101
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Hawn TR, Scholes D, Li SS, Wang H, Yang Y, Roberts PL, Stapleton AE, Janer M, Aderem A, Stamm WE, Zhao LP, Hooton TM. Toll-like receptor polymorphisms and susceptibility to urinary tract infections in adult women. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5990. [PMID: 19543401 PMCID: PMC2696082 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although behavioral risk factors are strongly associated with urinary tract infection (UTI) risk, the role of genetics in acquiring this disease is poorly understood. Methodology/Principal Findings To test the hypothesis that polymorphisms in Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathway genes are associated with susceptibility to UTIs, we conducted a population-based case-control study of women ages 18–49 years. We examined DNA variants in 9 TLR pathway genes in 431 recurrent cystitis (rUTI) cases, 400 pyelonephritis cases, and 430 controls with no history of UTIs. In the Caucasian subgroup of 987 women, polymorphism TLR4_A896G was associated with protection from rUTI, but not pyelonephritis, with an odds ratio (OR) of 0.54 and a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 0.31 to 0.96. Polymorphism TLR5_C1174T, which encodes a variant that abrogates flagellin-induced signaling, was associated with an increased risk of rUTI (OR(95%CI): 1.81 (1.00–3.08)), but not pyelonephritis. Polymorphism TLR1_G1805T was associated with protection from pyelonephritis (OR(95%CI): 0.53 (0.29–0.96)). Conclusions These results provide the first evidence of associations of TLR5 and TLR1 variants with altered risks of acquiring rUTI and pyelonephritis, respectively. Although these data suggest that TLR polymorphisms are associated with adult susceptibility to UTIs, the statistical significance was modest and will require further study including validation with independent cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Hawn
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America.
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102
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Srivastava B, Błażejewska P, Heßmann M, Bruder D, Geffers R, Mauel S, Gruber AD, Schughart K. Host genetic background strongly influences the response to influenza a virus infections. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4857. [PMID: 19293935 PMCID: PMC2654507 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic make-up of the host has a major influence on its response to combat pathogens. For influenza A virus, several single gene mutations have been described which contribute to survival, the immune response and clearance of the pathogen by the host organism. Here, we have studied the influence of the genetic background to influenza A H1N1 (PR8) and H7N7 (SC35M) viruses. The seven inbred laboratory strains of mice analyzed exhibited different weight loss kinetics and survival rates after infection with PR8. Two strains in particular, DBA/2J and A/J, showed very high susceptibility to viral infections compared to all other strains. The LD50 to the influenza virus PR8 in DBA/2J mice was more than 1000-fold lower than in C57BL/6J mice. High susceptibility in DBA/2J mice was also observed after infection with influenza strain SC35M. In addition, infected DBA/2J mice showed a higher viral load in their lungs, elevated expression of cytokines and chemokines, and a more severe and extended lung pathology compared to infected C57BL/6J mice. These findings indicate a major contribution of the genetic background of the host to influenza A virus infections. The overall response in highly susceptible DBA/2J mice resembled the pathology described for infections with the highly virulent influenza H1N1-1918 and newly emerged H5N1 viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barkha Srivastava
- Department of Experimental Mouse Genetics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research & University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Paulina Błażejewska
- Department of Experimental Mouse Genetics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research & University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Manuela Heßmann
- Department of Experimental Mouse Genetics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research & University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dunja Bruder
- Research Group Immunoregulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Robert Geffers
- Gene Expression Analysis, Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Susanne Mauel
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Achim D. Gruber
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Schughart
- Department of Experimental Mouse Genetics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research & University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Braunschweig, Germany
- * E-mail:
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103
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Abstract
Clinical signs and symptoms, as well as medical and dental history, are all considered in the clinical determination of gingival inflammation and periodontal disease severity. However, the "biologic systems model" highlights that the clinical presentation of periodontal disease is closely tied to the underlying biologic phenotype. We propose that the determination and integration of subject-level factors, microbial composition, systemic immune response, and gingival tissue inflammatory mediator responses will better reflect the biology of the biofilm-gingival interface in a specific patient and may provide insights on clinical management. Disease classifications and multivariable models further refine the biologic basis for the increasing severity of periodontal disease expression. As such, new classifications may better identify disease-susceptible and treatment-non-responsive individuals than current classifications that are heavily influenced by probing and attachment level measurements alone. New data also suggest that the clinical characteristics of some complex diseases, such as periodontal disease, are influenced by the genetic and epigenetic contributions to clinical phenotype. Although the genetic basis for periodontal disease is considered imperative for setting an inflammatory capacity for an individual and, thus, a threshold for severity, there is evidence to suggest an epigenetic component is involved as well. Many factors long associated with periodontitis, including bacterial accumulations, smoking, and diabetes, are known to produce strong epigenetic changes in tissue behavior. We propose that we are now able to rethink periodontal disease in terms of a biologic systems model that may help to establish more homogeneous diagnostic categories and can provide insight into the expected response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Offenbacher
- Center for Oral and Systemic Disease, Department of Periodontology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Manning Drive and Columbia Street, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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104
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Robinson CM, Nau GJ. Interleukin-12 and interleukin-27 regulate macrophage control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Infect Dis 2008; 198:359-66. [PMID: 18557702 DOI: 10.1086/589774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an intracellular pathogen that persists within macrophages and remains a considerable global threat to human health. The purpose of this study was to investigate how interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-27 regulate human macrophage interactions with M. tuberculosis. Quantitative measurement of transcripts showed that IL-12 or M. tuberculosis induced IL-27 gene expression in human macrophages. Furthermore, IL-27 receptor subunits were shown by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and flow cytometry to be expressed and present at the cell surface. Neutralization of IL-27 in the presence of IL-12 reduced viable M. tuberculosis recovered from macrophages. Antimycobacterial activity was accompanied by a heightened inflammatory response that included tumor necrosis factor, IL-6, interferon-gamma, and a subset of chemokines. These results implicate IL-12 and IL-27 in regulating human macrophages, and IL-27 derived from macrophages during infection impedes control of M. tuberculosis growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory M Robinson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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105
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Ding S, Li F, Wang J, Xu K, Li L. Interferon gamma receptor 1 gene polymorphism in patients with tuberculosis in China. Scand J Immunol 2008; 68:140-4. [PMID: 18702743 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2008.02125.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to examine the influence of the CA microsatellite polymorphisms of interferon gamma receptor 1 on patients with tuberculosis (TB) in the south-eastern Chinese population. Genomic DNA from patients with TB (n = 155) and ethnically matched controls (n = 89) were genotyped by short tandem repeat-PCR method. The allele frequency of (CA)(25) was 1.70-fold higher among patients than that among controls (95% CI 1.07-2.70) (P = 0.025). Compared with the non-(CA)(25)/non-(CA)(25) reference group, the risk to TB of the carriers of (CA)(25)/(CA)(25) genotypes were 6.46-fold (95% CI 1.40-29.74) (P = 0.0017) higher. On the contrary, the allele frequency of (CA)(26) was 0.29-fold lower in patients than that in controls (95% CI 0.11-0.76) (P = 0.012). Genotypes with (CA)(26) allele were at 0.35-fold (95% CI 0.13-0.98) (P = 0.045) lower to the risk of TB, compared with that of the non-(CA)(26)/non-(CA)(26) in the reference group. The above results indicated that the allele (CA)(25) appeared to be susceptible to TB, while the allele (CA)(26) to be protective towards TB. Our data also suggest that the CA repeat was a highly polymorphic marker and could be used for linkage and association analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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106
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Magdorf K, Detjen AK. Proposed management of childhood tuberculosis in low-incidence countries. Eur J Pediatr 2008; 167:927-38. [PMID: 18470534 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-008-0730-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2007] [Revised: 03/04/2008] [Accepted: 03/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of childhood tuberculosis continues to decline in central Europe, but due to migration from high incidence countries paediatricians will still be confronted with it. The management of childhood tuberculosis in low-incidence, high-income countries differs from most high-incidence countries. The primary measures for preventing the transmission of tuberculosis to children are the detection of adult source cases, detection of latent TB infection (LTBI) in children by history, tuberculin skin testing and, if necessary and recommended, interferon-gamma release assays. Children with LTBI should receive preventive therapy. The inclusion of tuberculosis in the differential diagnosis of unclear pulmonary and extrapulmonary disease remains important, and tuberculosis has to be managed according to international standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Magdorf
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Allergy, Chest Clinic Heckeshorn, Helios Klinikum Emil von Behring, Charité, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200, Berlin, Germany.
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107
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Abstract
Human primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) are often thought to be confined to a few rare, familial, monogenic, recessive traits impairing the development or function of one or several leucocyte subsets and resulting in multiple, recurrent, opportunistic and fatal infections in infancy. We highlight here the rapidly growing number of exceptions to each of these conventional qualifications. Indeed, bona fide PIDs include common and sporadic illnesses and may present as dominant, or even polygenic traits; their pathogenesis may involve non haematopoietic cells, and they may result in single episode of illness, with a single or multiple morbid phenotypes, some of which may involve infection, in otherwise healthy adults. We need to increase awareness of the multitude of clinical presentations of human PIDs considerably and rapidly in the medical community. Human PIDs should be considered in a wide range of clinical situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France.
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108
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Jasny E, Eisenblätter M, Mätz-Rensing K, Tenner-Racz K, Tenbusch M, Schrod A, Stahl-Hennig C, Moos V, Schneider T, Racz P, Uberla K, Kaup FJ, Ignatius R. IL-12-impaired and IL-12-secreting dendritic cells produce IL-23 upon CD154 restimulation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:6629-39. [PMID: 18453582 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.10.6629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Experimental studies in monkeys on the basis of ex vivo-generated, reinjected dendritic cells (DCs) allow investigations of primate DC biology in vivo. To study in vitro and in vivo properties of DCs with a reduced capacity to produce IL-12, we adapted findings obtained in vitro with human cells to the rhesus macaque model. Following exposure of immature monocyte-derived monkey DCs to the immunomodulating synthetic polypeptide glatiramer acetate (GA) and to dibutyryl-cAMP (d-cAMP; i.e., a cAMP enhancer that activates DCs but inhibits the induction of Th1 immune responses), the resulting DCs displayed a mature phenotype with enhanced Ag-specific T cell stimulatory function, notably also for memory Th1 cells. Phosphorylation of p38 MAPK was not induced in GA/d-cAMP-activated DCs. Accordingly, these cells secreted significantly less IL-12p40 (p < or = 0.001) than did cytokine-activated cells. However, upon restimulation with rhesus macaque CD154, GA/d-cAMP-activated DCs produced IL-12p40/IL-23. Additionally, DCs activated by proinflammatory cytokines following protocols for the generation of cells used in clinical studies secreted significantly more IL-23 upon CD154 restimulation than following prior activation. Two days after intradermal injection, GA/d-cAMP-activated fluorescence-labeled DCs were detected in the T cell areas of draining lymph nodes. When similarly injected, GA/d-cAMP as well as cytokine-activated protein-loaded DCs induced comparable Th immune responses characterized by secretion of IFN-gamma, TNF, and IL-17, and transiently expanded FOXP3(+) regulatory T cells. Reactivation of primate DCs through CD154 considerably influences their immmunostimulatory properties. This may have a substantial impact on the development of innovative vaccine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Jasny
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Infection Immunology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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109
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Richer E, Qureshi ST, Vidal SM, Malo D. Chemical mutagenesis: a new strategy against the global threat of infectious diseases. Mamm Genome 2008; 19:309-17. [PMID: 18560940 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-008-9114-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2008] [Accepted: 05/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The perpetual evolution of drug-resistant microbes, the overwhelming burden of acquired immune suppression due to HIV, the emergence or re-emergence of various pathogens (West Nile virus, pandemic influenza, Creutzfeld-Jacob disease), and increased fears of bioterrorism has drawn a great deal of new attention to infectious diseases. The pathogenesis of infection is characterized by complex interactions of potentially virulent microorganisms with host genetic and acquired factors. Chemical mutagenesis of the mouse genome provides a robust method to unravel this challenging problem. To deepen our understanding of the natural host response to pathogens, our team and others are interrogating the mouse genome to define genes that are crucial to the defense against infectious diseases (pathogen recognition, viral defense, bacterial defense, prion infection). In this review we highlight the current progress of these efforts and propose a toolbox for other groups that are interested in this endeavor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Richer
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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110
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Vidal SM, Malo D, Marquis JF, Gros P. Forward genetic dissection of immunity to infection in the mouse. Annu Rev Immunol 2008; 26:81-132. [PMID: 17953509 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.26.021607.090304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Forward genetics is an experimental approach in which gene mapping and positional cloning are used to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying phenotypic differences between two individuals for a given trait. This strategy has been highly successful for the study of inbred mouse strains that show differences in innate susceptibility to bacterial, parasitic, fungal, and viral infections. Over the past 20 years, these studies have led to the identification of a number of cell populations and critical biochemical pathways and proteins that are essential for the early detection of and response to invading pathogens. Strikingly, the macrophage is the point of convergence for many of these genetic studies. This has led to the identification of diverse pathways involved in extracellular and intracellular pathogen recognition, modification of the properties and content of phagosomes, transcriptional response, and signal transduction for activation of adaptive immune mechanisms. In models of viral infections, elegant genetic studies highlighted the pivotal role of natural killer cells in the detection and destruction of infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Vidal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 1Y6
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111
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Bustamante J, Boisson-Dupuis S, Jouanguy E, Picard C, Puel A, Abel L, Casanova JL. Novel primary immunodeficiencies revealed by the investigation of paediatric infectious diseases. Curr Opin Immunol 2008; 20:39-48. [PMID: 18083507 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2007.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2007] [Accepted: 10/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Human primary immunodeficiencies impairing myeloid and/or lymphoid cellular responses to activating receptors other than antigen receptors have recently been described in children with various infectious diseases. Germline mutations in NEMO and IKBA impair NF-kappaB-mediated signalling, at least in response to the stimulation of TLRs, IL-1Rs and TNFRs, and confer a broad predisposition to infections. Mutations in IRAK4 selectively impair TLRs other than TLR3 and most IL-1R responses, and confer a predisposition to pyogenic bacterial diseases, including invasive pneumococcal disease in particular. Mutations in TLR3 and UNC93B1 impair TLR3 responses and confer a predisposition to herpes simplex encephalitis. Mutations in STAT1 impair IFN-gamma and/or IFN-alpha/beta responses and predispose subjects to mycobacterial and viral diseases, respectively. Mutations in IFNGR1 and IFNGR2 impair IFN-gamma responses and confer a predisposition to mycobacterial diseases. Mutations in IL12B and IL12RB1 impair IL-12 and IL-23 responses and predispose subjects to infections caused by mycobacteria and Salmonella. Finally, mutations in TYK2 and STAT3 mostly impair IL-6R responses, conferring a predisposition to staphylococcal disease in particular. The infectious phenotypes associated with these novel leukocyte activation deficiencies are therefore collectively diverse, tightly dependent on the morbid gene and affected pathway, and individually narrow, often restricted to one or a few infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinta Bustamante
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM-U550, Paris 75015, France, EU
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112
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Genetic susceptibility to herpes simplex virus 1 encephalitis in mice and humans. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 7:495-505. [PMID: 17989525 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0b013e3282f151d2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Herpes simplex encephalitis is a rare complication of herpes simplex virus 1 infection that strikes otherwise healthy individuals. Its pathogenesis has long remained elusive. We highlight the investigations dealing with the genetic basis of herpes simplex encephalitis in mice and humans. RECENT FINDINGS Mouse models have revealed the impact of various host genes on protective immunity to herpes simplex encephalitis through strain-dependent variability (forward genetics) and via targeted knockouts (reverse genetics). These studies established in particular the crucial role of IFNalpha/beta in immunity to herpes simplex virus 1, paving the way towards the elucidation of the genetic cause of human herpes simplex encephalitis. Two children with rare, specific STAT1 or NEMO mutations displayed a broad impairment of IFNalpha/beta and IFNlambda-mediated immunity and predisposition to several infectious diseases including herpes simplex encephalitis. In contrast, children with UNC93B1 and TLR3 mutations displayed a selective impairment of dsRNA-induced IFNalpha/beta and IFNlambda production and predisposition to isolated herpes simplex encephalitis. SUMMARY Herpes simplex encephalitis results from a series of monogenic primary immunodeficiencies that impair the TLR3 and UNC-93B-dependent production of IFNalpha/beta and IFNlambda in the central nervous system, at least in a fraction of children. This is not only crucial for the understanding of immunity to herpes simplex virus 1, but also for the diagnosis and treatment of herpes simplex encephalitis.
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113
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Blais MÈ, Brochu S, Giroux M, Bélanger MP, Dulude G, Sékaly RP, Perreault C. Why T Cells of Thymic Versus Extrathymic Origin Are Functionally Different. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:2299-312. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.4.2299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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114
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Ding S, Li L, Zhu X. Polymorphism of the interferon-γ gene and risk of tuberculosis in a southeastern Chinese population. Hum Immunol 2008; 69:129-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2007.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2007] [Revised: 11/15/2007] [Accepted: 11/28/2007] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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115
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Immunology in natura: clinical, epidemiological and evolutionary genetics of infectious diseases. Nat Immunol 2008; 8:1165-71. [PMID: 17952041 DOI: 10.1038/ni1535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The field of human genetics of infectious diseases defines the genes and alleles rendering individuals (clinical genetics) and populations (epidemiological genetics) vulnerable to infection, and studies those selected by previous infections (evolutionary genetics). These disciplines--clinical, epidemiological and evolutionary genetics-delineate the redundant and nonredundant functions of host defense genes for past and present survival in natura--in natural ecosystems governed by natural selection. These disciplines, in other words, assess the ecologically relevant and evolutionarily selected roles of human genes and alleles in protective immunity to diverse and evolving microorganisms. The genetic dissection of human immunity to infection in natura provides unique immunological insight, making it an indispensable complement to experimental immunology in vitro and in vivo in plants and animals.
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116
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Picard C, von Bernuth H, Ku CL, Yang K, Puel A, Casanova JL. Inherited human IRAK-4 deficiency: an update. Immunol Res 2008; 38:347-52. [PMID: 17917042 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-007-0006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 (IRAK-4), a member of the IRAK family, plays an essential role in Toll-like receptor- and IL-1 receptor-mediated signaling. We briefly review inherited human IRAK-4 deficiency, a recently described primary immunodeficiency leading to recurrent, invasive, pyogenic bacteria infection, and invasive pneumococcal disease in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Capucine Picard
- Centre d'étude des déficits immunitaires, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, 149 Rue de Sèvres, Paris, 75015, France, EU.
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117
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Host Defenses Against Human Papillomaviruses: Lessons from Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2008; 321:59-83. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-75203-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
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118
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Offenbacher S, Barros SP, Singer RE, Moss K, Williams RC, Beck JD. Periodontal disease at the biofilm-gingival interface. J Periodontol 2007; 78:1911-25. [PMID: 18062113 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2007.060465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A molecular epidemiologic study provided the opportunity to characterize the biology of the biofilm-gingival interface (BGI) in 6,768 community-dwelling subjects. METHODS Disease classifications and multivariable models were developed using clinical, microbial, inflammatory, and host-response data. The purpose was to identify new clinical categories that represented distinct biologic phenotypes based upon DNA checkerboard analyses of eight plaque bacteria, serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers to 17 bacteria, and the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of 16 inflammatory mediators. Five BGI clinical conditions were defined using probing depths (PDs) and bleeding on probing (BOP) scores. Subjects with all PDs < or = 3 mm were grouped as BGI-healthy (14.3% of sample) or BGI-gingivitis (BGI-G, 15.1%). Subjects with one or more PDs > or = 4 mm [deep lesion (DL)] were divided into low BOP (18.0%), moderate BOP (BGI-DL/MB, 39.7%), and severe BOP (BGI-DL/SB, 12.9%). RESULTS Subjects with BGI-G had increased levels of Campylobacter rectus-specific serum IgG levels (P = 0.01), and those with BGI-DL/SB had increased IgG levels to Porphyromonas gingivalis (P < 0.0003) and C. rectus (P < 0.01). BGI-DL/SB subjects had an excessive GCF interleukin (IL)-1beta and prostaglandin E2 response and an enhanced chronic inflammatory response with significant increases in GCF IL-6 and monocyte chemotactic peptide-1. Within BGI-DL/SB subjects, more severe pocketing and BOP were associated with higher levels of GCF IL-1beta, not higher microbial counts or plaque scores. CONCLUSIONS New BGI classifications create categories with distinct biologic phenotypes. The increased titers of C. rectus IgG among 68.5% of the BGI-G subjects and elevated P. gingivalis titers among BGI-DL/MB and BGI-DL/SB subjects (63.8% and 75.7%, respectively) are strongly supportive of the microbial specificity of pathogenesis for BGI categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Offenbacher
- Center for Oral and Systemic Diseases and Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7455, USA.
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119
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Berrington WR, Hawn TR. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, macrophages, and the innate immune response: does common variation matter? Immunol Rev 2007; 219:167-86. [PMID: 17850489 PMCID: PMC2859969 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2007.00545.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite the discovery of the tuberculosis (TB) bacillus over 100 years ago and the availability of effective drugs for over 50 years, there remain a number of formidable challenges for controlling Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTb). Understanding the genetic and immunologic factors that influence human susceptibility could lead to novel insights for vaccine development as well as diagnostic advances to target treatment to those who are at risk for developing active disease. Although a series of studies over the past 50 years suggests that host genetics influences resistance to TB, a comprehensive understanding of which genes and variants are associated with susceptibility is only partially understood. In this article, we review recent advances in our understanding of human variation of the immune system and its effects on macrophage function and influence on MTb susceptibility. We emphasize recent discoveries in human genetic studies and correlate these findings with efforts to understand how these variants alter the molecular and cellular functions that regulate the macrophage response to MTb.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Berrington
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195-0001, USA
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120
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Zhang S, Jouanguy E, Sancho‐Shimizu V, Von Bernuth H, Yang K, Abel L, Picard C, Puel A, Casanova J. Human Toll-like receptor-dependent induction of interferons in protective immunity to viruses. Immunol Rev 2007; 220:225-36. [PMID: 17979850 PMCID: PMC7165931 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2007.00564.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Five of the 10 human Toll-like receptors (TLRs) (TLR3, TLR4, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9), and four of the 12 mouse TLRs (TLR3, TLR4, TLR7, TLR9) can trigger interferon (IFN)-alpha, IFN-beta, and IFN-lambda, which are critical for antiviral immunity. Moreover, TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9 differ from TLR4 in two particularly important ways for antiviral immunity: they can be activated by nucleic acid agonists mimicking compounds produced during the viral cycle, and they are typically present within the cell, along the endocytic pathway, where they sense viral products in the intraluminal space. Investigations in mice have demonstrated that the TLR7/9-IFN and TLR3-IFN pathways are different and critical for protective immunity to various experimental viral infections. Investigations in humans with interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 (IRAK-4) deficiency (unresponsive to TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9), UNC-93B deficiency (unresponsive to TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9), and TLR3 deficiency have recently shed light on the role of these two pathways in antiviral immunity in natural conditions. UNC-93B- and TLR3-deficient patients appear to be specifically prone to herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) encephalitis, although clinical penetrance is incomplete, whereas IRAK-4-deficient patients appear to be normally resistant to most viruses, including HSV-1. These experiments of nature suggest that the TLR7-, TLR8-, and TLR9-dependent induction of IFN-alpha, IFN-beta, and IFN-lambda is largely redundant in human antiviral immunity, whereas the TLR3-dependent induction of IFN-alpha, IFN-beta, and IFN-lambda is critical for primary immunity to HSV-1 in the central nervous system in children but redundant for immunity to most other viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen‐Ying Zhang
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France, EU
- University Paris René Descartes, Necker Medical School, Paris, France, EU
- French‐Chinese Laboratory of Genomics and Life Science, Rui‐Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Emmanuelle Jouanguy
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France, EU
- University Paris René Descartes, Necker Medical School, Paris, France, EU
- French‐Chinese Laboratory of Genomics and Life Science, Rui‐Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Vanessa Sancho‐Shimizu
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France, EU
- University Paris René Descartes, Necker Medical School, Paris, France, EU
| | - Horst Von Bernuth
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France, EU
- University Paris René Descartes, Necker Medical School, Paris, France, EU
| | - Kun Yang
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France, EU
- University Paris René Descartes, Necker Medical School, Paris, France, EU
- French‐Chinese Laboratory of Genomics and Life Science, Rui‐Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Laurent Abel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France, EU
- University Paris René Descartes, Necker Medical School, Paris, France, EU
| | - Capucine Picard
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France, EU
- University Paris René Descartes, Necker Medical School, Paris, France, EU
- Centre d'Etude des Déficits Immunitaires, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France, EU
| | - Anne Puel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France, EU
- University Paris René Descartes, Necker Medical School, Paris, France, EU
| | - Jean‐Laurent Casanova
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France, EU
- University Paris René Descartes, Necker Medical School, Paris, France, EU
- French‐Chinese Laboratory of Genomics and Life Science, Rui‐Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
- Unité d'Immunologie et d'Hématologie Pédiatriques, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France, EU
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121
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Roy MF, Riendeau N, Bédard C, Hélie P, Min-Oo G, Turcotte K, Gros P, Canonne-Hergaux F, Malo D. Pyruvate kinase deficiency confers susceptibility to Salmonella typhimurium infection in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 204:2949-61. [PMID: 17998386 PMCID: PMC2118530 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20062606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The mouse response to acute Salmonella typhimurium infection is complex, and it is under the influence of several genes, as well as environmental factors. In a previous study, we identified two novel Salmonella susceptibility loci, Ity4 and Ity5, in a (AcB61 × 129S6)F2 cross. The peak logarithm of odds score associated with Ity4 maps to the region of the liver and red blood cell (RBC)–specific pyruvate kinase (Pklr) gene, which was previously shown to be mutated in AcB61. During Plasmodium chabaudi infection, the Pklr mutation protects the mice against this parasite, as indicated by improved survival and lower peak parasitemia. Given that RBC defects have previously been associated with resistance to malaria and susceptibility to Salmonella, we hypothesized that Pklr is the gene underlying Ity4 and that it confers susceptibility to acute S. typhimurium infection in mice. Using a fine mapping approach combined with complementation studies, comparative studies, and functional analysis, we show that Pklr is the gene underlying Ity4 and that it confers susceptibility to acute S. typhimurium infection in mice through its effect on the RBC turnover and iron metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-France Roy
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Health Center, Montréal, Québec, H3G 1A4, Canada
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122
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Biswas SK, Bist P, Dhillon MK, Kajiji T, Del Fresno C, Yamamoto M, Lopez-Collazo E, Akira S, Tergaonkar V. Role for MyD88-independent, TRIF pathway in lipid A/TLR4-induced endotoxin tolerance. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:4083-92. [PMID: 17785847 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.6.4083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Repeated exposure to low doses of endotoxin results in progressive hyporesponsiveness to subsequent endotoxin challenge, a phenomenon known as endotoxin tolerance. In spite of its clinical significance in sepsis and characterization of the TLR4 signaling pathway as the principal endotoxin detection mechanism, the molecular determinants that induce tolerance remain obscure. We investigated the role of the TRIF/IFN-beta pathway in TLR4-induced endotoxin tolerance. Lipid A-induced homotolerance was characterized by the down-regulation of MyD88-dependent proinflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and CCL3, but up-regulation of TRIF-dependent cytokine IFN-beta. This correlated with a molecular phenotype of defective NF-kappaB activation but a functional TRIF-dependent STAT1 signaling. Tolerance-induced suppression of TNF-alpha and CCL3 expression was significantly relieved by TRIF and IFN regulatory factor 3 deficiency, suggesting the involvement of the TRIF pathway in tolerance. Alternatively, selective activation of TRIF by poly(I:C)-induced tolerance to lipid A. Furthermore, pretreatment with rIFN-beta also induced tolerance, whereas addition of IFN-beta-neutralizing Ab during the tolerization partially alleviated tolerance to lipid A but not TLR2-induced endotoxin homo- or heterotolerance. Furthermore, IFNAR1-/- murine embryonal fibroblast and bone-marrow derived macrophages failed to induce tolerance. Together, these observations constitute evidence for a role of the TRIF/IFN-beta pathway in the regulation of lipid A/TLR4-mediated endotoxin homotolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhra K Biswas
- Singapore Immunology Network, Biomedical Sciences Institutes, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Immunos.
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123
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Turcotte K, Gauthier S, Malo D, Tam M, Stevenson MM, Gros P. Icsbp1/IRF-8 is required for innate and adaptive immune responses against intracellular pathogens. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:2467-76. [PMID: 17675508 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.4.2467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The chronic myeloid leukemia syndrome of the BXH-2 mouse strain (Mus musculus) is caused by a recessive mutation (R294C) in the transcriptional regulator Icsbp1/IRF-8. In trans activation assays using an IL-12p40 gene reporter construct introduced in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages, we show that the Icsbp1(C294) isoform behaves as a partial loss-of-function. The Icsbp1(C294) hypomorph allele appears to have a threshold effect on IL-12 production, with pleiotropic consequences on resistance to different types of infections in vivo. Despite the presence of a resistance Nramp1(G169) allele, BXH-2 mice (Icsbp1(C294)) show impaired control of Mycobacterium bovis (bacille Calmette-Guérin) multiplication both early and late during infection, with uncontrolled replication linked to inability to form granulomas in infected liver and spleen. Studies in informative (BXH-2 x BALB/cJ)F(2) mice show that homozygosity for Icsbp1(C294) causes susceptibility to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium to a level comparable to that seen for mice lacking functional Nramp1 or TLR4. Finally, impaired Icsbp1(C294) function is associated with the following: 1) increased replication of the Plasmodium chabaudi AS malarial parasite during the first burst of blood parasitemia, and 2) recurring waves of high blood parasitemia late during infection. These results show that Icsbp1 is required for orchestrating early innate responses and also long-term immune protection against unrelated intracellular pathogens.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Animals
- Cation Transport Proteins/genetics
- Cation Transport Proteins/immunology
- Cell Line
- Genes, Recessive
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Interferon Regulatory Factors/genetics
- Interferon Regulatory Factors/immunology
- Interleukin-12 Subunit p40/immunology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/immunology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/microbiology
- Macrophages/parasitology
- Malaria/genetics
- Malaria/immunology
- Malaria/veterinary
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Mutation, Missense
- Mycobacterium bovis/immunology
- Parasitemia/genetics
- Parasitemia/immunology
- Plasmodium chabaudi/immunology
- Salmonella Infections/genetics
- Salmonella Infections/immunology
- Salmonella typhimurium/immunology
- Syndrome
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/genetics
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/immunology
- Tuberculosis/genetics
- Tuberculosis/immunology
- Tuberculosis/veterinary
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Turcotte
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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124
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Zhang SY, Jouanguy E, Ugolini S, Smahi A, Elain G, Romero P, Segal D, Sancho-Shimizu V, Lorenzo L, Puel A, Picard C, Chapgier A, Plancoulaine S, Titeux M, Cognet C, von Bernuth H, Ku CL, Casrouge A, Zhang XX, Barreiro L, Leonard J, Hamilton C, Lebon P, Héron B, Vallée L, Quintana-Murci L, Hovnanian A, Rozenberg F, Vivier E, Geissmann F, Tardieu M, Abel L, Casanova JL. TLR3 deficiency in patients with herpes simplex encephalitis. Science 2007; 317:1522-7. [PMID: 17872438 DOI: 10.1126/science.1139522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 835] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Some Toll and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) provide immunity to experimental infections in animal models, but their contribution to host defense in natural ecosystems is unknown. We report a dominant-negative TLR3 allele in otherwise healthy children with herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) encephalitis. TLR3 is expressed in the central nervous system (CNS), where it is required to control HSV-1, which spreads from the epithelium to the CNS via cranial nerves. TLR3 is also expressed in epithelial and dendritic cells, which apparently use TLR3-independent pathways to prevent further dissemination of HSV-1 and to provide resistance to other pathogens in TLR3-deficient patients. Human TLR3 appears to be redundant in host defense to most microbes but is vital for natural immunity to HSV-1 in the CNS, which suggests that neurotropic viruses have contributed to the evolutionary maintenance of TLR3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen-Ying Zhang
- Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U550, Faculty Necker, Paris 75015, France
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125
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Ku CL, von Bernuth H, Picard C, Zhang SY, Chang HH, Yang K, Chrabieh M, Issekutz AC, Cunningham CK, Gallin J, Holland SM, Roifman C, Ehl S, Smart J, Tang M, Barrat FJ, Levy O, McDonald D, Day-Good NK, Miller R, Takada H, Hara T, Al-Hajjar S, Al-Ghonaium A, Speert D, Sanlaville D, Li X, Geissmann F, Vivier E, Maródi L, Garty BZ, Chapel H, Rodriguez-Gallego C, Bossuyt X, Abel L, Puel A, Casanova JL. Selective predisposition to bacterial infections in IRAK-4-deficient children: IRAK-4-dependent TLRs are otherwise redundant in protective immunity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 204:2407-22. [PMID: 17893200 PMCID: PMC2118442 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20070628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Human interleukin (IL) 1 receptor–associated kinase 4 (IRAK-4) deficiency is a recently discovered primary immunodeficiency that impairs Toll/IL-1R immunity, except for the Toll-like receptor (TLR) 3– and TLR4–interferon (IFN)-a/b pathways. The clinical and immunological phenotype remains largely unknown. We diagnosed up to 28 patients with IRAK-4 deficiency, tested blood TLR responses for individual leukocyte subsets, and TLR responses for multiple cytokines. The patients' peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) did not induce the 11 non-IFN cytokines tested upon activation with TLR agonists other than the nonspecific TLR3 agonist poly(I:C). The patients' individual cell subsets from both myeloid (granulocytes, monocytes, monocyte-derived dendritic cells [MDDCs], myeloid DCs [MDCs], and plasmacytoid DCs) and lymphoid (B, T, and NK cells) lineages did not respond to the TLR agonists that stimulated control cells, with the exception of residual responses to poly(I:C) and lipopolysaccharide in MDCs and MDDCs. Most patients (22 out of 28; 79%) suffered from invasive pneumococcal disease, which was often recurrent (13 out of 22; 59%). Other infections were rare, with the exception of severe staphylococcal disease (9 out of 28; 32%). Almost half of the patients died (12 out of 28; 43%). No death and no invasive infection occurred in patients older than 8 and 14 yr, respectively. The IRAK-4–dependent TLRs and IL-1Rs are therefore vital for childhood immunity to pyogenic bacteria, particularly Streptococcus pneumoniae. Conversely, IRAK-4–dependent human TLRs appear to play a redundant role in protective immunity to most infections, at most limited to childhood immunity to some pyogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Lung Ku
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, U550, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, 75015 Paris, France
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126
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Bryceson YT, Rudd E, Zheng C, Edner J, Ma D, Wood SM, Bechensteen AG, Boelens JJ, Celkan T, Farah RA, Hultenby K, Winiarski J, Roche PA, Nordenskjöld M, Henter JI, Long EO, Ljunggren HG. Defective cytotoxic lymphocyte degranulation in syntaxin-11 deficient familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis 4 (FHL4) patients. Blood 2007; 110:1906-15. [PMID: 17525286 PMCID: PMC1976360 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-02-074468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2007] [Accepted: 05/11/2007] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHL) is typically an early onset, fatal disease characterized by a sepsislike illness with cytopenia, hepatosplenomegaly, and deficient lymphocyte cytotoxicity. Disease-causing mutations have been identified in genes encoding perforin (PRF1/FHL2), Munc13-4 (UNC13D/FHL3), and syntaxin-11 (STX11/FHL4). In contrast to mutations leading to loss of perforin and Munc13-4 function, it is unclear how syntaxin-11 loss-of-function mutations contribute to disease. We show here that freshly isolated, resting natural killer (NK) cells and CD8(+) T cells express syntaxin-11. In infants, NK cells are the predominant perforin-containing cell type. NK cells from FHL4 patients fail to degranulate when encountering susceptible target cells. Unexpectedly, IL-2 stimulation partially restores degranulation and cytotoxicity by NK cells, which could explain the less severe disease progression observed in FHL4 patients, compared with FHL2 and FHL3 patients. Since the effector T-cell compartment is still immature in infants, our data suggest that the observed defect in NK-cell degranulation may contribute to the pathophysiology of FHL, that evaluation of NK-cell degranulation in suspected FHL patients may facilitate diagnosis, and that these new insights may offer novel therapeutic possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yenan T Bryceson
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
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127
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Abstract
A paradigm shift is occurring in the field of primary immunodeficiencies, with revision of the definition of these conditions and a considerable expansion of their limits. Inborn errors of immunity were initially thought to be confined to a few rare, familial, monogenic, recessive traits impairing the development or function of one or several leukocyte subsets and resulting in multiple, recurrent, opportunistic, and fatal infections in infancy. A growing number of exceptions to each of these conventional qualifications have gradually accumulated. It now appears that most individuals suffer from at least one of a multitude of primary immunodeficiencies, the dissection of which is helping to improve human medicine while describing immunity in natura.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U550, Paris, France.
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128
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Zhao Y, Wilson D, Matthews S, Yap GS. Rapid elimination of Toxoplasma gondii by gamma interferon-primed mouse macrophages is independent of CD40 signaling. Infect Immun 2007; 75:4799-803. [PMID: 17682046 PMCID: PMC2044553 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00738-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy has been implicated in the intracellular destruction of Toxoplasma gondii by primed macrophages following gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) activation of p47 GTPases. CD40 ligation has also been shown to trigger autophagic elimination of T. gondii independent of IFN-gamma and p47 GTPases. Here we demonstrate that IFN-gamma/p47 GTPase-dependent elimination of T. gondii by strain CPS vaccine-primed macrophages is independent of CD40/tumor necrosis factor signaling. Similar to wild-type controls, both CD40-deficient and tumor necrosis factor receptor 1/2 (TNFR1/2)-deficient macrophages can efficiently eliminate invaded strain GFP-PTG and restrain its replication following priming. In contrast, macrophages from mice lacking the IFN-gamma receptor gene neither clear the parasites nor repress their proliferation. Thus, CD40 and IFN-gamma-induced pathogen elimination might represent two independent resistance pathways, the latter of which plays a primary role in anti-Toxoplasma immunity in mice.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD40 Antigens/deficiency
- CD40 Antigens/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Female
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/parasitology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/deficiency
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/immunology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II/deficiency
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II/immunology
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Toxoplasma/growth & development
- Toxoplasma/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlin Zhao
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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129
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Serour F, Mizrahi A, Somekh E, Feinberg J, Picard C, Casanova JL, Dalal I. Analysis of the interleukin-12/interferon-gamma pathway in children with non-tuberculous mycobacterial cervical lymphadenitis. Eur J Pediatr 2007; 166:835-41. [PMID: 17120032 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-006-0338-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2006] [Accepted: 10/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Genetic defects along the interleukin (IL)-12/interferon (IFN)-gamma pathway have been found in patients with mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease (MSMD) caused by live BCG vaccine or non-tuberculous Mycobacterium (NTM) species, highlighting the crucial role of this axis in human immunity to Mycobacterium. The aims of this study were to characterize healthy children presenting with cervical lymphadenitis caused by NTM and to investigate their IL-12/IFN-gamma pathway. Epidemiological, clinical, laboratory and pathological findings were reviewed retrospectively. Blood samples from five patients and healthy controls were in vitro activated with BCG, BCG + IL-12 and BCG + IFN-gamma and levels of IL-12p40 and IFN-gamma were measured. Fourteen patients (11 males, median age 24 months, range 12-78 months) were studied. The mean duration of illness before diagnosis was 9.1 weeks. Mycobacterium tuberculosis purified protein derivate (PPD) was positive in all patients (mean 14.5 +/- 9.8 mm). Caseous granuloma was found in all ten patients who underwent excision biopsy. However, acid fast stain was positive in only five children and cultures were positive in only three cases. The amplified M. tuberculosis direct test was negative in all tested cases. No significant differences in IL-12p40 and IFN-gamma levels were found between patients and controls. In spite of the normal response as measured in the screening test, it is still possible that patients might have a monogenic/mendelian disease for which the genetic defect(s) have yet to be elucidated. Alternatively, some single nucleotide polymorphisms along the IL-12/IFN-gamma axis might be associated with an isolated cervical lymph node infection and not a disseminated disease in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Serour
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The E. Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel
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130
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Boselli D, Losana G, Bernabei P, Bosisio D, Drysdale P, Kiessling R, Gaston JSH, Lammas D, Casanova JL, Kumararatne DS, Novelli F. IFN-gamma regulates Fas ligand expression in human CD4+ T lymphocytes and controls their anti-mycobacterial cytotoxic functions. Eur J Immunol 2007; 37:2196-204. [PMID: 17595676 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200636541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Fas and Fas Ligand (FasL) expression, activation-induced cell death (AICD) and mycobacterial antigen-specific cytotoxicity of peripheral T cells from patients with complete inherited IFN-gamma receptor 1 binding chain deficiency (IFN-gammaR1-/-) were investigated. Fas was equally expressed in both normal and deficient T lymphoblasts and they underwent apoptosis when stimulated with agonist anti-Fas mAb. By contrast, T lymphoblasts and CD4+ T cell clones (TCC) from deficient patients displayed a reduced surface FasL expression and resistance to AICD. CD8+ TCC from healthy and deficient patients displayed similar high level of FasL and susceptibility to AICD. In Jurkat CD4+ T cells competent to transduce IFN-gamma signaling, IFN-gamma induced surface FasL export and their Fas-dependent apoptosis. Effector T cells generated from a patient with a dominant negative mutation of IFN-gammaR1 (IFN-gammaR1DN) following stimulation with mycobacterial antigens were unable to kill MHC class II-matched, mycobacterial antigen-pulsed macrophages. Normal Fas expression in T cells and FasL in CD8+ cells may account for the absence of autoimmune disorders in these patients. Conversely, defective FasL expression on IFN-gammaR1DN CD4+ T cells impairs their cytotoxic functions and highlights a novel role for IFN-gamma signaling in the control of mycobacterial infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Boselli
- Department of Medicine and Experimental Oncology, University of Turin, and Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies, S. Giovanni Battista Hospital, Turin, Italy
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131
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Woellner C, Schäffer AA, Puck JM, Renner ED, Knebel C, Holland SM, Plebani A, Grimbacher B. The hyper IgE syndrome and mutations in TYK2. Immunity 2007; 26:535; author reply 536. [PMID: 17521577 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2007.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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132
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Sancho-Shimizu V, Khan R, Mostowy S, Larivière L, Wilkinson R, Riendeau N, Behr M, Malo D. Molecular genetic analysis of two loci (Ity2 and Ity3) involved in the host response to infection with Salmonella typhimurium using congenic mice and expression profiling. Genetics 2007; 177:1125-39. [PMID: 17660555 PMCID: PMC2034618 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.107.075523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous genes have been identified to date that contribute to the host response to systemic Salmonella Typhimurium infection in mice. We have previously identified two loci, Ity2 and Ity3, that control survival to Salmonella infection in the wild-derived inbred MOLF/Ei mouse using a (C57BL/6J x MOLF/Ei)F(2)cross. We validated the existence of these two loci by creating congenic mice carrying each quantitative trait locus (QTL) in isolation. Subcongenic mice generated for each locus allowed us to define the critical intervals underlying Ity2 and Ity3. Furthermore, expression profiling was carried out with the aim of identifying differentially expressed genes within the critical intervals as potential candidate genes. Genomewide expression arrays were used to interrogate expression differences in the Ity2 congenics, leading to the identification of a new candidate gene (Havcr2, hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 2). Interval-specific oligonucleotide arrays were created for Ity3, identifying one potential candidate gene (Chi3l1, chitinase 3-like 1) to be pursued further. The combination of the use of congenics in QTL confirmation and fine mapping and in the identification of candidate genes by expression profiling has been successful and represents a step toward quantitative gene(s) identification.
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133
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Wobus CE, Thackray LB, Virgin HW. Murine norovirus: a model system to study norovirus biology and pathogenesis. J Virol 2007; 80:5104-12. [PMID: 16698991 PMCID: PMC1472167 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02346-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 447] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christiane E Wobus
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Box 8118, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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134
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Bustamante J, Aksu G, Vogt G, de Beaucoudrey L, Genel F, Chapgier A, Filipe-Santos O, Feinberg J, Emile JF, Kutukculer N, Casanova JL. BCG-osis and tuberculosis in a child with chronic granulomatous disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 120:32-8. [PMID: 17544093 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2007.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2007] [Revised: 04/12/2007] [Accepted: 04/18/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A few known primary immunodeficiencies confer predisposition to clinical disease caused by weakly virulent mycobacteria, such as BCG vaccines (regional disease, known as BCG-itis, or disseminated disease, known as BCG-osis), or more virulent mycobacteria, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (pulmonary and disseminated tuberculosis). We investigated the clinical and genetic features of a 12-year-old boy with both recurrent BCG-osis and disseminated tuberculosis. The patient's phagocytic cells produced no O(2)(-). A hemizygous splice mutation was found in intron 5 of CYBB, leading to a diagnosis of X-linked chronic granulomatous disease. Chronic granulomatous disease should be suspected in all children with BCG-osis, even in the absence of nonmycobacterial infectious diseases, and in selected children with recurrent BCG-itis or severe tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinta Bustamante
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U550; University Paris René Descartes, Necker Medical School, Paris, France
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135
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Vogt G, Vogt B, Chuzhanova N, Julenius K, Cooper DN, Casanova JL. Gain-of-glycosylation mutations. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2007; 17:245-51. [PMID: 17467977 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2007.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2007] [Accepted: 04/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Disease-causing missense (and other in-frame) mutations can exert their deleterious effects at the cellular level through multiple mechanisms. A pathogenic mechanism involves the addition of a novel N-linked glycan. Up to 1.4% of known disease-causing missense mutations are predicted to give rise to gains-of-glycosylation. For some of these mutations, the novel glycans have been shown to be both necessary and sufficient to account for the deleterious impact of the mutation. The chemical complementation of cells from patients in vitro with various modifiers of glycosylation has been demonstrated and raises the possibility of specific chemical treatments for patients bearing gain-of-glycosylation mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Vogt
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, INSERM, U550, Paris 75015, France.
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136
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Chelbi-Alix MK, Wietzerbin J. Interferon, a growing cytokine family: 50 years of interferon research. Biochimie 2007; 89:713-8. [PMID: 17544197 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2007.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2007] [Accepted: 05/03/2007] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of an antiviral state in cells is the defining activity of interferons (IFNs) as well as the property that permitted their discovery in 1957 by Isaacs and Lindenmann. In addition, interferons have other cellular functions that have potential clinical applications. Today, interferons are used for the treatment of a variety of malignancies and viral diseases. The publication of this special issue of Biochimie gives us a great opportunity to review the state of the art in knowledge about interferons and to explore possible future directions. This commentary text will introduce the reviews written by colleagues who are experts in different aspects of interferon research, to mark the 50th anniversary of the discovery of interferon.
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137
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Jouanguy E, Zhang SY, Chapgier A, Sancho-Shimizu V, Puel A, Picard C, Boisson-Dupuis S, Abel L, Casanova JL. Human primary immunodeficiencies of type I interferons. Biochimie 2007; 89:878-83. [PMID: 17561326 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2007.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2007] [Accepted: 04/27/2007] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN-alpha/beta and related molecules) are essential for protective immunity to experimental infection by numerous viruses in the mouse model. In recent years, human primary immunodeficiencies affecting either the production of (UNC-93B deficiency) or the response to (STAT1 and TYK2 deficiencies) these IFNs have been reported. Affected patients are highly susceptible to certain viruses. Patients with STAT1 or TYK2 deficiency are susceptible to multiple viruses, including herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1), whereas UNC-93B-deficient patients present isolated HSV-1 encephalitis. However, these immunological defects are not limited to type I IFN-mediated immunity. Impaired type II IFN (IFN-gamma)-mediated immunity plays no more than a minor role in the pathogenesis of viral diseases in these patients, but the contribution of impaired type III IFN (IFN-lambda)-mediated immunity remains to be determined. These novel inherited disorders strongly suggest that type I IFN-mediated immunity is essential for protection against natural infections caused by several viruses in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Jouanguy
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U550, 75015 Paris, France
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138
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Minegishi Y, Saito M, Karasuyama H. Response: The Hyper IgE Syndrome and Mutations in TYK2. Immunity 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2007.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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139
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Gabel CA. P2 purinergic receptor modulation of cytokine production. Purinergic Signal 2007; 3:27-38. [PMID: 18404416 PMCID: PMC2096759 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-006-9034-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2005] [Accepted: 01/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines serve important functions in controlling host immunity. Cells involved in the synthesis of these polypeptide mediators have evolved highly regulated processes to ensure that production is carefully balanced. In inflammatory and immune disorders, however, mis-regulation of the production and/or activity of cytokines is recognized as a major contributor to the disease process, and therapeutics that target individual cytokines are providing very effective treatment options in the clinic. Leukocytes are the principle producers of a number of key cytokines, and these cells also express numerous members of the purinergic P2 receptor family. Studies in several cellular systems have provided evidence that P2 receptor modulation can affect cytokine production, and mechanistic features of this regulation have emerged. This review highlights three separate examples corresponding to (1) P2Y₆ receptor mediated impact on interleukin (IL)-8 production, (2) P2Y₁₁ receptor-mediated affects on IL-12/23 output, and (3) P2X₇ receptor mediated IL-1β posttranslational processing. These examples demonstrate important roles of purinergic receptors in the modulation of cytokine production. Extension of these cellular observations to in vivo situations may lead to new therapeutic strategies for treating cytokine-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Gabel
- Department of Inflammation, Amgen, Inc., 1201 Amgen Court West, Seattle, WA, 98119, USA,
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140
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Abstract
Tuberculosis is an ongoing major public health problem on a global scale. One of the striking features of the disease is that only an estimated 10% of immunocompetent persons infected by the causative pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis will develop clinical signs of disease. This well-established epidemiological observation has prompted an intense search for the factors that trigger advancement of infection to disease in the small proportion of susceptible individuals. Central to this search is the questions if tuberculosis patients are inherently susceptible to the disease or if disease development is promoted by specific environmental factors. It is known that genetic and non-genetic factors of both the bacterium and the host have impact on the host response to M. tuberculosis. Yet, little is known about the interaction of these different factors and the resulting impact on disease development. Recent work suggests that in addition to common host susceptibility genes a second group of susceptibility loci exists the action of which strongly depends on the individual's clinical and exposure history. The latter genes may have a very strong effect on promoting advancement from infection to disease only in specific epidemiological settings. These findings suggest that a more detailed knowledge of gene-environment interactions in tuberculosis is necessary to understand why a small proportion of individuals are susceptible to the disease whilst the majority of humans are naturally resistant to tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Schurr
- McGill Centre for the Study of Host Resistance, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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141
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Chapgier A, Boisson-Dupuis S, Jouanguy E, Vogt G, Feinberg J, Prochnicka-Chalufour A, Casrouge A, Yang K, Soudais C, Fieschi C, Santos OF, Bustamante J, Picard C, de Beaucoudrey L, Emile JF, Arkwright PD, Schreiber RD, Rolinck-Werninghaus C, Rösen-Wolff A, Magdorf K, Roesler J, Casanova JL. Novel STAT1 alleles in otherwise healthy patients with mycobacterial disease. PLoS Genet 2007; 2:e131. [PMID: 16934001 PMCID: PMC1550284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0020131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2006] [Accepted: 07/05/2006] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 (STAT1) plays a key role in immunity against mycobacterial and viral infections. Here, we characterize three human STAT1 germline alleles from otherwise healthy patients with mycobacterial disease. The previously reported L706S, like the novel Q463H and E320Q alleles, are intrinsically deleterious for both interferon gamma (IFNG)–induced gamma-activating factor–mediated immunity and interferon alpha (IFNA)–induced interferon-stimulated genes factor 3–mediated immunity, as shown in STAT1-deficient cells transfected with the corresponding alleles. Their phenotypic effects are however mediated by different molecular mechanisms, L706S affecting STAT1 phosphorylation and Q463H and E320Q affecting STAT1 DNA-binding activity. Heterozygous patients display specifically impaired IFNG-induced gamma-activating factor–mediated immunity, resulting in susceptibility to mycobacteria. Indeed, IFNA-induced interferon-stimulated genes factor 3–mediated immunity is not affected, and these patients are not particularly susceptible to viral disease, unlike patients homozygous for other, equally deleterious STAT1 mutations recessive for both phenotypes. The three STAT1 alleles are therefore dominant for IFNG-mediated antimycobacterial immunity but recessive for IFNA-mediated antiviral immunity at the cellular and clinical levels. These STAT1 alleles define two forms of dominant STAT1 deficiency, depending on whether the mutations impair STAT1 phosphorylation or DNA binding. Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease is a rare syndrome. It is defined by the occurrence of severe disease caused by low virulence mycobacteria in otherwise healthy individuals, in whom antiviral immune response is not affected. Eleven known genetic defects, affecting five genes, have been involved in this type of deficient response to infection, involving immune-mediator molecules IL12 and interferon gamma: IL12B, IL12RB1, IFNGR1, IFNGR2, and STAT1. The signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 (STAT1) amino acid change L706S was previously shown to cause disease by impairing STAT1 phosphorylation. Here, we report two new STAT1 mutations that impair STAT1 DNA-binding activity. We show, by functional analysis of the three STAT1 mutant alleles, that they are intrinsically deleterious for both interferon gamma–induced antimycobacterial immunity, which is mediated through gamma-activated factor and for interferon alpha–induced antiviral immunity, which is mediated through interferon-stimulated genes factor 3. Interestingly, the three alleles are dominant for interferon gamma–induced gamma-activated factor–mediated antimycobacterial immunity, but recessive for interferon alpha–induced interferon-stimulated genes factor 3–mediated antiviral immunity at the cellular and clinical levels. These two new STAT1 alleles, which affect the binding of STAT1 to DNA, define distinct novel genetic causes of Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease and provide further insight into the molecular mechanism of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Chapgier
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, University of Paris René Descartes, INSERM U550, Necker Medical School, Paris, France, European Union
| | - Stéphanie Boisson-Dupuis
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, University of Paris René Descartes, INSERM U550, Necker Medical School, Paris, France, European Union
| | - Emmanuelle Jouanguy
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, University of Paris René Descartes, INSERM U550, Necker Medical School, Paris, France, European Union
- French-Chinese Laboratory of Genetics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai II University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Guillaume Vogt
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, University of Paris René Descartes, INSERM U550, Necker Medical School, Paris, France, European Union
| | - Jacqueline Feinberg
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, University of Paris René Descartes, INSERM U550, Necker Medical School, Paris, France, European Union
| | - Ada Prochnicka-Chalufour
- Laboratory of MNR of Biomolecules, CNRS URA2185, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France, European Union
| | - Armanda Casrouge
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, University of Paris René Descartes, INSERM U550, Necker Medical School, Paris, France, European Union
| | - Kun Yang
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, University of Paris René Descartes, INSERM U550, Necker Medical School, Paris, France, European Union
- French-Chinese Laboratory of Genetics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai II University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Claire Soudais
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, University of Paris René Descartes, INSERM U550, Necker Medical School, Paris, France, European Union
| | - Claire Fieschi
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, University of Paris René Descartes, INSERM U550, Necker Medical School, Paris, France, European Union
- Service of Clinical Immunology, Saint Louis Hospital, Paris, France, European Union
| | - Orchidée Filipe Santos
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, University of Paris René Descartes, INSERM U550, Necker Medical School, Paris, France, European Union
| | - Jacinta Bustamante
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, University of Paris René Descartes, INSERM U550, Necker Medical School, Paris, France, European Union
| | - Capucine Picard
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, University of Paris René Descartes, INSERM U550, Necker Medical School, Paris, France, European Union
- Center for the Study of Immunodeficiences, Necker Hospital, Paris, France, European Union
| | - Ludovic de Beaucoudrey
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, University of Paris René Descartes, INSERM U550, Necker Medical School, Paris, France, European Union
| | - Jean-François Emile
- Department of Pathology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, Boulogne, France, European Union
| | | | - Robert D Schreiber
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | | | - Angela Rösen-Wolff
- Department of Pediatrics, University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Klaus Magdorf
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, Charité, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joachim Roesler
- Department of Pediatrics, University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, University of Paris René Descartes, INSERM U550, Necker Medical School, Paris, France, European Union
- French-Chinese Laboratory of Genetics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai II University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Pediatric Immunology Hematology Unit, Necker Hospital, Paris, France, European Union
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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142
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Casanova JL, Abel L. Human genetics of infectious diseases: a unified theory. EMBO J 2007; 26:915-22. [PMID: 17255931 PMCID: PMC1852849 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2006] [Accepted: 12/20/2006] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the early 1950s, the dominant paradigm in the human genetics of infectious diseases postulates that rare monogenic immunodeficiencies confer vulnerability to multiple infectious diseases (one gene, multiple infections), whereas common infections are associated with the polygenic inheritance of multiple susceptibility genes (one infection, multiple genes). Recent studies, since 1996 in particular, have challenged this view. A newly recognised group of primary immunodeficiencies predisposing the individual to a principal or single type of infection is emerging. In parallel, several common infections have been shown to reflect the inheritance of one major susceptibility gene, at least in some populations. This novel causal relationship (one gene, one infection) blurs the distinction between patient-based Mendelian genetics and population-based complex genetics, and provides a unified conceptual frame for exploring the molecular genetic basis of infectious diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, University of Paris René Descartes, INSERM, U550, Necker Medical School, Paris, France.
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143
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Abstract
Malaria, caused by the infection with parasites of the germs Plasmodium, is one of the three most important infectious diseases worldwide, along with tuberculosis and infection with human immunodeficiency virus. Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes classically involved in the early defense against viral infections and intracytoplasmic bacterial infections and are also implicated during the course of tumor development and allogeneic transplantation. These cells display important cytotoxic activity and produce high levels of proinflammatory cytokines. In both mouse and human models of malaria, NK cells appear to be a major source of interferon-gamma during the early phase of infection. In humans, indirect signaling through monocytes/macrophages required to optimally stimulate NK cell activity. However, the in vivo functions of NK cells during malaria are still enigmatic, and many issues remain to be dissected, such as the molecular basis of the direct recognition of iRBCs by NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Roetynck
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
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144
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Baron C, Meunier MC, Caron E, Côté C, Cameron MJ, Kelvin DJ, LeBlanc R, Rineau V, Perreault C. Asynchronous differentiation of CD8 T cells that recognize dominant and cryptic antigens. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 177:8466-75. [PMID: 17142744 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.12.8466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Restriction of T cell responses to a few epitopes (immunodominance) is a central feature of immune responses. We analyzed the entire transcriptome of effector CD8 T cells specific for a dominant (H7(a)) and a cryptic (HY) mouse Ag and performed a longitudinal analysis of selected T cell differentiation markers. We found that Ag specificity had a relatively modest influence on the repertoire of genes that are transcriptionally modulated by the CD8 T cell differentiation program. Although the differentiation programs of anti-H7(a) and anti-HY T cells were similar, they did not progress simultaneously. The expansion peak of anti-H7(a) T cells was reached on day 10 while that of anti-HY T cells was attained on days 15-20. Between days 10 and 20, anti-H7(a) T cells were in the contraction phase and anti-HY T cells in the expansion phase. Furthermore, expansion and development of effector function were well-synchronized in anti-H7(a) T cells but were disconnected in anti-HY T cells. We propose that, by leading to selective expansion of the fittest CD8 T cells, immunodominance may be beneficial to the host. Inhibition of the T cell response to cryptic Ag would ensure that host resources (APC, cytokines) for which T cells compete are devoted to T cells with the best effector potential. One implication is that favoring expansion of the fittest effector T cells in general may be more important than increasing the diversity of the T cell repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Baron
- Institute of Research in Immunology and Cancer, University of Montreal, 6123 Succursale, Centreville, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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145
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Abstract
During tuberculosis (TB) infection, the granuloma provides the microenvironment in which antigen-specific T cells colocate with and activate infected macrophages to inhibit the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Although the granuloma is the site for mycobacterial killing, virulent mycobacteria have developed a variety of mechanisms to resist this macrophage-mediated killing. These surviving mycobacteria become dormant, however, if host cellular immunity or the signals maintaining granuloma structure wane, or if mycobacteria resume replication, leading to reactivation of TB. This balance of life and death applies not only to the mycobacterium but also to the host macrophages that may undergo apoptosis or necrosis, leading to the characteristic caseous necrosis within the granuloma, and the potential spread of TB infection. The immunological factors controlling the development and maintenance of the granuloma will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette M Saunders
- Mycobacterial Research Programme, Centenary Institute, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia.
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146
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Minegishi Y, Saito M, Morio T, Watanabe K, Agematsu K, Tsuchiya S, Takada H, Hara T, Kawamura N, Ariga T, Kaneko H, Kondo N, Tsuge I, Yachie A, Sakiyama Y, Iwata T, Bessho F, Ohishi T, Joh K, Imai K, Kogawa K, Shinohara M, Fujieda M, Wakiguchi H, Pasic S, Abinun M, Ochs HD, Renner ED, Jansson A, Belohradsky BH, Metin A, Shimizu N, Mizutani S, Miyawaki T, Nonoyama S, Karasuyama H. Human tyrosine kinase 2 deficiency reveals its requisite roles in multiple cytokine signals involved in innate and acquired immunity. Immunity 2006; 25:745-55. [PMID: 17088085 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2006.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 481] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2006] [Revised: 06/27/2006] [Accepted: 09/19/2006] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase 2 (Tyk2) is a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase that belongs to the Janus kinase (Jak) family. Here we identified a homozygous Tyk2 mutation in a patient who had been clinically diagnosed with hyper-IgE syndrome. This patient showed unusual susceptibility to various microorganisms including virus, fungi, and mycobacteria and suffered from atopic dermatitis with elevated serum IgE. The patient's cells displayed defects in multiple cytokine signaling pathways including those for type I interferon (IFN), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, IL-12, and IL-23. The cytokine signals were successfully restored by transducing the intact Tyk2 gene. Thus, the Tyk2 deficiency is likely to account for the patient's complex clinical manifestations, including the phenotype of impaired T helper 1 (Th1) differentiation and accelerated Th2 differentiation. This study identifies human Tyk2 deficiency and demonstrates that Tyk2 plays obligatory roles in multiple cytokine signals involved in innate and acquired immunity of humans, which differs substantially from Tyk2 function in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Minegishi
- Department of Immune Regulation, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima, Tokyo, Japan.
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147
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Filipe-Santos O, Bustamante J, Chapgier A, Vogt G, de Beaucoudrey L, Feinberg J, Jouanguy E, Boisson-Dupuis S, Fieschi C, Picard C, Casanova JL. Inborn errors of IL-12/23- and IFN-γ-mediated immunity: molecular, cellular, and clinical features. Semin Immunol 2006; 18:347-61. [PMID: 16997570 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2006.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2006] [Accepted: 07/14/2006] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial diseases confers predisposition to clinical disease caused by weakly virulent mycobacterial species in otherwise healthy individuals. Since 1996, disease-causing mutations have been found in five autosomal genes (IFNGR1, IFNGR2, STAT1, IL12B, IL12BR1) and one X-linked gene (NEMO). These genes display a high degree of allelic heterogeneity, defining at least 13 disorders. Although genetically different, these conditions are immunologically related, as all result in impaired IL-12/23-IFN-gamma-mediated immunity. These disorders were initially thought to be rare, but have now been diagnosed in over 220 patients from over 43 countries worldwide. We review here the molecular, cellular, and clinical features of patients with inborn errors of the IL-12/23-IFN-gamma circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orchidée Filipe-Santos
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, University of Paris René Descartes-INSERM U 550, Necker Medical School, 75015 Paris, France, EU
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148
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Casrouge A, Zhang SY, Eidenschenk C, Jouanguy E, Puel A, Yang K, Alcais A, Picard C, Mahfoufi N, Nicolas N, Lorenzo L, Plancoulaine S, Sénéchal B, Geissmann F, Tabeta K, Hoebe K, Du X, Miller RL, Héron B, Mignot C, de Villemeur TB, Lebon P, Dulac O, Rozenberg F, Beutler B, Tardieu M, Abel L, Casanova JL. Herpes simplex virus encephalitis in human UNC-93B deficiency. Science 2006; 314:308-12. [PMID: 16973841 DOI: 10.1126/science.1128346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 540] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) encephalitis (HSE) is the most common form of sporadic viral encephalitis in western countries. Its pathogenesis remains unclear, as it affects otherwise healthy patients and only a small minority of HSV-1-infected individuals. Here, we elucidate a genetic etiology for HSE in two children with autosomal recessive deficiency in the intracellular protein UNC-93B, resulting in impaired cellular interferon-alpha/beta and -lambda antiviral responses. HSE can result from a single-gene immunodeficiency that does not compromise immunity to most pathogens, unlike most known primary immunodeficiencies. Other severe infectious diseases may also reflect monogenic disorders of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armanda Casrouge
- Laboratoire de Génétique Humaine des Maladies Infectieuses, Université de Paris René Descartes, INSERM, U550, Faculté de Médecine Necker, Paris 75015, France
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149
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Orth G. Genetics of epidermodysplasia verruciformis: Insights into host defense against papillomaviruses. Semin Immunol 2006; 18:362-74. [PMID: 17011789 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2006.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2006] [Accepted: 07/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) is a rare autosomal recessive genodermatosis associated with a high risk of skin carcinoma. EV results from an abnormal susceptibility to infection by specific human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes (beta-papillomaviruses) which include the potentially oncogenic HPV5. EV-specific HPVs are considered as harmless for the general population. EV was recently found to be caused by invalidating mutations in two adjacent, related, novel genes, EVER1/TMC6 and EVER2/TMC8. EVER genes encode transmembrane proteins located in the endoplasmic reticulum, which are likely to function as modifiers of ion transporters or channels and to be involved in signal transduction. It was proposed that EV was a primary defect of innate immunity. Our hypothesis is that EVER proteins act as restriction factors for EV-specific HPVs in keratinocytes, and that EV represents a primary deficiency of intrinsic immunity against certain papillomaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérard Orth
- Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
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150
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Schurr E, Alcaïs A, de Léséleuc L, Abel L. Genetic predisposition to leprosy: A major gene reveals novel pathways of immunity to Mycobacterium leprae. Semin Immunol 2006; 18:404-10. [PMID: 16973374 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2006.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2006] [Accepted: 07/14/2006] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The elucidation of the genetic control of susceptibility to common infectious diseases is expected to provide new and more effective tools for prevention and control of some of the most pressings health needs on a global scale. A major advantage of whole genome based genetic approaches is that no a priori assumptions about mechanisms of pathogenesis need to be made in these studies. Hence, genetic studies can identify previously unrecognized pathways of disease susceptibility and tag critical pathogenic events for further biochemical, immunological or physiological analysis. We have applied this strategy to leprosy, a disease that still claims 400,000 new cases each year. We identified genetic variants in the shared promoter region of the PARK2 and PACRG genes as major risk factors of leprosy susceptibility. Both encoded proteins are part of the cellular ubiquitination system. Specifically, PARK2, the cause of early onset Parkinson's disease, is an E3 ligase that likely is involved in controlled proteolysis, the cellular anti-oxidants response and the regulation of innate immune responsiveness. In addition, numerous E3 ligases have recently been shown to be critical regulators of immunity. While the specific role of PARK2/PACRG in leprosy pathogenesis remains unknown, a number of experimentally testable scenarios can be developed to further explore the role of these proteins in anti-Mycobacterium leprae host responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwin Schurr
- McGill Centre for the Study of Host Resistance, Department of Human Genetics and Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, PQ, Canada.
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