathy, whereas DKK2 showed opposite results. These findings demonstrate that DKK1 and DKK2 have differential roles in normalization and functionality of tumor blood vessels, in addition to angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongryeol Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-752 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyei Yoon Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-752 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-752 Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-752 Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Yoo
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chae-Ok Yun
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Ki Min
- Research Center for Integrative Cellulomics, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Taejon, 305-806 Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Myoung Kim
- Vascular System Research Center, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Kangwon-Do 200-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Guen Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-752 Republic of Korea
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132
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Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a complex disorder secondary to gene-environment interactions, and is the commonest chronic lung disease in infancy. There is no specific or effective treatment available to date for BPD. Since the aetiopathogenesis of BPD is multifactorial, involving diverse molecular signaling pathways, a variety of biomarkers detected in biological fluids have been proposed for early identification of infants predisposed to BPD. This review will be restricted to biomarker studies in human infants, conducted mostly in the last decade. The majority of the studies have been conducted using blood, urine or tracheal aspirate samples. Despite the multitude of biomarkers proposed, most studies have been conducted in small numbers of infants, with few being replicated by independent investigators. Confirmatory studies with adequate sample sizes and assessment of the role of putative biomarkers in the aetiology of BPD in developmentally appropriate animal models and human lungs with BPD will enhance the potential for therapeutic interventions. Genomic and proteomic approaches have the greatest potential to significantly advance the field of biomarkers in BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Bhandari
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, CT, USA.
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133
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Meyer NJ. Future clinical applications of genomics for acute respiratory distress syndrome. THE LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2013; 1:793-803. [PMID: 24461759 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(13)70134-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome remains a substantial cause of morbidity and mortality in intensive care units, yet no specific pharmacotherapy has proven useful in reducing the duration of mechanical ventilation or improving survival. One factor that might hamper the development of treatment for acute respiratory distress syndrome is the heterogeneous nature of the population who present with the syndrome. In this Review, the potential of genomic approaches-genetic association, gene expression, metabolomic, proteomic, and systems biology applications-for the identification of molecular endotypes within acute respiratory distress syndrome and potentially for the prediction, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of this difficult disorder are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuala J Meyer
- Department of Medicine Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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134
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Abl kinases are required for vascular function, Tie2 expression, and angiopoietin-1-mediated survival. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:12432-7. [PMID: 23840065 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1304188110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is associated with diverse cardiovascular pathologies. Here, we show a previously unappreciated role for the Abelson (Abl) family kinases (Abl and Arg) in endothelial function and the regulation of angiogenic factor pathways important for vascular homeostasis. Endothelial Abl deletion in Arg-null mice led to late-stage embryonic and perinatal lethality, with mutant mice displaying focal loss of vasculature and tissue necrosis. Loss of Abl kinases led to increased endothelial cell apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo, contributing to vascular dysfunction, infarction, and tissue damage. Mechanistically, we identify a unique dual role for Abl kinases in the regulation of angiopoietin/Tie2 protein kinase signaling. Endothelial Abl kinases modulate Tie2 expression and angiopoietin-1-mediated endothelial cell survival. These findings reveal a critical requirement for the Abl kinases in vascular development and function, which may have important implications for the clinical use of Abl kinase inhibitors.
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135
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Budinger GRS, Mutlu GM. Balancing the risks and benefits of oxygen therapy in critically III adults. Chest 2013; 143:1151-1162. [PMID: 23546490 DOI: 10.1378/chest.12-1215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen therapy is an integral part of the treatment of critically ill patients. Maintenance of adequate oxygen delivery to vital organs often requires the administration of supplemental oxygen, sometimes at high concentrations. Although oxygen therapy is lifesaving, it may be associated with deleterious effects when administered for prolonged periods at high concentrations. Here, we review the recent advances in our understanding of the molecular responses to hypoxia and high levels of oxygen and review the current guidelines for oxygen therapy in critically ill patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Scott Budinger
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL.
| | - Gökhan M Mutlu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
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136
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Carrer DP, Kotzampassi K, Fyntanidou B, Grosomanidis V, Papapetropoulos A, Lymperi M, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ. Modulation of the release of Ang-2 in experimental endotoxic shock by a species-specific circulating factor. Injury 2013; 44:935-40. [PMID: 23642845 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2013.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study the modulation of the release of angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) in experimental endotoxic shock. METHODS Twelve pigs were studied; eight became septic after the intravenous infusion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Escherichia coli O55:B5. The concentrations of LPS, angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured soon after the LPS infusion in the serum samples from the pulmonary and systemic circulation. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from two healthy swine, from two healthy human donors and from four patients with septic shock. The PBMCs were cultured with the serum of the septic animals in the presence or absence of polymyxin B. Concentrations of Ang-2 and TNFα were measured in supernatants. RESULTS Serum Ang-2 was higher in the systemic circulation than in the pulmonary circulation. Increased Ang-2 release was noted in swine PBMCs in the presence of polymyxin B. A reciprocal decrease in TNFα release was observed, typically after incubation with serum sampled from the pulmonary circulation. CONCLUSION There is evidence for a circulating factor that primes Ang-2 release from blood monocytes in the event of septic shock. The finding indicates a possible site of interference within the septic shock cascade.
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137
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Nowak-Machen M, Schmelzle M, Hanidziar D, Junger W, Exley M, Otterbein L, Wu Y, Csizmadia E, Doherty G, Sitkovsky M, Robson SC. Pulmonary natural killer T cells play an essential role in mediating hyperoxic acute lung injury. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2013; 48:601-9. [PMID: 23349052 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2012-0180oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Critically ill patients are routinely exposed to high concentrations of supplemental oxygen for prolonged periods of time, which can be life-saving in the short term, but such exposure also causes severe lung injury and increases mortality. To address this therapeutic dilemma, we studied the mechanisms of the tissue-damaging effects of oxygen in mice. We show that pulmonary invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are unexpectedly crucial in the development of acute oxygen-induced lung injury. iNKT cells express high concentrations of the ectonucleotidase CD39, which regulates their state of activation. Both iNKT cell-deficient (Jα18(-/-)) and CD39-null mice tolerate hyperoxia, compared with wild-type control mice that exhibit severe lung injury. An adoptive transfer of wild-type iNKT cells into Jα18(-/-) mice results in hyperoxic lung injury, whereas the transfer of CD39-null iNKT cells does not. Pulmonary iNKT cell activation and proliferation are modulated by ATP-dependent purinergic signaling responses. Hyperoxic lung injury can be induced by selective P2X7-receptor blockade in CD39-null mice. Our data indicate that iNKT cells are involved in the pathogenesis of hyperoxic lung injury, and that tissue protection can be mediated through ATP-induced P2X7 receptor signaling, resulting in iNKT cell death. In conclusion, our data suggest that iNKT cells and purinergic signaling should be evaluated as potential novel therapeutic targets to prevent hyperoxic lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Nowak-Machen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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138
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Latini G, De Felice C, Giannuzzi R, Del Vecchio A. Survival rate and prevalence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in extremely low birth weight infants. Early Hum Dev 2013; 89 Suppl 1:S69-73. [PMID: 23809356 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-3782(13)70020-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) continues to represent a significant cause of morbidity among survivors of severe prematurity in the NICU. The increasing prevalence of BPD over the decades has been suggested to be related to the increased survival of extremely low birthweight infants. AIMS To evaluate differences in prevalence of BPD (BPD28d and BPD36wk) and as a function of survival rate in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants over time, and to explore its relationship with known associated risk factors. METHODS Survival rate and prevalence of oxygen-dependency =28 days (BPD28d) and oxygen-dependency =36 weeks postmenstrual age (BPD36wk) were evaluated in ELBW newborns (mean gestational age: 27.12.2 weeks; mean birth weight: 817142 g) consecutively admitted to the Brindisi NICU over the last 26 years. Two arbitrarily chosen time periods were compared: Period 1: July 1st, 1986 to June 30, 2002 vs. Period 2: July 1st, 2002 to December 31, 2012. Analyzed variables included gestational age, birth weight, intubation time, hours of O2 administration, NCPAP, and use of surfactant. Differences between the time periods were assessed by chi-square statistics, Fisher's tests or Mann-Whitney test, as appropriate. A two-tailed p value <0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance. RESULTS Survival rate of ELBW infants over the examined time periods dramatically improved from 42.3% to 72.6% (p < 0.0001), whereas changes in the prevalence of BPD28d and BPD36wk were not statistically significant (30.5% vs. 39.3%, p = 0.2137 and 5.5% vs. 13.1%, p = 0.1452, respectively). Likewise, BPD severity was not significantly different between the two time periods (p = 0.1635). Gestational age and birth weight of surviving neonates did not significantly change between the two time periods (p = 0.8050 and p = 0.6986, respectively), whereas significantly increased intubation time (median values: 144 hours vs. 33 hours, p <0.0001) and use of exogenous surfactant (89.3% vs. 48.6%, p < 0.0001) was evidenced for the second time period, as well as NCPAP (median values: 600 hours vs. 377 hours, p = 0.0005). A statistically non-significant trend for a prolonged O2 administration in period 2 (p = 0.0850) was also observed. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that a significantly increased survival is not necessarily associated with a significant difference in the prevalence of BPD among ELBW infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Latini
- Division of Neonatology, Perrino Hospital, Brindisi, Italy; Clinical Physiology Institute (IFC-CNR), National Research Council of Italy, Lecce Section, Italy
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139
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Agrawal A, Matthay MA, Kangelaris KN, Stein J, Chu JC, Imp BM, Cortez A, Abbott J, Liu KD, Calfee CS. Plasma angiopoietin-2 predicts the onset of acute lung injury in critically ill patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013; 187:736-42. [PMID: 23328529 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201208-1460oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Current clinical prediction scores for acute lung injury (ALI) have limited positive predictive value. No studies have evaluated predictive plasma biomarkers in a broad population of critically ill patients or as an adjunct to clinical prediction scores. OBJECTIVES To determine whether plasma angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2), von Willebrand factor (vWF), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and/or receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE) predict ALI in critically ill patients. METHODS Plasma samples were drawn from critically ill patients (n = 230) identified in the emergency department. Patients who had ALI at baseline or in the subsequent 6 hours were excluded, and the remaining patients were followed for development of ALI. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Nineteen patients developed ALI at least 6 hours after the sample draw. Higher levels of Ang-2 and IL-8 were significantly associated with increased development of ALI (P = 0.0008, 0.004, respectively). The association between Ang-2 and subsequent development of ALI was robust to adjustment for sepsis and vasopressor use. Ang-2 and the Lung Injury Prediction Score each independently discriminated well between those who developed ALI and those who did not (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.74 for each), and using the two together improved the area under the curve to 0.84 (vs. 0.74, P = 0.05). In contrast, plasma levels of sRAGE and vWF were not predictive of ALI. CONCLUSIONS Plasma biomarkers such as Ang-2 can improve clinical prediction scores and identify patients at high risk for ALI. In addition, the early rise of Ang-2 emphasizes the importance of endothelial injury in the early pathogenesis of ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Agrawal
- School of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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140
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Matthay MA, Song Y, Bai C, Jones KD. The acute respiratory distress syndrome in 2013. TRANSLATIONAL RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2013; 1:10. [PMID: 27234392 PMCID: PMC6733424 DOI: 10.1186/2213-0802-1-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome are major causes of morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. This review focuses on new developments in definitions, epidemiology, clinical and basic research, and promising new directions in treatment. There is new information about the potential contribution of environmental factors, especially exposure to cigarette smoke. Pathologic findings in ARDS have been limited to case reports of open lung biopsies and post-mortem studies but there is some new information from a recent pathology study relative to the frequency of diffuse alveolar damage and the severity of arterial hypoxemia. Further, therapy with lung-protective ventilation and fluid conservative protocol has improved outcomes, but several new trials are in progress to test several promising strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Matthay
- Departments of Medicine, Anesthesia, and Pathology and the, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, USA. .,Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave, M-917, Box 0624, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0624, USA.
| | - Yuanlin Song
- Departments of Medicine, Anesthesia, and Pathology and the, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, USA.,Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Chunxue Bai
- Departments of Medicine, Anesthesia, and Pathology and the, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, USA.,Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Kirk D Jones
- Departments of Medicine, Anesthesia, and Pathology and the, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, USA
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141
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Abstract
Dynamic changes in microvascular endothelial structure and function are pivotal in the acute inflammatory response, the body's rapid, coordinated effort to localize, sequester, and eliminate microbial invaders at their portal of entry. To achieve this, the endothelium becomes leaky and inflamed, providing innate immune cells and humoral effector molecules access to the site of infection. During sepsis this locally adaptive response becomes manifest throughout the body, leading to dangerous host consequences. Increased leakiness in the pulmonary circulation contributes to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a complication of sepsis associated with 40% mortality. Understanding the molecular governance of vascular leak and inflammation has major diagnostic, prognostic, and potentially therapeutic implications for this common and pernicious disease. This review summarizes results from cell-based experiments, animal models, and observational human studies; together, these studies suggest that an endothelial receptor called Tie2 and its ligands, called angiopoietins, form a signaling axis key to the vascular dyshomeostasis that underlies sepsis.
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142
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Combination therapy with molecular hydrogen and hyperoxia in a murine model of polymicrobial sepsis. Shock 2013; 38:656-63. [PMID: 23160520 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e3182758646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is the most common cause of death in intensive care units. Some studies have found that hyperoxia may be beneficial to sepsis. However, the clinical use of hyperoxia is hindered by concerns that it could exacerbate organ injury by increasing free radical formation. Recently, it has been suggested that molecular hydrogen (H2) at low concentration can exert a therapeutic antioxidant activity and effectively protect against sepsis by reducing oxidative stress. Therefore, we hypothesized that combination therapy with H2 and hyperoxia might afford more potent therapeutic strategies for sepsis. In the present study, we found that inhalation of H2 (2%) or hyperoxia (98%) alone improved the 14-day survival rate of septic mice with moderate cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) from 40% to 80% or 70%, respectively. However, combination therapy with H2 and hyperoxia could increase the 14-day survival rate of moderate CLP mice to 100% and improve the 7-day survival rate of severe CLP mice from 0% to 70%. Moreover, moderate CLP mice showed significant organ damage characterized by the increases in lung myeloperoxidase activity, lung wet-to-dry weight ratio, protein concentration in bronchoalveolar lavage, serum biochemical parameters (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen), and organ histopathological scores (lung, liver, and kidney), as well as the decrease in PaO2/FIO2 ratio at 24 h, which was attenuated by either H2 or hyperoxia alone. However, combination therapy with H2 and hyperoxia had a more beneficial effect against lung, liver, and kidney damage of moderate or severe CLP mice. Furthermore, we found that the beneficial effect of this combination therapy was associated with the decreased levels of oxidative product (8-iso-prostaglandin F2α), increased activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase) and anti-inflammatory cytokine (interleukin 10), and reduced levels of proinflammatory cytokines (high-mobility group box 1 and tumor necrosis factor α) in serum and tissues. Therefore, combination therapy with H2 and hyperoxia provides enhanced therapeutic efficacy via both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms and might be potentially a clinically feasible approach for sepsis.
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143
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Sun H, Choo-Wing R, Sureshbabu A, Fan J, Leng L, Yu S, Jiang D, Noble P, Homer RJ, Bucala R, Bhandari V. A critical regulatory role for macrophage migration inhibitory factor in hyperoxia-induced injury in the developing murine lung. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60560. [PMID: 23637753 PMCID: PMC3639272 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role and mechanism of action of MIF in hyperoxia-induced acute lung injury (HALI) in the newborn lung are not known. We hypothesized that MIF is a critical regulatory molecule in HALI in the developing lung. METHODOLOGY We studied newborn wild type (WT), MIF knockout (MIFKO), and MIF lung transgenic (MIFTG) mice in room air and hyperoxia exposure for 7 postnatal (PN) days. Lung morphometry was performed and mRNA and protein expression of vascular mediators were analyzed. RESULTS MIF mRNA and protein expression were significantly increased in WT lungs at PN7 of hyperoxia exposure. The pattern of expression of Angiopoietin 2 protein (in MIFKO>WT>MIFTG) was similar to the mortality pattern (MIFKO>WT>MIFTG) in hyperoxia at PN7. In room air, MIFKO and MIFTG had modest but significant increases in chord length, compared to WT. This was associated with decreased expression of Angiopoietin 1 and Tie 2 proteins in the MIFKO and MIFTG, as compared to the WT control lungs in room air. However, on hyperoxia exposure, while the chord length was increased from their respective room air controls, there were no differences between the 3 genotypes. CONCLUSION These data point to the potential roles of Angiopoietins 1, 2 and their receptor Tie2 in the MIF-regulated response in room air and upon hyperoxia exposure in the neonatal lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanxing Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Rayman Choo-Wing
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Angara Sureshbabu
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Juan Fan
- Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Lin Leng
- Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Shuang Yu
- Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Dianhua Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Paul Noble
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Homer
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Richard Bucala
- Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Vineet Bhandari
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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144
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Eklund L, Saharinen P. Angiopoietin signaling in the vasculature. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:1271-80. [PMID: 23500414 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Revised: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The angiopoietin (Ang) growth factors and the endothelial Tie receptors regulate blood and lymphatic vessel development, and vascular permeability, inflammation, angiogenic remodeling and tumor vascularization in adult tissues. The angiopoietins activate the Tie receptors in unique in trans complexes at endothelial cell-cell and cell-matrix contacts. In addition, integrins have been implicated in the regulation of Ang-Tie signaling. Recent interest has focused on the function of angiopoietin-2 and its inhibition in the tumor vasculature and also in other pathological conditions associated with endothelial dysfunction. Here we review the current understanding of the signaling functions of the Ang-Tie pathway and its potential for future development of targeted vascular therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauri Eklund
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu, and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oulu, Finland
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145
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Sun H, Choo-Wing R, Fan J, Leng L, Syed MA, Hare AA, Jorgensen WL, Bucala R, Bhandari V. Small molecular modulation of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in the hyperoxia-induced mouse model of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Respir Res 2013; 14:27. [PMID: 23448134 PMCID: PMC3637059 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-14-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The role and mechanism of action of MIF in bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) are not known. We hypothesized that increased MIF signaling would ameliorate the pulmonary phenotype of BPD in the mouse lung. Methods We studied newborn wild type (WT), MIF knockout (MIFKO), and lung MIF transgenic (MIFTG) mice in room air and a BPD model, and examined the effects of administering a small molecule MIF agonist and antagonist. Lung morphometry was performed and mRNA and protein expression of vascular mediators were analyzed. Results The pulmonary phenotype of MIFKO and MIFTG mice lungs in room air (RA) and BPD model were comparable to the WT-BPD mice at postnatal (PN) day 14. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, -R1 and Angiopoietin (Ang)1 mRNA were decreased, and Ang2 increased in the WT-BPD, MIFKO-RA, MIFKO-BPD, MIFTG-RA and MIFTG-BPD mice lungs, compared to appropriate controls. The protein expression of Ang1 in the MIFKO-RA was similar to WT-RA, but decreased in MIFTG-RA, and decreased in all the BPD groups. Ang2 was increased in MIFKO-RA, MIFTG-RA and in all 3 BPD groups. Tie2 was increased in WT-BPD compared to WT-RA, but decreased in MIFKO- and MIFTG- RA and BPD groups. VEGFR1 was uniformly decreased in MIFKO-RA, MIFTG-RA and in all 3 BPD groups. VEGF-A had a similar expression across all RA and BPD groups. There was partial recovery of the pulmonary phenotype in the WT-BPD model treated with the MIF agonist, and in the MIFTG mice treated with the MIF antagonist. Conclusions These data point to the careful regulatory balance exerted by MIF in the developing lung and response to hyperoxia and support the potential therapeutic value of small molecule MIF modulation in BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanxing Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Ålander M, Peltoniemi O, Saarela T, Anttila E, Pokka T, Kontiokari T. Current trends in paediatric and neonatal ventilatory care -- a nationwide survey. Acta Paediatr 2013; 102:123-8. [PMID: 22957736 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2012.02830.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess daily practices in paediatric and neonatal ventilatory care in Finland. METHODS All neonatal and paediatric intensive care units in Finland were sent a questionnaire on ventilatory strategies and were offered a 3-month prospective survey. RESULTS A total of 96% of units returned the questionnaire, and clinicians agreed on most of the principles of lung-protective ventilation. Seventeen hospitals (94%) joined the prospective survey. On average, 2.3 new ventilation episodes were started daily, and totally 211 episodes were monitored. Pulmonary problems (64%) were the main cause of treatment in neonates and postoperative care (68%) in older children. Synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation with pressure support was the primary mode in 42% of episodes. Hypocapnia was observed repeatedly in all units. In adult intensive care units, children often received high oxygen fraction, leading to hyperoxia, and they were frequently sedated with propofol, which is not licensed for that purpose. A large proportion of children had only light sedation or no sedation at all. Despite the different strategies and practices, most episodes resulted in a favourable outcome. CONCLUSION Most of the principles of lung-protective ventilation have been well accepted by clinicians. More attention should be paid to achieving normocapnia and normoxia and to the correct use of sedatives, especially in units that only occasionally provide paediatric ventilation.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Critical Care/methods
- Critical Care/statistics & numerical data
- Critical Care/trends
- Finland
- Follow-Up Studies
- Guideline Adherence/statistics & numerical data
- Health Care Surveys
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Intensive Care Units, Neonatal/statistics & numerical data
- Intensive Care Units, Neonatal/trends
- Intensive Care Units, Pediatric/statistics & numerical data
- Intensive Care Units, Pediatric/trends
- Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care
- Practice Guidelines as Topic
- Practice Patterns, Physicians'/statistics & numerical data
- Practice Patterns, Physicians'/trends
- Prospective Studies
- Respiration, Artificial/adverse effects
- Respiration, Artificial/methods
- Respiration, Artificial/statistics & numerical data
- Respiration, Artificial/trends
- Surveys and Questionnaires
- Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury/prevention & control
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Affiliation(s)
- Merja Ålander
- Department of Pediatrics, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
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147
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE : In sepsis, quiescent blood vessels become leaky and inflamed by mechanisms that are incompletely understood. We hypothesized that angiopoietin-2, a partial antagonist of the endothelium-stabilizing receptor Tie-2 secreted by endothelium, contributes to adverse outcomes in this disease. DESIGN : Laboratory and animal research. SETTINGS : Research laboratories and Emergency Department of Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA. SUBJECTS : Angiopoietin-2 heterozygous mice, emergency department patients. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS : Mice with one functional angiopoietin-2 allele developed milder kidney and lung injury, less tissue inflammation, and less vascular leakage compared to wild-type counterparts. Heterozygotes experienced >40% absolute survival advantage following two different models of sepsis (p = .004 and .018). In human subjects presenting to our emergency department with suspected infection (n = 270 combined), circulating angiopoietin-2 was markedly elevated within the first hour of clinical care. First-hour angiopoietin-2 concentrations were proportional to current disease severity (p < .0001), rose further over time in eventual nonsurvivors (p < .0001), and predicted the future occurrence of shock (p < .0001) or death (p < .0001) in the original cohort and an independent validation group. Finally, septic human serum disrupted the barrier function of microvascular endothelial cells, an effect fully neutralized by an angiopoietin-2 monoclonal antibody. CONCLUSIONS : We conclude that angiopoietin-2 induction precedes and contributes to the adverse outcomes in sepsis, opening a new avenue for therapeutic investigation.
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Aghai ZH, Saslow JG, Mody K, Eydelman R, Bhat V, Stahl G, Pyon K, Bhandari V. IFN-γ and IP-10 in tracheal aspirates from premature infants: relationship with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatr Pulmonol 2013; 48:8-13. [PMID: 22431160 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.22540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and interferon-inducible protein of 10 kDa (IP-10) are potent inflammatory mediators and contribute to acute lung injury in adults. Recently, a potential role for IFN-γ and IP-10 in the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) has been reported in animal models. OBJECTIVE To study the association between IFN-γ and IP-10 in tracheal aspirate (TA) and the development of BPD in premature infants. DESIGN/METHODS TA samples collected within 48 hr after birth from 79 mechanically ventilated premature neonates [gestational age (GA) <30 weeks (w), birth weight (BW) <1,250 g (g)] were analyzed. IFN-γ was measured in a subgroup of 38 infants by using a biochip multi-analyte immunoassay. The level of IP-10 was determined using a commercially available ELISA kit. Total protein in TA was measured by Bradford assay to correct for sampling related dilution. BPD was defined as the need of supplemental oxygen at 36 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA). RESULTS Twenty infants (GA 26.4 ± 1.9w, BW 860 ± 201 g) survived without BPD at 36 weeks PMA and 59 infants (GA 25.5 ± 1.5w, BW 751 ± 163 g) died before 36 weeks PMA or developed BPD. The mean IFN-γ level was higher in infants who died or developed BPD (9.7 ± 2.8 vs. 3.1 ± 1.1 pg/ml, P = 0.03). Similarly, the mean IP-10 level was higher in infants who died or developed BPD (63.4 ± 17.5 pg/ml) compared to those who survived without BPD (18.5 ± 7.5 pg/ml, P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Higher IFN-γ and IP-10 levels in TA samples are associated with the development of BPD or death in premature infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zubair H Aghai
- Department of Pediatrics, Cooper University Hospital, Camden, New Jersey, USA
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Lee HS. Effect of Short-term Exposure of Different Concentrations of Hyperoxia on Fetal Alveolar Type II Cell Death. NEONATAL MEDICINE 2013. [DOI: 10.5385/nm.2013.20.2.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Soo Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
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150
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Abstract
Prolonged breathing of very high F(IO(2)) (F(IO(2)) ≥ 0.9) uniformly causes severe hyperoxic acute lung injury (HALI) and, without a reduction of F(IO(2)), is usually fatal. The severity of HALI is directly proportional to P(O(2)) (particularly above 450 mm Hg, or an F(IO(2)) of 0.6) and exposure duration. Hyperoxia produces extraordinary amounts of reactive O(2) species that overwhelms natural anti-oxidant defenses and destroys cellular structures through several pathways. Genetic predisposition has been shown to play an important role in HALI among animals, and some genetics-based epidemiologic research suggests that this may be true for humans as well. Clinically, the risk of HALI likely occurs when F(IO(2)) exceeds 0.7, and may become problematic when F(IO(2)) exceeds 0.8 for an extended period of time. Both high-stretch mechanical ventilation and hyperoxia potentiate lung injury and may promote pulmonary infection. During the 1960s, confusion regarding the incidence and relevance of HALI largely reflected such issues as the primitive control of F(IO(2)), the absence of PEEP, and the fact that at the time both ALI and ventilator-induced lung injury were unknown. The advent of PEEP and precise control over F(IO(2)), as well as lung-protective ventilation, and other adjunctive therapies for severe hypoxemia, has greatly reduced the risk of HALI for the vast majority of patients requiring mechanical ventilation in the 21st century. However, a subset of patients with very severe ARDS requiring hyperoxic therapy is at substantial risk for developing HALI, therefore justifying the use of such adjunctive therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard H Kallet
- Respiratory Care Services, Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco at San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California 94110, USA.
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