101
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Hippocampal Sector-Specific Metabolic Profiles Reflect Endogenous Strategy for Ischemia-Reperfusion Insult Resistance. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 58:1621-1633. [PMID: 33222147 PMCID: PMC7932963 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02208-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The gerbil is a well-known model for studying cerebral ischemia. The CA1 of the hippocampus is vulnerable to 5 min of ischemia, while the CA2–4 and dentate gyrus (DG) are resistant to it. Short-lasting ischemia, a model of transient ischemic attacks in men, results in CA1 neuron death within 2–4 days of reperfusion. Untargeted metabolomics, using LC-QTOF-MS, was used to enrich the knowledge about intrinsic vulnerability and resistance of hippocampal regions and their early post-ischemic response (IR). In total, 30 significant metabolites were detected. In controls, taurine was significantly lower and guanosine monophosphate was higher in CA1, as compared to that in CA2–4,DG. LysoPG and LysoPE were more abundant in CA1, while LysoPI 18:0 was detected only in CA2–4,DG. After IR, a substantial decrease in the citric acid level in CA1, an accumulation of pipecolic acid in both regions, and opposite changes in the amount of PE and LysoPE were observed. The following metabolic pathways were identified as being differentially active in control CA1 vs. CA2–4,DG: metabolism of taurine and hypotaurine, glycerophospholipid, and purine. These results may indicate that a regulation of cell volume, altered structure of cell membranes, and energy metabolism differentiate hippocampal regions. Early post-ischemia, spatial differences in the metabolism of aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, and amino acids and their metabolites with a predominance of those which upkeep their well-being in CA2–4,DG are shown. Presented results are consistent with genetic, morphological, and functional data, which may be useful in further study on endogenous mechanisms of neuroprotection and search for new targets for therapeutic interventions.
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102
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Extracellular ATP: A Feasible Target for Cancer Therapy. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112496. [PMID: 33212982 PMCID: PMC7698494 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is one of the main biochemical components of the tumor microenvironment (TME), where it can promote tumor progression or tumor suppression depending on its concentration and on the specific ecto-nucleotidases and receptors expressed by immune and cancer cells. ATP can be released from cells via both specific and nonspecific pathways. A non-regulated release occurs from dying and damaged cells, whereas active release involves exocytotic granules, plasma membrane-derived microvesicles, specific ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters and membrane channels (connexin hemichannels, pannexin 1 (PANX1), calcium homeostasis modulator 1 (CALHM1), volume-regulated anion channels (VRACs) and maxi-anion channels (MACs)). Extracellular ATP acts at P2 purinergic receptors, among which P2X7R is a key mediator of the final ATP-dependent biological effects. Over the years, P2 receptor- or ecto-nucleotidase-targeting for cancer therapy has been proposed and actively investigated, while comparatively fewer studies have explored the suitability of TME ATP as a target. In this review, we briefly summarize the available evidence suggesting that TME ATP has a central role in determining tumor fate and is, therefore, a suitable target for cancer therapy.
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103
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Illes P, Xu GY, Tang Y. Purinergic Signaling in the Central Nervous System in Health and Disease. Neurosci Bull 2020; 36:1239-1241. [PMID: 33146814 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-020-00602-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Illes
- International Collaborative Centre on Big Science Plan for Purine Signaling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China.,Rudolf-Boehm-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universitaet Leipzig, Leipzig, 04107, Germany
| | - Guang-Yin Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yong Tang
- International Collaborative Centre on Big Science Plan for Purine Signaling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China. .,Acupuncture and Chronobiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610075, China.
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104
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Inoue K, Tsuda M. Nociceptive signaling mediated by P2X3, P2X4 and P2X7 receptors. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 187:114309. [PMID: 33130129 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pain is a debilitating condition that often occurs following peripheral tissue inflammation and nerve injury. This pain, especially neuropathic pain, is a significant clinical problem because of the ineffectiveness of clinically available drugs. Since Burnstock proposed new roles of nucleotides as neurotransmitters, the roles of extracellular ATP and P2 receptors (P2Rs) in pain signaling have been extensively studied, and ATP-P2R signaling has subsequently received much attention as it can provide clues toward elucidating the mechanisms underlying chronic pain and serve as a potential therapeutic target. This review summarizes the literature regarding the role of ATP signaling via P2X3Rs (as well as P2X2/3Rs) in primary afferent neurons and via P2X4Rs and P2X7Rs in spinal cord microglia in chronic pain, and discusses their respective therapeutic potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhide Inoue
- Department of Molecular and System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Makoto Tsuda
- Department of Molecular and System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Department of Life Innovation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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105
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Xu C, Zhou W, Dong G, Qiao H, Peng J, Jia P, Li Y, Liu H, Sun K, Zhao W. Novel [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine derivatives containing hydrazone fragment as potent and selective anticancer agents. Bioorg Chem 2020; 105:104424. [PMID: 33161253 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, based on molecular hybridization, a series of [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine derivatives containing hydrazine was synthesized and their antiproliferative activities against 5 cancer cell lines (MGC-803, PC3, PC9, EC9706 and SMMC-7721) were evaluated. We found that most of them exhibited obvious growth inhibition effects on these tested cancer cells, especially compound 34 on PC3 cells (IC50 = 26.25 ± 0.28 nM). Meanwhile, compound 34 displayed best selectivity on PC3, compared with the other cancer cell lines, as well as excellent selectivity towards normal cell lines (Het-1A, L02 and GES-1). Further investigations demonstrated that 34 could significantly inhibit PC3 cells' colony formation, increase cellular ROS content, suppress EGFR expression and induce apoptosis. Our findings indicate that 34 may serve as a novel lead compound for the discovery of more triazolopyrimidine derivatives with improved anticancer potency and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Key Laboratory of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Institute of Drug Discovery & Development, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Wenjuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Key Laboratory of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Institute of Drug Discovery & Development, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China; Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo 0379, Norway
| | - Guanjun Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Key Laboratory of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Institute of Drug Discovery & Development, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Hui Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Key Laboratory of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Institute of Drug Discovery & Development, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Jiadi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Key Laboratory of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Institute of Drug Discovery & Development, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Pengfei Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Key Laboratory of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Institute of Drug Discovery & Development, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Yuhao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Key Laboratory of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Institute of Drug Discovery & Development, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Hongmin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Key Laboratory of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Institute of Drug Discovery & Development, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Kai Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Key Laboratory of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Institute of Drug Discovery & Development, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China.
| | - Wen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Key Laboratory of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Institute of Drug Discovery & Development, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China.
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106
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Tedoldi A, Argent L, Montgomery JM. The role of the tripartite synapse in the heart: how glial cells may contribute to the physiology and pathophysiology of the intracardiac nervous system. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 320:C1-C14. [PMID: 33085497 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00363.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
One of the major roles of the intracardiac nervous system (ICNS) is to act as the final site of signal integration for efferent information destined for the myocardium to enable local control of heart rate and rhythm. Multiple subtypes of neurons exist in the ICNS where they are organized into clusters termed ganglionated plexi (GP). The majority of cells in the ICNS are actually glial cells; however, despite this, ICNS glial cells have received little attention to date. In the central nervous system, where glial cell function has been widely studied, glia are no longer viewed simply as supportive cells but rather have been shown to play an active role in modulating neuronal excitability and synaptic plasticity. Pioneering studies have demonstrated that in addition to glia within the brain stem, glial cells within multiple autonomic ganglia in the peripheral nervous system, including the ICNS, can also act to modulate cardiovascular function. Clinically, patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) undergoing catheter ablation show high plasma levels of S100B, a protein produced by cardiac glial cells, correlated with decreased AF recurrence. Interestingly, S100B also alters GP neuron excitability and neurite outgrowth in the ICNS. These studies highlight the importance of understanding how glial cells can affect the heart by modulating GP neuron activity or synaptic inputs. Here, we review studies investigating glia both in the central and peripheral nervous systems to discuss the potential role of glia in controlling cardiac function in health and disease, paying particular attention to the glial cells of the ICNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Tedoldi
- Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Manaaki Mānawa Centre for Heart Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Liam Argent
- Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Manaaki Mānawa Centre for Heart Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Johanna M Montgomery
- Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Manaaki Mānawa Centre for Heart Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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107
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Faroqi AH, Lim MJ, Kee EC, Lee JH, Burgess JD, Chen R, Di Virgilio F, Delenclos M, McLean PJ. In Vivo Detection of Extracellular Adenosine Triphosphate in a Mouse Model of Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2020; 38:655-664. [PMID: 32935624 PMCID: PMC7898407 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2020.7226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is traditionally characterized by primary and secondary injury phases, both contributing to pathological and morphological changes. The mechanisms of damage and chronic consequences of TBI remain to be fully elucidated, but synaptic homeostasis disturbances and impaired energy metabolism are proposed to be a major contributor. It has been proposed that an increase of extracellular (eATP) adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the area immediately surrounding impact may play a pivotal role in this sequence of events. After tissue injury, rupture of cell membranes allows release of intracellular ATP into the extracellular space, triggering a cascade of toxic events and inflammation. ATP is a ubiquitous messenger; however, simple and reliable techniques to measure its concentration have proven elusive. Here, we integrate a sensitive bioluminescent eATP sensor known as pmeLUC, with a controlled cortical impact mouse model to monitor eATP changes in a living animal after injury. Using the pmeLUC probe, a rapid increase of eATP is observed proximal to the point of impact within minutes of the injury. This event is significantly attenuated when animals are pretreated with an ATP hydrolyzing agent (apyrase) before surgery, confirming the contribution of eATP. This new eATP reporter could be useful for understanding the role of eATP in the pathogenesis in TBI and may identify a window of opportunity for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman H Faroqi
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA.,Neuroscience PhD Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Melina J Lim
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Emma C Kee
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Jannifer H Lee
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA.,Neuroscience PhD Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Jeremy D Burgess
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA.,Neuroscience PhD Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Ridong Chen
- APT Therapeutics, Inc., St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Francesco Di Virgilio
- Department of Morphology Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marion Delenclos
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Pamela J McLean
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA.,Neuroscience PhD Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
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108
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Pacheco PAF, Diogo RT, Magalhães BQ, Faria RX. Plant natural products as source of new P2 receptors ligands. Fitoterapia 2020; 146:104709. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2020.104709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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109
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Uric acid levels in subjects with schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res 2020; 292:113305. [PMID: 32702552 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The association between schizophrenia (SZ) and uric acid (UA) levels has been suggested for many years, but without solid evidence. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of all case-control studies examining the serum and plasma UA levels in SZ subjects in comparison to those in healthy controls. Relevant studies published before October 29, 2018, were searched in the main electronic databases, and 17 studies were finally included into the meta-analysis after screening with the criteria. Our results revealed that there were no statistically significant differences of the UA levels between SZ subjects and healthy controls. Further subgroup analyses of the antipsychotic status reported the same finding. Subgroup analyses of clinical status showed that UA levels were decreased in subjects with first episode psychosis (FEP). The subgroup analyses of gender and ethnicity demonstrated that UA levels were decreased in male subjects and in Americans with SZ. Overall, these findings strengthen the clinical evidence that FEP is accompanied by increased oxidative stress response. Reduced UA levels may be a potential risk factor for SZ in male and in the Americans. However, whether there is a causal relationship between the reduced UA levels and the development of SZ deserves further investigation.
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110
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Abstract
AbstractEpilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder that has an extensive impact on a patient’s life. Accumulating evidence has suggested that inflammation participates in the progression of spontaneous and recurrent seizures. Pro-convulsant incidences can stimulate immune cells, augment the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, elicit neuronal excitation as well as blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction, and finally trigger the generation or recurrence of seizures. Understanding the pathogenic roles of inflammatory mediators, including inflammatory cytokines, cells, and BBB, in epileptogenesis will be beneficial for the treatment of epilepsy. In this systematic review, we performed a literature search on the PubMed database using the following keywords: “epilepsy” or “seizures” or “epileptogenesis”, and “immunity” or “inflammation” or “neuroinflammation” or “damage-associated molecular patterns” or “cytokines” or “chemokines” or “adhesion molecules” or “microglia” or “astrocyte” or “blood-brain barrier”. We summarized the classic inflammatory mediators and their pathogenic effects in the pathogenesis of epilepsy, based on the most recent findings from both human and animal model studies.
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111
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Strassheim D, Verin A, Batori R, Nijmeh H, Burns N, Kovacs-Kasa A, Umapathy NS, Kotamarthi J, Gokhale YS, Karoor V, Stenmark KR, Gerasimovskaya E. P2Y Purinergic Receptors, Endothelial Dysfunction, and Cardiovascular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186855. [PMID: 32962005 PMCID: PMC7555413 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purinergic G-protein-coupled receptors are ancient and the most abundant group of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). The wide distribution of purinergic receptors in the cardiovascular system, together with the expression of multiple receptor subtypes in endothelial cells (ECs) and other vascular cells demonstrates the physiological importance of the purinergic signaling system in the regulation of the cardiovascular system. This review discusses the contribution of purinergic P2Y receptors to endothelial dysfunction (ED) in numerous cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Endothelial dysfunction can be defined as a shift from a “calm” or non-activated state, characterized by low permeability, anti-thrombotic, and anti-inflammatory properties, to a “activated” state, characterized by vasoconstriction and increased permeability, pro-thrombotic, and pro-inflammatory properties. This state of ED is observed in many diseases, including atherosclerosis, diabetes, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, sepsis, and pulmonary hypertension. Herein, we review the recent advances in P2Y receptor physiology and emphasize some of their unique signaling features in pulmonary endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Strassheim
- The Department of Medicine Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Laboratory, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (D.S.); (N.B.); (V.K.); (K.R.S.)
| | - Alexander Verin
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (A.V.); (R.B.); (A.K.-K.)
| | - Robert Batori
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (A.V.); (R.B.); (A.K.-K.)
| | - Hala Nijmeh
- The Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - Nana Burns
- The Department of Medicine Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Laboratory, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (D.S.); (N.B.); (V.K.); (K.R.S.)
| | - Anita Kovacs-Kasa
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (A.V.); (R.B.); (A.K.-K.)
| | | | - Janavi Kotamarthi
- The Department of BioMedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (J.K.); (Y.S.G.)
| | - Yash S. Gokhale
- The Department of BioMedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (J.K.); (Y.S.G.)
| | - Vijaya Karoor
- The Department of Medicine Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Laboratory, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (D.S.); (N.B.); (V.K.); (K.R.S.)
| | - Kurt R. Stenmark
- The Department of Medicine Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Laboratory, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (D.S.); (N.B.); (V.K.); (K.R.S.)
- The Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - Evgenia Gerasimovskaya
- The Department of Medicine Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Laboratory, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (D.S.); (N.B.); (V.K.); (K.R.S.)
- The Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-303-724-5614
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112
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Implication of Neuronal Versus Microglial P2X4 Receptors in Central Nervous System Disorders. Neurosci Bull 2020; 36:1327-1343. [PMID: 32889635 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-020-00570-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The P2X4 receptor (P2X4) is an ATP-gated cation channel that is highly permeable to Ca2+ and widely expressed in neuronal and glial cell types throughout the central nervous system (CNS). A growing body of evidence indicates that P2X4 plays key roles in numerous central disorders. P2X4 trafficking is highly regulated and consequently in normal situations, P2X4 is present on the plasma membrane at low density and found mostly within intracellular endosomal/lysosomal compartments. An increase in the de novo expression and/or surface density of P2X4 has been observed in microglia and/or neurons during pathological states. This review aims to summarize knowledge on P2X4 functions in CNS disorders and provide some insights into the relative contributions of neuronal and glial P2X4 in pathological contexts. However, determination of the cell-specific functions of P2X4 along with its intracellular and cell surface roles remain to be elucidated before its potential as a therapeutic target in multiple disorders can be defined.
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113
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Marotta G, Basagni F, Rosini M, Minarini A. Memantine Derivatives as Multitarget Agents in Alzheimer's Disease. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25174005. [PMID: 32887400 PMCID: PMC7504780 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25174005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Memantine (3,5-dimethyladamantan-1-amine) is an orally active, noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist approved for treatment of moderate-to-severe Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a neurodegenerative condition characterized by a progressive cognitive decline. Unfortunately, memantine as well as the other class of drugs licensed for AD treatment acting as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs), provide only symptomatic relief. Thus, the urgent need in AD drug development is for disease-modifying therapies that may require approaching targets from more than one path at once or multiple targets simultaneously. Indeed, increasing evidence suggests that the modulation of a single neurotransmitter system represents a reductive approach to face the complexity of AD. Memantine is viewed as a privileged NMDAR-directed structure, and therefore, represents the driving motif in the design of a variety of multi-target directed ligands (MTDLs). In this review, we present selected examples of small molecules recently designed as MTDLs to contrast AD, by combining in a single entity the amantadine core of memantine with the pharmacophoric features of known neuroprotectants, such as antioxidant agents, AChEIs and Aβ-aggregation inhibitors.
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114
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Ruan Z, Delpech JC, Venkatesan Kalavai S, Van Enoo AA, Hu J, Ikezu S, Ikezu T. P2RX7 inhibitor suppresses exosome secretion and disease phenotype in P301S tau transgenic mice. Mol Neurodegener 2020; 15:47. [PMID: 32811520 PMCID: PMC7436984 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-020-00396-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuronal accumulation of misfolded microtubule-associated protein tau is a hallmark of neuropathology in Alzheimer’s disease, frontotemporal dementia, and other tauopathies, and has been a therapeutic target. Microglia can spread tau pathology by secreting tau-containing exosomes, although the specific molecular target is yet to be identified for the therapeutic intervention. P2X purinoceptor 7 (P2RX7) is an ATP-gated cation channel, enriched in microglia and triggers exosome secretion. The purpose of the study is to examine the therapeutic effect of an orally applicable, CNS-penetrant P2RX7 specific inhibitor on the early disease stage of a tauopathy mouse model. Methods Three-months-old P301S tau mice were treated with P2RX7-specific inhibitor GSK1482160 or vehicle for 30 days, followed by behavioral, biochemical and immunohistochemical assessment. GSK1482160 was also tested for exosome secretion from primary cultured murine astrocytes, neurons and microglia in vitro. Results Oral administration of GSK1482160 significantly reduced accumulation of MC1+ and Alz50+ misfolded tau in hippocampal regions, which was accompanied with reduced accumulation of Tsg101, an exosome marker, in hippocampal neurons. Proximity ligation assay demonstrated complex formation of Alz50+ tau and Tsg101 in hippocampal neurons, which was reduced by GSK1482160. On the other hand, GSK1482160 had no effect on microglial ramification or CD68 expression, which was significantly enhanced in P301S mice, or pro/anti-inflammatory cytokine gene expression. Strikingly, GSK1482160-treated P301S mice show significantly improved working and contextual memory as determined by Y-maze and fear conditioning tests. GSK1482160 also significantly increased accumulation of Tsg101 and CD81 in microglia in vivo, suggesting its suppression of P2RX7-induced exosome secretion from microglia. This effect was confirmed in vitro, as ATP-induced secretion of tau-containing exosome was significantly suppressed by GSK1482160 treatment from primary murine microglia, but not from neurons or astrocytes. Discussion The oral administration of P2RX7 inhibition mitigates disease phenotypes in P301S mice, likely by suppressing release of microglial exosomes. P2RX7 could be a novel therapeutic target for the early stage tauopathy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Ruan
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St, L-606B, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Jean-Christophe Delpech
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St, L-606B, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Srinidhi Venkatesan Kalavai
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St, L-606B, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Alicia A Van Enoo
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St, L-606B, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Jianqiao Hu
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St, L-606B, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Seiko Ikezu
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St, L-606B, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Tsuneya Ikezu
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St, L-606B, Boston, MA, 02118, USA. .,Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA. .,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02118, USA. .,Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord St, L-606B, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
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115
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Investigation of alpl expression and Tnap-activity in zebrafish implies conserved functions during skeletal and neuronal development. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13321. [PMID: 32770041 PMCID: PMC7414108 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70152-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypophosphatasia (HPP) is a rare genetic disease with diverse symptoms and a heterogeneous severity of onset with underlying mutations in the ALPL gene encoding the ectoenzyme Tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP). Considering the establishment of zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a new model organism for HPP, the aim of the study was the spatial and temporal analysis of alpl expression in embryos and adult brains. Additionally, we determined functional consequences of Tnap inhibition on neural and skeletal development in zebrafish. We show that expression of alpl is present during embryonic stages and in adult neuronal tissues. Analyses of enzyme function reveal zones of pronounced Tnap-activity within the telencephalon and the mesencephalon. Treatment of zebrafish embryos with chemical Tnap inhibitors followed by axonal and cartilage/mineralized tissue staining imply functional consequences of Tnap deficiency on neuronal and skeletal development. Based on the results from neuronal and skeletal tissue analyses, which demonstrate an evolutionary conserved role of this enzyme, we consider zebrafish as a promising species for modeling HPP in order to discover new potential therapy strategies in the long-term.
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116
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Volonté C, Amadio S, Liguori F, Fabbrizio P. Duality of P2X7 Receptor in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1148. [PMID: 32792962 PMCID: PMC7394054 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Volonté
- CNR-Institute for Systems Analysis and Computer Science, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Santa Lucia, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Paola Fabbrizio
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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117
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Kim S, Rhee SJ, Song Y, Ahn YM. Comparison of Serum Uric Acid in Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorder: a Retrospective Chart Review Study. J Korean Med Sci 2020; 35:e222. [PMID: 32686367 PMCID: PMC7371457 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uric acid (UA) has been suggested as a possible biomarker of bipolar disorder (BD) in recent studies. We aimed to provide a clearer comparison of UA levels between BD and major depressive disorder (MDD). METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the medical chart records of psychiatric inpatients aged 19-60 years, whose main discharge diagnoses were either MDD or BD, with an admission between January 1, 2015 and December 31, 2018 at Seoul National University Hospital. Data such as sex, age, body mass index (BMI), medication usage, and serum UA levels were extracted. Patients with medical conditions or on medications that could influence UA levels were excluded. Age, sex, BMI, and psychiatric drug usage were considered in the comparison of serum UA between MDD and BD patients. RESULTS Our sample consisted of 142 MDD patients and 234 BD patients. The BD patients had significantly higher serum UA levels compared to the MDD patients, without accounting for other confounding variables (5.75 ± 1.56 mg/dL vs. 5.29 ± 1.59 mg/dL, P = 0.006). T-test comparisons between psychiatric medication users and non-users revealed that mood stabilizers and antipsychotics may be relevant confounding factors in our sample analysis. The likelihood of BD diagnosis was significantly correlated with higher UA levels (odds ratio, 1.410; 95% confidence interval, 1.150-1.728; P = 0.001) when accounting for sex, age, and BMI in the logistic regression analysis. Also, accounting for mood stabilizers or antipsychotics, the likelihood of BD diagnosis was still significantly correlated with higher UA levels. CONCLUSION Our study confirms that BD patients are significantly more likely to show higher serum UA levels than MDD patients. The high UA levels in BD point to purinergic dysfunction as an underlying mechanism that distinguishes BD from MDD. Further research is recommended to determine whether UA is a trait or a state marker and whether UA correlates with the symptoms and severity of BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soomin Kim
- College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Jin Rhee
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoojin Song
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Min Ahn
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea.
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118
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Souza RF, Evangelinellis MM, Mendes CE, Righetti M, Lourenço MCS, Castelucci P. P2X7 receptor antagonist recovers ileum myenteric neurons after experimental ulcerative colitis. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2020; 11:84-103. [PMID: 32587788 PMCID: PMC7303980 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v11.i4.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The P2X7 receptor is expressed by enteric neurons and enteric glial cells. Studies have demonstrated that administration of a P2X7 receptor antagonist, brilliant blue G (BBG), prevents neuronal loss.
AIM To report the effects of BBG in ileum enteric neurons immunoreactive (ir) following experimental ulcerative colitis in Rattus norvegicus albinus.
METHODS 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS group, n = 5) was injected into the distal colon. BBG (50 mg/kg, BBG group, n = 5) or vehicle (sham group, n = 5) was given subcutaneously 1 h after TNBS. The animals were euthanized after 24 h, and the ileum was removed. Immunohistochemistry was performed on the myenteric plexus to evaluate immunoreactivity for P2X7 receptor, neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), HuC/D and glial fibrillary acidic protein.
RESULTS The numbers of nNOS-, ChAT-, HuC/D-ir neurons and glial fibrillary acidic protein-ir glial cells were decreased in the TNBS group and recovered in the BBG group. The neuronal profile area (μm2) demonstrated that nNOS-ir neurons decreased in the TNBS group and recovered in the BBG group. There were no differences in the profile areas of ChAT- and HuC/D-ir neurons.
CONCLUSION Our data conclude that ileum myenteric neurons and glial cells were affected by ulcerative colitis and that treatment with BBG had a neuroprotective effect. Thus, these results demonstrate that the P2X7 receptor may be an important target in therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariá Munhoz Evangelinellis
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
| | | | - Marta Righetti
- Department of Anatomy, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
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119
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Francistiová L, Bianchi C, Di Lauro C, Sebastián-Serrano Á, de Diego-García L, Kobolák J, Dinnyés A, Díaz-Hernández M. The Role of P2X7 Receptor in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:94. [PMID: 32581707 PMCID: PMC7283947 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease characterized by a progressive cognitive decline associated with global brain damage. Initially, intracellular paired helical filaments composed by hyperphosphorylated tau and extracellular deposits of amyloid-β (Aβ) were postulated as the causing factors of the synaptic dysfunction, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and neuronal death, detected in AD patients. Therefore, the vast majority of clinical trials were focused on targeting Aβ and tau directly, but no effective treatment has been reported so far. Consequently, only palliative treatments are currently available for AD patients. Over recent years, several studies have suggested the involvement of the purinergic receptor P2X7 (P2X7R), a plasma membrane ionotropic ATP-gated receptor, in the AD brain pathology. In this line, altered expression levels and function of P2X7R were found both in AD patients and AD mouse models. Consequently, genetic depletion or pharmacological inhibition of P2X7R ameliorated the hallmarks and symptoms of different AD mouse models. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge about the role of the P2X7R in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Francistiová
- BioTalentum Ltd., Gödöllõ, Hungary
- Szent István University, Gödöllõ, Hungary
| | - Carolina Bianchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Caterina Di Lauro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro Sebastián-Serrano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura de Diego-García
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - András Dinnyés
- BioTalentum Ltd., Gödöllõ, Hungary
- Szent István University, Gödöllõ, Hungary
- HCEMM-USZ StemCell Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Miguel Díaz-Hernández
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
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120
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Suleimanova A, Talanov M, Gafurov O, Gafarov F, Koroleva K, Virenque A, Noe FM, Mikhailov N, Nistri A, Giniatullin R. Modeling a Nociceptive Neuro-Immune Synapse Activated by ATP and 5-HT in Meninges: Novel Clues on Transduction of Chemical Signals Into Persistent or Rhythmic Neuronal Firing. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:135. [PMID: 32508598 PMCID: PMC7248338 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular ATP and serotonin (5-HT) are powerful triggers of nociceptive firing in the meninges, a process supporting headache and whose cellular mechanisms are incompletely understood. The current study aimed to develop, with the neurosimulator NEURON, a novel approach to explore in silico the molecular determinants of the long-lasting, pulsatile nature of migraine attacks. The present model included ATP and 5-HT release, ATP diffusion and hydrolysis, 5-HT uptake, differential activation of ATP P2X or 5-HT3 receptors, and receptor subtype-specific desensitization. The model also tested the role of branched meningeal fibers with multiple release sites. Spike generation and propagation were simulated using variable contribution by potassium and sodium channels in a multi-compartment fiber environment. Multiple factors appeared important to ensure prolonged nociceptive firing potentially relevant to long-lasting pain. Crucial roles were observed in: (i) co-expression of ATP P2X2 and P2X3 receptor subunits; (ii) intrinsic activation/inactivation properties of sodium Nav1.8 channels; and (iii) temporal and spatial distribution of ATP/5-HT release sites along the branches of trigeminal nerve fibers. Based on these factors we could obtain either persistent activation of nociceptive firing or its periodic bursting mimicking the pulsating nature of pain. In summary, our model proposes a novel tool for the exploration of peripheral nociception to test the contribution of clinically relevant factors to headache including migraine pain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Max Talanov
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Oleg Gafurov
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Fail' Gafarov
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Ksenia Koroleva
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Anaïs Virenque
- Neuroscience Center, Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Nikita Mikhailov
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Andrea Nistri
- Department of Neuroscience, International School for Advanced Studies, Trieste, Italy
| | - Rashid Giniatullin
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia.,A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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121
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Lucas T, Riis JL, Buchalski Z, Drolet CE, Dawadi A, Granger DA. Reactivity of salivary uric acid in response to social evaluative stress in African Americans. Biol Psychol 2020; 153:107882. [PMID: 32220569 PMCID: PMC7269824 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2020.107882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
High uric acid (UA) is associated with hypertension and cardiovascular disease (CVD), both of which occur disproportionately among African Americans. High UA also predicts greater blood pressure reactivity responses to acute social stress. However, whether UA itself shows reactivity in response to stress is unknown. We evaluated salivary uric acid (sUA) and blood pressure reactivity in response to acute social stress. Healthy African Americans (N = 103; 32 % male; M age = 31.36 years), completed the Trier Social Stress Test. sUA and blood pressure measurements were taken before, during and after the stressor task. sUA showed significant reactivity and recovery, especially among older African Americans. Total sUA activation was also associated with systolic and diastolic blood pressure total activation. Findings illuminate that acute stress may be a way in which UA is implicated in hypertension and CVD, suggesting a critical need to explore UA reactivity as a novel parameter of the acute stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd Lucas
- Division of Public Health, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, 200 East 1st Street, Flint, MI, 48502, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, 909 Wilson Road, B636, East Lansing, MI, 48824, United States; Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California Irvine, 4201 SBSG, Irvine, CA, 92697-7085, United States.
| | - Jenna L Riis
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California Irvine, 4201 SBSG, Irvine, CA, 92697-7085, United States; Department of Psychological Science, School of Social Ecology, University of California Irvine, 4201 SBSG, Irvine, CA, 92697-7085, United States
| | - Zachary Buchalski
- Division of Public Health, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, 200 East 1st Street, Flint, MI, 48502, United States
| | - Caroline E Drolet
- Division of Public Health, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, 200 East 1st Street, Flint, MI, 48502, United States
| | - Anurag Dawadi
- Division of Public Health, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, 200 East 1st Street, Flint, MI, 48502, United States
| | - Douglas A Granger
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California Irvine, 4201 SBSG, Irvine, CA, 92697-7085, United States; Department of Acute and Chronic Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, United States; Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 615 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States; Salivary Bioscience Laboratory and Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0156, United States
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122
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Hong SI, Bullert A, Baker M, Choi DS. Astrocytic equilibrative nucleoside transporter type 1 upregulations in the dorsomedial and dorsolateral striatum distinctly coordinate goal-directed and habitual ethanol-seeking behaviours in mice. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 52:3110-3123. [PMID: 32306482 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Two distinct dorsal striatum regions, dorsomedial striatum (DMS) and dorsolateral striatum (DLS), are attributed to conditioned goal-directed and habitual reward-seeking behaviours, respectively. Previously, our study shows that the ethanol-sensitive adenosine transporter, equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1), regulates ethanol-drinking behaviours. Although ENT1 is expressed in both neurons and astrocytes, astrocytic ENT1 is thought to regulate adenosine levels in response to ethanol. However, the role of DMS and DLS astrocytic ENT1 in goal-directed and habitual ethanol-seeking is not well known. Here, we identified whether the upregulation of astrocytic ENT1 in the DMS and DLS differentially regulates operant seeking behaviours towards the 10% sucrose (10S); 10% ethanol and 10% sucrose (10E10S); and 10% ethanol (10E) in mice. Using 4 days of random interval (RI), mice exhibited habitual seeking for 10S, but goal-directed seeking towards 10E10S. Using the same mice conditioned with 10E10S, we examined 10E-seeking behaviour on a fixed ratio (FR) for 6 days and RI for 8 days. On the other hand, during FR and the first 4 days of RI schedules, mice showed goal-directed seeking for 10E, whereas mice exhibited habitual seeking for 10E during the last 4 days of RI schedule. Interestingly, DMS astrocytic ENT1 upregulation promotes shift from habitual to goal-directed reward-seeking behaviours. By contrast, DLS astrocytic ENT1 upregulation showed no effects on behavioural shift. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that DMS astrocytic ENT1 contributes to reward-seeking behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sa-Ik Hong
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Amanda Bullert
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Matthew Baker
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Doo-Sup Choi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.,Neuroscience Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
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123
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Abstract
Purinergic signaling was proposed in 1972, after it was demonstrated that adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) was a transmitter in nonadrenergic, noncholinergic inhibitory nerves supplying the guinea-pig taenia coli. Later, ATP was identified as an excitatory cotransmitter in sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves, and it is now apparent that ATP acts as a cotransmitter in most, if not all, nerves in both the peripheral nervous system and central nervous system (CNS). ATP acts as a short-term signaling molecule in neurotransmission, neuromodulation, and neurosecretion. It also has potent, long-term (trophic) roles in cell proliferation, differentiation, and death in development and regeneration. Receptors to purines and pyrimidines have been cloned and characterized: P1 adenosine receptors (with four subtypes), P2X ionotropic nucleotide receptors (seven subtypes) and P2Y metabotropic nucleotide receptors (eight subtypes). ATP is released from different cell types by mechanical deformation, and after release, it is rapidly broken down by ectonucleotidases. Purinergic receptors were expressed early in evolution and are widely distributed on many different nonneuronal cell types as well as neurons. Purinergic signaling is involved in embryonic development and in the activities of stem cells. There is a growing understanding about the pathophysiology of purinergic signaling and there are therapeutic developments for a variety of diseases, including stroke and thrombosis, osteoporosis, pain, chronic cough, kidney failure, bladder incontinence, cystic fibrosis, dry eye, cancer, and disorders of the CNS, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's. and Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, migraine, and neuropsychiatric and mood disorders.
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124
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de Diego-García L, Sebastián-Serrano Á, Bianchi C, Di Lauro C, Díaz-Hernández M. ATP Measurement in Cerebrospinal Fluid Using a Microplate Reader. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2041:233-241. [PMID: 31646493 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9717-6_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Imbalance in extracellular ATP levels in brain tissue has been suggested as a triggering factor for several neurological disorders. Here, we describe the most sensitive and reliable technique for monitoring the ATP levels in mice cerebrospinal samples collected by cisterna magna puncture technique and quantified using a microplate reader.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura de Diego-García
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,FutureNeuro Research Center, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Álvaro Sebastián-Serrano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Bianchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Caterina Di Lauro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Díaz-Hernández
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain. .,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain.
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125
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Srivastava P, Cronin CG, Scranton VL, Jacobson KA, Liang BT, Verma R. Neuroprotective and neuro-rehabilitative effects of acute purinergic receptor P2X4 (P2X4R) blockade after ischemic stroke. Exp Neurol 2020; 329:113308. [PMID: 32289314 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Stroke remains a leading cause of disability in the United States. Despite recent advances, interventions to reduce damage and enhance recovery after stroke are lacking. P2X4R, a receptor for adenosine triphosphate (ATP), regulates activation of myeloid immune cells (infiltrating monocytes/macrophages and brain-resident microglia) after stroke injury. However, over-stimulation of P2X4Rs due to excessive ATP release from dying or damaged neuronal cells can contribute to ischemic injury. Therefore, we pharmacologically inhibited P2X4R to limit the over-stimulated myeloid cell immune response and improve both acute and chronic stroke recovery. We subjected 8-12-week-old male and female wild type mice to a 60 min right middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) followed by 3 or 30 days of reperfusion. We performed histological, RNA sequencing, behavioral (sensorimotor, anxiety, and depressive), and biochemical (Evans blue dye extravasation, western blot, quantitative PCR, and flow cytometry) analyses to determine the acute (3 days after MCAo) and chronic (30 days after MCAo) effects of P2X4R antagonist 5-BDBD (1 mg/kg P.O. daily x 3 days post 4 h of MCAo) treatment. 5-BDBD treatment significantly (p < .05) reduced infarct volume, neurological deficit (ND) score, levels of cytokine interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability in the 3-day group. Chronically, 5-BDBD treatment also conferred progressive recovery (p < .05) of motor balance and coordination using a rotarod test, as well as reduced anxiety-like behavior over 30 days. Interestingly, depressive-type behavior was not observed in mice treated with 5-BDBD for 3 days. In addition, flow cytometric analysis revealed that 5-BDBD treatment decreased the total number of infiltrated leukocytes, and among those infiltrated leukocytes, pro-inflammatory cells of myeloid origin were specifically reduced. 5-BDBD treatment reduced the cell surface expression of P2X4R in flow cytometry-sorted monocytes and microglia without reducing the total P2X4R level in brain tissue. In summary, acute P2X4R inhibition protects against ischemic injury at both acute and chronic time-points after stroke. Reduced numbers of infiltrating pro-inflammatory myeloid cells, decreased surface P2X4R expression, and reduced BBB disruption are likely its mechanism of neuroprotection and neuro-rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chunxia G Cronin
- Calhoun Cardiology Center, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | | | - Kenneth A Jacobson
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-0810, USA
| | - Bruce T Liang
- Calhoun Cardiology Center, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Rajkumar Verma
- Department of Neuroscience, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06032, USA.
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126
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Coppi E, Cherchi F, Fusco I, Dettori I, Gaviano L, Magni G, Catarzi D, Colotta V, Varano F, Rossi F, Bernacchioni C, Donati C, Bruni P, Pedata F, Cencetti F, Pugliese AM. Adenosine A 2B receptors inhibit K + currents and cell differentiation in cultured oligodendrocyte precursor cells and modulate sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling pathway. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 177:113956. [PMID: 32251679 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are the only myelinating cells in the brain and differentiate from their progenitors (OPCs) throughout adult life. However, this process fails in demyelinating pathologies. Adenosine is emerging as an important player in OPC differentiation and we recently demonstrated that adenosine A2A receptors inhibit cell maturation by reducing voltage-dependent K+ currents. No data are available to date about the A2B receptor (A2BR) subtype. The bioactive lipid mediator sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and its receptors (S1P1-5) are also crucial modulators of OPC development. An interaction between this pathway and the A2BR is reported in peripheral cells. We studied the role of A2BRs in modulating K+ currents and cell differentiation in OPC cultures and we investigated a possible interplay with S1P signaling. Our data indicate that the A2BR agonist BAY60-6583 and its new analogue P453 inhibit K+ currents in cultured OPC and the effect was prevented by the A2BR antagonist MRS1706, by K+ channel blockers and was differently modulated by the S1P analogue FTY720-P. An acute (10 min) exposure of OPCs to BAY60-6583 also increased the phosphorylated form of sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1). A chronic (7 days) treatment with the same agonist decreased OPC differentiation whereas SphK1/2 inhibition exerted the opposite effect. Furthermore, A2BR was overexpressed during OPC differentiation, an effect prevented by the pan SphK1/2 inhibitor VPC69047. Finally, A2BR silenced cells showed increased cell maturation, decreased SphK1 expression and enhanced S1P lyase levels. We conclude that A2BRs inhibit K+ currents and cell differentiation and positively modulate S1P synthesis in cultured OPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Coppi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Italy.
| | - Federica Cherchi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Irene Fusco
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Ilaria Dettori
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Lisa Gaviano
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Giada Magni
- Istituto di Fisica Applicata, CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniela Catarzi
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Vittoria Colotta
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Flavia Varano
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Rossi
- Istituto di Fisica Applicata, CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Florence, Italy
| | - Caterina Bernacchioni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Chiara Donati
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Paola Bruni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Felicita Pedata
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Cencetti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Pugliese
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Italy
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127
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Purinergic Signaling and Related Biomarkers in Depression. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10030160. [PMID: 32178222 PMCID: PMC7139781 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10030160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is established that purinergic signaling can shape a wide range of physiological functions, including neurotransmission and neuromodulation. The purinergic system may play a role in the pathophysiology of mood disorders, influencing neurotransmitter systems and hormonal pathways of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Treatment with mood stabilizers and antidepressants can lead to changes in purinergic signaling. In this overview, we describe the biological background on the possible link between the purinergic system and depression, possibly involving changes in adenosine- and ATP-mediated signaling at P1 and P2 receptors, respectively. Furthermore, evidence on the possible antidepressive effects of non-selective adenosine antagonist caffeine and other purinergic modulators is reviewed. In particular, A2A and P2X7 receptors have been identified as potential targets for depression treatment. Preclinical studies highlight that both selective A2A and P2X7 antagonists may have antidepressant effects and potentiate responses to antidepressant treatments. Consistently, recent studies feature the possible role of the purinergic system peripheral metabolites as possible biomarkers of depression. In particular, variations of serum uric acid, as the end product of purinergic metabolism, have been found in depression. Although several open questions remain, the purinergic system represents a promising research area for insights into the molecular basis of depression.
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128
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Freeman TL, Swartz TH. Purinergic Receptors: Elucidating the Role of these Immune Mediators in HIV-1 Fusion. Viruses 2020; 12:E290. [PMID: 32155980 PMCID: PMC7150916 DOI: 10.3390/v12030290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purinergic receptors are inflammatory mediators activated by extracellular nucleotides released by dying or injured cells. Several studies have described an important role for these receptors in HIV-1 entry, particularly regarding their activity on HIV-1 viral membrane fusion. Several reports identify purinergic receptor antagonists that inhibit HIV-1 membrane fusion; these drugs are suspected to act through antagonizing Env-chemokine receptor interactions. They also appear to abrogate activity of downstream mediators that potentiate activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. Here we review the literature on purinergic receptors, the drugs that inhibit their function, and the evidence implicating these receptors in HIV-1 entry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Talia H. Swartz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
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129
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Burnstock G. Introduction to Purinergic Signalling in the Brain. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1202:1-12. [PMID: 32034706 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-30651-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
ATP is a cotransmitter with glutamate, noradrenaline, GABA, acetylcholine and dopamine in the brain. There is a widespread presence of both adenosine (P1) and P2 nucleotide receptors in the brain on both neurons and glial cells. Adenosine receptors play a major role in presynaptic neuromodulation, while P2X ionotropic receptors are involved in fast synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity. P2Y G protein-coupled receptors are largely involved in presynaptic activities, as well as mediating long-term (trophic) signalling in cell proliferation, differentiation and death during development and regeneration. Both P1 and P2 receptors participate in neuron-glial interactions. Purinergic signalling is involved in control of cerebral vascular tone and remodelling and has been implicated in learning and memory, locomotor and feeding behaviour and sleep. There is increasing interest in the involvement of purinergic signalling in the pathophysiology of the CNS, including trauma, ischaemia, epilepsy, neurodegenerative diseases, neuropsychiatric and mood disorders, and cancer, including gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, NW3 2PF, London, UK.
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130
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Braganhol E, Wink MR, Lenz G, Battastini AMO. Purinergic Signaling in Glioma Progression. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1202:87-108. [PMID: 32034710 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-30651-9_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Among the pathological alterations that give tumor cells invasive potential, purinergic signaling is emerging as an important component. Studies performed in in vitro, in vivo and ex vivo glioma models indicate that alterations in the purinergic signaling are involved in the progression of these tumors. Gliomas have low expression of all E-NTPDases, when compared to astrocytes in culture. Nucleotides induce glioma proliferation and ATP, although potentially neurotoxic, does not evoke cytotoxic action on the majority of glioma cells in culture. The importance of extracellular ATP for glioma pathobiology was confirmed by the reduction in glioma tumor size by apyrase, which degrades extracellular ATP to AMP, and the striking increase in tumor size by over-expression of an ecto-enzyme that degrades ATP to ADP, suggesting the effect of extracellular ATP on the tumor growth depends on the nucleotide produced by its degradation. The participation of purinergic receptors on glioma progression, particularly P2X7, is involved in the resistance to ATP-induced cell death. Although more studies are necessary, the purinergic signaling, including ectonucleotidases and receptors, may be considered as future target for glioma pharmacological or gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizandra Braganhol
- Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos (CCQFA), Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Campus Capão do Leão S/N Caixa Postal 354, Pelotas, CEP 96010900, RS, Brazil.
| | - Márcia Rosângela Wink
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, 245 Rua Sarmento Leite, Porto Alegre, CEP 90050-170, RS, Brazil
| | - Guido Lenz
- Departamento de Biofísica, IB e Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 9500 Av. Bento Goncalves, Porto Alegre, 61501970, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Oliveira Battastini
- Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 2600-anexo Rua Ramiro Barcelos, Porto Alegre, CEP 90035-003, RS, Brazil
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131
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Andrejew R, Glaser T, Oliveira-Giacomelli Á, Ribeiro D, Godoy M, Granato A, Ulrich H. Targeting Purinergic Signaling and Cell Therapy in Cardiovascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1201:275-353. [PMID: 31898792 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-31206-0_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular purines exert several functions in physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms. ATP acts through P2 receptors as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator and modulates heart contractility, while adenosine participates in neurotransmission, blood pressure, and many other mechanisms. Because of their capability to differentiate into mature cell types, they provide a unique therapeutic strategy for regenerating damaged tissue, such as in cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Purinergic signaling is pivotal for controlling stem cell differentiation and phenotype determination. Proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis of stem cells of various origins are regulated by purinergic receptors. In this chapter, we selected neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases with clinical trials using cell therapy and purinergic receptor targeting. We discuss these approaches as therapeutic alternatives to neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases. For instance, promising results were demonstrated in the utilization of mesenchymal stem cells and bone marrow mononuclear cells in vascular regeneration. Regarding neurodegenerative diseases, in general, P2X7 and A2A receptors mostly worsen the degenerative state. Stem cell-based therapy, mainly through mesenchymal and hematopoietic stem cells, showed promising results in improving symptoms caused by neurodegeneration. We propose that purinergic receptor activity regulation combined with stem cells could enhance proliferative and differentiation rates as well as cell engraftment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Andrejew
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Talita Glaser
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ágatha Oliveira-Giacomelli
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Deidiane Ribeiro
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Godoy
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Granato
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Henning Ulrich
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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132
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New frontiers in probing the dynamics of purinergic transmitters in vivo. Neurosci Res 2020; 152:35-43. [PMID: 31958495 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2020.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Purinergic transmitters such as adenosine, ADP, ATP, UTP, and UDP-glucose play important roles in a wide range of physiological processes, including the sleep-wake cycle, learning and memory, cardiovascular function, and the immune response. Moreover, impaired purinergic signaling has been implicated in various pathological conditions such as pain, migraine, epilepsy, and drug addiction. Examining the function of purinergic transmission in both health and disease requires direct, sensitive, non-invasive tools for monitoring structurally similar purinergic transmitters; ideally, these tools should have high spatial and temporal resolution in in vivo applications. Here, we review the recent progress with respect to the development and application of new methods for detecting purinergic transmitters, focusing on optical tools; in addition, we provide discussion regarding future perspectives.
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133
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Comeo E, Kindon ND, Soave M, Stoddart LA, Kilpatrick LE, Scammells PJ, Hill SJ, Kellam B. Subtype-Selective Fluorescent Ligands as Pharmacological Research Tools for the Human Adenosine A 2A Receptor. J Med Chem 2020; 63:2656-2672. [PMID: 31887252 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Among class A G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), the human adenosine A2A receptor (hA2AAR) remains an attractive drug target. However, translation of A2AAR ligands into the clinic has proved challenging and an improved understanding of A2AAR pharmacology could promote development of more efficacious therapies. Subtype-selective fluorescent probes would allow detailed real-time pharmacological investigations both in vitro and in vivo. In the present study, two families of fluorescent probes were designed around the known hA2AAR selective antagonist preladenant (SCH 420814). Both families of fluorescent antagonists retained affinity at the hA2AAR, selectivity over all other adenosine receptor subtypes and allowed clear visualization of specific receptor localization through confocal imaging. Furthermore, the Alexa Fluor 647-labeled conjugate allowed measurement of ligand binding affinities of unlabeled hA2AAR antagonists using a bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (NanoBRET) assay. The fluorescent ligands developed here can therefore be applied to a range of fluorescence-based techniques to further interrogate hA2AAR pharmacology and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Comeo
- Division of Biomolecular Sciences and Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands NG7 2UH, U.K.,Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052 Australia
| | - Nicholas D Kindon
- Division of Biomolecular Sciences and Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands NG7 2UH, U.K
| | - Mark Soave
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, U.K.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands NG7 2UH, U.K
| | - Leigh A Stoddart
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, U.K.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands NG7 2UH, U.K
| | - Laura E Kilpatrick
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, U.K.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands NG7 2UH, U.K
| | - Peter J Scammells
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052 Australia
| | - Stephen J Hill
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, U.K.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands NG7 2UH, U.K
| | - Barrie Kellam
- Division of Biomolecular Sciences and Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, The Midlands NG7 2UH, U.K
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134
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Chen F, Ye Y, Dai X, Zheng Y, Fang S, Liao L. Metabolic effects of repeated ketamine administration in the rat brain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 522:592-598. [PMID: 31785818 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.11.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Ketamine is a popular recreational drug used in club and dance music settings. Evidence suggests that chronic or repeated ketamine use could induce neurological and psychological harm, while the mechanisms underlying ketamine's effects on the nervous system are still unclear. The aim of this study was to explore the metabolic changes that occur in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus (Hip) and striatum of rats with repeated ketamine exposure and withdrawal intervention and to identify the potential metabolic pathways influenced by ketamine. An untargeted ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS)-based metabolomics method coupled with multivariate and univariate statistical analysis was applied to analyze the metabolic profiles of the PFC, Hip, and striatum and to identify metabolite alterations. The pathway analysis tool in MetaboAnalyst was subsequently applied for pathway predictions. A total of 79, 54 and 58 changed metabolites were identified in the PFC, Hip and striatum, respectively, after repeated ketamine exposure. Pathway analysis indicated that purine metabolism and glycerophospholipid metabolism were the main pathways disturbed by ketamine in all three brain regions. After one week of withdrawal intervention, most changed metabolites in the Hip and striatum had been restored to control levels, while the metabolite alterations in the PFC were persistent. These results revealed that repeated ketamine exposure significantly changed purine metabolism and glycerophospholipid metabolism in the PFC, Hip and striatum, which might be involved in the neurotoxic effects of ketamine. Additionally, this study also identified that the PFC, rather than the Hip or striatum, was more likely to be the target region of the long-term effects of ketamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Chen
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310051, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi Ye
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinhua Dai
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuzi Zheng
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Shiyong Fang
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Linchuan Liao
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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135
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Appy L, Chardet C, Peyrottes S, Roy B. Synthetic Strategies for Dinucleotides Synthesis. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24234334. [PMID: 31783537 PMCID: PMC6930578 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dinucleoside 5′,5′-polyphosphates (DNPs) are endogenous substances that play important intra- and extracellular roles in various biological processes, such as cell proliferation, regulation of enzymes, neurotransmission, platelet disaggregation and modulation of vascular tone. Various methodologies have been developed over the past fifty years to access these compounds, involving enzymatic processes or chemical procedures based either on P(III) or P(V) chemistry. Both solution-phase and solid-support strategies have been developed and are reported here. Recently, green chemistry approaches have emerged, offering attracting alternatives. This review outlines the main synthetic pathways for the preparation of dinucleoside 5′,5′-polyphosphates, focusing on pharmacologically relevant compounds, and highlighting recent advances.
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136
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Chen JX, Zhang LG, Liu KZ, Chen HM, Zhou SJ, Wang N, Tan YL, Wang SL, Jones A, Yang FD, Huang XF. Patients With Drug-Naive Bipolar Disorder in Remission After 8 Weeks of Treatment Had Decreased Serum Uric Acid Concentrations. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:767. [PMID: 31736796 PMCID: PMC6837074 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Evidence indicates that the serum concentration of uric acid (UA) in patients may relate both to the pathophysiology and therapeutics of bipolar disorder (BPD). The purpose of this study was to examine the changes and clinical significance of serum UA concentrations in first-episode manic patients suffering from BPD. Methods: Seventy-six drug-naive patients with first-episode bipolar mania and 76 age- and gender-matched healthy subjects were recruited. Young Mania Rating Scale and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale were used to assess clinical symptoms. We tested serum UA concentrations by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at baseline and at the end of 8-week treatment in BPD patients and in the control group. Results: After 8-week quetiapine and sodium valproate treatment, this study revealed that the serum UA concentrations in remitted patients were significantly lower than nonremitted patients; however, those remitted patients still had higher serum UA than healthy controls. We discovered that the baseline UA concentration was higher in nonremitted than remitted patients after 8 weeks of treatment. Finally, a positive association was found between serum UA and symptom relief in the first episode of manic disorder patients. Conclusion: Patients with first-episode BPD had high levels of serum UA, which responds to treatment mainly in remitted patients. Our results suggest that serum UA concentrations might present potentially a trait marker in bipolar patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Xu Chen
- Beijing Hui-Long-Guan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Gang Zhang
- Beijing Hui-Long-Guan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ke-Zhi Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Hong-Mei Chen
- Beijing Hui-Long-Guan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Ning Wang
- Beijing Hui-Long-Guan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun-Long Tan
- Beijing Hui-Long-Guan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shao-Li Wang
- Beijing Hui-Long-Guan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Alison Jones
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute and School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Fu-De Yang
- Beijing Hui-Long-Guan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xu-Feng Huang
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute and School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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137
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Tóth A, Antal Z, Bereczki D, Sperlágh B. Purinergic Signalling in Parkinson's Disease: A Multi-target System to Combat Neurodegeneration. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:2413-2422. [PMID: 31054067 PMCID: PMC6776560 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02798-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons that results in characteristic motor and non-motor symptoms. L-3,4 dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) is the gold standard therapy for the treatment of PD. However, long-term use of L-DOPA leads to side effects such as dyskinesias and motor fluctuation. Since purines have neurotransmitter and co-transmitter properties, the function of the purinergic system has been thoroughly studied in the nervous system. Adenosine and adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) are modulators of dopaminergic neurotransmission, neuroinflammatory processes, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity and cell death via purinergic receptor subtypes. Aberrant purinergic receptor signalling can be either the cause or the result of numerous pathological conditions, including neurodegenerative disorders. Many data confirm the involvement of purinergic signalling pathways in PD. Modulation of purinergic receptor subtypes, the activity of ectonucleotidases and ATP transporters could be beneficial in the treatment of PD. We give a brief summary of the background of purinergic signalling focusing on its roles in PD. Possible targets for pharmacological treatment are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Tóth
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Balassa u. 6., Budapest, 1083, Hungary
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony u. 43., Budapest, 1083, Hungary
- János Szentágothai School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University School of PhD Studies, Üllői út 26., Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Antal
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony u. 43., Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Dániel Bereczki
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Balassa u. 6., Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Beáta Sperlágh
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony u. 43., Budapest, 1083, Hungary.
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138
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Adachi C, Kakinuma N, Jo SH, Ishii T, Arai Y, Arai S, Kitaguchi T, Takeda S, Inoue T. Sonic hedgehog enhances calcium oscillations in hippocampal astrocytes. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:16034-16048. [PMID: 31506300 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.007883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (SHH) is important for organogenesis during development. Recent studies have indicated that SHH is also involved in the proliferation and transformation of astrocytes to the reactive phenotype. However, the mechanisms underlying these are unknown. Involvement of SHH signaling in calcium (Ca) signaling has not been extensively studied. Here, we report that SHH and Smoothened agonist (SAG), an activator of the signaling receptor Smoothened (SMO) in the SHH pathway, activate Ca oscillations in cultured murine hippocampal astrocytes. The response was rapid, on a minute time scale, indicating a noncanonical pathway activity. Pertussis toxin blocked the SAG effect, indicating an involvement of a Gi coupled to SMO. Depletion of extracellular ATP by apyrase, an ATP-degrading enzyme, inhibited the SAG-mediated activation of Ca oscillations. These results indicate that SAG increases extracellular ATP levels by activating ATP release from astrocytes, resulting in Ca oscillation activation. We hypothesize that SHH activates SMO-coupled Gi in astrocytes, causing ATP release and activation of Gq/11-coupled P2 receptors on the same cell or surrounding astrocytes. Transcription factor activities are often modulated by Ca patterns; therefore, SHH signaling may trigger changes in astrocytes by activating Ca oscillations. This enhancement of Ca oscillations by SHH signaling may occur in astrocytes in the brain in vivo because we also observed it in hippocampal brain slices. In summary, SHH and SAG enhance Ca oscillations in hippocampal astrocytes, Gi mediates SAG-induced Ca oscillations downstream of SMO, and ATP-permeable channels may promote the ATP release that activates Ca oscillations in astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Adachi
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 1628480, Japan
| | - Naoto Kakinuma
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Interdisciplinary School of Medicine & Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 4093898, Japan
| | - Soo Hyun Jo
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 1628480, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ishii
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 1628480, Japan
| | - Yusuke Arai
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 1628480, Japan
| | - Satoshi Arai
- Cell Signaling Group, Waseda Bioscience Research Institute in Singapore (WABIOS), Singapore 138667.,Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 1698555, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kitaguchi
- Cell Signaling Group, Waseda Bioscience Research Institute in Singapore (WABIOS), Singapore 138667.,Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 2268503, Japan
| | - Sen Takeda
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Interdisciplinary School of Medicine & Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 4093898, Japan
| | - Takafumi Inoue
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 1628480, Japan
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139
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Che H, Zhu J, Song S, Mason AF, Cao S, Pijpers IAB, Abdelmohsen LKEA, van Hest JCM. ATP-Mediated Transient Behavior of Stomatocyte Nanosystems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:13113-13118. [PMID: 31267638 PMCID: PMC7079195 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201906331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In nature, dynamic processes are ubiquitous and often characterized by adaptive, transient behavior. Herein, we present the development of a transient bowl-shaped nanoreactor system, or stomatocyte, the properties of which are mediated by molecular interactions. In a stepwise fashion, we couple motility to a dynamic process, which is maintained by transient events; namely, binding and unbinding of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The surface of the nanosystem is decorated with polylysine (PLL), and regulation is achieved by addition of ATP. The dynamic interaction between PLL and ATP leads to an increase in the hydrophobicity of the PLL-ATP complex and subsequently to a collapse of the polymer; this causes a narrowing of the opening of the stomatocytes. The presence of the apyrase, which hydrolyzes ATP, leads to a decrease of the ATP concentration, decomplexation of PLL, and reopening of the stomatocyte. The competition between ATP input and consumption gives rise to a transient state that is controlled by the out-of-equilibrium process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Che
- Eindhoven University of TechnologyInstitute for Complex Molecular SystemsP.O. Box 513 (STO 3.41)5600MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Jianzhi Zhu
- Eindhoven University of TechnologyInstitute for Complex Molecular SystemsP.O. Box 513 (STO 3.41)5600MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Shidong Song
- Eindhoven University of TechnologyInstitute for Complex Molecular SystemsP.O. Box 513 (STO 3.41)5600MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Alexander F. Mason
- Eindhoven University of TechnologyInstitute for Complex Molecular SystemsP.O. Box 513 (STO 3.41)5600MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Shoupeng Cao
- Eindhoven University of TechnologyInstitute for Complex Molecular SystemsP.O. Box 513 (STO 3.41)5600MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Imke A. B. Pijpers
- Eindhoven University of TechnologyInstitute for Complex Molecular SystemsP.O. Box 513 (STO 3.41)5600MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Loai K. E. A. Abdelmohsen
- Eindhoven University of TechnologyInstitute for Complex Molecular SystemsP.O. Box 513 (STO 3.41)5600MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Jan C. M. van Hest
- Eindhoven University of TechnologyInstitute for Complex Molecular SystemsP.O. Box 513 (STO 3.41)5600MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
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140
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Zanini D, Manfredi LH, Pelinson LP, Pimentel VC, Cardoso AM, Carmo Araújo Gonçalves VD, Santos CBD, Gutierres JM, Morsch VM, Leal DBR, Schetinger MRC. ADA activity is decreased in lymphocytes from patients with advanced stage of lung cancer. Med Oncol 2019; 36:78. [PMID: 31375946 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-019-1301-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is directly associated with lung cancer. Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) represents approximately 80% from all types of lung cancer. This latter is hard to diagnose and to treat due to the lack of symptoms in early stages of the disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate ADA activity and the expression of P2X7, A1, and A2A receptors and in lymphocytes. In addition, the profile of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines serum levels of patients with lung cancer in advanced stage was evaluated. Patients (n = 13) previously treated for lung cancer at stage IV (UICC) with chemotherapy had their blood collected. Cancer patients showed a decrease in ADA activity and an increase in A1 receptor expression in lymphocytes when compared to the control group. Moreover, patients exhibited an increase in IL-6 and TNF-α, while IL-17 and INF-ϒ serum levels were lower in patients with lung cancer. The decreased ADA activity and the increase in A1 receptor expression may contribute to adenosine pro-tumor effects by increasing IL-6 and TNF-α and decreasing IL-17 and INF-γ serum levels. Our data show an indirect evidence that purinergic signaling may have a role in promoting a profile of cytokines levels that favors tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Zanini
- Medical School, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Chapecó, Santa Catarina, Brazil. .,Molecular biochemistry and biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, 97105-900, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | | | - Luana Paula Pelinson
- Molecular biochemistry and biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, 97105-900, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Victor Camera Pimentel
- Molecular biochemistry and biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, 97105-900, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Andréia Machado Cardoso
- Medical School, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Chapecó, Santa Catarina, Brazil.,Molecular biochemistry and biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, 97105-900, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Cláudia Bertoncelli Dos Santos
- Molecular biochemistry and biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, 97105-900, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jessié Martins Gutierres
- Molecular biochemistry and biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, 97105-900, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Vera Maria Morsch
- Molecular biochemistry and biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, 97105-900, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Daniela Bitencourt Rosa Leal
- Molecular biochemistry and biology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, 97105-900, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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141
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142
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Illing RB, Buschky H, Tadic A. Mitotic activity, modulation of DNA processing, and purinergic signalling in the adult rat auditory brainstem following sensory deafferentation. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 50:3985-4003. [PMID: 31325398 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A complex scenario of cellular network reorganization is caused by unilateral sensory deafferentation (USD) in the adult rat central auditory system. We asked whether this plasticity response involves mitosis. Immunohistochemistry was applied to brainstem sections for the detection and localization of mitotic markers Ki67 and PCNA, the growth-associated protein Gap43 and purine receptor P2X4. Fluorescent double staining was done for Ki67:PCNA and for both of them with HuC/HuD (neurons), S100 (astrocytes), Iba1 (microglia) and P2X4. Inquiring 1-7 days after USD, we found Ki67 expression to be changed in cellular profiles of cochlear nucleus (CN) with a significant increase in number by 1-3 days, followed by reset to control level within 1 week. USD-induced mitosis exclusively occurred in microglia and was absent elsewhere in the auditory brainstem. PCNA staining of small cellular profiles increased similarly but remained elevated. PCNA staining intensity also changed in CN, superior olive and inferior colliculus in neuronal nuclei, suggesting shifts in DNA processing. No apoptotic cell death was detected in any region of the adult auditory brainstem after USD. A comparison of anterograde and retrograde effects of nerve damage revealed proliferating microglia expressing P2X4 receptors in CN upon USD, but not in the facial nucleus after facial nerve transection. In conclusion, the deafferentation model studied here permits insight into the capacity of the adult mammalian brain to invoke mitosis among glia cells, adjustment of gene processing in neurons and purinergic signalling between them, jointly accounting for a multilayered neuro- and glioplastic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert-Benjamin Illing
- Neurobiological Research Laboratory, Section for Clinical-Experimental Otology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Helena Buschky
- Neurobiological Research Laboratory, Section for Clinical-Experimental Otology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Annamaria Tadic
- Neurobiological Research Laboratory, Section for Clinical-Experimental Otology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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143
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Gervois P, Lambrichts I. The Emerging Role of Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells 2 as a Target for Immunomodulation in Ischemic Stroke. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1668. [PMID: 31379859 PMCID: PMC6650572 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the second most common cause of death and permanent disability. It is characterized by loss of neural tissue in which inflammation plays a crucial role in both the acute contribution to ischemic damage as in the late-stage impact on post-ischemic tissue regeneration. Microglia play a key role in the inflammatory stroke microenvironment as they can adapt a disease-promoting pro-inflammatory- or pro-regenerative phenotype thereby contributing to the exacerbation or alleviation of ischemic damage, respectively. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is a cell surface receptor which in the central nervous system is mainly expressed on microglia. This receptor has been shown to play an essential role in microglial phagocytosis and function but its contribution in stroke pathobiology remains unclear. TREM2 was shown to be activated by nucleotides and lipid mediators, key factors that are secreted in the extracellular stroke environment by apoptotic neurons and cell/myelin debris. These factors in turn stimulate TREM2 signaling which mediates microglial migration toward- and phagocytosis of myelin debris and apoptotic cells. Moreover, microglial TREM2 appears to counteract the toll-like receptor response, thereby decreasing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Finally, TREM2 is involved in microglial migration, survival, and is suggested to directly stimulate pro-regenerative phenotype shift. Therefore, this receptor is an attractive target for microglial modulation in the treatment of ischemic stroke and it provides additional information on microglial effector functions. This short review aims to elaborate on these TREM2-mediated microglial functions in the pathobiology and resolving of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Gervois
- Department of Morphology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Ivo Lambrichts
- Department of Morphology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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144
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Fraporti TT, Contini V, Tovo-Rodrigues L, Recamonde-Mendoza M, Rovaris DL, Rohde LA, Hutz MH, Salatino-Oliveira A, Genro JP. Synergistic effects between ADORA2A and DRD2 genes on anxiety disorders in children with ADHD. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 93:214-220. [PMID: 30946941 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of anxiety disorders in patients with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is around 15-40%, three times higher than in the general population. The dopaminergic system, classically associated with ADHD, interacts directly with the adenosinergic system through adenosine A2A receptors (A2A) and dopamine D2 receptors (D2) forming A2A-D2 heterodimers. Both dopaminergic and adenosinergic systems are implicated in anxiety disorders. Therefore, the aims of this study were: a) to investigate the main effects of ADORA2A and DRD2 gene variants on anxiety disorders in an ADHD sample of children and adolescents; b) to test potential synergism between ADORA2A and DRD2 genes on the same outcome; c) to explore ADORA2A variants functionality using an in silico approach. The sample consists of 478 children and adolescents with ADHD and their parents, totalizing 1.239 individuals. An association between the ADORA2A rs2298383 TT genotype with the presence of anxiety disorders (P = .004) and an interaction between ADORA2A-DRD2 risk haplotypes with the same outcome (P = .005) was detected. The in silico analyses showed that rs2298383 has the highest score for regulatory function among all variants in the ADORA2A gene described up to date. Altogether, the present findings suggested that the ADORA2A gene and the interaction of ADORA2A and DRD2 genes may play a role in anxiety disorders in children and adolescents with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thailan T Fraporti
- Post-Graduate Program in Biosciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Verônica Contini
- Post-Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Universidade do Vale do Taquari - Univates, Lajeado, RS, Brazil
| | - Luciana Tovo-Rodrigues
- Post-Graduate Program in Epidemiology, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Mariana Recamonde-Mendoza
- Institute of Informatics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Bioinformatics Core, Experimental Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Diego L Rovaris
- ADHD Outpatient Program (PRODAH), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Luís Augusto Rohde
- ADHD Outpatient Program (PRODAH), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, Brazil
| | - Mara Helena Hutz
- Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Júlia Pasqualini Genro
- Post-Graduate Program in Biosciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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145
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Zhu HT, Qin LY, Liu T, Luo Y. A Convenient Synthesis of N2-Alkylated Guanines. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428019060198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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146
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Xu X, Gnanaprakasam JNR, Sherman J, Wang R. A Metabolism Toolbox for CAR T Therapy. Front Oncol 2019; 9:322. [PMID: 31114756 PMCID: PMC6503740 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The adoptive transfer of T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) through genetic engineering is one of the most promising new therapies for treating cancer patients. A robust CAR T cell-mediated anti-tumor response requires the coordination of nutrient and energy supplies with CAR T cell expansion and function. However, the high metabolic demands of tumor cells compromise the function of CAR T cells by competing for nutrients within the tumor microenvironment (TME). To substantially improve clinical outcomes of CAR T immunotherapy while treating solid tumors, it is essential to metabolically prepare CAR T cells to overcome the metabolic barriers imposed by the TME. In this review, we discuss a potential metabolism toolbox to improve the metabolic fitness of CAR T cells and maximize the efficacy of CAR T therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuequn Xu
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Hematology/Oncology & BMT, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - J N Rashida Gnanaprakasam
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Hematology/Oncology & BMT, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - John Sherman
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Hematology/Oncology & BMT, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Ruoning Wang
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Hematology/Oncology & BMT, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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147
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Ludtmann MHR, Kostic M, Horne A, Gandhi S, Sekler I, Abramov AY. LRRK2 deficiency induced mitochondrial Ca 2+ efflux inhibition can be rescued by Na +/Ca 2+/Li + exchanger upregulation. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:265. [PMID: 30890692 PMCID: PMC6424963 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1469-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Variants of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (lrrk2) are associated with an increased risk in developing Parkinson’s disease (PD). Mitochondrial dysfunction and specifically mitochondrial Ca2+ handling has been linked to the pathogenesis of PD. Here we describe for the second time a mitochondrial Ca2+ efflux deficiency in a model displaying alterations in a PD-associated risk protein. LRRK2 deletion, inhibition and mutations led to an impaired mitochondrial Ca2+ extrusion via Na+/Ca2+/Li+ exchanger (NCLX) which in turn lowered mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP) opening threshold and increased cell death. The mitochondrial membrane potential was found not to be the underlying cause for the Ca2+ extrusion deficiency. NCLX activity was rescued by a direct (phosphomimetic NCLX mutant) and indirect (protein kinase A) activation which in turn elevated the PTP opening threshold. Therefore, at least two PD-associated risk protein pathways appear to converge on NCLX controlling mitochondrial Ca2+ extrusion and therefore mitochondrial health. Since mitochondrial Ca2+ overload has been described in many neurological disorders this study warrants further studies into NCLX as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marthe H R Ludtmann
- Royal Veterinary College, 4 Royal College St, Kings Cross, London, NW1 0TU, UK. .,Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
| | - Marko Kostic
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Amy Horne
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Sonia Gandhi
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.,The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, King's Cross, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Israel Sekler
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Andrey Y Abramov
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
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148
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Punzi G, Ursini G, Viscanti G, Radulescu E, Shin JH, Quarto T, Catanesi R, Blasi G, Jaffe AE, Deep-Soboslay A, Hyde TM, Kleinman JE, Bertolino A, Weinberger DR. Association of a Noncoding RNA Postmortem With Suicide by Violent Means and In Vivo With Aggressive Phenotypes. Biol Psychiatry 2019; 85:417-424. [PMID: 30600091 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous findings suggest that differences in brain expression of a human-specific long intergenic noncoding RNA (LINC01268; GRCh37/hg19: LOC285758) may be linked to suicide by violent methods. We sought to replicate and extend these findings in a new sample and translate the results to the behavioral level in living healthy subjects. METHODS We examined RNA sequencing data in human brains to confirm the prior postmortem association of the long intergenic noncoding RNA specifically with suicide by violent means. In addition, we used a genetic variant associated with LINC01268 expression to detect association in healthy subjects with trait aggression and with in vivo prefrontal physiology related to behavioral control. Finally, we performed weighted gene coexpression network analysis and gene ontology analysis to identify biological processes associated with a LINC01268 coexpression network. RESULTS In the replication sample, prefrontal expression of LINC01268 was again higher in suicides by violent means (n = 65) than in both nonsuicides (n = 78; p = 1.29 × 10-6) and suicides by nonviolent means (n = 46; p = 1.4 × 10-6). In the living cohort, carriers of the minor allele of a single nucleotide polymorphism associated with increased LINC01268 expression in brain scored higher on a lifetime aggression questionnaire and show diminished engagement of prefrontal cortex (Brodmann area 10) when viewing angry faces during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Weighted gene coexpression network analysis highlighted the immune response. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that LINC01268 influences emotional regulation, aggressive behavior, and suicide by violent means; the underlying biological dynamics may include modulation of genes potentially engaged in the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Punzi
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland; Section of Forensic Psychiatry and Criminology, Institute of Legal Medicine, Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Bari, Italy; Group of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Aldo Moro University, Bari, Italy
| | - Gianluca Ursini
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Group of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Aldo Moro University, Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanna Viscanti
- Group of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Aldo Moro University, Bari, Italy
| | - Eugenia Radulescu
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Joo Heon Shin
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Tiziana Quarto
- Group of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Aldo Moro University, Bari, Italy
| | - Roberto Catanesi
- Section of Forensic Psychiatry and Criminology, Institute of Legal Medicine, Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Blasi
- Group of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Aldo Moro University, Bari, Italy
| | - Andrew E Jaffe
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Amy Deep-Soboslay
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Thomas M Hyde
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Joel E Kleinman
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alessandro Bertolino
- Group of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Aldo Moro University, Bari, Italy
| | - Daniel R Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; McKusick Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
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149
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Cieślak M, Roszek K, Wujak M. Purinergic implication in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-from pathological mechanisms to therapeutic perspectives. Purinergic Signal 2019; 15:1-15. [PMID: 30430356 PMCID: PMC6439052 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-018-9633-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a clinically heterogeneous disorder characterized by degeneration of upper motor neurons in the brainstem and lower motor neurons in the spinal cord. Multiple mechanisms of motor neuron injury have been implicated, including more than 20 different genetic factors. The pathogenesis of ALS consists of two stages: an early neuroprotective stage and a later neurotoxic. During early phases of disease progression, the immune system through glial and T cell activities provides anti-inflammatory factors that sustain motor neuron viability. As the disease progresses and motor neuron injury accelerates, a rapidly succeeding neurotoxic phase develops. A well-orchestrated purine-mediated dialog among motor neurons, surrounding glia and immune cells control the beneficial and detrimental activities occurring in the nervous system. In general, low adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentrations protect cells against excitotoxic stimuli through purinergic P2X4 receptor, whereas high concentrations of ATP trigger toxic P2X7 receptor activation. Finally, adenosine is also involved in ALS progression since A2A receptor antagonists prevent motor neuron death. Given the complex cellular cross-talk occurring in ALS and the recognized function of extracellular nucleotides and adenosine in neuroglia communication, the comprehensive understanding of purinome dynamics might provide new research perspectives to decipher ALS and help to design more efficient and targeted drugs. This review will focus on the purinergic players involved in ALS etiology and disease progression and current therapeutic strategies to enhance neuroprotection and suppress neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cieślak
- Neurology Clinic, Marek Cieślak, Toruń, Poland
| | - K Roszek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 1 Lwowska St, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - M Wujak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 1 Lwowska St, 87-100, Toruń, Poland.
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Sebastián-Serrano Á, de Diego-García L, di Lauro C, Bianchi C, Díaz-Hernández M. Nucleotides regulate the common molecular mechanisms that underlie neurodegenerative diseases; Therapeutic implications. Brain Res Bull 2019; 151:84-91. [PMID: 30721769 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (ND) are a heterogeneous group of neurological disorders characterized by a progressive loss of neuronal function which results in neuronal death. Although a specific toxic factor has been identified for each ND, all of them share common pathological molecular mechanisms favouring the disease development. In the final stages of ND, patients become unable to take care of themselves and decline to a total functional incapacitation that leads to their death. Some of the main factors which contribute to the disease progression include proteasomal dysfunction, neuroinflammation, synaptic alterations, protein aggregation, and oxidative stress. Over recent years, evidence has been accumulated to suggest that purinergic signaling plays a key role in the aforementioned molecular pathways. In this review, we revise the implications of the purinergic signaling in the common molecular mechanism underlying the ND. In particular, we focus on the role of the purinergic receptors P2X7, P2Y2 and the ectoenzyme tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Sebastián-Serrano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro S/N, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura de Diego-García
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro S/N, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Caterina di Lauro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro S/N, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Bianchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro S/N, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Díaz-Hernández
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro S/N, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain.
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