101
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Syrkina MS, Vassetzky YS, Rubtsov MA. MUC1 Story: Great Expectations, Disappointments and the Renaissance. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:554-563. [PMID: 28820070 DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170817151954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the course of studying human mucin MUC1, the attitude towards this molecule has been changing time and again. Initially, the list of presumable functions of MUC1 was restricted to protecting and lubricating epithelium. To date, it is assumed to play an important role in cell signaling as well as in all stages of oncogenesis, from malignant cell transformation to tumor dissemination. The story of MUC1 is full of hopes and disappointments. However, the scientific interest to MUC1 has never waned, and the more profoundly it has been investigated, the clearer its hidden potential turned to be disclosed. The therapeutic potential of mucin MUC1 has already been noted by various scientific groups at the early stages of research. Over forty years ago, the first insights into MUC1 functions became a strong ground for considering this molecule as potential target for anticancer therapy. Therefore, this direction of research has always been of particular interest and practical importance. More than 200 papers on MUC1 were published in 2016; the majority of them are dedicated to MUC1-related anticancer diagnostics and therapeutics. Here we review the history of MUC1 studies from the very first attempts to reveal its functions to the ongoing renaissance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina S Syrkina
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation.,LIA LFR2O (LIA French-Russian Cancer Research laboratory) Villejuif, France - Moscow, Russian Federation.,Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Yegor S Vassetzky
- LIA LFR2O (LIA French-Russian Cancer Research laboratory) Villejuif, France - Moscow, Russian Federation.,UMR8126, Université Paris Sud - Paris Saclay, CNRS, Institut Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France.,A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail A Rubtsov
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation.,LIA LFR2O (LIA French-Russian Cancer Research laboratory) Villejuif, France - Moscow, Russian Federation.,Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation.,Department of Biochemistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation
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102
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Mohan SP, Bhaskaran MK, George AL, Thirutheri A, Somasundaran M, Pavithran A. Immunotherapy in Oral Cancer. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2019; 11:S107-S111. [PMID: 31198321 PMCID: PMC6555318 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_31_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is one of the newer entities which is promising, at least can be very much helpful as an adjuvant therapy. This newer modality of the treatment in the field of cancer treatment may be the fourth pillar supporting surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Careful selection of patient is the key for success of immunotherapy, which is based on patient's immunological contexture. This review aimed to present the fundamental aspects of tumor immunity and immunotherapy, focused on oral squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Paramel Mohan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Sree Anjaneya Institute of Dental Sciences, Calicut, Kerala, India
| | - Manoj K. Bhaskaran
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sree Anjaneya Institute of Dental Sciences, Calicut, Kerala, India
| | - Ashford L. George
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sree Anjaneya Institute of Dental Sciences, Calicut, Kerala, India
| | - Abhilash Thirutheri
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sree Anjaneya Institute of Dental Sciences, Calicut, Kerala, India
| | - Maya Somasundaran
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Sree Anjaneya Institute of Dental Sciences, Calicut, Kerala, India
| | - Anegh Pavithran
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sree Anjaneya Institute of Dental Sciences, Calicut, Kerala, India
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103
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Kisielow J, Obermair FJ, Kopf M. Deciphering CD4 + T cell specificity using novel MHC-TCR chimeric receptors. Nat Immunol 2019; 20:652-662. [PMID: 30858620 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-019-0335-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
αβ T cell antigen receptors (TCRs) bind complexes of peptide and major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) with low affinity, which poses a considerable challenge for the direct identification of αβ T cell cognate peptides. Here we describe a platform for the discovery of MHC class II epitopes based on the screening of engineered reporter cells expressing novel pMHC-TCR (MCR) hybrid molecules carrying cDNA-derived peptides. This technology identifies natural epitopes of CD4+ T cells in an unbiased and efficient manner and allows detailed analysis of TCR cross-reactivity that provides recognition patterns beyond discrete peptides. We determine the cognate peptides of virus- and tumor-specific T cells in mouse disease models and present a proof of concept for human T cells. Furthermore, we use MCR to identify immunogenic tumor neo-antigens and show that vaccination with a peptide naturally recognized by tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes efficiently protects mice from tumor challenge. Thus, the MCR technology holds promise for basic research and clinical applications, allowing the personalized identification of T cell-specific neo-antigens in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kisielow
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | | | - Manfred Kopf
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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104
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Filipska M, Pedraz-Valdunciel C, Chaib I, Rosell R. Biological therapies in lung cancer treatment: using our immune system as an ally to defeat the malignancy. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2019; 19:457-467. [PMID: 30763126 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2019.1582635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Biological therapies, with immunotherapy leading the field, have arisen as one of the quickest expanding areas of research for cancer treatment in the last few years. The clear benefits for patients are undeniable, satisfying the long-awaited necessity of a target-specific therapy. However, its full potential remains still unexploited due to a lack of response in a majority of patients and pending reliable biomarkers. AREAS COVERED This review provides a summarizing view of the current biological therapies for lung cancer, focusing on immunotherapy - including immune checkpoint inhibitors, adoptive cell therapy and vaccines available in clinical/pre-clinical settings or currently in development. A thorough analysis of the technical and functional differences among all therapies is provided, along with a critical discussion of prospective treatments and potential biomarkers. EXPERT OPINION The use of immunotherapy in the treatment of cancer has provided clear benefits for patients. Still, exploitation of the full potential of immune checkpoint inhibitors alone or in combination, or adoptive cell therapies is hampered by, amongst other reasons, the lack of reliable biomarkers and possible adverse immune effects. We postulate that the development of liquid biopsy-based diagnostics will help to overcome these limitations in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Filipska
- a Cancer Biology and Precision Medicine , Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP) , Badalona , Spain
| | - Carlos Pedraz-Valdunciel
- a Cancer Biology and Precision Medicine , Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP) , Badalona , Spain
| | - Imane Chaib
- a Cancer Biology and Precision Medicine , Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP) , Badalona , Spain
| | - Rafael Rosell
- a Cancer Biology and Precision Medicine , Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP) , Badalona , Spain.,b Pangaea Oncology , Laboratory of Molecular Biology , Barcelona, Spain.,c Institute of Oncology Rosell (IOR) , Quiron-Dexeus University Institute , Barcelona , Spain.,d Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO) , Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol , Badalona , Spain
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105
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Rahbarizadeh F, Ahmadvand D, Moghimi S. CAR T-cell bioengineering: Single variable domain of heavy chain antibody targeted CARs. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 141:41-46. [PMID: 31004624 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Redirecting the recognition specificity of T lymphocytes to designated tumour cell surface antigens by transferring chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) genes is becoming an effective strategy to combat cancer. Today, CAR T-cell therapy has proven successful in the treatment of haematological malignancies and the first CD19 CAR T-cell products has already entered the market. This success is expanding CAR design for broader malignancies including solid tumours. Nevertheless, CARs such as those built on antigen-specific single chain antibody variable fragment (scFv) may induce some adverse effects. Here, we briefly review CAR T-cell bioengineering and discuss selected important initiatives for improved T-cell reprogramming, function and safety. In this respect, we further elaborate on unconventional CARs structured on single variable domain of heavy chain (VHH) antibodies (single-domain antibodies) as an alternative to scFv, because of their interesting immunological and physicochemical characteristics and unique structure, which shows a high degree of homology with human VH3 gene family.
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106
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Murthy P, Ekeke CN, Russell KL, Butler SC, Wang Y, Luketich JD, Soloff AC, Dhupar R, Lotze MT. Making cold malignant pleural effusions hot: driving novel immunotherapies. Oncoimmunology 2019; 8:e1554969. [PMID: 30906651 PMCID: PMC6422374 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1554969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant pleural effusions, arising from either primary mesotheliomas or secondary malignancies, heralds advanced disease and poor prognosis. Current treatments, including therapeutic thoracentesis and tube thoracostomy, are largely palliative. The immunosuppressive environment within the pleural cavity includes myeloid derived suppressor cells, T-regulatory cells, and dysfunctional T cells. The advent of effective immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors and adoptive cell therapies for lung cancer and other malignancies suggests a renewed examination of local and systemic therapies for this malady. Prior strategies reporting remarkable success, including instillation of the cytokine interleukin-2, perhaps coupled with checkpoint inhibitors, should be further evaluated in the modern era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Murthy
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Chigozirim N. Ekeke
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kira L. Russell
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Samuel C. Butler
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - James D. Luketich
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Adam C. Soloff
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rajeev Dhupar
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael T. Lotze
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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107
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Wolf B, Zimmermann S, Arber C, Irving M, Trueb L, Coukos G. Safety and Tolerability of Adoptive Cell Therapy in Cancer. Drug Saf 2019; 42:315-334. [DOI: 10.1007/s40264-018-0779-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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108
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Patel K, Siraj S, Smith C, Nair M, Vishwanatha JK, Basha R. Pancreatic Cancer: An Emphasis on Current Perspectives in Immunotherapy. Crit Rev Oncog 2019; 24:105-118. [PMID: 31679206 PMCID: PMC8038975 DOI: 10.1615/critrevoncog.2019031417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer affects both male and female individuals with higher incidences and death rates among the male population. Detection of this malignancy is delayed due to the lack of symptoms in the early-stage cancer, which makes it extremely difficult to treat. Identifying effective strategies has been a challenge for improving the survival rates in pancreatic cancer patients. Resistance to chemotherapy is often developed in pancreatic cancer treatment. Although many strategies are under clinical trials to target certain markers associated with cancer, immunotherapeutic approaches are currently gaining importance. Immunotherapy for pancreatic cancer is in the limelight after preclinical research showed some promise. Immunotherapy approaches were tested along with other treatment options to enhance the treatment effect. Adoptive cell transfer and immune checkpoint inhibitors are currently in clinical trials. The Food and Drug Administration approved pembrolizumab in a fast-tracked review for advanced pancreatic cancer patients. Pembrolizumab blocks the checkpoint protein, programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), on T cells to boost the response of the immune system against cancer cells, thereby shrinking tumors. The recent developments in immunotherapy and the early success in other cancers are encouraging to further test immunotherapy in pancreatic cancer. The combination of pembrolizumab and pelareorep, an isolate of human reovirus, is in phase II clinical study in metastatic disease. Depending on the results of current clinical trials and testing, the strategies in the pipeline are expected to increase the use of immunotherapy in the clinical testing setting. Success in immunotherapy is urgently needed to address the side-effects, treating patients with advanced disease and reducing metastasis for increasing the survival rate in pancreatic cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chloe Smith
- Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529
| | - Maya Nair
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, UNT Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107
| | - Jamboor K. Vishwanatha
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, UNT Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107
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109
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Iriguchi S, Kaneko S. Toward the development of true "off-the-shelf" synthetic T-cell immunotherapy. Cancer Sci 2019; 110:16-22. [PMID: 30485606 PMCID: PMC6317915 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent outstanding clinical results produced by engineered T cells, including chimeric antigen receptors, have already facilitated further research that broadens their applicability. One such direction is to explore new T cell sources for allogeneic “off‐the‐shelf” adoptive immunotherapy. Human pluripotent stem cells could serve as an alternative cell source for this purpose due to their unique features of infinite propagation ability and pluripotency. Here, we describe the current state of engineered T cell transfer with the focus on cell manufacturing processes and the potentials and challenges of induced pluripotent stem cell‐derived T cells as a starting material to construct off‐the‐shelf T‐cell banks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoichi Iriguchi
- Center for iPS Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shin Kaneko
- Center for iPS Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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110
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Alekseenko IV, Monastyrskaya GS, Sverdlov ED. Emerging Potential of Cancer Therapy—Binary Direct Interactions of Cancer and Stromal Cells. RUSS J GENET+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795418120025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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111
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Naran K, Nundalall T, Chetty S, Barth S. Principles of Immunotherapy: Implications for Treatment Strategies in Cancer and Infectious Diseases. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:3158. [PMID: 30622524 PMCID: PMC6308495 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The advances in cancer biology and pathogenesis during the past two decades, have resulted in immunotherapeutic strategies that have revolutionized the treatment of malignancies, from relatively non-selective toxic agents to specific, mechanism-based therapies. Despite extensive global efforts, infectious diseases remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, necessitating novel, innovative therapeutics that address the current challenges of increasing antimicrobial resistance. Similar to cancer pathogenesis, infectious pathogens successfully fashion a hospitable environment within the host and modulate host metabolic functions to support their nutritional requirements, while suppressing host defenses by altering regulatory mechanisms. These parallels, and the advances made in targeted therapy in cancer, may inform the rational development of therapeutic interventions for infectious diseases. Although "immunotherapy" is habitually associated with the treatment of cancer, this review accentuates the evolving role of key targeted immune interventions that are approved, as well as those in development, for various cancers and infectious diseases. The general features of adoptive therapies, those that enhance T cell effector function, and ligand-based therapies, that neutralize or eliminate diseased cells, are discussed in the context of specific diseases that, to date, lack appropriate remedial treatment; cancer, HIV, TB, and drug-resistant bacterial and fungal infections. The remarkable diversity and versatility that distinguishes immunotherapy is emphasized, consequently establishing this approach within the armory of curative therapeutics, applicable across the disease spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krupa Naran
- Medical Biotechnology and Immunotherapy Unit, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Trishana Nundalall
- Medical Biotechnology and Immunotherapy Unit, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Shivan Chetty
- Medical Biotechnology and Immunotherapy Unit, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Stefan Barth
- Medical Biotechnology and Immunotherapy Unit, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- South African Research Chair in Cancer Biotechnology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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112
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Makita Y, Kunii N, Sakurai D, Ihara F, Motohashi S, Suzuki A, Nakayama T, Okamoto Y. Activated iNKT cells enhance the anti-tumor effect of antigen specific CD8 T cells on mesothelin-expressing salivary gland cancer. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:1254. [PMID: 30558663 PMCID: PMC6296067 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-5179-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Salivary gland cancers are not sensitive to conventional radiotherapy or chemotherapy regimens. Therefore, the development of a new treatment strategy is of critical importance for improving the prognosis. We examined the expression of mesothelin molecules in salivary gland cancers and the efficacy of adoptive cell therapy based on mesothelin-specific chimeric antigen receptor transduced T cells. Methods The expression of mesothelin molecule was studied in salivary gland cancer samples obtained from 16 patients as well as a salivary gland cancer cell line (A-253) and five other cell lines. The activation of mesothelin-specific chimeric antigen receptor-expressing CD8 T cells after stimulation with mesothelin and the effects of invariant natural killer T cells on this activation were evaluated. Results Mesothelin was detected in the A-253 cells and the surgical specimens except for the case of squamous cell carcinoma to various degrees. Following stimulation with mesothelin expressing cancer cells, chimeric antigen receptor T cells were dose-dependently activated; this activation was enhanced by co-culture with invariant natural killer T cells and subsequently abrogated by treatment with anti-interferon-γ antibodies. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity of chimeric antigen receptor T cells against various cancer cells was further augmented by invariant natural killer T cells. Conclusions The use of adoptive transfer with mesothelin-specific chimeric antigen receptor-expressing CD8 T cells against salivary gland cancers is an effective therapy and invariant natural killer T cells are expected to be used in adjuvant treatment for T cell-based immunotherapy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-5179-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Makita
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Naoki Kunii
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Daiju Sakurai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Fumie Ihara
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Motohashi
- Department of Medical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akane Suzuki
- Department of Medical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshinori Nakayama
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Okamoto
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.
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113
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Long KB, Young RM, Boesteanu AC, Davis MM, Melenhorst JJ, Lacey SF, DeGaramo DA, Levine BL, Fraietta JA. CAR T Cell Therapy of Non-hematopoietic Malignancies: Detours on the Road to Clinical Success. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2740. [PMID: 30559740 PMCID: PMC6287001 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T cells represent a breakthrough in personalized medicine. In this strategy, a patient's own T lymphocytes are genetically reprogrammed to encode a synthetic receptor that binds a tumor antigen, allowing T cells to recognize and kill antigen-expressing cancer cells. As a result of complete and durable responses in individuals who are refractory to standard of care therapy, CAR T cells directed against the CD19 protein have been granted United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval as a therapy for treatment of pediatric and young adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia and diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Human trials of CAR T cells targeting CD19 or B cell maturation antigen in multiple myeloma have also reported early successes. However, a clear and consistently reproducible demonstration of the clinical efficacy of CAR T cells in the setting of solid tumors has not been reported to date. Here, we review the history and status of CAR T cell therapy for solid tumors, potential T cell-intrinsic determinants of response and resistance as well as extrinsic obstacles to the success of this approach for much more prevalent non-hematopoietic malignancies. In addition, we summarize recent strategies and innovations that aim to augment the potency of CAR T cells in the face of multiple immunosuppressive barriers operative within the solid tumor microenvironment. Advances in the field of CAR T cell biology over the coming years in the areas of safety, reliability and efficacy against non-hematopoietic cancers will ultimately determine how transformative adoptive T cell therapy will be in the broader battle against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen B Long
- Department of Biology, Mansfield University, Mansfield, PA, United States
| | - Regina M Young
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Alina C Boesteanu
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Megan M Davis
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - J Joseph Melenhorst
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Simon F Lacey
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - David A DeGaramo
- Department of Biology, Mansfield University, Mansfield, PA, United States
| | - Bruce L Levine
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Joseph A Fraietta
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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114
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LaRiviere MJ, Pinnix CC, Plastaras JP. Immune Therapies for Lymphomas: A Disruptive Technology With Opportunities for Radiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2018; 102:1396-1399. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2018.05.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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115
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Zhao J, Lin Q, Song Y, Liu D. Universal CARs, universal T cells, and universal CAR T cells. J Hematol Oncol 2018; 11:132. [PMID: 30482221 PMCID: PMC6257951 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-018-0677-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, the two approved T cell products with chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) are from autologous T cells. These CAR T cells approved for clinical use must be generated on a custom-made basis. This case-by-case autologous T cell production platform remains a significant limiting factor for large-scale clinical application due to the costly and lengthy production process. There is also an inherent risk of production failure. The individualized, custom-made autologous CAR T cell production process also posts constriction on the wide application on diverse tumor types. Therefore, universal allogeneic T cells are needed for the preparation of universal CAR T cells that can serve as the “off-the-shelf” ready-to-use therapeutic agents for large-scale clinical applications. Genome-editing technologies including ZFN (zinc finger nuclease), TALEN (transcription activator-like effector nuclease), and CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to generate the universal third-party T cells. In addition, split, universal, and programmable (SUPRA) CARs are being developed to enhance the flexibility and controllability of CAR T cells. The engineered universal T cells and universal CARs are paving the road for a totally new generation of CAR T cells capable of targeting multiple antigens and/ or being delivered to multiple recipients without re-editing of T cells. This may escalate to a new wave of revolution in cancer immunotherapy. This review summarized the latest advances on designs and development of universal CARs, universal T cells, and clinical application of universal CAR T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Zhao
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, 127 Dongming Road, Zhengzhou, 450008, China
| | - Quande Lin
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, 127 Dongming Road, Zhengzhou, 450008, China
| | - Yongping Song
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, 127 Dongming Road, Zhengzhou, 450008, China
| | - Delong Liu
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, 127 Dongming Road, Zhengzhou, 450008, China.
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Ye L, Lou Y, Lu L, Fan X. Mesothelin-targeted second generation CAR-T cells inhibit growth of mesothelin-expressing tumors in vivo. Exp Ther Med 2018; 17:739-747. [PMID: 30651858 PMCID: PMC6307389 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.7015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and mesothelioma are renowned for being diagnosed at a late stage and poor prognosis. Although surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy have yielded successful outcomes, the improvement on the survival rate of NSCLC and mesothelioma have been less marked. Recently, adoptive immunotherapy, particularly chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy demonstrated promise for improving the survival of acute lymphoblastic leukemia with minimum toxicity. However, its application in solid tumors still warrants in-depth investigations and multiple consistent trial results, particularly in eliminating 'off-tumor' toxicity. To explore CAR-T therapy in NSCLC and mesothelioma, second-generation CAR-T cells were constructed targeting mesothelin (MSLN), which is abundant in NSCLC and mesothelioma but is under expressed in normal tissues. The second-generation design incorporated co-stimulatory CD28 and 4-1BB signaling domains to enhance the proliferation. Following the successful analysis of CAR-T cells by flow cytometry, cytotoxicity experiments were performed using the LDH kit to verify the killing effect of CAR-T cells on target cells. Otherwise, the in vivo killing tumor activity of MSLN CAR-T cells was verified by constructing a mouse model using tumor-derived cells from patients to inoculate the mice. When the effector-to-target ratio is >0.5:1, CAR-T MSLN cells exhibited significantly higher ability to kill tumor cells than T cells. In in vivo experiments, mice whose tail vein was injected with CAR-T MSLN cells demonstrated significantly slower tumor growth. Without continuous administration, both groups became gradually synchronized in growth of tumor size, which suggests that the persistence of CAR-T cells is an important issue in preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ye
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P.R. China
| | - Yuqing Lou
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P.R. China
| | - Liming Lu
- Central Laboratory, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohong Fan
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P.R. China
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117
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Saetersmoen ML, Hammer Q, Valamehr B, Kaufman DS, Malmberg KJ. Off-the-shelf cell therapy with induced pluripotent stem cell-derived natural killer cells. Semin Immunopathol 2018; 41:59-68. [PMID: 30361801 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-018-0721-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cell therapy is emerging as a very promising therapeutic modality against cancer, spearheaded by the clinical success of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) modified T cells for B cell malignancies. Currently, FDA-approved CAR-T cell products are based on engineering of autologous T cells harvested from the patient, typically using a central manufacturing facility for gene editing before the product can be delivered to the clinic and infused to the patients. For a broader implementation of advanced cell therapy and to reduce costs, it would be advantageous to use allogeneic "universal" cell therapy products that can be stored in cell banks and provided upon request, in a manner analogous to biopharmaceutical drug products. In this review, we outline a roadmap for development of off-the-shelf cell therapy based on natural killer (NK) cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). We discuss strategies to engineer iPSC-derived NK (iPSC-NK) cells for enhanced functional potential, persistence, and homing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Quirin Hammer
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | | | - Dan S Kaufman
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Karl-Johan Malmberg
- The KG Jebsen Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. .,Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden. .,Institute for Cancer research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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118
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Han X, Wang Y, Han WD. Chimeric antigen receptor modified T-cells for cancer treatment. Chronic Dis Transl Med 2018; 4:225-243. [PMID: 30603741 PMCID: PMC6309024 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdtm.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells engineered with the chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) are rapidly emerging as an important immunotherapy for hematologic malignancies. The anti-cluster of differentiation (CD)19 CAR-T cell therapy has been remarkably successful against refractory/relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), and a complete remission rate as high as 90% was observed, in both children and adults. Although the achievement of clinical efficacy using CAR-T cell therapy for solid tumors has encountered several obstacles that were associated with the multiple mechanisms contributing to an immunosuppressive microenvironment, investigators are exploring more optimized approaches to improve the efficiency of CAR-T in solid tumors. In addition, cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and neurotoxicity following CAR-T cell therapy can be severe or even fatal; therefore, the management of these toxicities is significant. Herein, we briefly review the structure of CAR-T and some novel CAR designs, the clinical application of CAR-T cell therapies, as well as the assessment and management of toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Han
- Molecular & Immunological Department, Bio-therapeutic Department, The General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Molecular & Immunological Department, Bio-therapeutic Department, The General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Wei-Dong Han
- Molecular & Immunological Department, Bio-therapeutic Department, The General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100853, China
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119
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Sverdlov E. Missed Druggable Cancer Hallmark: Cancer-Stroma Symbiotic Crosstalk as Paradigm and Hypothesis for Cancer Therapy. Bioessays 2018; 40:e1800079. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201800079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Sverdlov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences; Ulitsa Miklukho-Maklaya, 16/10 117997 Moscow Russia
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120
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Rein LA, Yang H, Chao NJ. Applications of Gene Editing Technologies to Cellular Therapies. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2018; 24:1537-1545. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2018.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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121
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Brentjens R, Davila ML. CAR T cells, immunologic and cellular therapies in hematologic malignancies. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2018; 31:115-116. [PMID: 29909911 PMCID: PMC10117540 DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Renier Brentjens
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, USA
| | - Marco L Davila
- Department of Blood & Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Immunotherapy, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, USA.
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Hilmi M, Bartholin L, Neuzillet C. Immune therapies in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: Where are we now? World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:2137-2151. [PMID: 29853732 PMCID: PMC5974576 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i20.2137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the deadliest cancers, mostly due to its resistance to treatment. Of these, checkpoint inhibitors (CPI) are inefficient when used as monotherapy, except in the case of a rare subset of tumors harboring microsatellite instability (< 2%). This inefficacy mainly resides in the low immunogenicity and non-inflamed phenotype of PDAC. The abundant stroma generates a hypoxic microenvironment and drives the recruitment of immunosuppressive cells through cancer-associated-fibroblast activation and transforming growth factor β secretion. Several strategies have recently been developed to overcome this immunosuppressive microenvironment. Combination therapies involving CPI aim at increasing tumor immunogenicity and promoting the recruitment and activation of effector T cells. Ongoing studies are therefore exploring the association of CPI with vaccines, oncolytic viruses, MEK inhibitors, cytokine inhibitors, and hypoxia- and stroma-targeting agents. Adoptive T-cell transfer is also under investigation. Moreover, translational studies on tumor tissue and blood, prior to and during treatment may lead to the identification of biomarkers with predictive value for both clinical outcome and response to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Hilmi
- Service d’Oncologie Médicale, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil 94010, France
| | - Laurent Bartholin
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm U1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon 69008, France
| | - Cindy Neuzillet
- Service d’Oncologie Médicale, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil 94010, France
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123
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Hung CF, Xu X, Li L, Ma Y, Jin Q, Viley A, Allen C, Natarajan P, Shivakumar R, Peshwa MV, Emens LA. Development of Anti-Human Mesothelin-Targeted Chimeric Antigen Receptor Messenger RNA-Transfected Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes for Ovarian Cancer Therapy. Hum Gene Ther 2018; 29:614-625. [PMID: 29334771 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2017.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CD19-targeted chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) engineered T/natural killer (NK)-cell therapies can result in durable clinical responses in B-cell malignancies. However, CAR-based immunotherapies have been much less successful in solid cancers, in part due to "on-target off-tumor" toxicity related to expression of target tumor antigens on normal tissue. Based on preliminary observations of safety and clinical activity in proof-of-concept clinical trials, tumor antigen-specific messenger RNA (mRNA) CAR transfection into selected, activated, and expanded T/NK cells may permit prospective control of "on-target off-tumor" toxicity. To develop a commercial product for solid tumors, mesothelin was selected as an antigen target based on its association with poor prognosis and overexpression in multiple solid cancers. It was hypothesized that selecting, activating, and expanding cells ex vivo prior to mRNA CAR transfection would not be necessary, thus simplifying the complexity and cost of manufacturing. Now, the development of anti-human mesothelin mRNA CAR transfected peripheral blood lymphocytes (CARMA-hMeso) is reported, demonstrating the manufacture and cryopreservation of multiple cell aliquots for repeat administrations from a single human leukapheresis. A rapid, automated, closed system for cGMP-compliant transfection of mRNA CAR in up to 20 × 109 peripheral blood lymphocytes was developed. Here we show that CARMA-hMeso cells recognize and lyse tumor cells in a mesothelin-specific manner. Expression of CAR was detectable over approximately 7 days in vitro, with a progressive decline of CAR expression that appears to correlate with in vitro cell expansion. In a murine ovarian cancer model, a single intraperitoneal injection of CARMA-hMeso resulted in the dose-dependent inhibition of tumor growth and improved survival of mice. Furthermore, repeat weekly intraperitoneal administrations of the optimal CARMA-hMeso dose further prolonged disease control and survival. No significant off-target toxicities were observed. These data support further investigation of CARMA-hMeso as a potential treatment for ovarian cancer and other mesothelin-expressing cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Fu Hung
- 1 Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.,2 Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Xuequn Xu
- 1 Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Linhong Li
- 3 MaxCyte, Inc. , Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Ying Ma
- 1 Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Qiu Jin
- 1 Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Leisha A Emens
- 2 Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.,4 Johns Hopkins Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy , Baltimore, Maryland
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124
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Kather JN, Berghoff AS, Ferber D, Suarez-Carmona M, Reyes-Aldasoro CC, Valous NA, Rojas-Moraleda R, Jäger D, Halama N. Large-scale database mining reveals hidden trends and future directions for cancer immunotherapy. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1444412. [PMID: 29900054 PMCID: PMC5993505 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1444412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has fundamentally changed the landscape of oncology in recent years and significant resources are invested into immunotherapy research. It is in the interests of researchers and clinicians to identify promising and less promising trends in this field in order to rationally allocate resources. This requires a quantitative large-scale analysis of cancer immunotherapy related databases. We developed a novel tool for text mining, statistical analysis and data visualization of scientific literature data. We used this tool to analyze 72002 cancer immunotherapy publications and 1469 clinical trials from public databases. All source codes are available under an open access license. The contribution of specific topics within the cancer immunotherapy field has markedly shifted over the years. We show that the focus is moving from cell-based therapy and vaccination towards checkpoint inhibitors, with these trends reaching statistical significance. Rapidly growing subfields include the combination of chemotherapy with checkpoint blockade. Translational studies have shifted from hematological and skin neoplasms to gastrointestinal and lung cancer and from tumor antigens and angiogenesis to tumor stroma and apoptosis. This work highlights the importance of unbiased large-scale database mining to assess trends in cancer research and cancer immunotherapy in particular. Researchers, clinicians and funding agencies should be aware of quantitative trends in the immunotherapy field, allocate resources to the most promising areas and find new approaches for currently immature topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Nikolas Kather
- Department of Medical Oncology and Internal Medicine VI, National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Heidelberg Site, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Immunity, D120, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Sophie Berghoff
- Department of Medical Oncology and Internal Medicine VI, National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Unit for Experimental Oncology Therapy, Thoraxklinik, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dyke Ferber
- Department of Medical Oncology and Internal Medicine VI, National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Immunity, D120, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Meggy Suarez-Carmona
- Department of Medical Oncology and Internal Medicine VI, National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Immunity, D120, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Constantino Carlos Reyes-Aldasoro
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, School of Mathematics, Computer Science and Engineering, City, University of London, London, UK
| | - Nektarios A Valous
- Department of Medical Oncology and Internal Medicine VI, National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Immunity, D120, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rodrigo Rojas-Moraleda
- Department of Medical Oncology and Internal Medicine VI, National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Immunity, D120, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Jäger
- Department of Medical Oncology and Internal Medicine VI, National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Heidelberg Site, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Immunity, D120, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Niels Halama
- Department of Medical Oncology and Internal Medicine VI, National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Heidelberg Site, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Immunity, D120, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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125
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Arai Y, Choi U, Corsino CI, Koontz SM, Tajima M, Sweeney CL, Black MA, Feldman SA, Dinauer MC, Malech HL. Myeloid Conditioning with c-kit-Targeted CAR-T Cells Enables Donor Stem Cell Engraftment. Mol Ther 2018; 26:1181-1197. [PMID: 29622475 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a novel approach to bone marrow (BM) conditioning using c-kit-targeted chimeric antigen receptor T (c-kit CAR-T) cells in mice. Previous reports using anti-c-kit or anti-CD45 antibody linked to a toxin such as saporin have been promising. We developed a distinctly different approach using c-kit CAR-T cells. Initial studies demonstrated in vitro killing of hematopoietic stem cells by c-kit CAR-T cells but poor expansion in vivo and poor migration of CAR-T cells into BM. Pre-treatment of recipient mice with low-dose cyclophosphamide (125 mg/kg) together with CXCR4 transduction in the CAR-T cells enhanced trafficking to and expansion in BM (<1%-13.1%). This resulted in significant depletion of the BM c-kit+ population (9.0%-0.1%). Because congenic Thy1.1 CAR-T cells were used in the Thy1.2-recipient mice, anti-Thy1.1 antibody could be used to deplete CAR-T cells in vivo before donor BM transplant. This achieved 20%-40% multilineage engraftment. We applied this conditioning to achieve an average of 28% correction of chronic granulomatous disease mice by wild-type BM transplant. Our findings provide a proof of concept that c-kit CAR-T cells can achieve effective BM conditioning without chemo-/radiotherapy. Our work also demonstrates that co-expression of a trafficking receptor can enhance targeting of CAR-T cells to a designated tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Arai
- Genetic Immunotherapy Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Uimook Choi
- Genetic Immunotherapy Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Cristina I Corsino
- Immune Deficiency Genetics Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sherry M Koontz
- Genetic Immunotherapy Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Masaki Tajima
- Mucosal Immunity Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Colin L Sweeney
- Genetic Immunotherapy Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mary A Black
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Steven A Feldman
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mary C Dinauer
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Harry L Malech
- Genetic Immunotherapy Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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126
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Sharpe ME. T-cell Immunotherapies and the Role of Nonclinical Assessment: The Balance between Efficacy and Pathology. Toxicol Pathol 2018; 46:131-146. [PMID: 29471776 PMCID: PMC5843031 DOI: 10.1177/0192623317752101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gene-engineered T-cell therapies have the potential to revolutionize the treatment of cancer. These therapies have shown exceptional clinical efficacy specifically in the field of B-cell malignancies and the first products (Kymriah™ and Yescarta™) have recently been approved in the United States for specific indications. The power of these treatments is also linked with a distinct set of toxicities both predicted and unpredicted, including off-tumor activity, cytokine release syndromes, and neurotoxicity, occasionally with fatal consequences. As these therapies begin to reach more patients, it is critical to develop the nonclinical tools to adequately determine the mechanisms driving these toxicities, to assess the safety risks of candidate products, and to develop strategies for safety management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela E. Sharpe
- Cell and Gene Therapy Catapult, Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, United Kingdom
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127
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Durgeau A, Virk Y, Corgnac S, Mami-Chouaib F. Recent Advances in Targeting CD8 T-Cell Immunity for More Effective Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2018; 9:14. [PMID: 29403496 PMCID: PMC5786548 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in cancer treatment have emerged from new immunotherapies targeting T-cell inhibitory receptors, including cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated antigen (CTLA)-4 and programmed cell death (PD)-1. In this context, anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies have demonstrated survival benefits in numerous cancers, including melanoma and non-small-cell lung carcinoma. PD-1-expressing CD8+ T lymphocytes appear to play a major role in the response to these immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) eliminate malignant cells through recognition by the T-cell receptor (TCR) of specific antigenic peptides presented on the surface of cancer cells by major histocompatibility complex class I/beta-2-microglobulin complexes, and through killing of target cells, mainly by releasing the content of secretory lysosomes containing perforin and granzyme B. T-cell adhesion molecules and, in particular, lymphocyte-function-associated antigen-1 and CD103 integrins, and their cognate ligands, respectively, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and E-cadherin, on target cells, are involved in strengthening the interaction between CTL and tumor cells. Tumor-specific CTL have been isolated from tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) of patients with varied cancers. TCRβ-chain gene usage indicated that CTL identified in vitro selectively expanded in vivo at the tumor site compared to autologous PBL. Moreover, functional studies indicated that these CTL mediate human leukocyte antigen class I-restricted cytotoxic activity toward autologous tumor cells. Several of them recognize truly tumor-specific antigens encoded by mutated genes, also known as neoantigens, which likely play a key role in antitumor CD8 T-cell immunity. Accordingly, it has been shown that the presence of T lymphocytes directed toward tumor neoantigens is associated with patient response to immunotherapies, including ICI, adoptive cell transfer, and dendritic cell-based vaccines. These tumor-specific mutation-derived antigens open up new perspectives for development of effective second-generation therapeutic cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Durgeau
- INSERM UMR 1186, Integrative Tumor Immunology and Genetic Oncology, Gustave Roussy, EPHE, Fac. de Médecine - Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France.,ElyssaMed, Paris Biotech Santé, Paris, France
| | - Yasemin Virk
- INSERM UMR 1186, Integrative Tumor Immunology and Genetic Oncology, Gustave Roussy, EPHE, Fac. de Médecine - Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Stéphanie Corgnac
- INSERM UMR 1186, Integrative Tumor Immunology and Genetic Oncology, Gustave Roussy, EPHE, Fac. de Médecine - Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Fathia Mami-Chouaib
- INSERM UMR 1186, Integrative Tumor Immunology and Genetic Oncology, Gustave Roussy, EPHE, Fac. de Médecine - Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
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128
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Nuebling T, Schumacher CE, Hofmann M, Hagelstein I, Schmiedel BJ, Maurer S, Federmann B, Rothfelder K, Roerden M, Dörfel D, Schneider P, Jung G, Salih HR. The Immune Checkpoint Modulator OX40 and Its Ligand OX40L in NK-Cell Immunosurveillance and Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Cancer Immunol Res 2018; 6:209-221. [PMID: 29321210 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-17-0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The TNF receptor family member OX40 promotes activation and proliferation of T cells, which fuels efforts to modulate this immune checkpoint to reinforce antitumor immunity. Besides T cells, NK cells are a second cytotoxic lymphocyte subset that contributes to antitumor immunity, particularly in leukemia. Accordingly, these cells are being clinically evaluated for cancer treatment through multiple approaches, such as adoptive transfer of ex vivo expanded polyclonal NK cells (pNKC). Here, we analyzed whether and how OX40 and its ligand (OX40L) influence NK-cell function and antileukemia reactivity. We report that OX40 is expressed on leukemic blasts in a substantial percentage of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and that OX40 can, after stimulation with agonistic OX40 antibodies, mediate proliferation and release of cytokines that act as growth and survival factors for the leukemic cells. We also demonstrate that pNKC differentially express OX40L, depending on the protocol used for their generation. OX40L signaling promoted NK-cell activation, cytokine production, and cytotoxicity, and disruption of OX40-OX40L interaction impaired pNKC reactivity against primary AML cells. Together, our data implicate OX40/OX40L in disease pathophysiology of AML and in NK-cell immunosurveillance. Our findings indicate that effects of the OX40-OX40L receptor-ligand system in other immune cell subsets and also malignant cells should be taken into account when developing OX40-targeted approaches for cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Res; 6(2); 209-21. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Nuebling
- Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carla Emilia Schumacher
- Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Hematology and Oncology, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Martin Hofmann
- Department of Immunology, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ilona Hagelstein
- Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Joachim Schmiedel
- Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Maurer
- Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Birgit Federmann
- Department of Pathology, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Rothfelder
- Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Malte Roerden
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Daniela Dörfel
- Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Hematology and Oncology, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | - Gundram Jung
- Department of Immunology, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Helmut Rainer Salih
- Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany. .,Department of Hematology and Oncology, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
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129
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Dunbar CE, High KA, Joung JK, Kohn DB, Ozawa K, Sadelain M. Gene therapy comes of age. Science 2018; 359:359/6372/eaan4672. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aan4672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 680] [Impact Index Per Article: 113.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
After almost 30 years of promise tempered by setbacks, gene therapies are rapidly becoming a critical component of the therapeutic armamentarium for a variety of inherited and acquired human diseases. Gene therapies for inherited immune disorders, hemophilia, eye and neurodegenerative disorders, and lymphoid cancers recently progressed to approved drug status in the United States and Europe, or are anticipated to receive approval in the near future. In this Review, we discuss milestones in the development of gene therapies, focusing on direct in vivo administration of viral vectors and adoptive transfer of genetically engineered T cells or hematopoietic stem cells. We also discuss emerging genome editing technologies that should further advance the scope and efficacy of gene therapy approaches.
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130
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Dozier J, Chintala N, Adusumilli P. Immunotherapy for thoracic malignancies. Indian J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12055-017-0566-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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131
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Jain MD, Davila ML. Concise Review: Emerging Principles from the Clinical Application of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Therapies for B Cell Malignancies. Stem Cells 2017; 36:36-44. [PMID: 29024301 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Gene-engineered T cell therapies are soon to be United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved for at least two types of B cell malignancies in pediatric and adult patients, in the form of CD19 targeted chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR T) cell therapy. This represents a triumph of a true bench to bedside clinical translation of a therapy that was conceived of in the early 1990s. Clinical results have demonstrated efficacious responses in patients with the CD19 positive diseases B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and diffuse large B cell lymphoma. However, significant challenges have emerged, including worrisome immune-related toxicities, therapy resistance, and understanding how to administer CD19 CAR T cells in clinical practice. Although much remains to be learned, pioneering clinical trials have led to foundational insights about the clinical translation of this novel therapy. Here, we review the "lessons learned" from the pre-clinical and human experience with CAR T cell therapy. Stem Cells 2018;36:36-44.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Jain
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Immunotherapy, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Marco L Davila
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Immunotherapy, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
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132
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Sadelain M, Rivière I, Riddell S. Therapeutic T cell engineering. Nature 2017; 545:423-431. [PMID: 28541315 DOI: 10.1038/nature22395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 552] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Genetically engineered T cells are powerful new medicines, offering hope for curative responses in patients with cancer. Chimaeric antigen receptors (CARs) are a class of synthetic receptors that reprogram lymphocyte specificity and function. CARs targeting CD19 have demonstrated remarkable potency in B cell malignancies. Engineered T cells are applicable in principle to many cancers, pending further progress to identify suitable target antigens, overcome immunosuppressive tumour microenvironments, reduce toxicities, and prevent antigen escape. Advances in the selection of optimal T cells, genetic engineering, and cell manufacturing are poised to broaden T-cell-based therapies and foster new applications in infectious diseases and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Sadelain
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Isabelle Rivière
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Stanley Riddell
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
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133
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Abstract
Chemotherapy cures only a minority of adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). In addition, relapsed ALL has a poor outcome with 5-year survival as low as 7 %. Hence, there is a need to develop effective therapies to treat relapsed disease and to combine these agents with chemotherapy to improve outcomes in newly diagnosed patients. ALL cells express several antigens amenable to target therapies including CD19, CD20, CD22, and CD52. Over the last decade, there has been a surge in the development of immune therapies which target these receptors and that have induced robust responses. In this manuscript, we review these novel immune agents in the treatment of B-ALL. As these new therapies mature, the challenge going forward will be to find safe and effective combinations of these agents with chemotherapy and to determine their place in the current treatment schema.
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134
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Klampatsa A, Haas AR, Moon EK, Albelda SM. Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T Cell Therapy for Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma (MPM). Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9090115. [PMID: 28862644 PMCID: PMC5615330 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9090115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has now become a recognized approach to treating cancers. In addition to checkpoint blockade, adoptive T cell transfer (ACT) using chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) has shown impressive clinical outcomes in leukemias and is now being explored in solid tumors. CARs are engineered receptors, stably or transiently transduced into T cells, that aim to enhance T cell effector function by recognizing and binding to a specific tumor-associated antigen. In this review, we provide a summary of CAR T cell preclinical studies and clinical trials for malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM), a rare, locally invasive pleural cancer with poor prognosis. We list other attractive potential targets for CAR T cell therapy for MPM, and discuss augmentation strategies of CAR T cell therapy with other forms of immunotherapy in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astero Klampatsa
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Andrew R Haas
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Edmund K Moon
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Steven M Albelda
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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135
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Zeltsman M, Dozier J, McGee E, Ngai D, Adusumilli PS. CAR T-cell therapy for lung cancer and malignant pleural mesothelioma. Transl Res 2017; 187:1-10. [PMID: 28502785 PMCID: PMC5581988 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy is a promising field that harnesses the power of the immune system as a therapeutic agent for cancer treatment. Beneficial outcomes shown in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) with relatively higher tumor-infiltrating T cells, combined with impressive responses obtained in a cohort of patients with NSCLC following checkpoint blockade therapy, lays a strong foundation to promote effector immune responses in these patients. One such approach being investigated is administration of tumor antigen-targeted T cells with transduction of a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR). CARs are synthetic receptors that enhance T-cell antitumor effector function and have gained momentum to investigate in solid tumors based on recent successes of clinical trials treating patients with B-cell hematologic malignancies. This review summarizes target antigens for CAR T-cell therapy that are being investigated in preclinical studies and clinical trials for both NSCLC and MPM patients. We discuss the rationale for combination immunotherapies for NSCLC and MPM patients. Additionally, we have highlighted the challenges and strategies for overcoming the obstacles facing translation of CAR T-cell therapy to solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masha Zeltsman
- Thoracic Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Jordan Dozier
- Thoracic Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Erin McGee
- Thoracic Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Daniel Ngai
- Thoracic Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Prasad S Adusumilli
- Thoracic Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.
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136
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Abstract
There has been dramatic success in treating patients with adoptive transfer of autologous T cells genetically modified to express a chimeric antigen receptor redirecting them to the antigen CD19. Despite this success, the application of chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy in solid malignancies has encountered many challenges that need to be overcome if similar success across other cancers is to become a reality. These challenges can be classified into 6 categories: the heterogeneity of tumor cell clones and tumor-associated antigen expression; poor T-cell trafficking into the tumor site; poor T-cell survival and persistence; the presence of suppressive immune cells; the secretion of suppressive soluble factors in the tumor microenvironment; and the upregulation of T-cell intrinsic inhibitory pathways. We outline specific representative hurdles in each of these categories and summarize the progress made in understanding them and developing strategies to overcome them.
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137
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Shibaguchi H, Luo N, Shirasu N, Kuroki M, Kuroki M. Enhancement of antitumor activity by using a fully human gene encoding a single-chain fragmented antibody specific for carcinoembryonic antigen. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:3979-3990. [PMID: 28860806 PMCID: PMC5574594 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s140174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human leukocyte antigen and/or costimulatory molecules are frequently lacking in metastatic tumor cells, and thus tumor cells are able to escape from the immune system. Although lymphocytes with a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) is a promising approach for overcoming this challenge in cancer immunotherapy, administration of modified T cells alone often demonstrates little efficacy in patients. Therefore, in order to enhance the antitumor activity of immune cells in the cancer microenvironment, we used lymphocytes expressing CAR in combination with a fusion protein of IL-2 that contained the single-chain fragmented antibody (scFv) specific for the carcinoembryonic antigen. Among a series of CAR constructs, with or without a spacer and the intracellular domain of CD28, the CAR construct containing CD8α, CD28, and CD3ζ most effectively activated and expressed INF-γ in CAR-bearing T cells. Furthermore, in comparison with free IL-2, the combination of peripheral blood mononuclear cells expressing CAR and the fusion protein containing IL-2 significantly enhanced the antitumor activity against MKN-45 cells, a human gastric cancer cell line. In conclusion, this novel combination therapy of CAR and a fusion protein consisting of a functional cytokine and a fully human scFv may be a promising approach for adoptive cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotomo Shibaguchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Naixiang Luo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Naoto Shirasu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Motomu Kuroki
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masahide Kuroki
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
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138
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Zhu X, Cai H, Zhao L, Ning L, Lang J. CAR-T cell therapy in ovarian cancer: from the bench to the bedside. Oncotarget 2017; 8:64607-64621. [PMID: 28969098 PMCID: PMC5610030 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is the most lethal gynecological malignancy and is responsible for most gynecological cancer deaths. Apart from conventional surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, chimeric antigen receptor-modified T (CAR-T) cells as a representative of adoptive cellular immunotherapy have received considerable attention in the research field of cancer treatment. CARs combine antigen specificity and T-cell-activating properties in a single fusion molecule. Several preclinical experiments and clinical trials have confirmed that adoptive cell immunotherapy using typical CAR-engineered T cells for OC is a promising treatment approach with striking clinical efficacy; moreover, the emerging CAR-Ts targeting various antigens also exert great potential. However, such therapies have side effects and toxicities, such as cytokine-associated and “on-target, off-tumor” toxicities. In this review, we systematically detail and highlight the present knowledge of CAR-Ts including the constructions, vectors, clinical applications, development challenges, and solutions of CAR-T-cell therapy for OC. We hope to provide new insight into OC treatment for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute for Wound Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Han Cai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Ning
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinghe Lang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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139
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Liu E, Tong Y, Dotti G, Shaim H, Savoldo B, Mukherjee M, Orange J, Wan X, Lu X, Reynolds A, Gagea M, Banerjee P, Cai R, Bdaiwi MH, Basar R, Muftuoglu M, Li L, Marin D, Wierda W, Keating M, Champlin R, Shpall E, Rezvani K. Cord blood NK cells engineered to express IL-15 and a CD19-targeted CAR show long-term persistence and potent antitumor activity. Leukemia 2017; 32:520-531. [PMID: 28725044 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2017.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 495] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) have been used to redirect the specificity of autologous T cells against leukemia and lymphoma with promising clinical results. Extending this approach to allogeneic T cells is problematic as they carry a significant risk of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Natural killer (NK) cells are highly cytotoxic effectors, killing their targets in a non-antigen-specific manner without causing GVHD. Cord blood (CB) offers an attractive, allogeneic, off-the-self source of NK cells for immunotherapy. We transduced CB-derived NK cells with a retroviral vector incorporating the genes for CAR-CD19, IL-15 and inducible caspase-9-based suicide gene (iC9), and demonstrated efficient killing of CD19-expressing cell lines and primary leukemia cells in vitro, with marked prolongation of survival in a xenograft Raji lymphoma murine model. Interleukin-15 (IL-15) production by the transduced CB-NK cells critically improved their function. Moreover, iC9/CAR.19/IL-15 CB-NK cells were readily eliminated upon pharmacologic activation of the iC9 suicide gene. In conclusion, we have developed a novel approach to immunotherapy using engineered CB-derived NK cells, which are easy to produce, exhibit striking efficacy and incorporate safety measures to limit toxicity. This approach should greatly improve the logistics of delivering this therapy to large numbers of patients, a major limitation to current CAR-T-cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Liu
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Y Tong
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - G Dotti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - H Shaim
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - B Savoldo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - M Mukherjee
- The Center for Human Immunobiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - J Orange
- The Center for Human Immunobiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - X Wan
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - X Lu
- Department of Hematopathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - A Reynolds
- Department of Hematopathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - M Gagea
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - P Banerjee
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - R Cai
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - M H Bdaiwi
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - R Basar
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - M Muftuoglu
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - L Li
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - D Marin
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - W Wierda
- Department of Leukemia, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - M Keating
- Department of Leukemia, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - R Champlin
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - E Shpall
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - K Rezvani
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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140
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Dozier J, Zheng H, Adusumilli PS. Immunotherapy for malignant pleural mesothelioma: current status and future directions. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2017; 6:315-324. [PMID: 28713676 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr.2017.05.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) has been marked historically by poor prognosis. Current standard of care for this deadly disease results in sub-optimal improvements in overall survival (OS), which has prompted researchers to explore innovative treatment alternatives. Immunotherapy is an emerging therapeutic modality that harnesses the power of the human immune system. In this review, we summarize the different methods of immunotherapy for malignant pleural mesothelioma. Using ClinicalTrials.gov we searched the terms "immunotherapy" and "immune therapy" combined with "pleural mesothelioma". Our search yielded 75 trials, among which 37 trials met our specific criteria. Our search identified immune checkpoint blockade, immunotoxin therapy, anticancer vaccines, oncolytic viral therapy, and adoptive cell therapy as the most common and pertinent methods of immunotherapy currently being assessed in clinical trials. We have reviewed the most up-to-date clinical trials involving immunotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma. In addition to highlighting some of the successes of immunotherapy, we also have identified limitations that must be overcome to improve the efficacy of these therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Dozier
- Thoracic Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hua Zheng
- Thoracic Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Prasad S Adusumilli
- Thoracic Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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141
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Arcangeli S, Rotiroti MC, Bardelli M, Simonelli L, Magnani CF, Biondi A, Biagi E, Tettamanti S, Varani L. Balance of Anti-CD123 Chimeric Antigen Receptor Binding Affinity and Density for the Targeting of Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Mol Ther 2017; 25:1933-1945. [PMID: 28479045 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-redirected T lymphocytes are a promising immunotherapeutic approach and object of pre-clinical evaluation for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We developed a CAR against CD123, overexpressed on AML blasts and leukemic stem cells. However, potential recognition of low CD123-positive healthy tissues, through the on-target, off-tumor effect, limits safe clinical employment of CAR-redirected T cells. Therefore, we evaluated the effect of context-dependent variables capable of modulating CAR T cell functional profiles, such as CAR binding affinity, CAR expression, and target antigen density. Computational structural biology tools allowed for the design of rational mutations in the anti-CD123 CAR antigen binding domain that altered CAR expression and CAR binding affinity without affecting the overall CAR design. We defined both lytic and activation antigen thresholds, with early cytotoxic activity unaffected by either CAR expression or CAR affinity tuning but later effector functions impaired by low CAR expression. Moreover, the anti-CD123 CAR safety profile was confirmed by lowering CAR binding affinity, corroborating CD123 is a good therapeutic target antigen. Overall, full dissection of these variables offers suitable anti-CD123 CAR design optimization for the treatment of AML.
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MESH Headings
- Binding Sites
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- Immunomodulation
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive
- Interleukin-3 Receptor alpha Subunit/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-3 Receptor alpha Subunit/chemistry
- Interleukin-3 Receptor alpha Subunit/immunology
- Interleukin-3 Receptor alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/immunology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/therapy
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Conformation
- Protein Binding
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Arcangeli
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica, Università Milano Bicocca, Ospedale San Gerardo/Fondazione MBBM, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Maria Caterina Rotiroti
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica, Università Milano Bicocca, Ospedale San Gerardo/Fondazione MBBM, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Marco Bardelli
- Istituto di Ricerca in Biomedicina, Università degli Studi della Svizzera Italiana, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Luca Simonelli
- Istituto di Ricerca in Biomedicina, Università degli Studi della Svizzera Italiana, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Chiara Francesca Magnani
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica, Università Milano Bicocca, Ospedale San Gerardo/Fondazione MBBM, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Andrea Biondi
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica, Università Milano Bicocca, Ospedale San Gerardo/Fondazione MBBM, 20900 Monza, Italy.
| | - Ettore Biagi
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica, Università Milano Bicocca, Ospedale San Gerardo/Fondazione MBBM, 20900 Monza, Italy.
| | - Sarah Tettamanti
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica, Università Milano Bicocca, Ospedale San Gerardo/Fondazione MBBM, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Luca Varani
- Istituto di Ricerca in Biomedicina, Università degli Studi della Svizzera Italiana, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
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142
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Chimeric Antigen Receptors: A Cell and Gene Therapy Perspective. Mol Ther 2017; 25:1117-1124. [PMID: 28456379 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) are synthetic receptors that reprogram T lymphocytes to target chosen antigens. The targeting of CD19, a cell surface molecule expressed in the vast majority of leukemias and lymphomas, has been successfully translated in the clinic, earning CAR therapy a special distinction in the selection of "cancer immunotherapy" by Science as the breakthrough of the year in 2013. CD19 CAR therapy is predicated on advances in genetic engineering, T cell biology, tumor immunology, synthetic biology, target identification, cell manufacturing sciences, and regulatory compliance-the central tenets of CAR therapy. Here, we review two of these foundations: the genetic engineering approaches and cell types to engineer.
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143
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Kulemzin SV, Chikaev NA, Volkova OY, Kuznetsova VV, Taranin AV, Gorchakov AA. Modular lentiviral vector system for chimeric antigen receptor design optimization. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162017020091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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144
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Sadelain M. Chimeric Antigen Receptors: A Paradigm Shift in Immunotherapy. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CANCER BIOLOGY-SERIES 2017. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-050216-034351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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145
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Aghebati-Maleki L, Shabani M, Baradaran B, Motallebnezhad M, Majidi J, Yousefi M. Receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1 (ROR-1): An emerging target for diagnosis and therapy of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 88:814-822. [PMID: 28160756 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.01.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by reposition of malignant B cells in the blood, bone marrow, spleen and lymph nodes. It remains the most common leukemia in the Western world. Within the recent years, major breakthroughs have been made to prolong the survival and improve the health of patients. Despite these advances, CLL is still recognized as a disease without definitive cure. New treatment approaches, based on unique targets and novel drugs, are highly desired for CLL therapy. The Identification and subsequent targeting of molecules that are overexpressed uniquely in malignant cells not normal ones play critical roles in the success of anticancer therapeutic strategies. In this regard, ROR family proteins are known as a subgroup of protein kinases which have gained huge popularity in the scientific community for the diagnosis and treatment of different cancer types. ROR1 as an antigen exclusively expressed on the surface of tumor cells can be a target for immunotherapy. ROR-1 targeting using different approaches such as siRNA, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, cell therapy and antibody induces tumor growth suppression in cancer cells. In the current review, we aim to present an overview of the efforts and scientific achievements in targeting ROR family, particularly ROR-1, for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Leili Aghebati-Maleki
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahdi Shabani
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Morteza Motallebnezhad
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jafar Majidi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Yousefi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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146
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Ghosh A, Smith M, James SE, Davila ML, Velardi E, Argyropoulos KV, Gunset G, Perna F, Kreines FM, Levy ER, Lieberman S, Jay H, Tuckett AZ, Zakrzewski JL, Tan L, Young LF, Takvorian K, Dudakov JA, Jenq RR, Hanash AM, Motta ACF, Murphy GF, Liu C, Schietinger A, Sadelain M, van den Brink MR. Donor CD19 CAR T cells exert potent graft-versus-lymphoma activity with diminished graft-versus-host activity. Nat Med 2017; 23:242-249. [PMID: 28067900 PMCID: PMC5528161 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is a potentially curative therapy for hematological malignancies. However, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and relapse after allo-HSCT remain major impediments to the success of allo-HSCT. Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) direct tumor cell recognition of adoptively transferred T cells. CD19 is an attractive CAR target, which is expressed in most B cell malignancies, as well as in healthy B cells. Clinical trials using autologous CD19-targeted T cells have shown remarkable promise in various B cell malignancies. However, the use of allogeneic CAR T cells poses a concern in that it may increase risk of the occurrence of GVHD, although this has not been reported in selected patients infused with donor-derived CD19 CAR T cells after allo-HSCT. To understand the mechanism whereby allogeneic CD19 CAR T cells may mediate anti-lymphoma activity without causing a significant increase in the incidence of GVHD, we studied donor-derived CD19 CAR T cells in allo-HSCT and lymphoma models in mice. We demonstrate that alloreactive T cells expressing CD28-costimulated CD19 CARs experience enhanced stimulation, resulting in the progressive loss of both their effector function and proliferative potential, clonal deletion, and significantly decreased occurrence of GVHD. Concurrently, the other CAR T cells that were present in bulk donor T cell populations retained their anti-lymphoma activity in accordance with the requirement that both the T cell receptor (TCR) and CAR be engaged to accelerate T cell exhaustion. In contrast, first-generation and 4-1BB-costimulated CAR T cells increased the occurrence of GVHD. These findings could explain the reduced risk of GVHD occurring with cumulative TCR and CAR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Ghosh
- Department of Medicine and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Melody Smith
- Department of Medicine and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Scott E. James
- Department of Medicine and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY,Center of Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Marco L. Davila
- Center of Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Enrico Velardi
- Department of Medicine and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Kimon V. Argyropoulos
- Department of Medicine and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Gertrude Gunset
- Center of Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Fabiana Perna
- Center of Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Fabiana M. Kreines
- Department of Medicine and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Emily R. Levy
- Department of Medicine and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Sophie Lieberman
- Department of Medicine and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Hilary Jay
- Department of Medicine and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Andrea Z. Tuckett
- Department of Medicine and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | | | - Lisa Tan
- Department of Medicine and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Lauren F. Young
- Department of Medicine and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Kate Takvorian
- Department of Medicine and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Jarrod A. Dudakov
- Department of Medicine and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Robert R. Jenq
- Department of Medicine and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Alan M. Hanash
- Department of Medicine and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Ana Carolina F. Motta
- Program in Dermatopathology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - George F. Murphy
- Program in Dermatopathology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, NJ
| | - Andrea Schietinger
- Department of Medicine and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Michel Sadelain
- Department of Medicine and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY,Center of Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Marcel R.M. van den Brink
- Department of Medicine and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY,Center of Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
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147
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Gammaretroviral Production and T Cell Transduction to Genetically Retarget Primary T Cells Against Cancer. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1514:111-118. [PMID: 27787796 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6548-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive T cell therapy has demonstrated tremendous outcomes against treatment-refractory leukemias and solid tumor malignancies. As opposed to industry-developed drugs that are manufactured and dispensed to hospitals and/or patients, T cells are produced in academic laboratories for clinical research and are a highly personalized therapy that represents a "living drug." The technology behind genetic modification of primary T cells has been developed and refined by a few academic medical centers. We anticipate that the exciting results generated by these efforts will lead to further investigation by other academic and industry institutions. To facilitate this adaptation we present optimized protocols for gammaretroviral production, T cell isolation, and genetic modification to create gene-targeted T cells.
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148
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Serganova I, Moroz E, Cohen I, Moroz M, Mane M, Zurita J, Shenker L, Ponomarev V, Blasberg R. Enhancement of PSMA-Directed CAR Adoptive Immunotherapy by PD-1/PD-L1 Blockade. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2016; 4:41-54. [PMID: 28345023 PMCID: PMC5363727 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy in hematologic malignancies has shown remarkable responses, but the same level of success has not been observed in solid tumors. A new prostate cancer model (Myc-CaP:PSMA(+)) and a second-generation anti-hPSMA human CAR T cells expressing a Click Beetle Red luciferase reporter) were used to study hPSMA targeting and assess CAR T cell trafficking and persistence by bioluminescence imaging (BLI). We investigated the antitumor efficacy of human CAR T cells targeting human prostate-specific membrane antigen (hPSMA), in the presence and absence of the target antigen; first alone and then combined with a monoclonal antibody targeting the human programmed death receptor 1 (anti-hPD1 mAb). PDL-1 expression was detected in Myc-CaP murine prostate tumors growing in immune competent FVB/N and immune-deficient SCID mice. Endogenous CD3+ T cells were restricted from the centers of Myc-CaP tumor nodules growing in FVB/N mice. Following anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) treatment, the restriction of CD3+ T cells was reversed, and a tumor-treatment response was observed. Adoptive hPSMA-CAR T cell immunotherapy was enhanced when combined with PD-1 blockade, but the treatment response was of comparatively short duration, suggesting other immune modulation mechanisms exist and restrict CAR T cell targeting, function, and persistence in hPSMA expressing Myc-CaP tumors. Interestingly, an “inverse pattern” of CAR T cell BLI intensity was observed in control and test tumors, which suggests CAR T cells undergo changes leading to a loss of signal and/or number following hPSMA-specific activation. The lower BLI signal intensity in the hPSMA test tumors (compared with controls) is due in part to a decrease in T cell mitochondrial function following T cell activation, which may limit the intensity of the ATP-dependent Luciferin-luciferase bioluminescence signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna Serganova
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ekaterina Moroz
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ivan Cohen
- Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Maxim Moroz
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mayuresh Mane
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Juan Zurita
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Larissa Shenker
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Vladimir Ponomarev
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ronald Blasberg
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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149
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Menon S, Shin S, Dy G. Advances in Cancer Immunotherapy in Solid Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2016; 8:E106. [PMID: 27886124 PMCID: PMC5187504 DOI: 10.3390/cancers8120106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is heralded as one of the most important advances in oncology. Until recently, only limited immunotherapeutic options were available in selected immunogenic cancers like melanoma and renal cell carcinomas. Nowadays, there is an improved understanding that anti-tumor immunity is controlled by a delicate balance in the tumor microenvironment between immune stimulatory and immune inhibitory pathways. Either by blocking the inhibitory pathways or stimulating the activating pathways that regulate cytotoxic lymphocytes, anti-tumor immunity can be enhanced leading to durable anti-tumor responses. Drugs which block the immune regulatory checkpoints namely the PD-1/PDL1 and CTLA 4 pathway have shown tremendous promise in a wide spectrum of solid and hematological malignancies, significantly improving overall survival in newly diagnosed and heavily pretreated patients alike. Hence there is renewed enthusiasm in the field of immune oncology with current research focused on augmenting responses to checkpoint inhibitors by combination therapy as well as studies looking at other immune modulators and adoptive T cell therapy. In this article, we highlight the key clinical advances and concepts in immunotherapy with particular emphasis on checkpoint inhibition as well as the future direction in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smitha Menon
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
| | - Sarah Shin
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14228, USA.
| | - Grace Dy
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA.
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150
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Collins DC, Sundar R, Lim JSJ, Yap TA. Towards Precision Medicine in the Clinic: From Biomarker Discovery to Novel Therapeutics. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2016; 38:25-40. [PMID: 27871777 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Precision medicine continues to be the benchmark to which we strive in cancer research. Seeking out actionable aberrations that can be selectively targeted by drug compounds promises to optimize treatment efficacy and minimize toxicity. Utilizing these different targeted agents in combination or in sequence may further delay resistance to treatments and prolong antitumor responses. Remarkable progress in the field of immunotherapy adds another layer of complexity to the management of cancer patients. Corresponding advances in companion biomarker development, novel methods of serial tumor assessments, and innovative trial designs act synergistically to further precision medicine. Ongoing hurdles such as clonal evolution, intra- and intertumor heterogeneity, and varied mechanisms of drug resistance continue to be challenges to overcome. Large-scale data-sharing and collaborative networks using next-generation sequencing (NGS) platforms promise to take us further into the cancer 'ome' than ever before, with the goal of achieving successful precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dearbhaile C Collins
- The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, Downs Road, London SM2 5PT, UK
| | - Raghav Sundar
- The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, Downs Road, London SM2 5PT, UK
| | - Joline S J Lim
- The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, Downs Road, London SM2 5PT, UK
| | - Timothy A Yap
- The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, Downs Road, London SM2 5PT, UK.
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