101
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The immune system of jawless vertebrates: insights into the prototype of the adaptive immune system. Immunogenetics 2020; 73:5-16. [PMID: 33159554 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-020-01182-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Jawless vertebrates diverged from an ancestor of jawed vertebrates approximately 550 million years ago. They mount adaptive immune responses to repetitive antigenic challenges, despite lacking major histocompatibility complex molecules, immunoglobulins, T cell receptors, and recombination-activating genes. Instead of B cell and T cell receptors, agnathan lymphocytes express unique antigen receptors named variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs), which generate diversity through a gene conversion-like mechanism. Although gnathostome antigen receptors and VLRs are structurally unrelated, jawed and jawless vertebrates share essential features of lymphocyte-based adaptive immunity, including the expression of a single type of receptor on each lymphocyte, clonal expansion of antigen-stimulated lymphocytes, and the dichotomy of cellular and humoral immunity, indicating that the backbone of the adaptive immune system was established in a common ancestor of all vertebrates. Furthermore, recent evidence indicates that, unlike previously thought, agnathans have a unique classical pathway of complement activation where VLRB molecules act as antibodies instead of immunoglobulins. It seems likely that the last common ancestor of all vertebrates had an adaptive immune system resembling that of jawless vertebrates, suggesting that, as opposed to jawed vertebrates, agnathans have retained the prototype of vertebrate adaptive immunity.
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102
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Peronato A, Franchi N, Loriano B. BsTLR1: A new member of the TLR family of recognition proteins from the colonial ascidian Botryllus schlosseri. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 106:967-974. [PMID: 32919053 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) represent a well-known family of conserved pattern recognition receptors the importance of which, in non-self recognition, was demonstrated in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Tunicates represent the vertebrate sister group and, as invertebrates, they rely only on innate immunity for their defence. As regards TLRs, two transcripts have been described and characterised in the solitary species Ciona intestinalis, referred to as CiTLR1 and CiTLR2. Using the Ciona TLR nucleotide sequences, we mined our available transcriptome of the colonial ascidian Botryllus schlosseri looking for similar sequences. We were able to identify a sequence, with similarity to CiTLR2 and, through in silico transduction and subsequent sequence analysis, we studied the domain content of the putative protein. The sequence, called BsTLR1, has a TIR and a transmembrane domain, four LLR and two LRR-CT domains. It is actively transcribed by both phagocytes and morula cells, the two circulating immunocyte types. In addition, we analysed bstlr1 transcription in vivo and in vitro, in different phases of the Botryllus blastogenetic cycle and under various experimental conditions. Our data show that there is a change in gene expression and mRNA location, according to the blastogenetic phase. Furthermore, we used a commercial antibody raised against the ectodomain of hTLR5 to study the possible functional role of Botryllus TLR(s). We observed that anti-hTLR5 significantly decreased in vitro phagocytosis and morula cell degranulation, two typical responses to the recognition of nonself. Collectively, our data add new information on the mechanisms of nonself recognition in a colonial ascidian.
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103
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Wang C. Grand Challenges in the Research of Fungal Interactions With Animals. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2020; 1:602032. [PMID: 37743880 PMCID: PMC10512243 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2020.602032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chengshu Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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104
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Koutsogiannaki S, Bu W, Hou L, Shibamura-Fujiogi M, Ishida H, Ohto U, Eckenhoff RG, Yuki K. The effect of anesthetics on toll like receptor 9. FASEB J 2020; 34:14645-14654. [PMID: 32901993 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000791rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Toll like receptors (TLRs) are critical receptors to respond to danger signals, and their functions are relevant in the perioperative period. We previously reported that volatile anesthetics directly bound to TLR2 and TLR4 and attenuated their functions. Given that TLR9 can respond to mitochondrial DNA, a danger signal that is released upon tissue injury, we examined the role of anesthetics on TLR9 function. Our reporter assay showed that volatile anesthetics isoflurane and sevoflurane increased the activation of TLR9, while propofol attenuated it. TLR9 activation occurs via its dimerization. The dimerization is facilitated by unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) DNA as well as DNA containing cytosine at the second position from 5'-end (5'-xCx DNA). Our structural analysis using photoactivable anesthetics and rigid docking simulation showed that isoflurane and sevoflurane bound to both TLR9 dimer interface and 5'-xCx DNA binding site. Propofol bound to the TLR9 antagonist binding site. This is the first illustration that anesthetics can affect the binding of nucleic acids to their receptor. This study sets the foundation for the effect of anesthetics on TLR9 and will pave the way for future studies to determine the significance of such interactions in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Koutsogiannaki
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Cardiac Anesthesia Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Weiming Bu
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lifei Hou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Cardiac Anesthesia Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Miho Shibamura-Fujiogi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Cardiac Anesthesia Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hanako Ishida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Umeharu Ohto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Roderic G Eckenhoff
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Koichi Yuki
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Cardiac Anesthesia Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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105
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Liu G, Zhang H, Zhao C, Zhang H. Evolutionary History of the Toll-Like Receptor Gene Family across Vertebrates. Genome Biol Evol 2020; 12:3615-3634. [PMID: 31800025 PMCID: PMC6946030 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evz266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptation to a wide range of pathogenic environments is a major aspect of the ecological adaptations of vertebrates during evolution. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are ancient membrane-bound sensors in animals and are best known for their roles in detecting and defense against invading pathogenic microorganisms. To understand the evolutionary history of the vertebrate TLR gene family, we first traced the origin of single-cysteine cluster TLRs that share the same protein architecture with vertebrate TLRs in early-branching animals and then analyzed all members of the TLR family in over 200 species covering all major vertebrate clades. Our results indicate that although the emergence of single-cysteine cluster TLRs predates the separation of bilaterians and cnidarians, most vertebrate TLR members originated shortly after vertebrate emergence. Phylogenetic analyses divided 1,726 vertebrate TLRs into 8 subfamilies, and TLR3 may represent the most ancient subfamily that emerged before the branching of deuterostomes. Our analysis reveals that purifying selection predominated in the evolution of all vertebrate TLRs, with mean dN/dS (ω) values ranging from 0.082 for TLR21 in birds to 0.434 for TLR11 in mammals. However, we did observe patterns of positive selection acting on specific codons (527 of 60,294 codons across all vertebrate TLRs, 8.7‰), which are significantly concentrated in ligand-binding extracellular domains and suggest host–pathogen coevolutionary interactions. Additionally, we found stronger positive selection acting on nonviral compared with viral TLRs, indicating the more essential nonredundant function of viral TLRs in host immunity. Taken together, our findings provide comprehensive insight into the complex evolutionary processes of the vertebrate TLR gene family, involving gene duplication, pseudogenization, purification, and positive selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangshuai Liu
- College of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Shandong, China
| | - Huanxin Zhang
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Chao Zhao
- College of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Shandong, China
| | - Honghai Zhang
- College of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Shandong, China
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106
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Mitsui Y, Hou L, Huang X, Odegard KC, Pereira LM, Yuki K. Volatile Anesthetic Sevoflurane Attenuates Toll-Like Receptor 1/2 Activation. Anesth Analg 2020; 131:631-639. [PMID: 32149756 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000004741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although immunomodulatory effects of anesthetics have been increasingly recognized, their underlying molecular mechanisms are not completely understood. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are one of the major receptors to recognize invading pathogens and danger signals from damaged host tissues to initiate immune responses. Among the TLR family, TLR2 and TLR4 recognize a wide range of ligands and are considered to be important players in perioperative pathophysiology. Based on our recent finding that volatile anesthetics modulate TLR4 function, we tested our hypothesis that they would also modulate TLR2 function. METHODS The effect of anesthetics isoflurane, sevoflurane, propofol, and dexmedetomidine on TLR2 activation was examined by reporter assays. An anesthetic that affected the activation was subjected to in silico rigid docking simulation on TLR2. To test our prediction that sevoflurane and a TLR1/TLR2 ligand Pam3CSK4 would compete for the same pocket of TLR2, we performed Pam3CSK4 competitive binding assay to TLR2 using HEK cells stably transfected with TLR2 (HEK-TLR2) with or without sevoflurane. We examined the effect of different anesthetics on the functions of human neutrophils stimulated with TLR2 ligands. Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U test were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS We observed that the attenuation of TLR1/TLR2 activation was seen on sevoflurane exposure but not on isoflurane, propofol, or dexmedetomidine exposure. The attenuation of TLR2/TLR6 activation was not seen in any of the anesthetics tested. The rigid docking simulation predicted that sevoflurane and Pam3CSK4 bound to the same pocket of TLR1/TLR2 complex. The binding of Pam3CSK4 to HEK-TLR2 cells was impaired in the presence of sevoflurane, indicating that sevoflurane and Pam3CSK4 competed for the pocket, as predicted in silico. The stimulation of neutrophils with Pam3CSK4 induced L-selection shedding but did not affect phagocytosis and reactive oxygen species production. L-selectin shedding from neutrophils was attenuated only by sevoflurane, consistent with the result of our reporter assays. CONCLUSIONS We found that TLR1/TLR2 activation was attenuated by sevoflurane, but we found no evidence for attenuation by isoflurane, propofol, or dexmedetomidine at clinically relevant concentrations. Our structural analysis and competition assay supported that sevoflurane directly bound to TLR2 at the interphase of the TLR1/TLR2 complex. Sevoflurane attenuated neutrophil L-selectin shedding, an important step for neutrophil migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Mitsui
- From the Department of Anesthesia, Harvard Medical School.,Cardiac Anesthesia Division, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Lifei Hou
- From the Department of Anesthesia, Harvard Medical School.,Cardiac Anesthesia Division, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xiayi Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kirsten C Odegard
- From the Department of Anesthesia, Harvard Medical School.,Cardiac Anesthesia Division, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Luis M Pereira
- From the Department of Anesthesia, Harvard Medical School.,Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Koichi Yuki
- From the Department of Anesthesia, Harvard Medical School.,Cardiac Anesthesia Division, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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107
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Sangkuanun T, Wichienchot S, Kato Y, Watanabe H, Peerakietkhajorn S. Oligosaccharides derived from dragon fruit modulate gut microbiota, reduce oxidative stress and stimulate toll-pathway related gene expression in freshwater crustacean Daphnia magna. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 103:126-134. [PMID: 32335314 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Dragon fruit oligosaccharide (DFO) is an indigestible prebiotic. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of DFO on gut microbiota, oxidative stress and immune-related gene expression in Daphnia magna. The 10-day-old D. magna were treated with 0, 9, and 27 mg l-1 DFO for 85 h. The gut bacterial communities, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, lipid peroxidation and the expressions of genes in Toll signaling pathway were observed. The results showed that D. magna treated with 9 and 27 mg l-1 DFO altered gut microbiota composition by increasing Limnohabitans and Lactobacillus, and significantly increased SOD activity and reduced lipid peroxidation. Moreover, the expressions of Toll2, Toll3, Toll5, Toll7 and Pelle genes were significantly increased in D. magna treated with 9 and 27 mg l-1 DFO. Our results suggested that DFO changed the composition of the gut microbiota of D. magna by increasing the beneficial bacteria. DFO also had the ability to stimulate innate immunity in D. magna by increasing SOD activity, reducing lipid peroxidation, and increasing the expression of immune-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanwarat Sangkuanun
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand; Gut Biology and Microbiota Research Unit, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Santad Wichienchot
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Nutraceutical and Functional Food, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Yasuhiko Kato
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hajime Watanabe
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Saranya Peerakietkhajorn
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand; Gut Biology and Microbiota Research Unit, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand.
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108
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Harnessing the Complete Repertoire of Conventional Dendritic Cell Functions for Cancer Immunotherapy. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12070663. [PMID: 32674488 PMCID: PMC7408110 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12070663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The onset of checkpoint inhibition revolutionized the treatment of cancer. However, studies from the last decade suggested that the sole enhancement of T cell functionality might not suffice to fight malignancies in all individuals. Dendritic cells (DCs) are not only part of the innate immune system, but also generals of adaptive immunity and they orchestrate the de novo induction of tolerogenic and immunogenic T cell responses. Thus, combinatorial approaches addressing DCs and T cells in parallel represent an attractive strategy to achieve higher response rates across patients. However, this requires profound knowledge about the dynamic interplay of DCs, T cells, other immune and tumor cells. Here, we summarize the DC subsets present in mice and men and highlight conserved and divergent characteristics between different subsets and species. Thereby, we supply a resource of the molecular players involved in key functional features of DCs ranging from their sentinel function, the translation of the sensed environment at the DC:T cell interface to the resulting specialized T cell effector modules, as well as the influence of the tumor microenvironment on the DC function. As of today, mostly monocyte derived dendritic cells (moDCs) are used in autologous cell therapies after tumor antigen loading. While showing encouraging results in a fraction of patients, the overall clinical response rate is still not optimal. By disentangling the general aspects of DC biology, we provide rationales for the design of next generation DC vaccines enabling to exploit and manipulate the described pathways for the purpose of cancer immunotherapy in vivo. Finally, we discuss how DC-based vaccines might synergize with checkpoint inhibition in the treatment of malignant diseases.
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109
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Li B, Xia Y, Hu B. Infection and atherosclerosis: TLR-dependent pathways. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:2751-2769. [PMID: 32002588 PMCID: PMC7223178 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03453-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic vascular disease (ASVD) is a chronic process, with a progressive course over many years, but it can cause acute clinical events, including acute coronary syndromes (ACS), myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke. In addition to a series of typical risk factors for atherosclerosis, like hyperlipidemia, hypertension, smoking and obesity, emerging evidence suggests that atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease, suggesting that chronic infection plays an important role in the development of atherosclerosis. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the most characteristic members of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which play an important role in innate immune mechanism. TLRs play different roles in different stages of infection of atherosclerosis-related pathogens such as Chlamydia pneumoniae (C. pneumoniae), periodontal pathogens including Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Overall, activation of TLR2 and 4 seems to have a profound impact on infection-related atherosclerosis. This article reviews the role of TLRs in the process of atherosclerosis after C. pneumoniae and other infections and the current status of treatment, with a view to providing a new direction and potential therapeutic targets for the study of ASVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowei Li
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yuanpeng Xia
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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110
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Liu S, Ge D, Long Z, Chi C, Lv Z, Liu H. Molecular features of interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-b and a in Mytilus coruscus, regulating their function by infection of aquatic pathogens and the expression of their serine/threonine protein kinase functional domains. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 102:469-479. [PMID: 32389741 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinases (IRAKs) play important roles in the innate immune system of TLR (Toll-like receptor) signaling pathway. In this paper, interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-b (designated as McIRAK-b) and interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-a (named as McIRAK-a) were obtained based on the transcriptome data, the full length of McIRAK-b was 1815 bp and McIRAK-a was 3168bp, encoding 532 and 978 amino acids, respectively. BLASTp analysis and phylogenetic relationship strongly suggested that the deduced amino acid sequence of McIRAK-b had high homology with IRAK-4 and McIRAK-a was similar to IRAK-1 of other mollusks, especially at their function domains. The expressions of McIRAK-b and McIRAK-a were detected in six tissues including adductor muscle, hemocyte, gills, gonad and hepatopancreas, and the highest expressions appeared both in gills. The expressions of McIRAK-b and McIRAK-a in gills were observed with time-dependent manners after bacterial infections. After being challenged with Vibrio alginolyticus, McIRAK-b expressed significantly and got the peak at 8 h (9.47 times compared with the control group), but the peak appeared at 4 h by being infected with Vibrio parahaemolyticus (12.02 times compared with the control group). The highest point of McIRAK-a mRNA appeared at 12 h (5.16 times) after being challenged with V.alginolyticus and 8 h (4.21 times) for V.parahaemolyticus challenge. The results suggested that IRAK-b and IRAK-a might be important in immune signaling pathway of mussels. The kinase functional domain sequences (S_TKc) of McIRAK-b and McIRAK-a expressed in BL21(DE3) and purified by Ni-NAT Superflow resin conforming to the expected molecular weight with many active sites for their conferring protein-protein interaction functions. This study may provide some further understandings of the regulatory mechanisms in the bivalve innate immune system for IRAKs family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Liu
- National and Provincial Joint Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Marine Aquatic Genetic Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, PR China
| | - Delong Ge
- National and Provincial Joint Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Marine Aquatic Genetic Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, PR China
| | - Zaihao Long
- Ningbo International Travel Health Care Center, Ningbo, 315012, PR China
| | - Changfeng Chi
- National and Provincial Joint Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Marine Aquatic Genetic Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, PR China
| | - Zhenming Lv
- National and Provincial Joint Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Marine Aquatic Genetic Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, PR China
| | - Huihui Liu
- National and Provincial Joint Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Marine Aquatic Genetic Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, PR China.
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111
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Le Naour J, Galluzzi L, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Vacchelli E. Trial watch: TLR3 agonists in cancer therapy. Oncoimmunology 2020; 9:1771143. [PMID: 32934877 PMCID: PMC7466857 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2020.1771143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is a pattern recognition receptor that senses exogenous (viral) as well as endogenous (mammalian) double-stranded RNA in endosomes. On activation, TLR3 initiates a signal transduction pathway that culminates with the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines including type I interferon (IFN). The latter is essential not only for innate immune responses to infection but also for the initiation of antigen-specific immunity against viruses and malignant cells. These aspects of TLR3 biology have supported the development of various agonists for use as stand-alone agents or combined with other therapeutic modalities in cancer patients. Here, we review recent preclinical and clinical advances in the development of TLR3 agonists for oncological disorders. Abbreviations cDC, conventional dendritic cell; CMT, cytokine modulating treatment; CRC, colorectal carcinoma; CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocyte; DC, dendritic cell; dsRNA, double-stranded RNA; FLT3LG, fms-related receptor tyrosine kinase 3 ligand; HNSCC, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; ISV, in situ vaccine; MUC1, mucin 1, cell surface associated; PD-1, programmed cell death 1; PD-L1, programmed death-ligand 1; polyA:U, polyadenylic:polyuridylic acid; polyI:C, polyriboinosinic:polyribocytidylic acid; TLR, Toll-like receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Le Naour
- Equipe Labellisée Par La Ligue Contre Le Cancer, Université De Paris, Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1138, Centre De Recherche Des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.,Faculty of Medicine Kremlin Bicêtre, Université Paris Sud, Paris Saclay, Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.,Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Université De Paris, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre Le Cancer, INSERM, Villejuif, France.,Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer (CICBT) 1428, Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Equipe Labellisée Par La Ligue Contre Le Cancer, Université De Paris, Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1138, Centre De Recherche Des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.,Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer (CICBT) 1428, Villejuif, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France.,Suzhou Institute for Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Suzhou, China.,Karolinska Institute, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erika Vacchelli
- Equipe Labellisée Par La Ligue Contre Le Cancer, Université De Paris, Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1138, Centre De Recherche Des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
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112
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Chen JH, Li X, Wang MJ, Wang CM, Peng YQ, Wang HH, Zhu M. Molecular cloning and expression analysis of myd88 from oriental weatherfish (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) in response to bacterial challenge. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2020; 96:1341-1348. [PMID: 32162333 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid differentiation factor 88 (Myd88) plays an important role in both innate and adaptive immune response. In this study, the full-length complementary DNA (cDNA) of myd88 from Misgurnus anguillicaudatus was characterized. The myd88 cDNA is 1333 bp in length and contains an 855 bp open reading frame encoding a predicted protein of 284 amino acids. The predicted protein possesses typical Myd88 domain structural features including a death domain in the N-terminus, and box 1, 2, and 3 motifs of the Toll/IL-1 receptor domain in the C-terminus. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) revealed that myd88 messenger RNA (mRNA) was ubiquitously expressed in all examined tissues, especially highly in brain, kidney, blood, intestines and liver. qRT-PCR and western blotting were used to determine the mRNA and protein levels of Myd88 after Aeromonas veronii challenge, respectively. The Myd88 was remarkably upregulated in response to infection of A. veronii. These results suggested that Myd88 may play a vital role during the immune response of M. anguillicaudatus against bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian H Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology/College of Marine Life and Fisheries, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
- Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Xue Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology/College of Marine Life and Fisheries, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Meng J Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology/College of Marine Life and Fisheries, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
- Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Chun M Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology/College of Marine Life and Fisheries, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Yan Q Peng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology/College of Marine Life and Fisheries, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Hai H Wang
- Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
- Lianyungang Long-Yangtze Biotech Company, Lianyungang Economic and Technological Development Zone, Lianyungang, China
| | - Ming Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology/College of Marine Life and Fisheries, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
- Lianyungang Long-Yangtze Biotech Company, Lianyungang Economic and Technological Development Zone, Lianyungang, China
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113
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Zhao J, Wang Y, Li X, Gai Z. Genome-wide identification and characterization of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in housefly (Musca domestica) and their roles in the insecticide resistance. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 150:141-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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114
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Yan X, Zhao X, Huo R, Xu T. IRF3 and IRF8 Regulate NF-κB Signaling by Targeting MyD88 in Teleost Fish. Front Immunol 2020; 11:606. [PMID: 32373114 PMCID: PMC7179762 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
MyD88 is a conserved intracellular adaptor, which plays an important role in the innate immune system. MyD88 transmits signals for downstream of toll-like and IL-1 receptors to activate NF-κB signaling pathway, which is tightly controlled in the immune response to maintain immune intensity and immune homeostasis at different stages. NF-κB signaling pathway has been extensively studied in mammals, but regulatory molecular mechanism is still unclear in teleost fish. We determined that IRF3 and IRF8 can regulate MyD88-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway in fish. Interestingly, MyD88 is precisely regulated by IRF3 and IRF8 through the same mechanism but in completely opposite ways. IRF3 promotes MyD88-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway, whereas IRF8 inhibits the signaling pathway. MyD88 is regulated via ubiquitin-proteasome degradation, whereas IRF3 or IRF8 inhibited or promoted MyD88 degradation in this pathway. Specifically, in the early stage of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation or Vibrio infection, up-regulation of IRF3 and down-regulation of IRF8 eventually increased MyD88 expression to activate the NF-κB signaling pathway to trigger immune response. In the late stage of stimulation, down-regulated IRF3 and up-regulated IRF8 synergistically regulate the expression of MyD88 to a normal level, thus maintaining the immune balance of homeostasis and preventing serious damage from persistent over-immunization. This study presents information on Myd88-NF-κB signaling pathway in teleost fish and provides new insights into its regulatory mechanism in fish immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Yan
- Laboratory of Fish Molecular Immunology, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Xueyan Zhao
- Laboratory of Fish Molecular Immunology, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruixuan Huo
- Laboratory of Fish Molecular Immunology, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianjun Xu
- Laboratory of Fish Molecular Immunology, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
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115
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Cancer epithelia-derived mitochondrial DNA is a targetable initiator of a paracrine signaling loop that confers taxane resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:8515-8523. [PMID: 32238563 PMCID: PMC7165425 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1910952117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The work provides a conceptual advance in functionally defining the cross talk of tumor epithelia with cancer-associated fibroblastic cells contributing to tumor progression and therapeutic resistance. Independent of protein-based signaling molecules, prostate cancer cells secreted mitochondrial DNA to induce associated fibroblasts to generate anaphylatoxin C3a to support tumor progression in a positive feedback loop. Interestingly, the standard of care chemotherapy, docetaxel, used to treat castrate-resistant prostate cancer was found to further potentiate this paracrine-signaling axis to mediate therapeutic resistance. Blocking anaphylatoxin C3a signaling cooperatively sensitized prostate cancer tumors to docetaxel. We reveal that docetaxel resistance is not a cancer cell-autonomous phenomena and that targeting an immune modulator derived from cancer-associated fibroblasts can limit the expansion of docetaxel-resistant tumors. Stromal-epithelial interactions dictate cancer progression and therapeutic response. Prostate cancer (PCa) cells were identified to secrete greater concentration of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) compared to noncancer epithelia. Based on the recognized coevolution of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) with tumor progression, we tested the role of cancer-derived mtDNA in a mechanism of paracrine signaling. We found that prostatic CAF expressed DEC205, which was not expressed by normal tissue-associated fibroblasts. DEC205 is a transmembrane protein that bound mtDNA and contributed to pattern recognition by Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9). Complement C3 was the dominant gene targeted by TLR9-induced NF-κB signaling in CAF. The subsequent maturation complement C3 maturation to anaphylatoxin C3a was dependent on PCa epithelial inhibition of catalase in CAF. In a syngeneic tissue recombination model of PCa and associated fibroblast, the antagonism of the C3a receptor and the fibroblastic knockout of TLR9 similarly resulted in immune suppression with a significant reduction in tumor progression, compared to saline-treated tumors associated with wild-type prostatic fibroblasts. Interestingly, docetaxel, a common therapy for advanced PCa, further promoted mtDNA secretion in cultured epithelia, mice, and PCa patients. The antiapoptotic signaling downstream of anaphylatoxin C3a signaling in tumor cells contributed to docetaxel resistance. The inhibition of C3a receptor sensitized PCa epithelia to docetaxel in a synergistic manner. Tumor models of human PCa epithelia with CAF expanded similarly in mice in the presence or absence of docetaxel. The combination therapy of docetaxel and C3 receptor antagonist disrupted the mtDNA/C3a paracrine loop and restored docetaxel sensitivity.
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The Unique Antimicrobial Recognition and Signaling Pathways in Tardigrades with a Comparison Across Ecdysozoa. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2020; 10:1137-1148. [PMID: 31969428 PMCID: PMC7056985 DOI: 10.1534/g3.119.400734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tardigrades are microscopic animals known to withstand unfavorable abiotic conditions. These animals are also constantly exposed to biotic stresses, including parasites and internal microbiomes. However, the tardigrade immune mechanisms against these biotic stresses are largely uncharacterized. Due to the contentious phylogenetic position of tardigrades, it is not intuitive whether they possess an immune system more similar to that of arthropods (e.g., Toll, Imd, and JNK pathways of the Drosophila melanogaster antimicrobial response) or to that of nematodes (e.g., the Tir-1/Nsy-1/Sek-1/Pmk-1/Atf-7 signaling cassette [called Tir-1 pathway here]) in Caenorhabditis elegans). In this study, comparative genomic analyses were conducted to mine homologs of canonical D. melanogaster and C. elegans immune pathway genes from eight tardigrades (Echiniscoides cf. sigismundi, Echiniscus testudo, Hypsibius exemplaris, Mesobiotus philippinicus, Milnesium tardigradum, Paramacrobiotus richtersi, Richtersius cf. coronifer, and Ramazzottius varieornatus) and four non-arthropod ecdysozoans (two onychophorans: Epiperipatus sp. and Opisthopatus kwazululandi; one nematomorph: Paragordius varius; and one priapulan: Priapulus caudatus) in order to provide insights into the tardigrade antimicrobial system. No homologs of the intracellular components of the Toll pathway were detected in any of the tardigrades examined. Likewise, no homologs of most of the Imd pathway genes were detected in any of the tardigrades or any of the other non-arthropod ecdysozoans. Both the JNK and Tir-1 pathways, on the other hand, were found to be conserved across ecdysozoans. Interestingly, tardigrades had no detectable homologs of NF-κB, the major activator of antimicrobial response gene expression. Instead, tardigrades appear to possess NF-κB distantly related NFAT homologs. Overall, our results show that tardigrades have a unique gene pathway repertoire that differs from that of other ecdysozoans. Our study also provides a framework for future studies on tardigrade immune responses.
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Lu L, Loker ES, Zhang SM, Buddenborg SK, Bu L. Genome-wide discovery, and computational and transcriptional characterization of an AIG gene family in the freshwater snail Biomphalaria glabrata, a vector for Schistosoma mansoni. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:190. [PMID: 32122294 PMCID: PMC7053062 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-6534-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The AIG (avrRpt2-induced gene) family of GTPases, characterized by the presence of a distinctive AIG1 domain, is mysterious in having a peculiar phylogenetic distribution, a predilection for undergoing expansion and loss, and an uncertain functional role, especially in invertebrates. AIGs are frequently represented as GIMAPs (GTPase of the immunity associated protein family), characterized by presence of the AIG1 domain along with coiled-coil domains. Here we provide an overview of the remarkably expanded AIG repertoire of the freshwater gastropod Biomphalaria glabrata, compare it with AIGs in other organisms, and detail patterns of expression in B. glabrata susceptible or resistant to infection with Schistosoma mansoni, responsible for the neglected tropical disease of intestinal schistosomiasis. RESULTS We define the 7 conserved motifs that comprise the AIG1 domain in B. glabrata and detail its association with at least 7 other domains, indicative of functional versatility of B. glabrata AIGs. AIG genes were usually found in tandem arrays in the B. glabrata genome, suggestive of an origin by segmental gene duplication. We found 91 genes with complete AIG1 domains, including 64 GIMAPs and 27 AIG genes without coiled-coils, more than known for any other organism except Danio (with > 100). We defined expression patterns of AIG genes in 12 different B. glabrata organs and characterized whole-body AIG responses to microbial PAMPs, and of schistosome-resistant or -susceptible strains of B. glabrata to S. mansoni exposure. Biomphalaria glabrata AIG genes clustered with expansions of AIG genes from other heterobranch gastropods yet showed unique lineage-specific subclusters. Other gastropods and bivalves had separate but also diverse expansions of AIG genes, whereas cephalopods seem to lack AIG genes. CONCLUSIONS The AIG genes of B. glabrata exhibit expansion in both numbers and potential functions, differ markedly in expression between strains varying in susceptibility to schistosomes, and are responsive to immune challenge. These features provide strong impetus to further explore the functional role of AIG genes in the defense responses of B. glabrata, including to suppress or support the development of medically relevant S. mansoni parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Lu
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA
| | - Eric S. Loker
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA
| | - Si-Ming Zhang
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA
| | - Sarah K. Buddenborg
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA UK
| | - Lijing Bu
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA
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118
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Lang L, Bao M, Jing W, Chen W, Wang L. Clone, identification and functional characterization of a novel toll (Shtoll1) from the freshwater crab Sinopotamon henanense in response to cadmium exposure and Aeromonas hydrophila infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 98:401-413. [PMID: 31953198 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Toll is essential in innate immune system which is important for defense against bacterial, fungal and viral infections in invertebrates. Our previous study showed that cadmium (Cd) could change the expression pattern of ShToll3 in the epithelium (gills and midgut from the freshwater crab Sinopotamon henanense) infected by Aeromonas hydrophila. To investigate the diverse innate immune roles of crustacean homolog Tolls, in this study, we cloned Shtoll1 from S. henanense. The full-length cDNA of Shtoll1 was 4746 bp, with an ORF of 3033 bp encoding a putative protein of 111 amino acids, a 5'-untranslated region of 255 bp and a 3'-untranslated region of 1713 bp. Phylogenetic analysis showed that ShToll1 was clustered into the group of DmToll1, DmToll 4 and DmToll 5. In addition, the tissue distribution results showed that Shtoll1 was expressed widely in different tissues, with the highest expression in heamocytes. Besides, Shtoll1 expressions were upregulated in heamocytes and hepatopancreas after A. hydrophila infection. At the same time, the increase of Shtoll1 expressions were examined in heamocytes in response to Cd exposure and A. hydrophila infection in combination. Through western blotting and immunohistochemical analysis, the ShToll1 expressions in heamocytes were increased in response to A. hydrophila and Cd independently as well as in combination. Moreover, the mRNA level of three antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) alf5, alf6, and c-lys, which possibly responded to Cd and A. hydrophila stimulation through Shtoll1, were analyzed. Thus, we conclude that Cd expand the susceptibility of ShToll1 to A. hydrophila infection in heamocytes. This suggest that ShToll1 may contribute to the innate immune defense of S. henanense against A. hydrophila and Cd in heamocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Lang
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Minnan Bao
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Weixin Jing
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Lan Wang
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, China.
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119
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Li G, Forero MG, Wentzell JS, Durmus I, Wolf R, Anthoney NC, Parker M, Jiang R, Hasenauer J, Strausfeld NJ, Heisenberg M, Hidalgo A. A Toll-receptor map underlies structural brain plasticity. eLife 2020; 9:52743. [PMID: 32066523 PMCID: PMC7077983 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Experience alters brain structure, but the underlying mechanism remained unknown. Structural plasticity reveals that brain function is encoded in generative changes to cells that compete with destructive processes driving neurodegeneration. At an adult critical period, experience increases fiber number and brain size in Drosophila. Here, we asked if Toll receptors are involved. Tolls demarcate a map of brain anatomical domains. Focusing on Toll-2, loss of function caused apoptosis, neurite atrophy and impaired behaviour. Toll-2 gain of function and neuronal activity at the critical period increased cell number. Toll-2 induced cycling of adult progenitor cells via a novel pathway, that antagonized MyD88-dependent quiescence, and engaged Weckle and Yorkie downstream. Constant knock-down of multiple Tolls synergistically reduced brain size. Conditional over-expression of Toll-2 and wek at the adult critical period increased brain size. Through their topographic distribution, Toll receptors regulate neuronal number and brain size, modulating structural plasticity in the adult brain. Everything that you experience leaves its mark on your brain. When you learn something new, the neurons involved in the learning episode grow new projections and form new connections. Your brain may even produce new neurons. Physical exercise can induce similar changes, as can taking antidepressants. By contrast, stress, depression, ageing and disease can have the opposite effect, triggering neurons to break down and even die. The ability of the brain to change in response to experience is known as structural plasticity, and it is in a tug-of-war with processes that drive neurodegeneration. Structural plasticity occurs in other species too: for example, it was described in the fruit fly more than a quarter of a century ago. Yet, the molecular mechanisms underlying structural plasticity remain unclear. Li et al. now show that, in fruit flies, this plasticity involves Toll receptors, a family of proteins present in the brain but best known for their role in the immune system. Fruit flies have nine different Toll receptors, the most abundant being Toll-2. When activated, these proteins can trigger a series of molecular events in a cell. Li et al. show that increasing the amount of Toll-2 in the fly brain makes the brain produce new neurons. Activating neurons in a brain region has the same effect, and this increase in neuron number also depends on Toll-2. By contrast, reducing the amount of Toll-2 causes neurons to lose their projections and connections, and to die, and impairs fly behaviour. Li et al. also show that each Toll receptor has a unique distribution across the fly brain. Different types of experiences activate different brain regions, and therefore different Toll receptors. These go on to trigger a common molecular cascade, but they modulate it such as to result in distinct outcomes. By working together in different combinations, Toll receptors can promote either the death or survival of neurons, and they can also drive specific brain cells to remain dormant or to produce new neurons. By revealing how experience changes the brain, Li et al. provide clues to the way neurons work and form; these findings may also help to find new treatments for disorders that change brain structure, such as certain psychiatric conditions. Toll-like receptors in humans could thus represent a promising new target for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiyi Li
- Neurodevelopment Lab, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Manuel G Forero
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Ibagué, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Jill S Wentzell
- Neurodevelopment Lab, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ilgim Durmus
- Neurodevelopment Lab, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Reinhard Wolf
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Niki C Anthoney
- Neurodevelopment Lab, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mieczyslaw Parker
- Neurodevelopment Lab, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ruiying Jiang
- Neurodevelopment Lab, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jacob Hasenauer
- Neurodevelopment Lab, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas James Strausfeld
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Neuroscience, University of Arizona College of Science, Tucson, United States
| | - Martin Heisenberg
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alicia Hidalgo
- Neurodevelopment Lab, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Garcia MM, Goicoechea C, Molina-Álvarez M, Pascual D. Toll-like receptor 4: A promising crossroads in the diagnosis and treatment of several pathologies. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 874:172975. [PMID: 32017939 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.172975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is expressed in a wide variety of cells and is the central component of the mammalian innate immune system. Since its discovery in 1997, TLR4 has been assigned an ever-increasing number of functions that extend from pathogen recognition to tissue damage identification and promotion of the intrinsic "damage repair response" in pain, intestinal, respiratory and vascular disorders. Precisely, the finding of conserved sequence homology among species along with the molecular and functional characterisation of the TLR4 gene enabled researchers to envisage a common operating system in the activation of innate immunity and the initiation of plastic changes at the onset of chronic pain. Malfunctioning in other conditions was conceived in parallel. In this respect, "pivot" proteins and pathway redundancy are not just evolutionary leftovers but essential for normal functioning or cell survival. Indeed, at present, TLR4 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and their association with certain dysfunctions and diseases are being confirmed in different pools of patients. However, despite its ability to trigger pathogen infection or alternatively tissue injury communications to immune system, TLR4 targeting might not be considered a panacea. This review article represents a compilation of what we know about TLR4 from clinics and basic research on the 20th anniversary of its discovery. Understanding how to fine-tune the interaction between TLR4 and its specific ligands may lead in the next decades to the development of promising new treatments, reducing polypharmacy and probably having an impact on drug use in numerous pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel M Garcia
- Area of Pharmacology, Nutrition and Bromatology, Department of Basic Health Sciences, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Avda, Atenas S/n, 28922, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Carlos Goicoechea
- Area of Pharmacology, Nutrition and Bromatology, Department of Basic Health Sciences, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Avda, Atenas S/n, 28922, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Miguel Molina-Álvarez
- Area of Pharmacology, Nutrition and Bromatology, Department of Basic Health Sciences, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Avda, Atenas S/n, 28922, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - David Pascual
- Area of Pharmacology, Nutrition and Bromatology, Department of Basic Health Sciences, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Avda, Atenas S/n, 28922, Alcorcón, Spain.
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Abstract
Convergent extension is a conserved mechanism for elongating tissues. In the Drosophila embryo, convergent extension is driven by planar polarized cell intercalation and is a paradigm for understanding the cellular, molecular, and biophysical mechanisms that establish tissue structure. Studies of convergent extension in Drosophila have provided key insights into the force-generating molecules that promote convergent extension in epithelial tissues, as well as the global systems of spatial information that systematically organize these cell behaviors. A general framework has emerged in which asymmetrically localized proteins involved in cytoskeletal tension and cell adhesion direct oriented cell movements, and spatial signals provided by the Toll, Tartan, and Teneurin receptor families break planar symmetry to establish and coordinate planar cell polarity throughout the tissue. In this chapter, we describe the cellular, molecular, and biophysical mechanisms that regulate cell intercalation in the Drosophila embryo, and discuss how research in this system has revealed conserved biological principles that control the organization of multicellular tissues and animal body plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Paré
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States.
| | - Jennifer A Zallen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, United States.
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122
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Prochazkova P, Roubalova R, Dvorak J, Navarro Pacheco NI, Bilej M. Pattern recognition receptors in annelids. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 102:103493. [PMID: 31499098 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The existence of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on immune cells was discussed in 1989 by Charles Janeway, Jr., who proposed a general concept of the ability of PRRs to recognize and bind conserved molecular structures of microorganisms known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Upon PAMP engagement, PRRs trigger intracellular signaling cascades resulting in the expression of various proinflammatory molecules. These recognition molecules represent an important and efficient innate immunity tool of all organisms. As invertebrates lack the instruments of the adaptive immune system, based on "true" lymphocytes and functional antibodies, the importance of PRRs are even more fundamental. In the present review, the structure, specificity, and expression profiles of PRRs characterized in annelids are discussed, and their role in innate defense is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Prochazkova
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - R Roubalova
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Dvorak
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - N I Navarro Pacheco
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M Bilej
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Prague, Czech Republic
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Su J, Yu X. Editorial: Ligands, Adaptors and Pathways of TLRs in Non-mammals. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2439. [PMID: 31681318 PMCID: PMC6811498 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Su
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Yu
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO, United States
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Re-analysis of herbal extracts data reveals that inflammatory processes are mediated by hormetic mechanisms. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 314:108844. [PMID: 31600484 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.108844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Using data from Schink et al. (2018), a large number of herbal extracts were assessed for their capacity to induce pro- and anti-inflammatory effects based on TLR4 expression normalized for cell viability in two immune cell models (i.e., HeLa-TLR4 transfected reporter cell line, and THP-1 monocytes) applying seven concentrations (0.01-3.0%). The analysis revealed that 70-80% of the extracts satisfying the a priori entry criteria also satisfied a priori evaluative criteria for hormetic concentration responses. These findings demonstrate that a large proportion of herbal extracts display hormetic dose responses in immune cells, indicating that hormetic mechanisms mediate pro- and anti-inflammatory processes and may provide a means to guide optimal dosing strategies. The identification of doses eliciting only anti-inflammatory therapeutic activity as well as the use of dose-variable herbal extracts in the treatment of inflammatory diseases will be challenging.
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125
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Tian R, Seim I, Zhang Z, Yang Y, Ren W, Xu S, Yang G. Distinct evolution of toll-like receptor signaling pathway genes in cetaceans. Genes Genomics 2019; 41:1417-1430. [PMID: 31535317 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-019-00861-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relatively rapid spread and diversity of marine pathogens posed an initial and ongoing challenge for cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and porpoises), descendants of terrestrial mammals that transitioned from land to sea approximately 56 million years ago. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play important roles in regulating immunity against pathogen infections by detecting specific molecular patterns and activating a wide range of downstream signaling pathways. The ever-increasing catalogue of mammalian genomes offers unprecedented opportunities to reveal genetic changes associated with evolutionary and ecological processes. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore the molecular evolution of TLR signaling pathway genes in cetaceans. METHODS Genes involved in the TLR signaling pathway were retrieved by BLAST searches using human coding sequences as queries. We tested each gene for positive selection along the cetacean branches using PAML and Hyphy. Physicochemical property changes of amino acids at all positively selected residues were assessed by TreeSAAP and visualized with WebLogo. Bovine and dolphin TLR4 was assessed using human embryonic kidney cell line HEK293, which lacks TLR4 and its co-receptor MD-2. RESULTS We demonstrate that eight TLR signaling pathway genes are under positive selection in cetaceans. These include key genes in the response to Gram-negative bacteria: TLR4, CD14, and LY96 (MD-2). Moreover, 41 out of 65 positively selected sites were inferred to harbor substitution that dramatically changes the physicochemical properties of amino acids, with most of them situated in or adjacent to functional regions. We also found strong evidence that positive selection occurred in the lineage of the Yangtze finless porpoise, likely reflecting relatively recent adaptions to a freshwater milieu. Species-specific differences in TLR4 response were observed between cetacean and terrestrial species. Cetacean TLR4 was significantly less responsive to lipopolysaccharides from a terrestrial E. coli strain, possibly a reflection of the arms race of host-pathogen co-evolution faced by cetaceans in an aquatic environment. CONCLUSION This study provides further impetus for studies on the evolution and function of the cetacean immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Tian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China.,Integrative Biology Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Inge Seim
- Integrative Biology Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Comparative and Endocrine Biology Laboratory, Translational Research Institute-Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Zepeng Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenhua Ren
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shixia Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Guang Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China.
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126
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Huang Y, Zhang G, Ren Q. Molecular Characterization of Two Toll Receptors in Hyriopsis cumingii and Their Potential Roles in Antibacterial Response. Front Physiol 2019; 10:952. [PMID: 31404151 PMCID: PMC6672746 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tolls/Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a key role in innate immunity by detecting the invading microbes and subsequently activating downstream signaling cascades. In this study, two new molluscan Toll members (designed as HcToll6 and HcToll7) were identified from triangle-shell pearl mussel (Hyriopsis cumingii). The obtained HcToll6 full-length cDNA was 3207 bp consisting of a 2223 bp open reading frame (ORF) that encoded a peptide of 740 amino acids. HcToll7 cDNA is a 3216 bp molecule that contains an ORF of 2139 bp encoding a protein of 712 amino acids. The deduced HcToll6 and HcToll7 proteins share two common structures: extracellular leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domains and intracellular Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain. Quantitative real-time PCR results showed that HcToll6 and HcToll7 were mainly expressed in the hepatopancreas and the gills, and they responded rapidly to bacterial stimulation. RNA interference by dsRNA results revealed that HcToll6 and HcToll7 RNAi strongly decreased the expression of lysozyme (HcLyso) and defensin (HcDef) in the gills of RNAi-treated mussels with Vibrio parahaemolyticus challenge. As a pattern recognition receptor, the prokaryotic expressed the recombinant LRR domains of HcToll6 and HcToll7 (rHcToll6-LRR and rHcToll7-LRR) could bind to Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and had a strong tendency to recognize lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and peptidoglycan (PNG). rHcToll6-LRR and rHcToll7-LRR exhibited a significant in vitro bactericidal activity against V. parahaemolyticus and Staphylococcus aureus. These findings provide useful information to characterize Tolls in mussels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing, China.,School of Agriculture and Bioengineering, Heze University, Heze, China
| | - Guosong Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Bioengineering, Heze University, Heze, China
| | - Qian Ren
- Co-Innovation Center for Marine Bio-Industry Technology of Jiangsu Province, Lianyungang, China.,College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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127
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Li YF, Liu YZ, Chen YW, Chen K, Batista FM, Cardoso JCR, Chen YR, Peng LH, Zhang Y, Zhu YT, Liang X, Power DM, Yang JL. Two toll-like receptors identified in the mantle of Mytilus coruscus are abundant in haemocytes. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 90:134-140. [PMID: 31055019 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a large family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that play a critical role in innate immunity. TLRs are activated when they recognize microbial associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) of bacteria, viruses, or fungus. In the present study, two TLRs were isolated from the mantle of the hard-shelled mussel (Mytilus coruscus) and designated McTLR2 and McTLR3 based on their sequence similarity and phylogenetic clustering with Crassostrea gigas, CgiTLR2 and CgiTLR3, respectively. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that McTLR2 and McTLR3 were constitutively expressed in many tissues but at low abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Feng Li
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Zhu Liu
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Wen Chen
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Chen
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Frederico M Batista
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | - João C R Cardoso
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | - Yu-Ru Chen
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Hua Peng
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya Zhang
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - You-Ting Zhu
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Deborah M Power
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal.
| | - Jin-Long Yang
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.
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128
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Liu H, Huo L, Yu Q, Ge D, Chi C, Lv Z, Wang T. Molecular insights of a novel cephalopod toll-like receptor homologue in Sepiella japonica, revealing its function under the stress of aquatic pathogenic bacteria. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 90:297-307. [PMID: 31059811 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in defense response to pathogens in mollusk. In this study the first TLR from Sepiella japonica (named as SjTLR) was functionally characterized, and its full-length cDNA consisted of 3914bp (GenBank accession no. AQY56780.1) including an open reading frame of 3582bp, encoding a putative protein of 1193 amino acids. Its theoretical molecular weight was 137.87 KDa and the predicted isoelectric point was 3.69. The derived amino acids sequence comprised of an extracellular domain including 26 amino acids signal peptide and eleven leucine-rich repeats (LRR), capped with LRRCT and LRRNT followed by transmembrane domain and cytoplasmic Toll/IL-1R domain (TIR). In addition, 12 potential N-linked glycosylation sites were present in the ectodomain to influence protein trafficking, surface presentation and ligand recognition. Multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis revealed that SjTLR shared the highest similarity to that of Euprymna scolopes and they fell into the same clade. Real-time PCR showed SjTLR expressed constitutively in all tested tissues, including gill, liver, brain, muscle, intestine, heart, lobus opticus and stomach, but showed different expression levels with genders. The highest expression was in the liver, and the lowest was in stomach for both genders. The functional domain region sequences encoding LRRs domain protein and TIR domain containing protein (TcpB) were expressed in BL21(DE3) respectively and purified with Ni-NAT Superflow resin conforming to the expected molecular weight. The cellular localization of SjTLR in HEK293 cells was conducted and plasma membrane localization was detected. SjLRRs internalization upon the activation of LPS was also observed, and dramatic redistribution of SjLRRs in the cytoplasm with distinct perinuclear accumulation was found. After SjTLR transfection Toll/NF-κB signaling pathway was active in HEK293 treated with LPS and TNFɑ. The nuclear related genes may also be activated by NF-κB in the nucleus, and the corresponding mRNA was transferred through the intracellular signal transduction pathway, so that IL-6 cytokines could be synthesized and released. After infection by Vibrio parahemolyticus and Aeromonas hydrophila the expression of SjTLR were upregulated with time-dependent manner. These findings might be valuable for understanding the innate immune signaling pathways of S.japonica and enabling future studies on host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Liu
- National and Provincial Joint Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Marine Aquatic Genetic Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, PR China
| | - Liping Huo
- National and Provincial Joint Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Marine Aquatic Genetic Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, PR China
| | - Qiuhan Yu
- National and Provincial Joint Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Marine Aquatic Genetic Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, PR China
| | - Delong Ge
- National and Provincial Joint Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Marine Aquatic Genetic Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, PR China
| | - Changfeng Chi
- National and Provincial Joint Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Marine Aquatic Genetic Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, PR China.
| | - Zhenming Lv
- National and Provincial Joint Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Marine Aquatic Genetic Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, PR China
| | - Tianming Wang
- National and Provincial Joint Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Marine Aquatic Genetic Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, PR China
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129
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Yan X, Cui J, Liu X, Xu T. microRNA-144 regulates the NF-κB signaling in miiuy croaker via targeting IL1β. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 96:47-50. [PMID: 30826381 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
microRNAs have been demonstrated to be critical regulators of the immune responses. While, the miRNA-mediate the detail regulatory mechanism response is still not clear in fish species. In this research, the regulation of miRNA to the NF-κB signaling through decreasing the target gene mRNAs was discussed in miiuy croaker. We first used the bioinformatics predicted miR-144 has a direct negative regulatory affect on IL1β in miiuy croaker, further the luciferase assays were used to probe the functions of miR-144. The overexpression of miR-144 mimics and pre-miR-144 plasmid all showed the dose-dependent pattern on IL1β. Moreover, the inhibition of luciferase activity was attenuated after co-transfected with miR-144 inhibitors. In addition, we observed that the miR-144 could negative regulate to the nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB) signaling in miiuy croaker by targeting IL1β. In conclusion, our studies on miR-144 will enlarge knowledge of its functions in regulation of immune response, further provide a new insight to research on the immune regulation mechanism in teleost fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Yan
- Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics & Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, China; Laboratory of Fish Molecular Immunology, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Junxia Cui
- Laboratory of Fish Molecular Immunology, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources (Shanghai Ocean University), Ministry of Education, 201306, China
| | - Xuezhu Liu
- Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics & Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, China.
| | - Tianjun Xu
- Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics & Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, China; Laboratory of Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; Laboratory of Fish Molecular Immunology, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources (Shanghai Ocean University), Ministry of Education, 201306, China.
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130
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Prochazkova P, Roubalova R, Skanta F, Dvorak J, Pacheco NIN, Kolarik M, Bilej M. Developmental and Immune Role of a Novel Multiple Cysteine Cluster TLR From Eisenia andrei Earthworms. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1277. [PMID: 31275304 PMCID: PMC6591376 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Earthworms are not endowed with adaptive immunity and they are rely on the tools of innate immunity. Cells of the innate immune system utilize pattern recognition receptors, such as Toll-like receptors, to detect the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The first earthworm TLR was isolated from Eisenia andrei earthworms (EaTLR), which belongs to the single cysteine cluster TLR (sccTLR). Here, we identified a new multiple cysteine cluster TLR (mccTLR) in E. andrei earthworms. Phylogenetic DNA analysis revealed that it has no variability within one earthworm as well as in the population. By screening of the tissue expression profile, the TLR was expressed primarily in earthworm seminal vesicles and receptacles suggesting a connection to sperm cells. Seminal vesicles are often heavily infected by gregarine parasites. As a sign of immune response, a strong melanization reaction is visible around parasites. Stimulation experiments with profilin from related parasite Toxoplasma gondii, led to the upregulation of mccEaTLR in the earthworm seminal vesicles. Also, profilin activated prophenoloxidase cascade, the efficient mechanism of innate immunity. However, its involvement in the NF-κB signaling was not proven. Further, we provide evidence that the antibiotics metronidazole and griseofulvin destroyed the developing spermatocytes. The observed decrease in the mccEaTLR mRNA levels after the antibiotic treatment of parasites is caused by the decline of sperm cells numbers rather than by diminution of the parasites. Since earthworms with extensively reduced parasite load had a similar amount of mccEaTLR mRNA, presumably, earthworm sperm cells have a certain level of mccEaTLR expressed as a standard, which can be augmented by particular antigenic stimulation. Also, mccEaTLR was expressed mainly in the early stages of earthworm development and presumably is primarily involved in early embryonic development. Expression of mccEaTLR in seminal vesicles correlates with the expression of endothelial monocyte-activation polypeptide II. High-throughput sequencing of gregarine DNA from seminal vesicles of individual earthworms resulted in great diversity of the observed genotypes. Phylogenetically, all observed OTUs belong to the clade of earthworm gregarines suggesting host specificity. Overall, mccEaTLR is supposed to play a function role in early embryonic development and potentially it participates in immune response against parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Prochazkova
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Radka Roubalova
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Frantisek Skanta
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jiri Dvorak
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | | | - Miroslav Kolarik
- Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martin Bilej
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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131
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Avellar MCW, Ribeiro CM, Dias-da-Silva MR, Silva EJR. In search of new paradigms for epididymal health and disease: innate immunity, inflammatory mediators, and steroid hormones. Andrology 2019; 7:690-702. [PMID: 31207127 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The primary job of the epididymis is to mature and protect the luminally transiting spermatozoa. Mounting evidence is showing that innate immune components [including Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and antimicrobial proteins, among which are β-defensins] and inflammatory mediators, under the primary influence of androgens, participate in the cellular and molecular processes that define this tissue. Here, we present an overview of the contributions of these signaling pathway components during epididymal homeostasis and discuss the hypotheses as to their involvement in epididymitis, the most common urological inflammatory condition in men, frequently impairing their fertility. Drawing primarily from rodent models, we also focus on how the distribution and functional expression of innate immune components are differentially regulated in the prenatal developing epididymis, providing new insights into the disruption of these signaling pathways throughout the lifespan. Male infertility is caused by a variety of conditions, such as congenital malformations, genetic and endocrine disorders, exposure to environmental toxicants, and inflammatory/infectious conditions. More than one-third of infertile men with an idiopathic condition cannot currently be adequately diagnosed. Thinking about the innate immunity and inflammation context of the epididymis may provide new insights and directions as to how these systems contribute to male fertility, as well as also uncover urological and andrological outcomes that may aid clinicians in diagnosing and preventing epididymal pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C W Avellar
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - C M Ribeiro
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - M R Dias-da-Silva
- Department of Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - E J R Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista 'Júlio de Mesquita Filho', Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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132
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Brennan JJ, Gilmore TD. Evolutionary Origins of Toll-like Receptor Signaling. Mol Biol Evol 2019; 35:1576-1587. [PMID: 29590394 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msy050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are transmembrane pattern recognition receptors that are best known for their roles in innate immunity for the detection of and defense against microbial pathogens. However, TLRs also have roles in many nonimmune processes, most notably development. TLRs direct both immune and developmental programs by activation of downstream signaling pathways, often by activation of the NF-κB pathway. There are two primary TLR subtypes: 1) TLRs with multiple cysteine clusters in their ectodomain (mccTLRs) and 2) TLRs with a single cysteine cluster in their ectodomain (sccTLRs). For some time, it has been known that TLRs and the biological processes that they control are conserved in organisms from insects to mammals. However, genome and transcriptome sequencing has revealed that many basal metazoans also have TLRs and downstream NF-κB signaling components. In this review, we discuss what is known about the structure, biological function, and downstream signaling pathways of TLRs found in phyla from Porifera through Annelida. From these analyses, we hypothesize that mccTLRs emerged in the phylum Cnidaria, that sccTLRs evolved in the phylum Mollusca, and that TLRs have dual immune and developmental biological functions in organisms as ancient as cnidarians.
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133
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Cotter SC, Reavey CE, Tummala Y, Randall JL, Holdbrook R, Ponton F, Simpson SJ, Smith JA, Wilson K. Diet modulates the relationship between immune gene expression and functional immune responses. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 109:128-141. [PMID: 30954680 PMCID: PMC6527921 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Nutrition is vital to health and the availability of resources has long been acknowledged as a key factor in the ability to fight off parasites, as investing in the immune system is costly. Resources have typically been considered as something of a "black box", with the quantity of available food being used as a proxy for resource limitation. However, food is a complex mixture of macro- and micronutrients, the precise balance of which determines an animal's fitness. Here we use a state-space modelling approach, the Geometric Framework for Nutrition (GFN), to assess for the first time, how the balance and amount of nutrients affects an animal's ability to mount an immune response to a pathogenic infection. Spodoptera littoralis caterpillars were assigned to one of 20 diets that varied in the ratio of macronutrients (protein and carbohydrate) and their calorie content to cover a large region of nutrient space. Caterpillars were then handled or injected with either live or dead Xenorhabdus nematophila bacterial cells. The expression of nine genes (5 immune, 4 non-immune) was measured 20 h post immune challenge. For two of the immune genes (PPO and Lysozyme) we also measured the relevant functional immune response in the hemolymph. Gene expression and functional immune responses were then mapped against nutritional intake. The expression of all immune genes was up-regulated by injection with dead bacteria, but only those in the IMD pathway (Moricin and Relish) were substantially up-regulated by both dead and live bacterial challenge. Functional immune responses increased with the protein content of the diet but the expression of immune genes was much less predictable. Our results indicate that diet does play an important role in the ability of an animal to mount an adequate immune response, with the availability of protein being the most important predictor of the functional (physiological) immune response. Importantly, however, immune gene expression responds quite differently to functional immunity and we would caution against using gene expression as a proxy for immune investment, as it is unlikely to be reliable indicator of the immune response, except under specific dietary conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheena C Cotter
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, UK.
| | - Catherine E Reavey
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Yamini Tummala
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Joanna L Randall
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Robert Holdbrook
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Fleur Ponton
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia; Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | | | - Judith A Smith
- School of Forensic and Applied Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Kenneth Wilson
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
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134
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Chowdhury M, Li CF, He Z, Lu Y, Liu XS, Wang YF, Ip YT, Strand MR, Yu XQ. Toll family members bind multiple Spätzle proteins and activate antimicrobial peptide gene expression in Drosophila. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:10172-10181. [PMID: 31088910 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Toll signaling pathway in Drosophila melanogaster regulates several immune-related functions, including the expression of antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes. The canonical Toll receptor (Toll-1) is activated by the cytokine Spätzle (Spz-1), but Drosophila encodes eight other Toll genes and five other Spz genes whose interactions with one another and associated functions are less well-understood. Here, we conducted in vitro assays in the Drosophila S2 cell line with the Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) homology domains of each Toll family member to determine whether they can activate a known target of Toll-1, the promoter of the antifungal peptide gene drosomycin. All TIR family members activated the drosomycin promoter, with Toll-1 and Toll-7 TIRs producing the highest activation. We found that the Toll-1 and Toll-7 ectodomains bind Spz-1, -2, and -5, and also vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) virions, and that Spz-1, -2, -5, and VSV all activated the promoters of drosomycin and several other AMP genes in S2 cells expressing full-length Toll-1 or Toll-7. In vivo experiments indicated that Toll-1 and Toll-7 mutants could be systemically infected with two bacterial species (Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), the opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans, and VSV with different survival times in adult females and males compared with WT fly survival. Our results suggest that all Toll family members can activate several AMP genes. Our results further indicate that Toll-1 and Toll-7 bind multiple Spz proteins and also VSV, but they differentially affect adult survival after systemic infection, potentially because of sex-specific differences in Toll-1 and Toll-7 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munmun Chowdhury
- From the Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64110
| | - Chun-Feng Li
- From the Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64110.,the State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Zhen He
- From the Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64110.,the School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Yuzhen Lu
- the Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology and School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Xu-Sheng Liu
- the School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Yu-Feng Wang
- the School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Y Tony Ip
- the Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Michael R Strand
- the Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, and
| | - Xiao-Qiang Yu
- From the Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, .,the School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China.,the Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology and School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
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135
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Chen Z, Cen X, Yang J, Lin Z, Liu M, Cheng K. Synthesis of urea analogues bearing N-alkyl-N'-(thiophen-2-yl) scaffold and evaluation of their innate immune response to toll-like receptors. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 169:42-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.02.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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136
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Neves F, Águeda-Pinto A, Pinheiro A, Abrantes J, Esteves PJ. Strong selection of the TLR2 coding region among the Lagomorpha suggests an evolutionary history that differs from other mammals. Immunogenetics 2019; 71:437-443. [PMID: 30874861 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-019-01110-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are one of the first lines of defense against pathogens and are crucial for triggering an appropriate immune response. Among TLRs, TLR2 is functional in all vertebrates and has high ability in detecting bacterial and viral pathogen ligands. The mammals' phylogenetic tree of TLR2 showed longer branches for the Lagomorpha clade, raising the hypothesis that lagomorphs experienced an acceleration of the mutation rate. This hypothesis was confirmed by (i) Tajima's test of neutrality that revealed different evolutionary rates between lagomorphs and the remaining mammals with lagomorphs presenting higher nucleotide diversity; (ii) genetic distances were similar among lagomorphs and between lagomorphs and other mammals; and (iii) branch models reinforced the existence of an acceleration of the mutation rate in lagomorphs. These results suggest that the lagomorph TLR2 has been strongly involved in pathogen recognition, which probably caused a host-pathogen arms race that led to the observed acceleration of the mutation rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Neves
- CIBIO-UP, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO, Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, nr.7, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Ana Águeda-Pinto
- CIBIO-UP, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO, Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, nr.7, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Ana Pinheiro
- CIBIO-UP, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO, Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, nr.7, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Joana Abrantes
- CIBIO-UP, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO, Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, nr.7, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Pedro J Esteves
- CIBIO-UP, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO, Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, nr.7, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal. .,Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal. .,CITS - Centro de Investigação em Tecnologias de Saúde, CESPU, Gandra, Portugal.
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137
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Park S, Jo YH, Park KB, Ko HJ, Kim CE, Bae YM, Kim B, Jun SA, Bang IS, Lee YS, Kim YJ, Han YS. TmToll-7 Plays a Crucial Role in Innate Immune Responses Against Gram-Negative Bacteria by Regulating 5 AMP Genes in Tenebrio molitor. Front Immunol 2019; 10:310. [PMID: 30930888 PMCID: PMC6424196 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it is known that the Drosophila Toll-7 receptor plays a critical role in antiviral autophagy, its function in other insects has not yet been reported. Here, we have identified a Toll-like receptor 7 gene, TmToll-7, in the coleopteran insect T. molitor and examined its potential role in antibacterial and antifungal immunity. We showed that TmToll-7 expression was significantly induced in larvae 6 h after infection with Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and 9 h after infection with Candida albicans. However, even though TmToll-7 was induced by all three pathogens, we found that TmToll-7 knockdown significantly reduced larval survival to E. coli, but not to S. aureus, and C. albicans infections. To understand the reasons for this difference, we examined the effects of TmToll-7 knockdown on antimicrobial peptide (AMP) gene expression and found a significant reduction of E. coli-induced expression of AMP genes such as TmTenecin-1, TmDefensin-1, TmDefensin-2, TmColeoptericin-1, and TmAttacin-2. Furthermore, TmToll-7 knockdown larvae infected with E. coli showed significantly higher bacterial growth in the hemolymph compared to control larvae treated with Vermilion dsRNA. Taken together, our results suggest that TmToll-7 plays an important role in regulating the immune response of T. molitor to E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyi Park
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Yong Hun Jo
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Ki Beom Park
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Hye Jin Ko
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Chang Eun Kim
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Young Min Bae
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Bobae Kim
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Sung Ah Jun
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - In Seok Bang
- Department of Biological Science, Hoseo University, Asan, South Korea
| | - Yong Seok Lee
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, South Korea
| | - Yu Jung Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, California State University, San Bernardino, CA, United States
| | - Yeon Soo Han
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
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138
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Powell D, Subramanian S, Suwansa-Ard S, Zhao M, O'Connor W, Raftos D, Elizur A. The genome of the oyster Saccostrea offers insight into the environmental resilience of bivalves. DNA Res 2019; 25:655-665. [PMID: 30295708 PMCID: PMC6289776 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsy032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Oysters are keystone species in estuarine ecosystems and are of substantial economic value to fisheries and aquaculture worldwide. Contending with disease and environmental stress are considerable challenges to oyster culture. Here we report a draft genome of the Sydney Rock Oyster, Saccostrea glomerata, an iconic and commercially important species of edible oyster in Australia known for its enhanced resilience to harsh environmental conditions. This is the second reference genome to be reported from the family Ostreidae enabling a genus-level study of lophotrochozoan genome evolution. Our analysis of the 784-megabase S. glomerata genome shows extensive expansions of gene families associated with immunological non-self-recognition. Transcriptomic analysis revealed highly tissue-specific patterns of expression among these genes, suggesting a complex assortment of immune receptors provide this oyster with a unique capacity to recognize invading microbes. Several gene families involved in stress response are notably expanded in Saccostrea compared with other oysters, and likely key to this species’ adaptations for improved survival higher in the intertidal zone. The Sydney Rock Oyster genome provides a valuable resource for future research in molluscan biology, evolution and environmental resilience. Its close relatedness to Crassostrea will further comparative studies, advancing the means for improved oyster agriculture and conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Powell
- Centre for Genetics, Ecology and Physiology, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, QLD, Australia
| | - Sankar Subramanian
- Centre for Genetics, Ecology and Physiology, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, QLD, Australia
| | - Saowaros Suwansa-Ard
- Centre for Genetics, Ecology and Physiology, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, QLD, Australia
| | - Min Zhao
- Centre for Genetics, Ecology and Physiology, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, QLD, Australia
| | - Wayne O'Connor
- NSW Department of Industry, Department of Primary Industries, DPI Fisheries, Port Stephens Fisheries Institute, Taylors Beach, NSW, Australia
| | - David Raftos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | - Abigail Elizur
- Centre for Genetics, Ecology and Physiology, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, QLD, Australia
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139
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Type I interferon response impairs differentiation potential of pluripotent stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:1384-1393. [PMID: 30606801 PMCID: PMC6347712 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1812449116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike all differentiated cells, pluripotent stem cells do not elicit a productive antiviral response when infected by a pathogen. This observation seems at odds with the importance of pluripotent stem cells given their absolute requirement for the development of life. Here we investigate why this antiviral response is not utilized in these unique cells. We find that the factors required to maintain pluripotency are incompatible with those involved in eliciting the canonical interferon-based response to virus infection. Upon virus infection, pluripotent stem cells neither induce nor respond to canonical type I interferons (IFN-I). To better understand this biology, we characterized induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) as well as their differentiated parental or rederived counterparts. We confirmed that only iPSCs failed to respond to viral RNA, IFN-I, or viral infection. This lack of response could be phenocopied in fibroblasts with the expression of a reprogramming factor which repressed the capacity to induce canonical antiviral pathways. To ascertain the consequences of restoring the antiviral response in the context of pluripotency, we engineered a system to engage these defenses in iPSCs. Inducible expression of a recombinant virus-activated transcription factor resulted in the successful reconstitution of antiviral defenses through the direct up-regulation of IFN-I–stimulated genes. Induction of the antiviral signature in iPSCs, even for a short duration, resulted in the dysregulation of genes associated with all three germ layers despite maintaining pluripotency markers. Trilineage differentiation of these same cells showed that engagement of the antiviral defenses compromised ectoderm and endoderm formation and dysregulated the development of mesodermal sublineages. In all, these data suggest that the temporal induction of the antiviral response primes iPSCs away from pluripotency and induces numerous aberrant gene products upon differentiation. Together these results suggest that the IFN-I system and pluripotency may be incompatible with each other and thus explain why stem cells do not utilize the canonical antiviral system.
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140
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Abstract
Microglial cells derive from fetal macrophages which immigrate into and disseminate throughout the central nervous system (CNS) in early embryogenesis. After settling in the nerve tissue, microglial progenitors acquire an idiosyncratic morphological phenotype with small cell body and moving thin and highly ramified processes currently defined as "resting or surveillant microglia". Physiology of microglia is manifested by second messenger-mediated cellular excitability, low resting membrane conductance, and expression of receptors to pathogen- or damage-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs and DAMPs), as well as receptors to classical neurotransmitters and neurohormones. This specific physiological profile reflects adaptive changes of myeloid cells to the CNS environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Garaschuk
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
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141
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Batista FM, Churcher AM, Manchado M, Leitão A, Power DM. Uncovering the immunological repertoire of the carpet shell clam Ruditapes decussatus through a transcriptomic-based approach. AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaf.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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142
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Priyathilaka TT, Bathige SDNK, Lee S, Nam BH, Lee J. Transcriptome-wide identification, functional characterization, and expression analysis of two novel invertebrate-type Toll-like receptors from disk abalone (Haliotis discus discus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 84:802-815. [PMID: 30368026 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are well-known pattern recognition receptors that play key immunological roles in a diverse range of organisms. In this study, two novel invertebrate TLRs from disk abalone (designated as AbTLR-A and AbTLR-B) were identified and functionally characterized for the first time. AbTLR-A and AbTLR-B comprised the typical TLR domain architecture containing an extracellular leucine-rich repeat domain, transmembrane domain, and Toll/interleukin-1 receptor domain. Expressional analysis revealed that both TLRs were constitutively expressed at all the early embryonic stages of disk abalone analyzed, with the highest level of AbTLR-A found at the 16-cell stage and AbTLR-B at the trochophore stage. According to tissue distribution analysis, prominent mRNA expression of AbTLR-A and AbTLR-B was detected in the hemocytes and gills, respectively. AbTLR-A and AbTLR-B mRNAs were significantly up-regulated in response to Gram-negative Vibrio parahemolyticus, Gram-positive Listeria monocytogenes, and viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus injections in abalone hemocytes and gills. Overexpression of AbTLR-A and AbTLR-B in HEK293T cells directly activated nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) responsive reporters. Neither TLRs showed a high response to pathogen-associated molecular patterns in vitro. Co-expression of AbTLR-A and AbTLR-B with AbMyD88-2 and AbMyD88-X activated NF-κB-responsive reporters in a synergetic manner. These findings demonstrate the involvement of AbTLR-A and AbTLR-B in abalone innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanthrige Thiunuwan Priyathilaka
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - S D N K Bathige
- Sri Lanka Institute of Nanotechnology (SLINTEC), Nanotechnology and Science Park, Mahenwatta, Pitipana, Homagama, Sri Lanka
| | - Seongdo Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Hye Nam
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea.
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143
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Zhao L, Jiang X, Chen T, Sun H, Ren C. Molecular characterization and functional analysis of MyD88 from the tropical sea cucumber, Holothuria leucospilota. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 83:1-7. [PMID: 30194053 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) named as HLMyD88 was identified from the sea cucumber Holothuria leucospilota. The full-length cDNA of HLMyD88 is 4797 bp in size, containing a 227 bp 5'-untranslated region (UTR), a 3721 bp 3'-UTR and an 849 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a protein of 282 amino acids with a deduced molecular weight of 32.25 kDa HLMyD88 contains an N-terminal death domain and a C-terminal Toll/interluekin-1 receptor (TIR) domain with three highly conserved sequence motifs named as Box 1, Box 2 and Box 3. The results of luciferase reporter assay showed that over-expressed HLMyD88 in HEK293T cells could activate the transcription factors nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and activator protein 1 (AP-1). Additionally, the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α in the HEK293T cells was increased by over-expressed HLMyD88, indicating the potential role of HLMyD88 in the innate immunity of sea cucumber. Moreover, we further confirmed that over-expressed HLMyD88 could also induce apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Candidate Drug Research, School of Biosciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
| | - Xiao Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology (LAMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, PR China.
| | - Ting Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology (LAMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, PR China.
| | - Hongyan Sun
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China.
| | - Chunhua Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology (LAMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, PR China.
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144
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Yang H, Gao X, Li X, Zhang H, Chen N, Zhang Y, Liu X, Zhang X. Comparative transcriptome analysis of red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkia) hepatopancreas in response to WSSV and Aeromonas hydrophila infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 83:397-405. [PMID: 30244087 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To better study the immune system of shrimp and understand the similarities and differences between the host's immune defense against viral and bacterial infections, this study used a comparative transcriptomics method to systematically analyze the hepatopancreas of the crayfish Procambarus clarkia in response to WSSV and A. hydrophila infection. After assembly, there was an average of 24,404,837 clean reads were obtained after filtering out low-quality reads. Unigenes were annotated by comparing against nr, Swiss-Prot\KEGG\COG\KOG\GO and Pfam databases, and 17,954 unigenes were annotated in at least one database. 2600 and 2073 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the hepatopancreas in response to WSSV and A. hydrophila infections were identified respectively. The GO and KEGG enrichment analyses of DEGs were conducted to further explore their functions. The pathways like PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, mTOR signaling pathway, Jak-STAT signaling pathway, NF-κB signaling pathway, VEGF signaling pathway, Ras signaling pathway, were the most prominent for immunity-related DEGs in C-/W-Groups, while Endocytosis, Lysozyme, Focal adhesion, Phagosome, Peroxisome, MAPK signaling pathway were observed in C-/A-Groups. Furthermore, the expression levels of nine selected immune-related DEGs were validated by qRT-PCR, substantiating the reliability of RNA-Seq results. This study not only provides effective data support to reveal the different immune defense strategies by P. clarkia to cope with bacterial and WSSV infections, but also to provide new information about the immune system and defense mechanisms of shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaojian Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xixi Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Honghua Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Nan Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaodan Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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145
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Kanoh H, Kato H, Suda Y, Hori A, Kurata S, Kuraishi T. Dual comprehensive approach to decipher the Drosophila Toll pathway, ex vivo RNAi screenings and immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 508:332-337. [PMID: 30497778 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The Drosophila Toll pathway is involved in embryonic development, innate immunity, and cell-cell interactions. However, compared to the mammalian Toll-like receptor innate immune pathway, its intracellular signaling mechanisms are not fully understood. We have previously performed a series of ex vivo genome-wide RNAi screenings to identify genes required for the activation of the Toll pathway. In this study, we have conducted an additional genome-wide RNAi screening using the overexpression of Tube, an adapter molecule in the Toll pathway, and have performed a co-immunoprecipitation assay to identify components present in the dMyd88-Tube complex. Based on the results of these assays, we have performed a bioinformatic analysis, and describe candidate molecules and post-translational modifications that could be involved in Drosophila Toll signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Kanoh
- Department of Molecular Biopharmacy and Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Kato
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yamato Suda
- Department of Molecular Biopharmacy and Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Aki Hori
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Kurata
- Department of Molecular Biopharmacy and Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kuraishi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan; PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan.
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146
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Uliano-Silva M, Dondero F, Dan Otto T, Costa I, Lima NCB, Americo JA, Mazzoni CJ, Prosdocimi F, Rebelo MDF. A hybrid-hierarchical genome assembly strategy to sequence the invasive golden mussel, Limnoperna fortunei. Gigascience 2018; 7:4750781. [PMID: 29267857 PMCID: PMC5836269 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/gix128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background For more than 25 years, the golden mussel, Limnoperna fortunei, has aggressively invaded South American freshwaters, having travelled more than 5000 km upstream across 5 countries. Along the way, the golden mussel has outcompeted native species and economically harmed aquaculture, hydroelectric powers, and ship transit. We have sequenced the complete genome of the golden mussel to understand the molecular basis of its invasiveness and search for ways to control it. Findings We assembled the 1.6-Gb genome into 20 548 scaffolds with an N50 length of 312 Kb using a hybrid and hierarchical assembly strategy from short and long DNA reads and transcriptomes. A total of 60 717 coding genes were inferred from a customized transcriptome-trained AUGUSTUS run. We also compared predicted protein sets with those of complete molluscan genomes, revealing an exacerbation of protein-binding domains in L. fortunei. Conclusions We built one of the best bivalve genome assemblies available using a cost-effective approach using Illumina paired-end, mate-paired, and PacBio long reads. We expect that the continuous and careful annotation of L. fortunei's genome will contribute to the investigation of bivalve genetics, evolution, and invasiveness, as well as to the development of biotechnological tools for aquatic pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Uliano-Silva
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute (IBCCF), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Center for Genomics in Biodiversity Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Francesco Dondero
- Department of Science and Technological Innovation (DiSIT), Università del Piemonte Orientale Amedeo Avogadro, Vercelli-Novara-Alessandria, Italy
| | - Thomas Dan Otto
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK.,Centre of Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Igor Costa
- Leopoldo de Meis Biomedical Biochemistry Institute (IBqM), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nicholas Costa Barroso Lima
- Leopoldo de Meis Biomedical Biochemistry Institute (IBqM), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Bioinformatics Laboratory (LabInfo) of the National Laboratory for Scientific Computing, Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana Alves Americo
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute (IBCCF), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Camila Junqueira Mazzoni
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Center for Genomics in Biodiversity Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Francisco Prosdocimi
- Leopoldo de Meis Biomedical Biochemistry Institute (IBqM), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mauro de Freitas Rebelo
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute (IBCCF), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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147
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Voogdt CGP, Merchant ME, Wagenaar JA, van Putten JPM. Evolutionary Regression and Species-Specific Codon Usage of TLR15. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2626. [PMID: 30483270 PMCID: PMC6244663 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) form an ancient family of innate immune receptors that detect microbial structures and activate the host immune response. Most subfamilies of TLRs (including TLR3, TLR5, and TLR7) are highly conserved among vertebrate species. In contrast, TLR15, a member of the TLR1 subfamily, appears to be unique to birds and reptiles. We investigated the functional evolution of TLR15. Phylogenetic and synteny analyses revealed putative TLR15 orthologs in bird species, several reptilian species and also in a shark species, pointing to an unprecedented date of origin of TLR15 as well as large scale reciprocal loss of this TLR in most other vertebrates. Cloning and functional analysis of TLR15 of the green anole lizard (Anolis carolinensis), salt water crocodile (Crocodylus porosus), American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis), and chicken (Gallus gallus) showed for all species TLR15 specific protease-induced activation of NF-κB, despite highly variable TLR15 protein expression levels. The variable TLR15 expression was consistent in both human and reptilian cells and could be attributed to species-specific differences in TLR15 codon usage. The species-specific codon bias was not or barely noted for more evolutionarily conserved TLRs (e.g., TLR3). Overall, our results indicate that TLR15 originates before the divergence of chondrichthyes fish and tetrapods and that TLR15 of both avian and reptilian species has a conserved function as protease activated receptor. The species-specific codon usage and large scale loss of TLR15 in most vertebrates suggest evolutionary regression of this ancient TLR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos G P Voogdt
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Mark E Merchant
- Department of Chemistry, McNeese State University, Lake Charles, LA, United States
| | - Jaap A Wagenaar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Jos P M van Putten
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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148
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Ji J, Ramos-Vicente D, Navas-Pérez E, Herrera-Úbeda C, Lizcano JM, Garcia-Fernàndez J, Escrivà H, Bayés À, Roher N. Characterization of the TLR Family in Branchiostoma lanceolatum and Discovery of a Novel TLR22-Like Involved in dsRNA Recognition in Amphioxus. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2525. [PMID: 30450099 PMCID: PMC6224433 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important for raising innate immune responses in both invertebrates and vertebrates. Amphioxus belongs to an ancient chordate lineage which shares key features with vertebrates. The genomic research on TLR genes in Branchiostoma floridae and Branchiostoma belcheri reveals the expansion of TLRs in amphioxus. However, the repertoire of TLRs in Branchiostoma lanceolatum has not been studied and the functionality of amphioxus TLRs has not been reported. We have identified from transcriptomic data 30 new putative TLRs in B. lanceolatum and all of them are transcribed in adult amphioxus. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the repertoire of TLRs consists of both non-vertebrate and vertebrate-like TLRs. It also indicated a lineage-specific expansion in orthologous clusters of the vertebrate TLR11 family. We did not detect any representatives of the vertebrate TLR1, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5 and TLR7 families. To gain insight into these TLRs, we studied in depth a particular TLR highly similar to a B. belcheri gene annotated as bbtTLR1. The phylogenetic analysis of this novel BlTLR showed that it clusters with the vertebrate TLR11 family and it might be more related to TLR13 subfamily according to similar domain architecture. Transient and stable expression in HEK293 cells showed that the BlTLR localizes on the plasma membrane, but it did not respond to the most common mammalian TLR ligands. However, when the ectodomain of BlTLR is fused to the TIR domain of human TLR2, the chimeric protein could indeed induce NF-κB transactivation in response to the viral ligand Poly I:C, also indicating that in amphioxus, specific accessory proteins are needed for downstream activation. Based on the phylogenetic, subcellular localization and functional analysis, we propose that the novel BlTLR might be classified as an antiviral receptor sharing at least partly the functions performed by vertebrate TLR22. TLR22 is thought to be viral teleost-specific TLR but here we demonstrate that teleosts and amphioxus TLR22-like probably shared a common ancestor. Additional functional studies with other lancelet TLR genes will enrich our understanding of the immune response in amphioxus and will provide a unique perspective on the evolution of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ji
- Department of Cell Biology, Animal Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (IBB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - David Ramos-Vicente
- Department of Cell Biology, Animal Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (IBB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,Molecular Physiology of the Synapse Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrique Navas-Pérez
- Department of Genetics, School of Biology and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Herrera-Úbeda
- Department of Genetics, School of Biology and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Miguel Lizcano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Jordi Garcia-Fernàndez
- Department of Genetics, School of Biology and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hector Escrivà
- CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins, BIOM, Sorbonne Université, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Àlex Bayés
- Department of Cell Biology, Animal Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (IBB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,Molecular Physiology of the Synapse Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nerea Roher
- Department of Cell Biology, Animal Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (IBB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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149
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Zhang RN, Ren FF, Zhou CB, Xu JF, Yi HY, Ye MQ, Deng XJ, Cao Y, Yu XQ, Yang WY. An ML protein from the silkworm Bombyx mori may function as a key accessory protein for lipopolysaccharide signaling. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 88:94-103. [PMID: 30009928 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a common component of the outermost cell wall in Gram-negative bacteria. In mammals, LPS serves as an endotoxin that can be recognized by a receptor complex of TLR4 (Toll-like receptor 4) and MD-2 (myeloid differentiation-2) and subsequently induce a strong immune response to signal the release of tumor necrosis factor (TNF). In Drosophila melanogaster, no receptors for LPS have been identified, and LPS cannot activate immune responses. Here, we report a protein, BmEsr16, which contains an ML (MD-2-related lipid-recognition) domain, may function as an LPS receptor in the silkworm Bombyx mori. We showed that antibacterial activity in the hemolymph of B. mori larvae was induced by Escherichia coli, peptidoglycan (PGN) and LPS and that the expression of antimicrobial peptide genes was also induced by LPS. Furthermore, both the expression of BmEsr16 mRNA in the fat body and the expression of BmEsr16 protein in the hemolymph were induced by LPS. Recombinant BmEsr16 bound to LPS and lipid A, as well as to PGN, lipoteichoic acid, but not to laminarin or mannan. More importantly, LPS-induced immune responses in the hemolymph of B. mori larvae were blocked when the endogenous BmEsr16 protein was neutralized by polyclonal antibody specific to BmEsr16. Our results suggest that BmEsr16 may function as a key accessory protein for LPS signaling in B. mori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo-Nan Zhang
- Laboratory of Insect Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Fei-Fei Ren
- Laboratory of Insect Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Cheng-Bo Zhou
- Laboratory of Insect Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jun-Feng Xu
- Laboratory of Insect Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hui-Yu Yi
- Laboratory of Insect Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ming-Qiang Ye
- The Sericultural and Agri-Food Research Institute of the Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Deng
- Laboratory of Insect Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Laboratory of Insect Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Yu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China.
| | - Wan-Ying Yang
- Laboratory of Insect Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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150
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Characterization of Spz5 as a novel ligand for Drosophila Toll-1 receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 506:510-515. [PMID: 30361090 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.10.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Drosophila Toll-1 receptor is involved in embryonic development, innate immunity, and tissue homeostasis. Currently, as a ligand for the Toll-1 receptor, only Spätzle (Spz) has been identified and characterized. We previously reported that Drosophila larva-derived tissue extract contains ligand activity for the Toll-1 receptor, which differs from Spz based on the observation that larval extract prepared from spz mutants possessed full ligand activity. Here, we demonstrate that Spz5, a member of the Spz family of proteins, functions as a ligand for the Toll-1 receptor. Processing of Spz5 by Furin protease, which is known to be important for ligand activity of Spz5 to Toll-6, is not required for its function to the Toll-1 receptor. By generating a spz5 null mutant, we further showed that the Toll-1 ligand activity of larva-derived extract is mainly derived from Spz5. Finally, we found a genetic interaction between spz and spz5 in terms of developmental processes. This study identified a novel ligand for the Drosophila Toll-1 receptor, providing evidence that Toll-1 is a multi-ligand receptor, similar to the mammalian Toll-like receptor.
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