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Lv D, Chen L, Du L, Zhou L, Tang H. Emerging Regulatory Mechanisms Involved in Liver Cancer Stem Cell Properties in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:691410. [PMID: 34368140 PMCID: PMC8339910 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.691410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the predominant form of primary liver cancer and one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. A growing body of evidence supports the hypothesis that HCC is driven by a population of cells called liver cancer stem cells (LCSCs). LCSCs have been proposed to contribute to malignant HCC progression, including promoting tumor occurrence and growth, mediating tumor metastasis, and treatment resistance, but the regulatory mechanism of LCSCs in HCC remains unclear. Understanding the signaling pathways responsible for LCSC maintenance and survival may provide opportunities to improve patient outcomes. Here, we review the current literature about the origin of LCSCs and the niche composition, describe the current evidence of signaling pathways that mediate LCSC stemness, then highlight several mechanisms that modulate LCSC properties in HCC progression, and finally, summarize the new developments in therapeutic strategies targeting LCSCs markers and regulatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duoduo Lv
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liyu Chen
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lingyao Du
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lingyun Zhou
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Tang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Center of Infectious Diseases, Division of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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102
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Cheng H, Wang X, Liu X, Wang X, Wen H, Cheng Y, Xie A, Shen Y, Tang R, Zhu M. An effective NIR laser/tumor-microenvironment co-responsive cancer theranostic nanoplatform with multi-modal imaging and therapies. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:10816-10828. [PMID: 34113940 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr01645h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is still a major threat to human health at present. Developing new types of integrated nanoplatforms for the accurate diagnosis and effective treatment of cancer is very significant. Herein, an intelligent dual-stage core-shell cancer theranostic nanoplatform (Fe3+@Au1Ag24@PbP) with NIR laser/tumor-microenvironment (TME) co-responsiveness and multi-modal imaging-therapy was successfully prepared, which was composed of the precisely structured oil-soluble Au1Ag24 nanoclusters (NCs) and Fe3+ ions easily assembled within the oil and aqueous phases of the polyethylene glycol (PEG) block grafted polyketal (PK) copolymer (PK-b-PEG, PbP) vesicles, respectively. In this system, we were delighted to find that the prepared Au1Ag24 NCs possess multi-photoresponsive properties, endowing the nanoplatform with photoacoustic (PA)/photothermal (PT) imaging and synergetic photothermal therapy (PTT)/photodynamic therapy (PDT) for cancer under near-infrared (NIR) laser irradiation. On the other hand, Fe3+ ions exhibit multi-TME response and regulation behaviors, including as catalysts for the decomposition of endogenous hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the solid tumor to produce O2 and as the oxidizing agent for the consumption of the intracellular GSH to avoid the reduction of the generated 1O2; therefore, the synchronously formed Fe2+ ions from the redox of Fe3+ with GSH could further react with H2O2 to produce hydroxyl radical (˙OH), which induced ferroptosis-based cancer treatment. The PbP shell possesses TME/pH sensitivity for controlled drug release and passive targeting, causing a large increase in Au1Ag24/Fe3+ accumulation within the weakly acidic tumor region and reducing the side effects on normal tissues. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrate that the Fe3+@Au1Ag24@PbP nanoplatform presented excellent PA/PT imaging-guided synergetic PTT/PDT/ferroptosis effects toward tumor cells and tumors. This integrating multi-responsive and multi-modal theranostic nanoplatform paves a new way for effective cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanlong Cheng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China.
| | - Xueyan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China.
| | - Xuan Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China.
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Life Science, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
| | - Hao Wen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China.
| | - Yinkai Cheng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China.
| | - Anjian Xie
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China.
| | - Yuhua Shen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China.
| | - Rupei Tang
- School of Life Science, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
| | - Manzhou Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China.
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103
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Lettau K, Khozooei S, Kosnopfel C, Zips D, Schittek B, Toulany M. Targeting the Y-box Binding Protein-1 Axis to Overcome Radiochemotherapy Resistance in Solid Tumors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2021; 111:1072-1087. [PMID: 34166770 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2021.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Multifunctional Y-box binding protein-1 (YB-1) is highly expressed in different human solid tumors and is involved in various cellular processes. DNA damage is the major mechanism by which radiochemotherapy (RCT) induces cell death. On induction of DNA damage, a multicomponent signal transduction network, known as the DNA damage response, is activated to induce cell cycle arrest and initiate DNA repair, which protects cells against damage. YB-1 regulates nearly all cancer hallmarks described to date by participating in DNA damage response, gene transcription, mRNA splicing, translation, and tumor stemness. YB-1 lacks kinase activity, and p90 ribosomal S6 kinase and AKT are the key kinases within the RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathways that directly activate YB-1. Thus, the molecular targeting of ribosomal S6 kinase and AKT is thought to be the most effective strategy for blocking the cellular function of YB-1 in human solid tumors. In this review, after describing the prosurvival effect of YB-1 with a focus on DNA damage repair and cancer cell stemness, clinical evidence will be provided indicating an inverse correlation between YB-1 expression and the treatment outcome of solid tumors after RCT. In the interest of being concise, YB-1 signaling cascades will be briefly discussed and the current literature on YB-1 posttranslational modifications will be summarized. Finally, the current status of targeting the YB-1 axis, especially in combination with RCT, will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstanze Lettau
- Division of Radiobiology and Molecular Environmental Research, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Tübingen, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shayan Khozooei
- Division of Radiobiology and Molecular Environmental Research, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Tübingen, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Corinna Kosnopfel
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Zips
- Division of Radiobiology and Molecular Environmental Research, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Tübingen, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Birgit Schittek
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Dermatooncology, Eberhard-Karls-Universität, Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mahmoud Toulany
- Division of Radiobiology and Molecular Environmental Research, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Tübingen, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Germany.
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104
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Oct4 confers stemness and radioresistance to head and neck squamous cell carcinoma by regulating the homologous recombination factors PSMC3IP and RAD54L. Oncogene 2021; 40:4214-4228. [PMID: 34079088 PMCID: PMC8211562 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01842-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is often being diagnosed at an advanced stage, conferring a poor prognosis. The probability of local tumor control after radiotherapy depends on the eradication of cancer stem cells (CSCs) with activated DNA repair. This study provides evidence that the CSC-related transcription factor Oct4 contributes to HNSCC radioresistance by regulating DNA damage response and the CSC phenotype. Knockdown of Oct4 A isoform reduced self-renewal capacity in HNSCC and led to partial tumor cell radiosensitization caused by transcriptional downregulation of the cell cycle checkpoint kinases CHK1 and WEE1 and homologous recombination (HR) repair genes PSMC3IP and RAD54L. Besides, PARP inhibition with Olaparib selectively radiosensitized Oct4 A knockout, but not wild-type HNSCC cells. This finding links Oct4 A to the HR-mediated DNA repair mechanisms. In turn, knockdown of PSMC3IP and RAD54L reduced the HNSCC self-renewal capacity and clonogenic cell survival after irradiation, suggesting the interplay between DNA repair and the CSC phenotype. Similar to the effect of Oct4 knockdown, overexpression of Oct4 also resulted in significant HNSCC radiosensitization and increased DNA damage, suggesting that Oct4-dependent regulation of DNA repair depends on its fine-tuned expression. In line with this observation, HNSCC patients with high and low nuclear Oct4 expression at the invasive tumor front exhibited better loco-regional tumor control after postoperative radio(chemo)therapy compared to the intermediate expression subgroup. Thus, we found that the Oct4-driven transcriptional program plays a critical role in regulating HNSCC radioresistance, and a combination of radiotherapy with PARP inhibitors may induce synthetic lethality in Oct4-deregulated tumors.
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105
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Celora GL, Byrne HM, Zois CE, Kevrekidis PG. Phenotypic variation modulates the growth dynamics and response to radiotherapy of solid tumours under normoxia and hypoxia. J Theor Biol 2021; 527:110792. [PMID: 34087269 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2021.110792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In cancer, treatment failure and disease recurrence have been associated with small subpopulations of cancer cells with a stem-like phenotype. In this paper, we develop and investigate a phenotype-structured model of solid tumour growth in which cells are structured by a stemness level, which varies continuously between stem-like and terminally differentiated behaviours. Cell evolution is driven by proliferation and death, as well as advection and diffusion with respect to the stemness structure variable. Here, the magnitude and sign of the advective flux are allowed to vary with the oxygen level. We use the model to investigate how the environment, in particular oxygen levels, affects the tumour's population dynamics and composition, and its response to radiotherapy. We use a combination of numerical and analytical techniques to quantify how under physiological oxygen levels the cells evolve to a differentiated phenotype and under low oxygen level (i.e., hypoxia) they de-differentiate. Under normoxia, the proportion of cancer stem cells is typically negligible and the tumour may ultimately become extinct whereas under hypoxia cancer stem cells comprise a dominant proportion of the tumour volume, enhancing radio-resistance and favouring the tumour's long-term survival. We then investigate how such phenotypic heterogeneity impacts the tumour's response to treatment with radiotherapy under normoxia and hypoxia. Of particular interest is establishing how the presence of radio-resistant cancer stem cells can facilitate a tumour's regrowth following radiotherapy. We also use the model to show how radiation-induced changes in tumour oxygen levels can give rise to complex re-growth dynamics. For example, transient periods of hypoxia induced by damage to tumour blood vessels may rescue the cancer cell population from extinction and drive secondary regrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia L Celora
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Helen M Byrne
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christos E Zois
- Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Department of Oncology, Oxford University, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, School of Health, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - P G Kevrekidis
- Department of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01003, USA
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106
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Galeaz C, Totis C, Bisio A. Radiation Resistance: A Matter of Transcription Factors. Front Oncol 2021; 11:662840. [PMID: 34141616 PMCID: PMC8204019 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.662840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, radiation therapy is one of the standard therapies for cancer treatment. Since the first applications, the field of radiotherapy has constantly improved, both in imaging technologies and from a dose-painting point of view. Despite this, the mechanisms of resistance are still a great problem to overcome. Therefore, a more detailed understanding of these molecular mechanisms will allow researchers to develop new therapeutic strategies to eradicate cancer effectively. This review focuses on different transcription factors activated in response to radiotherapy and, unfortunately, involved in cancer cells’ survival. In particular, ionizing radiations trigger the activation of the immune modulators STAT3 and NF-κB, which contribute to the development of radiation resistance through the up-regulation of anti-apoptotic genes, the promotion of proliferation, the alteration of the cell cycle, and the induction of genes responsible for the Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT). Moreover, the ROS-dependent damaging effects of radiation therapy are hampered by the induction of antioxidant enzymes by NF-κB, NRF2, and HIF-1. This protective process results in a reduced effectiveness of the treatment, whose mechanism of action relies mainly on the generation of free oxygen radicals. Furthermore, the previously mentioned transcription factors are also involved in the maintenance of stemness in Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs), a subset of tumor cells that are intrinsically resistant to anti-cancer therapies. Therefore, combining standard treatments with new therapeutic strategies targeted against these transcription factors may be a promising opportunity to avoid resistance and thus tumor relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Galeaz
- Laboratory of Radiobiology, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Cristina Totis
- Laboratory of Radiobiology, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bisio
- Laboratory of Radiobiology, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
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107
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ROS Cocktails as an Adjuvant for Personalized Antitumor Vaccination? Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9050527. [PMID: 34069708 PMCID: PMC8161309 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9050527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Today, the critical role of the immune system in tumor control is undisputed. Checkpoint antibody immunotherapy augments existing antitumor T cell activity with durable clinical responses in many tumor entities. Despite the presence of tumor-associated antigens and neoantigens, many patients have an insufficient repertoires of antitumor T cells. Autologous tumor vaccinations aim at alleviating this defect, but clinical success is modest. Loading tumor material into autologous dendritic cells followed by their laboratory expansion and therapeutic vaccination is promising, both conceptually and clinically. However, this process is laborious, time-consuming, costly, and hence less likely to solve the global cancer crisis. Therefore, it is proposed to re-focus on personalized anticancer vaccinations to enhance the immunogenicity of autologous therapeutic tumor vaccines. Recent work re-established the idea of using the alarming agents of the immune system, oxidative modifications, as an intrinsic adjuvant to broaden the antitumor T cell receptor repertoire in cancer patients. The key novelty is the use of gas plasma, a multi-reactive oxygen and nitrogen species-generating technology, for diversifying oxidative protein modifications in a, so far, unparalleled manner. This significant innovation has been successfully used in proof-of-concept studies and awaits broader recognition and implementation to explore its chances and limitations of providing affordable personalized anticancer vaccines in the future. Such multidisciplinary advance is timely, as the current COVID-19 crisis is inexorably reflecting the utmost importance of innovative and effective vaccinations in modern times.
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108
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Goedegebuure RSA, Kleibeuker EA, Buffa FM, Castricum KCM, Haider S, Schulkens IA, Ten Kroode L, van den Berg J, Jacobs MAJM, van Berkel AM, van Grieken NCT, Derks S, Slotman BJ, Verheul HMW, Harris AL, Thijssen VL. Interferon- and STING-independent induction of type I interferon stimulated genes during fractionated irradiation. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2021; 40:161. [PMID: 33964942 PMCID: PMC8106844 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-01962-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Improvement of radiotherapy efficacy requires better insight in the dynamic responses that occur during irradiation. Here, we aimed to identify the molecular responses that are triggered during clinically applied fractionated irradiation. METHODS Gene expression analysis was performed by RNAseq or microarray analysis of cancer cells or xenograft tumors, respectively, subjected to 3-5 weeks of 5 × 2 Gy/week. Validation of altered gene expression was performed by qPCR and/or ELISA in multiple cancer cell lines as well as in pre- and on-treatment biopsies from esophageal cancer patients ( NCT02072720 ). Targeted protein inhibition and CRISPR/Cas-induced gene knockout was used to analyze the role of type I interferons and cGAS/STING signaling pathway in the molecular and cellular response to fractionated irradiation. RESULTS Gene expression analysis identified type I interferon signaling as the most significantly enriched biological process induced during fractionated irradiation. The commonality of this response was confirmed in all irradiated cell lines, the xenograft tumors and in biopsies from esophageal cancer patients. Time-course analyses demonstrated a peak in interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) expression within 2-3 weeks of treatment. The response was accompanied by a variable induction of predominantly interferon-beta and/or -lambda, but blocking these interferons did not affect ISG expression induction. The same was true for targeted inhibition of the upstream regulatory STING protein while knockout of STING expression only delayed the ISG expression induction. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, the presented data show that clinically applied fractionated low-dose irradiation can induce a delayed type I interferon response that occurs independently of interferon expression or STING signaling. These findings have implications for current efforts that aim to target the type I interferon response for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben S A Goedegebuure
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Esther A Kleibeuker
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Kitty C M Castricum
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Syed Haider
- Department of Molecular Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Iris A Schulkens
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luuk Ten Kroode
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap van den Berg
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten A J M Jacobs
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie van Berkel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Noord West Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole C T van Grieken
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah Derks
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ben J Slotman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henk M W Verheul
- Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud UMC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Adrian L Harris
- Department of Molecular Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Victor L Thijssen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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109
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Poon DJJ, Tay LM, Ho D, Chua MLK, Chow EKH, Yeo ELL. Improving the therapeutic ratio of radiotherapy against radioresistant cancers: Leveraging on novel artificial intelligence-based approaches for drug combination discovery. Cancer Lett 2021; 511:56-67. [PMID: 33933554 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite numerous advances in cancer radiotherapy, tumor radioresistance remain one of the major challenges limiting treatment efficacy of radiotherapy. Conventional strategies to overcome radioresistance involve understanding the underpinning molecular mechanisms, and subsequently using combinatorial treatment strategies involving radiation and targeted drug combinations against these radioresistant tumors. These strategies exploit and target the molecular fingerprint and vulnerability of the radioresistant clones to achieve improved efficacy in tumor eradication. However, conventional drug-screening approaches for the discovery of new drug combinations have been proven to be inefficient, limited and laborious. With the increasing availability of computational resources in recent years, novel approaches such as Quadratic Phenotypic Optimization Platform (QPOP), CURATE.AI and Drug Combination and Prediction and Testing (DCPT) platform have emerged to aid in drug combination discovery and the longitudinally optimized modulation of combination therapy dosing. These platforms could overcome the limitations of conventional screening approaches, thereby facilitating the discovery of more optimal drug combinations to improve the therapeutic ratio of combinatorial treatment. The use of better and more accurate models and methods with rapid turnover can thus facilitate a rapid translation in the clinic, hence, resulting in a better patient outcome. Here, we reviewed the clinical observations, molecular mechanisms and proposed treatment strategies for tumor radioresistance and discussed how novel approaches may be applied to enhance drug combination discovery, with the aim to further improve the therapeutic ratio and treatment efficacy of radiotherapy against radioresistant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Jun Jie Poon
- Division of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescent, 169610, Singapore.
| | - Li Min Tay
- Cancer Science Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore.
| | - Dean Ho
- The N.1 Institute of Health (N.1), National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore; Department of Bioengineering, National University of Singapore, 117583, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore; The Institute for Digital Medicine (WisDM), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore.
| | - Melvin Lee Kiang Chua
- Division of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescent, 169610, Singapore; Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescent, 169610, Singapore; Oncology Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, 169857, Singapore.
| | - Edward Kai-Hua Chow
- Cancer Science Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore; The N.1 Institute of Health (N.1), National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore; Department of Bioengineering, National University of Singapore, 117583, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore; The Institute for Digital Medicine (WisDM), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore.
| | - Eugenia Li Ling Yeo
- Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Crescent, 169610, Singapore.
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110
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Interplay of autophagy and cancer stem cells in hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:3695-3717. [PMID: 33893928 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06334-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Liver cancer is the sixth most common cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer deaths in the world. The most common type of liver cancers is hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Autophagy is the cellular digestion of harmful components by sequestering the waste products into autophagosomes followed by lysosomal degradation for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. The impairment of autophagy is highly associated with the development and progression of HCC although autophagy may be involved in tumour-suppressing cellular events. In regards to its protecting role, autophagy also shelters the cells from anoikis- a programmed cell death in anchorage-dependent cells detached from the surrounding extracellular matrix which facilitates metastasis in HCC. Liver cancer stem cells (LCSCs) have the ability for self-renewal and differentiation and are associated with the development and progression of HCC by regulating stemness, resistance and angiogenesis. Interestingly, autophagy is also known to regulate normal stem cells by promoting cellular survival and differentiation and maintaining cellular homeostasis. In this review, we discuss the basal autophagic mechanisms and double-faceted roles of autophagy as both tumour suppressor and tumour promoter in HCC, as well as its association with and contribution to self-renewal and differentiation of LCSCs.
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111
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Park HR, Choi YJ, Kim JY, Kim IG, Jung U. Repeated Irradiation with γ-Ray Induces Cancer Stemness through TGF-β-DLX2 Signaling in the A549 Human Lung Cancer Cell Line. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084284. [PMID: 33924205 PMCID: PMC8074596 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) play an important role in cancer recurrence and metastasis. It is suggested that the CSC properties in heterogeneous cancer cells can be induced by ionizing radiation (IR). This study investigated the role of DLX2 in the radioresistance and CSC properties induced by IR in NSCLC cancer cells. Here, A549 cells were exposed to fractionated irradiation at a cumulative dose of 52 Gy (4 Gy × 13 times) for a generation of radioresistant cells. After fractionated irradiation, surviving A549 cells exhibited resistance to IR and enhanced expression of various cancer stem cell markers. They also showed upregulation of mesenchymal molecular markers and downregulation of epithelial molecular markers, correlating with an increase in the migration and invasion. Fractionated irradiation triggered the secretion of TGF-β1 and DLX2 expression. Interestingly, the increased DLX2 following fractionated irradiation seemed to induce the expression of the gene for the EGFR-ligand betacellulin via Smad2/3 signaling. To contrast, DLX2 knockdown dramatically decreased the expression of CSC markers, migration, and proliferation. Moreover, A549 cells expressing DLX2 shRNA formed tumors with a significantly smaller volume compared to those expressing control shDNA in a mouse xenograft assay. These results suggest that DLX2 overexpression in surviving NSCLC cancer cells after fractionated IR exposure is involved in the cancer stemness, radioresistance, EMT, tumor survival, and tumorigenic capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae-Ran Park
- Biotechnology Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeonbuk 56212, Korea; (Y.-J.C.); (J.-Y.K.)
- Correspondence: (H.-R.P.); (U.J.); Tel.: +82-63-570-3222 (H.-R.P.); +82-42-868-8038 (U.J.)
| | - Yeo-Jin Choi
- Biotechnology Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeonbuk 56212, Korea; (Y.-J.C.); (J.-Y.K.)
| | - Jee-Young Kim
- Biotechnology Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeonbuk 56212, Korea; (Y.-J.C.); (J.-Y.K.)
| | - In-Gyu Kim
- Environmental Safety Evaluation Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon 34057, Korea;
| | - Uhee Jung
- Environmental Safety Evaluation Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon 34057, Korea;
- Correspondence: (H.-R.P.); (U.J.); Tel.: +82-63-570-3222 (H.-R.P.); +82-42-868-8038 (U.J.)
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Wong SHD, Xu X, Chen X, Xin Y, Xu L, Lai CHN, Oh J, Wong WKR, Wang X, Han S, You W, Shuai X, Wong N, Tan Y, Duan L, Bian L. Manipulation of the Nanoscale Presentation of Integrin Ligand Produces Cancer Cells with Enhanced Stemness and Robust Tumorigenicity. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:3225-3236. [PMID: 33764789 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Developing strategies for efficient expansion of cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) in vitro will help investigate the mechanism underlying tumorigenesis and cancer recurrence. Herein, we report a dynamic culture substrate tethered with integrin ligand-bearing magnetic nanoparticles via a flexible polymeric linker to enable magnetic manipulation of the nanoscale ligand tether mobility. The cancer cells cultured on the substrate with high ligand tether mobility develop into large semispherical colonies with CSCs features, which can be abrogated by magnetically restricting the ligand tether mobility. Mechanistically, the substrate with high ligand tether mobility suppresses integrin-mediated mechanotransduction and histone-related methylation, thereby enhancing cancer cell stemness. The culture-derived high-stemness cells can generate tumors both locally and at the distant lung and uterus much more efficiently than the low-stemness cells. We believe that this magnetic nanoplatform provides a promising strategy for investigating the dynamic interaction between CSCs and the microenvironment and establishing a cost-effective tumor spheroid model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siu Hong Dexter Wong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shenzhen Intelligent Orthopaedics and Biomedical Innovation Platform, Guangdong Artificial Intelligence Biomedical Innovation Platform, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518035, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Ying Xin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Limei Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shenzhen Intelligent Orthopaedics and Biomedical Innovation Platform, Guangdong Artificial Intelligence Biomedical Innovation Platform, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518035, China
| | - Chun Him Nathanael Lai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Jiwon Oh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Wai Ki Ricky Wong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Shisong Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- PCFM Lab of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
- Laboratory of Interventional Radiology, Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology, and Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Wenxing You
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Department of Surgery at Sir Y. K. Pao Centre for Cancer, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Xintao Shuai
- PCFM Lab of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
- Laboratory of Interventional Radiology, Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology, and Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Nathalie Wong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Department of Surgery at Sir Y. K. Pao Centre for Cancer, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Youhua Tan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Li Duan
- Department of Orthopedics, Shenzhen Intelligent Orthopaedics and Biomedical Innovation Platform, Guangdong Artificial Intelligence Biomedical Innovation Platform, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518035, China
| | - Liming Bian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
- China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed) Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
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Guy JB, Espenel S, Louati S, Gauthier A, Garcia MA, Vial N, Malésys C, Ardail D, Alphonse G, Wozny AS, Rodriguez-Lafrasse C, Magné N. Combining radiation to EGFR and Bcl-2 blockade: a new approach to target cancer stem cells in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2021; 147:1905-1916. [PMID: 33791846 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-021-03593-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The clinical outcome of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) remains poor, partly due to the presence of resistant cancer stem cells (CSCs) which are responsible of recurrences. CSCs have low EGFR expression and, conversely, overexpress the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein, which is involved in resistance to apoptosis and the invasion/migration capacities of tumour cells. METHODS The combination therapy of ABT-199, a Bcl-2 inhibitor, cetuximab an EGFR inhibitor, and radiation using an HNSCC model (SQ20B cell line) and its corresponding CSC subpopulation were evaluated in vitro (2D/3D cell proliferation; invasion/migration and apoptosis using videomicroscopy) and in vivo. RESULTS Cetuximab strongly inhibited 2D and 3D cell proliferation, as well as invasion/migration, only in non-CSC-SQ20B cells, whereas ABT-199 selectively inhibited these mechanisms in SQ20B/CSCs. The combination of irradiation + cetuximab + ABT-199 increased the inhibition of the 2D and 3D cell proliferation, invasion/migration, and resistance to apoptosis in both cell sub-populations. In addition, in a nude mouse model with heterotopic tumour xenograft, a treatment combining cetuximab + ABT-199 with fractional irradiation strongly delayed the tumour growth and increased in vivo lifespan without side effects. CONCLUSION Based on the present results, this triple combination therapy may represent a new opportunity for testing in clinical trials, particularly in locally advanced HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Guy
- Faculté de Médecine-Lyon-Sud, Université Lyon 1, 69921, Oullins, France.
- Laboratoire de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Sud, CNRS UMR 5822 IP2I, 165 Chemin du Grand Revoyet, BP 12, 69921, Oullins Cedex, France.
- Département de Radiothérapie, Institut de Cancérologie de La Loire, Lucien Neuwirth, 42270, St Priest en Jarez, France.
| | - Sophie Espenel
- Faculté de Médecine-Lyon-Sud, Université Lyon 1, 69921, Oullins, France
- Laboratoire de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Sud, CNRS UMR 5822 IP2I, 165 Chemin du Grand Revoyet, BP 12, 69921, Oullins Cedex, France
- Département de Radiothérapie, Institut de Cancérologie de La Loire, Lucien Neuwirth, 42270, St Priest en Jarez, France
| | - Safa Louati
- Faculté de Médecine-Lyon-Sud, Université Lyon 1, 69921, Oullins, France
- Laboratoire de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Sud, CNRS UMR 5822 IP2I, 165 Chemin du Grand Revoyet, BP 12, 69921, Oullins Cedex, France
- Département de Radiothérapie, Institut de Cancérologie de La Loire, Lucien Neuwirth, 42270, St Priest en Jarez, France
| | - Arnaud Gauthier
- Faculté de Médecine-Lyon-Sud, Université Lyon 1, 69921, Oullins, France
- Laboratoire de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Sud, CNRS UMR 5822 IP2I, 165 Chemin du Grand Revoyet, BP 12, 69921, Oullins Cedex, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69229, Lyon, France
| | - Max-Adrien Garcia
- Département de Santé Publique, Institut de Cancérologie de La Loire, Lucien Neuwirth, 42270, St Priest en Jarez, France
| | - Nicolas Vial
- Département de Radiothérapie, Institut de Cancérologie de La Loire, Lucien Neuwirth, 42270, St Priest en Jarez, France
| | - Céline Malésys
- Faculté de Médecine-Lyon-Sud, Université Lyon 1, 69921, Oullins, France
- Laboratoire de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Sud, CNRS UMR 5822 IP2I, 165 Chemin du Grand Revoyet, BP 12, 69921, Oullins Cedex, France
| | - Dominique Ardail
- Faculté de Médecine-Lyon-Sud, Université Lyon 1, 69921, Oullins, France
- Laboratoire de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Sud, CNRS UMR 5822 IP2I, 165 Chemin du Grand Revoyet, BP 12, 69921, Oullins Cedex, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69229, Lyon, France
| | - Gersende Alphonse
- Laboratoire de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Sud, CNRS UMR 5822 IP2I, 165 Chemin du Grand Revoyet, BP 12, 69921, Oullins Cedex, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69229, Lyon, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Wozny
- Faculté de Médecine-Lyon-Sud, Université Lyon 1, 69921, Oullins, France
- Laboratoire de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Sud, CNRS UMR 5822 IP2I, 165 Chemin du Grand Revoyet, BP 12, 69921, Oullins Cedex, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69229, Lyon, France
| | - Claire Rodriguez-Lafrasse
- Faculté de Médecine-Lyon-Sud, Université Lyon 1, 69921, Oullins, France
- Laboratoire de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Sud, CNRS UMR 5822 IP2I, 165 Chemin du Grand Revoyet, BP 12, 69921, Oullins Cedex, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69229, Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Magné
- Laboratoire de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Sud, CNRS UMR 5822 IP2I, 165 Chemin du Grand Revoyet, BP 12, 69921, Oullins Cedex, France
- Département de Radiothérapie, Institut de Cancérologie de La Loire, Lucien Neuwirth, 42270, St Priest en Jarez, France
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Riedel A, Klumpp L, Menegakis A, De-Colle C, Huber SM, Schittenhelm J, Neumann M, Noell S, Tatagiba M, Zips D. γH2AX foci assay in glioblastoma: Surgical specimen versus corresponding stem cell culture. Radiother Oncol 2021; 159:119-125. [PMID: 33775712 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2021.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess radiation response using γH2AX assay in surgical specimens from glioblastoma (GB) patients and their corresponding primary gliosphere culture. To test the hypothesis that gliospheres (stem cell enriched) are more resistant than specimens (bulky cell dominated) but that the interpatient heterogeneity is similar. MATERIAL AND METHODS Ten pairs of specimens and corresponding gliospheres derived from patients with IDH-wildtype GB were studied. Specimens and gliospheres were irradiated with graded doses and after 24 h the number of residual γH2AX foci was counted. RESULTS Gliospheres showed a higher Nestin expression than specimens and exhibited two different phenotypes: free floating (n = 7) and attached (n = 3). Slope analysis revealed an interpatient heterogeneity with values between 0.15 and 1.30 residual γH2AX foci/Gy. Free-floating spheres were more resistant than their parental specimens (median slope 0.13 foci/Gy versus 0.53) as well as than the attached spheres (2.14). The slopes of free floating spheres did not correlate with their corresponding specimens while a trend for a positive correlation was found for the attached spheres and the respective specimens. Association with MGMT did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSION Consistent with the clinical phenotype and our previous experiments, GB specimens show low radiation sensitivity. Stem-cell enriched free-floating gliospheres were more resistant than specimens supporting the concept of radioresistance in stem cell-like cells. The lack of correlation between specimens and their respective gliosphere cultures needs validation and may have a profound impact on future translational studies using γH2AX as a potential biomarker for personalized radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Riedel
- Radiation Oncology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lukas Klumpp
- Radiation Oncology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Tübingen, Germany
| | - Apostolos Menegakis
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Cell Biology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chiara De-Colle
- Radiation Oncology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephan M Huber
- Radiation Oncology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jens Schittenhelm
- Division of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Tübingen, Germany
| | - Manuela Neumann
- Division of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Tübingen, Germany
| | - Susan Noell
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marcos Tatagiba
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Zips
- Radiation Oncology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Tübingen, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Tübingen, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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115
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Wang Z, Wang G, Kang T, Liu S, Wang L, Zou H, Chong Y, Liu Y. BiVO 4/Fe 3O 4@polydopamine superparticles for tumor multimodal imaging and synergistic therapy. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:90. [PMID: 33781296 PMCID: PMC8008624 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-00802-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite tremendous progress has been achieved in tumor theranostic over the past decade, accurate identification and complete eradication of tumor cells remain a great challenge owing to the limitation of single imaging modality and therapeutic strategy. Results Herein, we successfully design and construct BiVO4/Fe3O4@polydopamine (PDA) superparticles (SPs) for computed tomography (CT)/photoacoustic (PA)/magnetic resonance (MR) multimodal imaging and radiotherapy (RT)/photothermal therapy (PTT) synergistic therapy toward oral epithelial carcinoma. On the one hand, BiVO4 NPs endow BiVO4/Fe3O4@PDA SPs with impressive X-ray absorption capability due to the high X-ray attenuation coefficient of Bi, which is beneficial for their utilization as radiosensitizers for CT imaging and RT. On the other hand, Fe3O4 NPs impart BiVO4/Fe3O4@PDA SPs with the superparamagnetic property as a T2-weighted contrast agent for MR imaging. Importantly, the aggregation of Fe3O4 NPs in SPs and the presence of PDA shell greatly improve the photothermal conversion capability of SPs, making BiVO4/Fe3O4@PDA SPs as an ideal photothermal transducer for PA imaging and PTT. By integrating advantages of various imaging modalities (CT/PA/MR) and therapeutic strategies (RT/PTT), our BiVO4/Fe3O4@PDA SPs exhibit the sensitive multimodal imaging feature and superior synergistic therapeutic efficacy on tumors. Conclusions Since there are many kinds of building blocks with unique properties appropriating for self-assembly, our work may largely enrich the library of nanomateirals for tumor diagnosis and treatment. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Guan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Oral Pathology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoyang Zou
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130012, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu Chong
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, People's Republic of China.
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Wang J, Zhang Y, Liu L, Yang T, Song J. Circular RNAs: new biomarkers of chemoresistance in cancer. Cancer Biol Med 2021; 18:j.issn.2095-3941.2020.0312. [PMID: 33738995 PMCID: PMC8185855 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2020.0312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapeutics are validated conventional treatments for patients with advanced cancer. However, with continual application of chemotherapeutics, chemoresistance, which is often predictive of poor prognosis, has gradually become a concern in recent years. Circular RNAs (circRNAs), a class of endogenous noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) with a closed-loop structure, have been reported to be notable targets and markers for the prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment of many diseases, particularly cancer. Although dozens of studies have shown that circRNAs play major roles in drug-resistance activity in tumors, the mechanisms by which circRNAs affect chemoresistance have yet to be explored. In this review, we describe the detailed mechanisms of circRNAs and chemotherapeutics in various cancers and summarize potential therapeutic targets for drug-resistant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
- Institute of Digestive Diseases of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Lianyu Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
- Institute of Digestive Diseases of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Jun Song
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
- Institute of Digestive Diseases of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
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Verduin M, Hoeben A, De Ruysscher D, Vooijs M. Patient-Derived Cancer Organoids as Predictors of Treatment Response. Front Oncol 2021; 11:641980. [PMID: 33816288 PMCID: PMC8012903 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.641980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Patient-derived cancer organoids have taken a prominent role in pre-clinical and translational research and have been generated for most common solid tumors. Cancer organoids have been shown to retain key genetic and phenotypic characteristics of their tissue of origin, tumor subtype and maintain intratumoral heterogeneity and therefore have the potential to be used as predictors for individualized treatment response. In this review, we highlight studies that have used cancer organoids to compare the efficacy of standard-of-care and targeted combination treatments with clinical patient response. Furthermore, we review studies using cancer organoids to identify new anti-cancer treatments using drug screening. Finally, we discuss the current limitations and improvements needed to understand the full potential of cancer organoids as avatars for clinical management of cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maikel Verduin
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO), GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Ann Hoeben
- Department of Medical Oncology, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Dirk De Ruysscher
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO), GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Marc Vooijs
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO), GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
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Advances in Nanomaterial-Mediated Photothermal Cancer Therapies: Toward Clinical Applications. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9030305. [PMID: 33809691 PMCID: PMC8002224 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9030305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Photothermal therapy (PTT) has attracted extensive research attention as a noninvasive and selective treatment strategy for numerous cancers. PTT functions via photothermal effects induced by converting light energy into heat on near-infrared laser irradiation. Despite the great advances in PTT for cancer treatment, the photothermal therapeutics using laser devise only or non-specific small molecule PTT agents has been limited because of its low photothermal conversion efficiency, concerns about the biosafety of the photothermal agents, their low tumor accumulation, and a heat resistance of specific types of cancer. Using nanomaterials as PTT agents themselves, or for delivery of PTT agents, offers improved therapeutic outcomes with fewer side effects through enhanced photothermal conversion efficiency, accumulation of the PTT agent in the tumor tissue, and, by extension, through combination with other therapies. Herein, we review PTT’s current clinical progress and present the future outlooks for clinical applications. To better understand clinical PTT applications, we describe nanomaterial-mediated photothermal effects and their mechanism of action in the tumor microenvironment. This review also summarizes recent studies of PTT alone or in combination with other therapies. Overall, innovative and strategically designed PTT platforms are promising next-generation noninvasive cancer treatments to move closer toward clinical applications.
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Linking Serine/Glycine Metabolism to Radiotherapy Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13061191. [PMID: 33801846 PMCID: PMC8002185 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Hyperactivation of the de novo serine/glycine biosynthesis across different cancer types and its critical contribution in tumor initiation, progression, and therapy resistance indicate the relevance of serine/glycine metabolism-targeted therapies as therapeutic intervention in cancer. In this review, we specifically focus on the contribution of the de novo serine/glycine biosynthesis pathway to radioresistance. We provide a future perspective on how de novo serine/glycine biosynthesis inhibition and serine-free diets may improve the outcome of radiotherapy. Future research in this field is needed to better understand serine/glycine metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells in response to radiation and the influence of this pathway in the tumor microenvironment, which may provide the rationale for the optimal combination therapies. Abstract The activation of de novo serine/glycine biosynthesis in a subset of tumors has been described as a major contributor to tumor pathogenesis, poor outcome, and treatment resistance. Amplifications and mutations of de novo serine/glycine biosynthesis enzymes can trigger pathway activation; however, a large group of cancers displays serine/glycine pathway overexpression induced by oncogenic drivers and unknown regulatory mechanisms. A better understanding of the regulatory network of de novo serine/glycine biosynthesis activation in cancer might be essential to unveil opportunities to target tumor heterogeneity and therapy resistance. In the current review, we describe how the activation of de novo serine/glycine biosynthesis in cancer is linked to treatment resistance and its implications in the clinic. To our knowledge, only a few studies have identified this pathway as metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells in response to radiation therapy. We propose an important contribution of de novo serine/glycine biosynthesis pathway activation to radioresistance by being involved in cancer cell viability and proliferation, maintenance of cancer stem cells (CSCs), and redox homeostasis under hypoxia and nutrient-deprived conditions. Current approaches for inhibition of the de novo serine/glycine biosynthesis pathway provide new opportunities for therapeutic intervention, which in combination with radiotherapy might be a promising strategy for tumor control and ultimately eradication. Further research is needed to gain molecular and mechanistic insight into the activation of this pathway in response to radiation therapy and to design sophisticated stratification methods to select patients that might benefit from serine/glycine metabolism-targeted therapies in combination with radiotherapy.
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Ciecior W, Ebert N, Borgeaud N, Thames HD, Baumann M, Krause M, Löck S. Sample-size calculation for preclinical dose-response experiments using heterogeneous tumour models. Radiother Oncol 2021; 158:262-267. [PMID: 33667590 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2021.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In preclinical radio-oncological research, local tumour control is considered the most relevant endpoint as it reflects the inactivation of cancer stem cells. Preclinical tumour-control assays may compare dose-response curves between different radiotherapy strategies, e.g., assessing additional targeted drugs and immunotherapeutic interventions, or between different radiation modalities. To mimic the biological heterogeneity of human tumour populations and to accommodate for approaches of personalized oncology, preclinical studies are increasingly performed combining larger panels of tumour models. For designing the study protocols and to obtain reliable results, prospective sample-size planning has to be developed that accounts for such heterogeneous cohorts. METHODS A Monte-Carlo-based method was developed to estimate the sample size of a comparative 1:1 two-arm prospective tumour-control assay. Based on repeated logistic regression analysis, pre-defined dose levels, assumptions on the dose-response curves of the included tumour models and on the dose-modifying factors (DMF), the power is calculated for a given number of animals per dose group. RESULTS Two applications are presented: (i) For a simple tumour-control assay with the head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) model FaDu, 10 animals would be required for each of 7 dose levels per arm to reveal a DMF of 1.25 with a power of 0.82 without drop out (total: 140 animals). (ii) In a more complex experiment combining six different lung tumour models to a heterogeneous population, 21 animals would be required for each of 11 dose levels per arm to reveal a DMF of 1.25 with a power of 0.81 without drop out (total: 462 animals). Analyzing the heterogeneous cohort reduces the required animal number by more than 50% compared to six individual tumour-control assays. CONCLUSION An approach for estimating the required animal number for comparative tumour-control assays in a heterogeneous population is presented, allowing also the inclusion of different treatments as a personalized approach in the experimental arm. The software is publicly available and can be applied to plan comparisons of sigmoidal dose-response curves based on logistic regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willy Ciecior
- OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nadja Ebert
- OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany; Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nathalie Borgeaud
- OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Dresden, Germany
| | - Howard D Thames
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States
| | - Michael Baumann
- OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany; Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mechthild Krause
- OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany; Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Dresden, Germany; National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany, and Helmholtz Association / Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology, Germany
| | - Steffen Löck
- OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany; Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Dresden, Germany.
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Lv Z, He S, Wang Y, Zhu X. Noble Metal Nanomaterials for NIR-Triggered Photothermal Therapy in Cancer. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001806. [PMID: 33470542 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
It is of great significance to develop anticancer therapeutic agents or technologies with high degree of specificity and patient compliance, while low toxicity. The emerging photothermal therapy (PTT) has become a new and powerful therapeutic technology due to its noninvasiveness, high specificity, low side effects to normal tissues and strong anticancer efficacy. Noble metal nanomaterials possess strong surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effect and synthetic tunability, which make them facile and effective PTT agents with superior optical and photothermal characteristics, such as high absorption cross-section, incomparable optical-thermal conversion efficiency in the near infrared (NIR) region, as well as the potential of bioimaging. By incorporating with various functional reagents such as antibodies, peptides, biocompatible polymers, chemo-drug and immune factors, noble metal nanomaterials have presented strong potential in multifunctional cancer therapy. Herein, the recent development regarding the application of noble metal nanomaterials for NIR-triggered PTT in cancer treatment is summarized. A variety of studies with good therapeutic effects against cancer from impressive photothermal efficacy of noble metal nanomaterials are concluded. Intelligent nanoplatforms through ingenious fabrication showing potential of multifunctional PTT, combined with chemo-therapy, immunotherapy, photodynamic therapy (PDT), as well as simultaneous imaging modality are also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoqian Lv
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Sijia He
- Cancer Center Shanghai General Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine 650 Xinsongjiang Road Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Youfu Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Xinyuan Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China
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122
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Kummer B, Löck S, Gurtner K, Hermann N, Yaromina A, Eicheler W, Baumann M, Krause M, Jentsch C. Value of functional in-vivo endpoints in preclinical radiation research. Radiother Oncol 2021; 158:155-161. [PMID: 33639191 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2021.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer research faces the problem of high rates of clinical failure of new treatment approaches after positive preclinical data. We hypothesize that a major confounding factor to this problem in radiooncology is the choice of the preclinical endpoint. METHODS We present a comprehensive re-evaluation of large-scale preclinical in-vivo data on fractionated irradiation alone or simultaneously with Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor inhibition. Taking the permanent local tumour control assay as a gold standard, we evaluated different tumour volume dependent endpoints that are widely used for preclinical experiments. RESULTS The analysis showed the highest correlations between volume related and local tumour control endpoints after irradiation alone. For combined treatments, wide inter-tumoural variations were observed with reduced correlation between the endpoints. Evaluation of growth delay per Gray (GD/Gy) based on two or more dose levels showed closest correlation with local tumour control dose 50% (TCD50). CONCLUSIONS GD/Gy with at least two dose groups correlates with TCD50, but cannot replace the latter as the goldstandard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berit Kummer
- Department of Radiation Oncology and OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
| | - Steffen Löck
- Department of Radiation Oncology and OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kristin Gurtner
- Department of Radiation Oncology and OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany; National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nadine Hermann
- Department of Radiation Oncology and OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ala Yaromina
- Department of Radiation Oncology and OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany; The D-Lab and The M-Lab, Department of Precision Medicine, GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Wolfgang Eicheler
- Department of Radiation Oncology and OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Baumann
- Department of Radiation Oncology and OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Core Center Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mechthild Krause
- Department of Radiation Oncology and OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany; National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Christina Jentsch
- Department of Radiation Oncology and OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany; National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Germany
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123
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Hou Q, Jiang Z, Li Z, Jiang M. Identification and Functional Validation of Radioresistance-Related Genes AHNAK2 and EVPL in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma by Exome and Transcriptome Sequencing Analyses. Onco Targets Ther 2021; 14:1131-1145. [PMID: 33633453 PMCID: PMC7901560 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s291007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is often resistant to radiotherapy, likely due to sub-clones that survive and repopulate in the tumor. The analysis of genomic sequencing data related to radiotherapy will provide a better understanding of the intratumoral heterogeneity and genetic evolution of ESCC during radiotherapy. Methods We analyzed whole-exome sequencing data from pre- and post-irradiation ESCC patients at single-cell and bulk levels in public datasets. We investigated the gene functions involving radioresistance in ESCC cell lines. Furthermore, we established gene knockdown cell lines and explored the transcriptional alterations induced by RNA interference (RNAi) of these genes in KYSE-150 ESCC cell line. Results We identified three candidate genes related to radioresistance: AHNAK2, EVPL and LAMA5. Knockdown of AHNAK2 and EVPL genes led to increased radioresistance in ESCC cell lines, but not LAMA5. The transcriptome analysis indicated that these genes may regulate the expression of interleukins, interleukin receptors and chemokines by inhibiting the NF-κB and TNF signaling pathways in radioresistant ESCC cells, thereby suppressing their immune response. Conclusion These data may provide new therapeutic strategies by targeting general ESCC radioresistance-related genes, which may eventually help the development of targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Hou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 320000, People's Republic of China.,Cancer Research Institute, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 320000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenzhen Jiang
- Cancer Research Institute, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 320000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziwei Li
- Cancer Research Institute, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 320000, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingfeng Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 320000, People's Republic of China.,Cancer Research Institute, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 320000, People's Republic of China
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124
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Zhou HM, Zhang JG, Zhang X, Li Q. Targeting cancer stem cells for reversing therapy resistance: mechanism, signaling, and prospective agents. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:62. [PMID: 33589595 PMCID: PMC7884707 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00430-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) show a self-renewal capacity and differentiation potential that contribute to tumor progression and therapy resistance. However, the underlying processes are still unclear. Elucidation of the key hallmarks and resistance mechanisms of CSCs may help improve patient outcomes and reduce relapse by altering therapeutic regimens. Here, we reviewed the identification of CSCs, the intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms of therapy resistance in CSCs, the signaling pathways of CSCs that mediate treatment failure, and potential CSC-targeting agents in various tumors from the clinical perspective. Targeting the mechanisms and pathways described here might contribute to further drug discovery and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- He-Ming Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of medicine, No.100 Haining Road, 200080, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-Gang Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of medicine, No.100 Haining Road, 200080, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of medicine, No.100 Haining Road, 200080, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of medicine, No.100 Haining Road, 200080, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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125
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ZEB1: New advances in fibrosis and cancer. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:1643-1650. [PMID: 33417164 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-04036-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) is an important transcription factor in epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) which participates in the numerous life processes, such as embryonic development, fibrosis and tumor progression. ZEB1 has multiple functions in human body and plays a crucial part in some life processes. ZEB1 is vital for the formation and development of the organs in the embryonic period. The abnormal expression of ZEB1 is a predictor for the poor prognosis or the poor survival in several cancers. ZEB1 contributes to the occurrence of fibrosis, cancer and even chemoresistance. Some research is indicated that fibrosis is finally developed into the cancers. Therefore, ZEB1 is probably taken as a biomarker in fibrosis or cancer. In this review, it is predicted of the structure of ZEB1 and the protein binding sites of ZEB1 with some protein, and it is discussed about the roles of ZEB1 in fibrosis and cancer progression to elaborate the potential applications of ZEB1 in clinic.
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126
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Shen S, Xu X, Lin S, Zhang Y, Liu H, Zhang C, Mo R. A nanotherapeutic strategy to overcome chemotherapeutic resistance of cancer stem-like cells. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 16:104-113. [PMID: 33437035 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-020-00793-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Tumour heterogeneity remains a major challenge in cancer therapy owing to the different susceptibility of cells to chemotherapy within a solid tumour. Cancer stem-like cells (CSCs), which reside in hypoxic tumour regions, are characterized by high tumourigenicity and chemoresistance and are often responsible for tumour progression and recurrence. Here we report a nanotherapeutic strategy to kill CSCs in tumours using nanoparticles that are co-loaded with the differentiation-inducing agent, all-trans retinoic acid, and the chemotherapeutic drug, camptothecin. All-trans retinoic acid is released under hypoxic conditions, leading to CSC differentiation in the hypoxic niche. In differentiating CSC, the reactive oxygen species levels increase, which then causes the release of camptothecin and subsequent cell death. This dual strategy enables controlled drug release in CSCs and reduces stemness-related drug resistance, enhancing the chemotherapeutic response. In breast tumour mouse models, treatment with the nanoparticles suppresses tumour growth and prevents post-surgical tumour relapse and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shiqi Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huayu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Can Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ran Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
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Rabasco Meneghetti A, Zwanenburg A, Leger S, Leger K, Troost EG, Linge A, Lohaus F, Schreiber A, Kalinauskaite G, Tinhofer I, Guberina N, Guberina M, Balermpas P, von der Grün J, Ganswindt U, Belka C, Peeken JC, Combs SE, Böke S, Zips D, Krause M, Baumann M, Löck S. Definition and validation of a radiomics signature for loco-regional tumour control in patients with locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Transl Radiat Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctro.2020.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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128
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Abstract
Owing to increased awareness of the importance of mammogram and advances in surgical technology, survival rate of patients with primary breast cancer has dramatically increased. Despite all these advances in breast cancer treatment, there are no currently available treatments for this disease once it metastasizes to distant organs including bones, lungs, brain, and liver. This is mainly attributed to the complexity of metastatic process. Recent advances in technology enabled cancer biologists to dissect each step of the metastatic process, and this led to discovery of major players and molecules in this process. In this section, we will discuss recent discovery and advances in the field of breast cancer metastasis research.
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129
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Koom WS, Sai S, Suzuki M, Fujimori A, Yamada S, Tsujii H. Superior Effect of the Combination of Carbon-Ion Beam Irradiation and 5-Fluorouracil on Colorectal Cancer Stem Cells in vitro and in vivo. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:12625-12635. [PMID: 33335403 PMCID: PMC7737548 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s276035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to investigate whether carbon-ion beam irradiation in combination with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is superior to carbon-ion beam irradiation alone in targeting colorectal cancer stem-like cells (CSCs). Materials and Methods Human colorectal cancer (CRC) cells, HCT116 and HT29, were treated with carbon-ion beam irradiation alone or in combination with 5-FU. Cell viability assay, colony and spheroid formation assay, apoptotic assay, and quantitative real-time PCR analysis of apoptosis- and autophagy-related gene expression were performed. Results Carbon-ion beam irradiation dose-dependently decreased CRC cell viability and showed significantly enhanced cell killing effect when combined with 5-FU. Carbon-ion beam irradiation in combination with 5-FU significantly increased the percentage of apoptotic cells. The expression of some apoptotic and autophagy-related genes such as Bax, Bcl2, Beclin1 and ATG7 was significantly induced by carbon-ion beam irradiation alone and was further enhanced when the beam was combined with 5-FU. The spheroid forming capacity of CD133+ cell subpopulations was significantly inhibited by carbon-ion beam in combination with 5-FU. Histopathologically, the combination of carbon-ion beam irradiation and 5-FU destroyed more xenograft tumor cells, and resulted in increased necrosis, cavitation, and fibrosis, compared to carbon-ion beam irradiation alone. Conclusion In conclusion, carbon-ion beam treatment combined with 5-FU has the potential to kill CRC cells including CSCs by inducing increased apoptosis and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woong Sub Koom
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,QST Hospital, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Chiba, Japan
| | - Sei Sai
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Chiba, Japan
| | - Masao Suzuki
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Chiba, Japan
| | - Akira Fujimori
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Chiba, Japan
| | - Shigeru Yamada
- QST Hospital, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Chiba, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Tsujii
- QST Hospital, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Chiba, Japan
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130
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Singh B, Patwardhan RS, Jayakumar S, Sharma D, Sandur SK. Oxidative stress associated metabolic adaptations regulate radioresistance in human lung cancer cells. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2020; 213:112080. [PMID: 33232882 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.112080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Differential inherent and acquired radioresistance of human lung cancer cells contribute to poor therapeutic outcome and tumor recurrence after radiotherapy. Inherent radioresistance of lung cancer cells is known to be associated with ROSLow cancer stem cells (CSCs). However, mechanism of acquired radioresistance in lung cancer cells is poorly understood. Here, we exposed human lung cancer cells (A549) to a cumulative dose of 40Gy and allowed the radioresistant (RR) survivors to divide and form macroscopic colonies after each fraction of 5Gy dose. The RR subline exhibited enrichment of cytosolic ROSHigh cells without specific increase in mitochondrial ROS levels. We found a concomitant increase in the expression of redox regulatory transcription factor Nrf2 and its dependent antioxidant genes in RR cells and cell cycle delay as compared to parental cells. The treatment of RR cells with Nrf2 inhibitor resulted in decreased clonogenic survival indicating their addiction to Nrf2 for metabolic adaptations under high levels of cytosolic ROS. A causal role of inherent ROS levels in conferring radioresistance was established by sorting ROSHigh and ROSLow populations from parental and RR cells. It was observed that ROSHigh population from both parental and RR cells exhibited radioresistance as observed by clonogenic assay. Interestingly, ROSHigh population of cells exhibited higher levels of cellular thiols in both parental and RR cells. Thus, our observations highlight presence of a novel subpopulation in lung cancer cells, which exhibits radioresistance by maintaining 'oxidative stress' and Nrf2 dependent metabolic adaptations. We also posit Nrf2 pathway as a druggable target for radiosensitization of RR A549 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babita Singh
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Modular Laboratories, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Raghavendra S Patwardhan
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Modular Laboratories, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Sundarraj Jayakumar
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Modular Laboratories, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Deepak Sharma
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Modular Laboratories, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India.
| | - Santosh K Sandur
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Modular Laboratories, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India.
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Kumari S, Mukherjee S, Sinha D, Abdisalaam S, Krishnan S, Asaithamby A. Immunomodulatory Effects of Radiotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8151. [PMID: 33142765 PMCID: PMC7663574 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy (RT), an integral component of curative treatment for many malignancies, can be administered via an increasing array of techniques. In this review, we summarize the properties and application of different types of RT, specifically, conventional therapy with x-rays, stereotactic body RT, and proton and carbon particle therapies. We highlight how low-linear energy transfer (LET) radiation induces simple DNA lesions that are efficiently repaired by cells, whereas high-LET radiation causes complex DNA lesions that are difficult to repair and that ultimately enhance cancer cell killing. Additionally, we discuss the immunogenicity of radiation-induced tumor death, elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which radiation mounts innate and adaptive immune responses and explore strategies by which we can increase the efficacy of these mechanisms. Understanding the mechanisms by which RT modulates immune signaling and the key players involved in modulating the RT-mediated immune response will help to improve therapeutic efficacy and to identify novel immunomodulatory drugs that will benefit cancer patients undergoing targeted RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharda Kumari
- Division of Molecular Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (S.K.); (D.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Shibani Mukherjee
- Division of Molecular Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (S.K.); (D.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Debapriya Sinha
- Division of Molecular Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (S.K.); (D.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Salim Abdisalaam
- Division of Molecular Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (S.K.); (D.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Sunil Krishnan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA;
| | - Aroumougame Asaithamby
- Division of Molecular Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (S.K.); (D.S.); (S.A.)
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Elkashty OA, Abu Elghanam G, Su X, Liu Y, Chauvin PJ, Tran SD. Cancer stem cells enrichment with surface markers CD271 and CD44 in human head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Carcinogenesis 2020; 41:458-466. [PMID: 31742606 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgz182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) has a poor 5-year survival rate of 50%. One potential reason for treatment failure is the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs). Several cell markers, particularly CD44, have been used to isolate CSCs. However, isolating a pure population of CSC in HNSCC still remains a challenging task. Recent findings show that normal oral stem cells were isolated using CD271 as a marker. Thus, we investigated the combined use of CD271 and CD44 to isolate an enriched subpopulation of CSCs, followed by their characterization in vitro, in vivo, and in patients' tissue samples. Fluorescent-activated cell sorting was used to isolate CD44+/CD271+ and CD44+/CD271- from two human HNSCC cell lines. Cell growth and self-renewal were measured with MTT and sphere/colony formation assays. Treatment-resistance was tested against chemotherapy (cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil) and ionizing radiation. Self-renewal, resistance, and stemness-related genes expression were measured with qRT-PCR. In vivo tumorigenicity was tested with an orthotopic immunodeficient mouse model of oral cancer. Finally, we examined the co-localization of CD44+/CD271+ in patients' tissue samples. We found that CD271+ cells were a subpopulation of CD44+ cells in human HNSCC cell lines and tissues. CD44+/CD271+ cells exhibited higher cell proliferation, sphere/colony formation, chemo- and radio-resistance, upregulation of CSCs-related genes, and in vivo tumorigenicity when compared to CD44+/CD271- or the parental cell line. These cell markers showed increased expression in patients with the increase of the tumor stage. In conclusion, using both CD44 and CD271 allowed the isolation of CSCs from HNSCC. These enriched CSCs will be more relevant in future treatment and HNSCC progression studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama A Elkashty
- McGill Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Canada.,Oral Pathology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ghada Abu Elghanam
- McGill Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Canada
| | - Xinyun Su
- McGill Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Canada.,College of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Younan Liu
- McGill Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Canada
| | - Peter J Chauvin
- Division of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Simon D Tran
- McGill Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Canada
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133
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Han L, Shi H, Luo Y, Sun W, Li S, Zhang N, Jiang X, Gong Y, Xie C. Gene signature based on B cell predicts clinical outcome of radiotherapy and immunotherapy for patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Cancer Med 2020; 9:9581-9594. [PMID: 33098370 PMCID: PMC7774727 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.3561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the most common and lethal cancer worldwide. Radiotherapy (RT) is widely used at all stages of LUAD, and the development of immunotherapy substantially enhances the survival of LUAD patients. Although the emerging treatments for LUAD have improved prognosis, only a small fraction of patients can benefit from clinical therapies. Thereby, approaches assessing responses to RT and immunotherapy in LUAD patients are essential. After integrating the analysis of RT, immunization, mRNA, and clinical information, we constructed a signature based on 308 tumor‐infiltrating B lymphocyte‐specific genes (TILBSig) using a machine learning method. TILBSig was composed of 6 B cell‐specific genes (PARP15, BIRC3, RUBCNL, SP110, TLE1, and FADS3), which were highly associated with the overall survival as independent factors. TILBSig was able to differentiate better survival compared with worse survival among different patients, and served as an independent factor for clinical characteristics. The low‐risk TILBSig group was correlated with more immune cell infiltration (especially B lineages) and lower cancer stem cell characteristics than the high‐risk group. The patients with lower risk scores were more likely to respond to RT and immunotherapy. TILBSig served as an excellent predicator for prognosis and response to immunotherapy and RT in LUAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linzhi Han
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hongjie Shi
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuan Luo
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wenjie Sun
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shuying Li
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Nannan Zhang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xueping Jiang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Gong
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Human Genetics Resource Preservation Center of Hubei Province, Human Genetics Resource Preservation Center of Wuhan University, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Conghua Xie
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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134
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Carbon Ion Radiobiology. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12103022. [PMID: 33080914 PMCID: PMC7603235 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12103022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Radiotherapy with carbon ions has been used for over 20 years in Asia and Europe and is now planned in the USA. The physics advantages of carbon ions compared to X-rays are similar to those of protons, but their radiobiological features are quite distinct and may lead to a breakthrough in the treatment of some cancers characterized by high mortality. Abstract Radiotherapy using accelerated charged particles is rapidly growing worldwide. About 85% of the cancer patients receiving particle therapy are irradiated with protons, which have physical advantages compared to X-rays but a similar biological response. In addition to the ballistic advantages, heavy ions present specific radiobiological features that can make them attractive for treating radioresistant, hypoxic tumors. An ideal heavy ion should have lower toxicity in the entrance channel (normal tissue) and be exquisitely effective in the target region (tumor). Carbon ions have been chosen because they represent the best combination in this direction. Normal tissue toxicities and second cancer risk are similar to those observed in conventional radiotherapy. In the target region, they have increased relative biological effectiveness and a reduced oxygen enhancement ratio compared to X-rays. Some radiobiological properties of densely ionizing carbon ions are so distinct from X-rays and protons that they can be considered as a different “drug” in oncology, and may elicit favorable responses such as an increased immune response and reduced angiogenesis and metastatic potential. The radiobiological properties of carbon ions should guide patient selection and treatment protocols to achieve optimal clinical results.
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135
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Kim AY, Yoon YN, Leem J, Lee JY, Jung KY, Kang M, Ahn J, Hwang SG, Oh JS, Kim JS. MKI-1, a Novel Small-Molecule Inhibitor of MASTL, Exerts Antitumor and Radiosensitizer Activities Through PP2A Activation in Breast Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:571601. [PMID: 33117702 PMCID: PMC7550800 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.571601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although MASTL (microtubule-associated serine/threonine kinase-like) is an attractive target for anticancer treatment, MASTL inhibitors with antitumor activity have not yet been reported. In this study, we have presented a novel MASTL inhibitor, MKI-1, identified through in silico screening and in vitro analysis. Our data revealed that MKI-1 exerted antitumor and radiosensitizer activities in in vitro and in vivo models of breast cancer. The mechanism of action of MKI-1 occurred through an increase in PP2A activity, which subsequently decreased the c-Myc protein content in breast cancer cells. Moreover, the activity of MKI-1 in the regulation of MASTL-PP2A was validated in a mouse oocyte model. Our results have demonstrated a new small-molecule inhibitor of MASTL, MKI-1, which exerts antitumor and radiosensitizer activities through PP2A activation in breast cancer in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ah-Young Kim
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yi Na Yoon
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, South Korea.,Radiological and Medico-Oncological Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jiyeon Leem
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jee-Young Lee
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Kwan-Young Jung
- Center for Medicinal Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Minsung Kang
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jiyeon Ahn
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang-Gu Hwang
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong Su Oh
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Kim
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, South Korea.,Radiological and Medico-Oncological Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
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136
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Najafzadeh B, Asadzadeh Z, Motafakker Azad R, Mokhtarzadeh A, Baghbanzadeh A, Alemohammad H, Abdoli Shadbad M, Vasefifar P, Najafi S, Baradaran B. The oncogenic potential of NANOG: An important cancer induction mediator. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:2443-2458. [PMID: 32960465 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a unique population in the tumor, but they only comprise 2%-5% of the tumor bulk. Although CSCs share several features with embryonic stem cells, CSCs can give rise to the tumor cells. CSCs overexpress embryonic transcription factor NANOG, which is downregulated in differentiated tissues. This transcription factor confers CSC's stemness, unlimited self-renewal, metastasis, invasiveness, angiogenesis, and drug-resistance with the assistance of WNT, OCT4, SOX2, Hedgehog, BMI-1, and other complexes. NANOG facilitates CSCs development via multiple pathways, like angiogenesis and lessening E-cadherin expression levels, which paves the road for metastasis. Moreover, NANOG represses apoptosis and leads to drug-resistance. This review aims to highlight the pivotal role of NANOG and the pertained pathways in CSCs. Also, this current study intends to demonstrate that targeting NANOG can dimmish the CSCs, sensitize the tumor to chemotherapy, and eradicate the cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basira Najafzadeh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zahra Asadzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Baghbanzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hajar Alemohammad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Parisa Vasefifar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Souzan Najafi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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137
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Kaur P, Johnson A, Northcote-Smith J, Lu C, Suntharalingam K. Immunogenic Cell Death of Breast Cancer Stem Cells Induced by an Endoplasmic Reticulum-Targeting Copper(II) Complex. Chembiochem 2020; 21:3618-3624. [PMID: 32776422 PMCID: PMC7757018 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Immunogenic cell death (ICD) offers a method of stimulating the immune system to attack and remove cancer cells. We report a copper(II) complex containing a Schiff base ligand and a polypyridyl ligand, 4, capable of inducing ICD in breast cancer stem cells (CSCs). Complex 4 kills both bulk breast cancer cells and breast CSCs at sub‐micromolar concentrations. Notably, 4 exhibits greater potency (one order of magnitude) towards breast CSCs than salinomycin (an established breast CSC‐potent agent) and cisplatin (a clinically approved anticancer drug). Epithelial spheroid studies show that 4 is able to selectively inhibit breast CSC‐enriched HMLER‐shEcad spheroid formation and viability over non‐tumorigenic breast MCF10 A spheroids. Mechanistic studies show that 4 operates as a Type II ICD inducer. Specifically, 4 readily enters the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of breast CSCs, elevates intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, induces ER stress, evokes damage‐associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and promotes breast CSC phagocytosis by macrophages. As far as we are aware, 4 is the first metal complex to induce ICD in breast CSCs and promote their engulfment by immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Kaur
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London The Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Alice Johnson
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | | | - Chunxin Lu
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, 56 South Yuexiu Road, Jiaxing, 314001 Zhejiang, P. R. China
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138
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Bi Z, Li Q, Dinglin X, Xu Y, You K, Hong H, Hu Q, Zhang W, Li C, Tan Y, Xie N, Ren W, Li C, Liu Y, Hu H, Xu X, Yao H. Nanoparticles (NPs)-Meditated LncRNA AFAP1-AS1 Silencing to Block Wnt/ β-Catenin Signaling Pathway for Synergistic Reversal of Radioresistance and Effective Cancer Radiotherapy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2000915. [PMID: 32999837 PMCID: PMC7509644 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202000915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to radiotherapy is frequently encountered in clinic, leading to poor prognosis of cancer patients. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in the development of radioresistance due to their functions in regulating the expression of target genes at both transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. Exploring key lncRNAs and elucidating the mechanisms contributing to radioresistance are crucial for the development of effective strategies to reverse radioresistance, which however remains challenging. Here, actin filament-associated protein 1 antisense RNA1 (lncAFAP1-AS1) is identified as a key factor in inducing radioresistance of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) via activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Considering the generation of a high concentration of reduction agent glutathione (GSH) under radiation, a reduction-responsive nanoparticle (NP) platform is engineered for effective lncAFAP1-AS1 siRNA (siAFAP1-AS1) delivery. Systemic delivery of siAFAP1-AS1 with the reduction-responsive NPs can synergistically reverse radioresistance by silencing lncAFAP1-AS1 expression and scavenging intracellular GSH, leading to a dramatically enhanced radiotherapy effect in both xenograft and metastatic TNBC tumor models. The findings indicate that lncAFAP1-AS1 can be used to predict the outcome of TNBC radiotherapy and combination of systemic siAFAP1-AS1 delivery with radiotherapy can be applied for the treatment of recurrent TNBC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuofei Bi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene RegulationMedical Research CenterSun Yat‐Sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510120P. R. China
- RNA Biomedical InstituteSun Yat‐Sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510120P. R. China
- Department of OncologySun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510120P. R. China
| | - Qingjian Li
- Department of OncologySun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510120P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxiao Dinglin
- Department of OncologySun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510120P. R. China
- Breast Tumor CenterSun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510120P. R. China
| | - Ying Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene RegulationMedical Research CenterSun Yat‐Sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510120P. R. China
- RNA Biomedical InstituteSun Yat‐Sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510120P. R. China
| | - Kaiyun You
- Department of OncologySun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510120P. R. China
| | - Huangming Hong
- Department of OncologySun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510120P. R. China
| | - Qian Hu
- Department of OncologySun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510120P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of OncologySun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510120P. R. China
| | - Chenchen Li
- Department of OncologySun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510120P. R. China
| | - Yujie Tan
- Department of OncologySun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510120P. R. China
| | - Ning Xie
- Department of OncologySun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510120P. R. China
| | - Wei Ren
- Department of OncologySun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510120P. R. China
| | - Chuping Li
- Department of OncologySun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510120P. R. China
| | - Yimin Liu
- Department of OncologySun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510120P. R. China
| | - Hai Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene RegulationMedical Research CenterSun Yat‐Sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510120P. R. China
- RNA Biomedical InstituteSun Yat‐Sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510120P. R. China
- Department of OncologySun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510120P. R. China
| | - Xiaoding Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene RegulationMedical Research CenterSun Yat‐Sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510120P. R. China
- RNA Biomedical InstituteSun Yat‐Sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510120P. R. China
| | - Herui Yao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene RegulationMedical Research CenterSun Yat‐Sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510120P. R. China
- RNA Biomedical InstituteSun Yat‐Sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510120P. R. China
- Department of OncologySun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510120P. R. China
- Breast Tumor CenterSun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510120P. R. China
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139
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Choi J, Ko EJ, Ju EJ, Park SS, Park J, Shin SH, Jang SJ, Lee JS, Song SY, Jeong SY, Choi EK. Characterization of sphere cells derived from a patient-derived xenograft model of lung adenocarcinoma treated with ionizing radiation. Int J Radiat Biol 2020; 96:1413-1422. [PMID: 32856972 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1793019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are relatively resistant to radiation compared to their non-tumorigenic progeny. Ionizing radiation (IR) can expand the pool of CSCs that leads to more aggressive cancers, but the reason underlying CSC-induced cancer aggressiveness after radiation therapy remains unclear. To understand this, we investigated the phenotypic and molecular characteristics of sphere cells formed from IR-treated patient-derived xenograft (PDX) lung adenocarcinoma tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS After treatment with various modes of IR, we collected tumors from PDX mice and successfully obtained sphere cells. To compare tumorigenicity, we performed migration, invasion, and mouse transplantation assays with sphere cells from each group. To investigate the molecular features, we used a cDNA microarray and compared gene expression among groups. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Tumorigenicity assays revealed that sphere cells from 2- or 5-Gy IR-treated tumors more aggressive than sphere cells from non-IR treated tumors. Microarray results showed that SERPIB4 and CCL2 were upregulated in sphere cells from IR-treated tumors compared to that in sphere cells from non-IR treated tumors. Interestingly, these genes are related to immune reactions in cancer. Taken together, our results suggest that the aggressiveness of sphere cells obtained after IR treatment is related to resistance, and provide new opportunities for exploring targeted therapies to overcome common radioresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhyang Choi
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Medical Science, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Jung Ko
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Center for Advancing Cancer Therapeutics, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Jin Ju
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Center for Advancing Cancer Therapeutics, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seok Soon Park
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Center for Advancing Cancer Therapeutics, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Park
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Center for Advancing Cancer Therapeutics, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seol Hwa Shin
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Center for Advancing Cancer Therapeutics, Seoul, Korea
| | - Se Jin Jang
- Center for Advancing Cancer Therapeutics, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Shin Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Si Yeol Song
- Center for Advancing Cancer Therapeutics, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong-Yun Jeong
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Center for Advancing Cancer Therapeutics, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Kyung Choi
- Center for Advancing Cancer Therapeutics, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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140
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PRMT1-dependent methylation of BRCA1 contributes to the epigenetic defense of breast cancer cells against ionizing radiation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13275. [PMID: 32764667 PMCID: PMC7413540 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70289-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic effect of irradiation is thought to come from DNA damage that affects rapidly proliferating cancer cells; however, resistant cells rapidly initiate mechanisms to repair such damage. While DNA repair mechanisms responsible for cancer cell survival following DNA damage are understood, less is known about the epigenetic mechanisms resulting in resistance to radiotherapy. Although changes in DNA methylation are related to mechanisms of long-term resistance, it is more likely that the methylation state of a series of proteins could be responsible for the first-line of defense of cancer cells against irradiation. In this study, we observed that irradiation of breast cancer cells was accompanied by an overproduction in S-adenosylmethionine, which increases the activity of cellular methylases. We found that by activating PRMT1, irradiation triggers a BRCA1-dependent program that results in efficient DNA repair and inhibition of apoptosis. Depletion of PRMT1 in irradiated cells resulted in a switch of BRCA1 functions from repair and survival in the nucleus to activation of cell death signals in the cytoplasm. We conclude that by modulating the cellular localization of BRCA1, PRMT1 is an important regulator of the oncogenic functions of BRCA1, contributing to the epigenetic defense of breast cancer cells against ionizing radiation.
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141
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Buhrmann C, Yazdi M, Bashiri Dezfouli A, Samani Sahraneshin F, Ebrahimi SM, Hamidollah Ghaffari S, Yaghmaie M, Barin A, Shakibaei M, Shayan P. Significant decrease in the viability and tumor stem cell marker expression in tumor cell lines treated with curcumin. J Herb Med 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2020.100339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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142
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Vares G, Ahire V, Sunada S, Ho Kim E, Sai S, Chevalier F, Romeo PH, Yamamoto T, Nakajima T, Saintigny Y. A multimodal treatment of carbon ions irradiation, miRNA-34 and mTOR inhibitor specifically control high-grade chondrosarcoma cancer stem cells. Radiother Oncol 2020; 150:253-261. [PMID: 32717360 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2020.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE High-grade chondrosarcomas are chemo- and radio-resistant cartilage-forming tumors of bone that often relapse and metastase. Thus, new therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. MATERIAL AND METHODS Chondrosarcoma cells (CH-2879) were exposed to carbon-ion irradiation, combined with miR-34 mimic and/or rapamycin administration. The effects of treatment on cancer stem cells, stemness-associated phenotype, radioresistance and tumor-initiating properties were evaluated. RESULTS We show that high-grade chondrosarcoma cells contain a population of radioresistant cancer stem cells that can be targeted by a combination of carbon-ion therapy, miR-34 mimic administration and/or rapamycin treatment that triggers FOXO3 and miR-34 over-expression. mTOR inhibition by rapamycin triggered FOXO3 and miR-34, leading to KLF4 repression. CONCLUSION Our results show that particle therapy combined with molecular treatments effectively controls cancer stem cells and may overcome treatment resistance of high-grade chondrosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Vares
- Cell Signal Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), Japan.
| | - Vidhula Ahire
- Research Laboratory and Open Facility for Radiation Biology with Accelerated Ions (LARIA), CEA/DRF/IBFJ/IRCM, Caen, France; Centre de Recherche sur les Ions, les Matériaux et la Photonique (CIMAP), Normandie Univ/ENSICAEN/UNICAEN/CEA/CNRS, Caen, France
| | - Shigeaki Sunada
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Chiba, Japan; Department of Molecular Genetics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Japan
| | - Eun Ho Kim
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sei Sai
- Department of Charged Particle Therapy Research, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Chiba, Japan
| | - François Chevalier
- Research Laboratory and Open Facility for Radiation Biology with Accelerated Ions (LARIA), CEA/DRF/IBFJ/IRCM, Caen, France; Centre de Recherche sur les Ions, les Matériaux et la Photonique (CIMAP), Normandie Univ/ENSICAEN/UNICAEN/CEA/CNRS, Caen, France
| | - Paul-Henri Romeo
- Research Laboratory on Repair and Transcription in Hematopoietic Stem Cells (LRTS), François Jacob Institute of Biology, CEA/DRF/IBFJ/IRCM, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Tadashi Yamamoto
- Cell Signal Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), Japan
| | - Tetsuo Nakajima
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Chiba, Japan
| | - Yannick Saintigny
- Research Laboratory and Open Facility for Radiation Biology with Accelerated Ions (LARIA), CEA/DRF/IBFJ/IRCM, Caen, France; Centre de Recherche sur les Ions, les Matériaux et la Photonique (CIMAP), Normandie Univ/ENSICAEN/UNICAEN/CEA/CNRS, Caen, France.
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Palma A, Grande S, Ricci-Vitiani L, Luciani AM, Buccarelli M, Biffoni M, Dini V, Cirrone GAP, Ciocca M, Guidoni L, Pallini R, Viti V, Rosi A. Different Mechanisms Underlie the Metabolic Response of GBM Stem-Like Cells to Ionizing Radiation: Biological and MRS Studies on Effects of Photons and Carbon Ions. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145167. [PMID: 32708312 PMCID: PMC7404344 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a malignant primary brain tumor with very poor prognosis, high recurrence rate, and failure of chemo-radiotherapy, mainly due to a small fraction of cells with stem-like properties (GSCs). To study the mechanisms of GSCs resistance to radiation, two GSC lines, named line #1 and line #83, with different metabolic patterns and clinical outcome, were irradiated with photon beams and carbon ions and assessed by 1H Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS). Both irradiation modalities induced early cytotoxic effects in line #1 with small effects on cell cycle, whereas a proliferative G2/M cytostatic block was observed in line #83. MR spectroscopy signals from mobile lipids (ML) increased in spectra of line #1 after photon and C-ion irradiation with effects on lipid unsaturation level, whereas no effects were detected in line #83 spectra. Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA), glutamic acid (glu) and Phosphocreatine (pCr) signals showed a significant variation only for line #1 after carbon ion irradiation. Glucose (glc) level and lactate (Lac) extrusion behaved differently in the two lines. Our findings suggest that the differences in irradiation response of GSCs #1 and #83 lines are likely attributable to their different metabolic fingerprint rather than to the different radiation types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Palma
- National Centre for Innovative Technologies in Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.P.); (S.G.); (A.M.L.); (V.D.); (L.G.); (V.V.)
| | - Sveva Grande
- National Centre for Innovative Technologies in Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.P.); (S.G.); (A.M.L.); (V.D.); (L.G.); (V.V.)
| | - Lucia Ricci-Vitiani
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (L.R.-V.); (M.B.); (M.B.)
| | - Anna Maria Luciani
- National Centre for Innovative Technologies in Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.P.); (S.G.); (A.M.L.); (V.D.); (L.G.); (V.V.)
| | - Mariachiara Buccarelli
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (L.R.-V.); (M.B.); (M.B.)
| | - Mauro Biffoni
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (L.R.-V.); (M.B.); (M.B.)
| | - Valentina Dini
- National Centre for Innovative Technologies in Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.P.); (S.G.); (A.M.L.); (V.D.); (L.G.); (V.V.)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare INFN Sez. di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe A. P. Cirrone
- National Institute for Nuclear Physics, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, INFN-LNS, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Mario Ciocca
- Centro Nazionale di Adroterapia Oncologica (CNAO)-National Center for Oncological Hadrontherapy, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Laura Guidoni
- National Centre for Innovative Technologies in Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.P.); (S.G.); (A.M.L.); (V.D.); (L.G.); (V.V.)
| | - Roberto Pallini
- Department of Neuroscience, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Vincenza Viti
- National Centre for Innovative Technologies in Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.P.); (S.G.); (A.M.L.); (V.D.); (L.G.); (V.V.)
| | - Antonella Rosi
- National Centre for Innovative Technologies in Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.P.); (S.G.); (A.M.L.); (V.D.); (L.G.); (V.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-49903159
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Sorolla MA, Parisi E, Sorolla A. Determinants of Sensitivity to Radiotherapy in Endometrial Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1906. [PMID: 32679719 PMCID: PMC7409033 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is one of the cornerstone treatments for endometrial cancer and has successfully diminished the risk of local recurrences after surgery. However, a considerable percentage of patients suffers tumor relapse due to radioresistance mechanisms. Knowledge about the molecular determinants that confer radioresistance or radiosensitivity in endometrial cancer is still partial, as opposed to other cancers. In this review, we have highlighted different central cellular signaling pathways and processes that are known to modulate response to radiotherapy in endometrial cancer such as PI3K/AKT, MAPK and NF-κB pathways, growth factor receptor signaling, DNA damage repair mechanisms and the immune system. Moreover, we have listed different clinical trials employing targeted therapies against some of the aforementioned signaling pathways and members with radiotherapy. Finally, we have identified the latest advances in radiotherapy that have started being utilized in endometrial cancer, which include modern radiotherapy and radiogenomics. New molecular and genetic studies in association with the analysis of radiation responses in endometrial cancer will assist clinicians in taking suitable decisions for each individual patient and pave the path for personalized radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Alba Sorolla
- Research Group of Cancer Biomarkers, Biomedical Research Institute (IRB Lleida), 25198 Lleida, Spain; (M.A.S.); (E.P.)
| | - Eva Parisi
- Research Group of Cancer Biomarkers, Biomedical Research Institute (IRB Lleida), 25198 Lleida, Spain; (M.A.S.); (E.P.)
| | - Anabel Sorolla
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
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Olivares-Urbano MA, Griñán-Lisón C, Marchal JA, Núñez MI. CSC Radioresistance: A Therapeutic Challenge to Improve Radiotherapy Effectiveness in Cancer. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071651. [PMID: 32660072 PMCID: PMC7407195 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) is a modality of oncologic treatment that can be used to treat approximately 50% of all cancer patients either alone or in combination with other treatment modalities such as surgery, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and therapeutic targeting. Despite the technological advances in RT, which allow a more precise delivery of radiation while progressively minimizing the impact on normal tissues, issues like radioresistance and tumor recurrence remain important challenges. Tumor heterogeneity is responsible for the variation in the radiation response of the different tumor subpopulations. A main factor related to radioresistance is the presence of cancer stem cells (CSC) inside tumors, which are responsible for metastases, relapses, RT failure, and a poor prognosis in cancer patients. The plasticity of CSCs, a process highly dependent on the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and associated to cell dedifferentiation, complicates the identification and eradication of CSCs and it might be involved in disease relapse and progression after irradiation. The tumor microenvironment and the interactions of CSCs with their niches also play an important role in the response to RT. This review provides a deep insight into the characteristics and radioresistance mechanisms of CSCs and into the role of CSCs and tumor microenvironment in both the primary tumor and metastasis in response to radiation, and the radiobiological principles related to the CSC response to RT. Finally, we summarize the major advances and clinical trials on the development of CSC-based therapies combined with RT to overcome radioresistance. A better understanding of the potential therapeutic targets for CSC radiosensitization will provide safer and more efficient combination strategies, which in turn will improve the live expectancy and curability of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carmen Griñán-Lisón
- Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain;
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18012 Granada, Spain
- Excellence Research Unit “Modeling Nature” (MNat), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Marchal
- Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain;
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18012 Granada, Spain
- Excellence Research Unit “Modeling Nature” (MNat), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.A.M.); (M.I.N.); Tel.: +34-958-249321 (J.A.M.); +34-958-242077 (M.I.N.)
| | - María Isabel Núñez
- Department of Radiology and Physical Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain;
- Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18012 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.A.M.); (M.I.N.); Tel.: +34-958-249321 (J.A.M.); +34-958-242077 (M.I.N.)
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Huang J, Li JJ. Multiple Dynamics in Tumor Microenvironment Under Radiotherapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1263:175-202. [PMID: 32588328 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-44518-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is an evolutionally low-level and embryonically featured tissue comprising heterogenic populations of malignant and stromal cells as well as noncellular components. Under radiotherapy (RT), the major modality for the treatment of malignant diseases [1], TME shows an adaptive response in multiple aspects that affect the efficacy of RT. With the potential clinical benefits, interests in RT combined with immunotherapy (IT) are intensified with a large scale of clinical trials underway for an array of cancer types. A better understanding of the multiple molecular aspects, especially the cross talks of RT-mediated energy reprogramming and immunoregulation in the irradiated TME (ITME), will be necessary for further enhancing the benefit of RT-IT modality. Coming studies should further reveal more mechanistic insights of radiation-induced instant or permanent consequence in tumor and stromal cells. Results from these studies will help to identify critical molecular pathways including cancer stem cell repopulation, metabolic rewiring, and specific communication between radioresistant cancer cells and the infiltrated immune active lymphocytes. In this chapter, we will focus on the following aspects: radiation-repopulated cancer stem cells (CSCs), hypoxia and re-oxygenation, reprogramming metabolism, and radiation-induced immune regulation, in which we summarize the current literature to illustrate an integrated image of the ITME. We hope that the contents in this chapter will be informative for physicians and translational researchers in cancer radiotherapy or immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Jian Jian Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA. .,NCI-Designated Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.
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Krause M, Alsner J, Linge A, Bütof R, Löck S, Bristow R. Specific requirements for translation of biological research into clinical radiation oncology. Mol Oncol 2020; 14:1569-1576. [PMID: 32175659 PMCID: PMC7332213 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy has been optimized over the last decades not only through technological advances, but also through the translation of biological knowledge into clinical treatment schedules. Optimization of fractionation schedules and/or the introduction of simultaneous combined systemic treatment have significantly improved tumour cure rates in several cancer types. With modern techniques, we are currently able to measure factors of radiation resistance or radiation sensitivity in patient tumours; the definition of new biomarkers is expected to further enable personalized treatments. In this Review article, we overview important translation paths and summarize the quality requirements for preclinical and translational studies that will help to avoid bias in trial results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mechthild Krause
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)Partner Site DresdenGermany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
- OncoRay ‐ National Center for Radiation Research in OncologyFaculty of MedicineUniversity Hospital Carl Gustav CarusHelmholtz‐Zentrum Dresden – RossendorfTU DresdenGermany
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation OncologyFaculty of MedicineUniversity Hospital Carl Gustav CarusTU DresdenGermany
- Helmholtz‐Zentrum Dresden ‐ RossendorfInstitute of Radiooncology – OncoRayDresdenGermany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), HeidelbergGermany; Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, DresdenGermany, and; Helmholtz Association / Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf (HZDR)DresdenGermany
| | - Jan Alsner
- Department of Experimental Clinical OncologyAarhus University HospitalDenmark
| | - Annett Linge
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)Partner Site DresdenGermany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
- OncoRay ‐ National Center for Radiation Research in OncologyFaculty of MedicineUniversity Hospital Carl Gustav CarusHelmholtz‐Zentrum Dresden – RossendorfTU DresdenGermany
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation OncologyFaculty of MedicineUniversity Hospital Carl Gustav CarusTU DresdenGermany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), HeidelbergGermany; Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, DresdenGermany, and; Helmholtz Association / Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf (HZDR)DresdenGermany
| | - Rebecca Bütof
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)Partner Site DresdenGermany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
- OncoRay ‐ National Center for Radiation Research in OncologyFaculty of MedicineUniversity Hospital Carl Gustav CarusHelmholtz‐Zentrum Dresden – RossendorfTU DresdenGermany
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation OncologyFaculty of MedicineUniversity Hospital Carl Gustav CarusTU DresdenGermany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), HeidelbergGermany; Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, DresdenGermany, and; Helmholtz Association / Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf (HZDR)DresdenGermany
| | - Steffen Löck
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)Partner Site DresdenGermany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
- OncoRay ‐ National Center for Radiation Research in OncologyFaculty of MedicineUniversity Hospital Carl Gustav CarusHelmholtz‐Zentrum Dresden – RossendorfTU DresdenGermany
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation OncologyFaculty of MedicineUniversity Hospital Carl Gustav CarusTU DresdenGermany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), HeidelbergGermany; Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, DresdenGermany, and; Helmholtz Association / Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf (HZDR)DresdenGermany
| | - Rob Bristow
- Translational OncogenomicsCRUK Manchester Institute and CentreDivision of Cancer SciencesUniversity of ManchesterUK
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Wu W, Xu C, Zhang X, Yu A, Shu L. Shrimp miR-965 induced the human melanoma stem-like cell apoptosis and inhibited their stemness by disrupting the MCL-1-ER stress-XBP1 feedback loop in a cross-species manner. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:248. [PMID: 32586376 PMCID: PMC7318764 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01734-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanoma is a type of aggressive skin cancer with a poor survival rate. The resistance to conventional therapy of this disease is, at least in part, attributed to its cancer stem cell population. However, the mechanism of survival and stemness maintenance of cancer stem cells remains to be investigated. METHODS Tumorsphere formation assay was used to study the stem-like property of melanoma stem-like cells (MSLC). Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), promoter luciferase reporter assay were included for exploring the role of MCL-1 in MSLC and electrophoretic mobility shift assay were used to evaluate the interaction between shrimp miR-965 and human Ago2 protein. Melanoma xenograft nude mice were used to study the inhibition of tumor development. RESULTS In the present study, our results showed that myeloid cell leukemia sequence 1 (MCL-1) knocking down induced ER stress and apoptosis, and the expression reduction of stemness associated genes in MSLC, which implied a significant role of MCL-1 in MSLC. Further study indicated that ER stress agonist (tunicamycin) treatment in MSLC results in the translocation of XBP1, an ER stress sensor, into the nucleus to induce MCL-1 expression through direct binding to the - 313- to - 308-bp region of MCL-1 promoter. In addition, we found that a shrimp-derived miRNA (shrimp miR-965) could interact with the human Ago2 protein and suppressed the human MCL-1 expression by binding to the 3' UTR of MCL-1 mRNA, thereby inhibiting the MSLC proliferation and stemness in vitro and in vivo in a cross-species manner. CONCLUSION In conclusion, we identified an important role of MCL-1-ER stress-XBP1 feedback loop in the stemness and survival maintenance of MSLC, and shrimp miR-965, a natural food derived miRNA, could regulate MSLC stemness and survival by targeting MCL-1 and disrupting the balance of MCL-1-ER stress-XBP1 feedback loop. In conclusion, this study indicated an important mechanism of the regulation of MSLC stemness and survival, otherwise it also demonstrated the significance of cross-species-derived miRNA as promising natural drugs in melanoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlin Wu
- College of Oceanology and Food Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, 36200, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenxi Xu
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobo Zhang
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - An Yu
- Huffington Centre on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Le Shu
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.
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Jiang Y, Li W, Yan Y, Yao X, Gu W, Zhang H. LINC01094 triggers radio-resistance in clear cell renal cell carcinoma via miR-577/CHEK2/FOXM1 axis. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:274. [PMID: 32595418 PMCID: PMC7315499 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01306-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Radioresistance is an obstacle to limit efficacy of radiotherapy. Meanwhile, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been reported to affect radioresistance. Here, we aimed to investigate lncRNAs involving radioresistance development of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), the most frequent type of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Methods The mRNA and protein expressions of genes were measured via qRT-PCR and western blot. The relationships among genes were verified by RIP and luciferase reporter assay. The radioresistance of ccRCC cells was evaluated through clonogenic survival assay, MTT assay and TUNEL assay. Results LINC01094 was over-expressed in ccRCC cell lines. LINC01094 expression was increased along with the radiation exposure time and the final stable level was 8 times of the initial level. Knockdown of LINC01094 resulted in enhanced radiosensitivity of ccRCC cells. Mechanically, LINC01094 was a ceRNA of CHEK2 by sponging miR-577. Also, the enhancement of LINC01094 on ccRCC radioresistance was mediated by CHEK2-stabilized FOXM1 protein. Conclusion LINC01094 facilitates ccRCC radioresistance by targeting miR-577/CHEK2/FOXM1 axis, blazing a new trail for overcoming radioresistance in ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Jiang
- Department of Urology, Chongming Branch, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No.66 Xiangyang Road, Chongming District, Shanghai, 202157 China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No.301 Yanchang Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai, 200072 China
| | - Yang Yan
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No.301 Yanchang Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai, 200072 China
| | - Xudong Yao
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No.301 Yanchang Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai, 200072 China
| | - Wenyu Gu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No.301 Yanchang Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai, 200072 China
| | - Haimin Zhang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No.301 Yanchang Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai, 200072 China
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150
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Das PK, Islam F, Lam AK. The Roles of Cancer Stem Cells and Therapy Resistance in Colorectal Carcinoma. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061392. [PMID: 32503256 PMCID: PMC7348976 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are the main culprits involved in therapy resistance and disease recurrence in colorectal carcinoma (CRC). Results using cell culture, animal models and tissues from patients with CRC suggest the indispensable roles of colorectal CSCs in therapeutic failure. Conventional therapies target proliferating and mature cancer cells, while CSCs are mostly quiescent and poorly differentiated, thereby they can easily survive chemotherapeutic insults. The aberrant activation of Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, Hedgehog, Hippo/YAP (Yes-associated protein) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B facilitates CSCs with excessive self-renewal and therapy resistance property in CRC. CSCs survive the chemo-radiotherapies by escaping therapy mediated DNA damage via altering the cell cycle checkpoints, increasing DNA damage repair capacity and by an efficient scavenging of reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, dysregulations of miRNAs e.g., miR-21, miR-93, miR-203, miR-215, miR-497 etc., modulate the therapeutic sensitivity of colorectal CSCs by regulating growth and survival signalling. In addition, a reversible quiescent G0 state and the re-entering cell cycle capacity of colorectal CSCs can accelerate tumour regeneration after treatment. Moreover, switching to favourable metabolic signatures during a therapeutic regimen will add more complexity in therapeutic outcomes against CSCs. Therapeutic strategies targeting these underlying mechanisms of CSCs’ therapy resistance could provide a promising outcome, however, deep understanding and concerted research are necessary to design novel therapies targeting CSCs. To conclude, the understanding of these mechanisms of CSC in CRC could lead to the improved management of patients with CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Plabon Kumar Das
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh;
| | - Farhadul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh;
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
- Correspondence: or (F.I.); (A.K.L.); Tel.: +88-0721-750041-9 (F.I.); +61-7-56780718 (A.K.L.); Fax: +88-0721-750064 (F.I.); +61-7-56780303 (A.K.L.)
| | - Alfred K. Lam
- Cancer Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
- Correspondence: or (F.I.); (A.K.L.); Tel.: +88-0721-750041-9 (F.I.); +61-7-56780718 (A.K.L.); Fax: +88-0721-750064 (F.I.); +61-7-56780303 (A.K.L.)
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