101
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Fadel A, Plunkett A, Li W, Tessu Gyamfi VE, Nyaranga RR, Fadel F, Dakak S, Ranneh Y, Salmon Y, Ashworth JJ. Modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses by arabinoxylans. J Food Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdulmannan Fadel
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Health Psychology and Social Care; Manchester Metropolitan University; Manchester M15 6BH United Kingdom
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Healthcare Science; Manchester Metropolitan Univeristy; Manchester M1 5GD United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Plunkett
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Health Psychology and Social Care; Manchester Metropolitan University; Manchester M15 6BH United Kingdom
| | - Weili Li
- Institute of Food Science & Innovation; University of Chester; Chester CH1 4BJ United Kingdom
| | - Vivian Elewosi Tessu Gyamfi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Health Psychology and Social Care; Manchester Metropolitan University; Manchester M15 6BH United Kingdom
| | - Rosemarie Roma Nyaranga
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Health Psychology and Social Care; Manchester Metropolitan University; Manchester M15 6BH United Kingdom
| | - Fatma Fadel
- Independent Researcher, Al-Baha University; Al Bahah Saudi Arabia
| | - Suaad Dakak
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences; Al-Ahliyya Amman University; Amman Jordan
| | - Yazan Ranneh
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Universiti Putra Malaysia; Serdang Malaysia
| | - Yasser Salmon
- Veteriner Fakultesi, Istanbul Universitesi; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Jason J Ashworth
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Healthcare Science; Manchester Metropolitan Univeristy; Manchester M1 5GD United Kingdom
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102
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Williams PD, Kamel SJ. The evolution of pathogen virulence: Effects of transitions between host types. J Theor Biol 2017; 438:1-8. [PMID: 29132934 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Much of evolutionary epidemiology theory is derived from a perspective in which all hosts, and all parasites, are epidemiologically equivalent. This stands in contrast to the well-documented existence of the numerous processes generating heterogeneity among hosts and parasites that can profoundly influence evolutionary/epidemiological dynamics. Age-related immunological changes, inequities in nutritional status, and interactions between parasites via coinfection are just a few of the many factors that generate heterogeneity among hosts in the ways they express susceptibility to, and respond to infection by, a focal pathogen. Moreover, organisms age, nutritional states improve or worsen, and co-infections can be cleared or acquired, implying that transitions between these different disease states are the rule, rather than the exception, in natural disease systems. Here we develop the theoretical framework for modeling the implications of such transitions in these multi-type host settings for the evolution of virulence. Results show that ignoring these common sources of host heterogeneities in disease characteristics can lead to both quantitatively and qualitatively mischaracterized evolutionary predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul David Williams
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 601 S. College Rd., Wilmington, NC 28403, USA
| | - Stephanie Jill Kamel
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 601 S. College Rd., Wilmington, NC 28403, USA.
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103
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Vandermosten L, De Geest C, Knoops S, Thijs G, Chapman KE, De Bosscher K, Opdenakker G, Van den Steen PE. 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 has no effect on survival during experimental malaria but affects parasitemia in a parasite strain-specific manner. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13835. [PMID: 29062028 PMCID: PMC5653823 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14288-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a global disease associated with considerable mortality and morbidity. An appropriately balanced immune response is crucial in determining the outcome of malarial infection. The glucocorticoid (GC) metabolising enzyme, 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 (11β-HSD1) converts intrinsically inert GCs into active GCs. 11β-HSD1 shapes endogenous GC action and is immunomodulatory. We investigated the role of 11β-HSD1 in two mouse models of malaria. 11β-HSD1 deficiency did not affect survival after malaria infection, but it increased disease severity and parasitemia in mice infected with Plasmodium chabaudi AS. In contrast, 11β-HSD1 deficiency rather decreased parasitemia in mice infected with the reticulocyte-restricted parasite Plasmodium berghei NK65 1556Cl1. Malaria-induced antibody production and pathology were unaltered by 11β-HSD1 deficiency though plasma levels of IL-4, IL-6 and TNF-α were slightly affected by 11β-HSD1 deficiency, dependent on the infecting parasite. These data suggest that 11β-HSD1 is not crucial for survival of experimental malaria, but alters its progression in a parasite strain-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Vandermosten
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - C De Geest
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - S Knoops
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - G Thijs
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - K E Chapman
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - K De Bosscher
- Receptor Research Laboratories, Nuclear Receptor Lab, VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Gent, Belgium
| | - G Opdenakker
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - P E Van den Steen
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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104
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Junaid QO, Khaw LT, Mahmud R, Ong KC, Lau YL, Borade PU, Liew JWK, Sivanandam S, Wong KT, Vythilingam I. Pathogenesis of Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection in the gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) as an experimental model for severe malaria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 24:38. [PMID: 29034874 PMCID: PMC5642054 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2017040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background: As the quest to eradicate malaria continues, there remains a need to gain further understanding of the disease, particularly with regard to pathogenesis. This is facilitated, apart from in vitro and clinical studies, mainly via in vivo mouse model studies. However, there are few studies that have used gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) as animal models. Thus, this study is aimed at characterizing the effects of Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) infection in gerbils, as well as the underlying pathogenesis. Methods: Gerbils, 5-7 weeks old were infected by PbA via intraperitoneal injection of 1 × 106 (0.2 mL) infected red blood cells. Parasitemia, weight gain/loss, hemoglobin concentration, red blood cell count and body temperature changes in both control and infected groups were monitored over a duration of 13 days. RNA was extracted from the brain, spleen and whole blood to assess the immune response to PbA infection. Organs including the brain, spleen, heart, liver, kidneys and lungs were removed aseptically for histopathology. Results: Gerbils were susceptible to PbA infection, showing significant decreases in the hemoglobin concentration, RBC counts, body weights and body temperature, over the course of the infection. There were no neurological signs observed. Both pro-inflammatory (IFNγ and TNF) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines were significantly elevated. Splenomegaly and hepatomegaly were also observed. PbA parasitized RBCs were observed in the organs, using routine light microscopy and in situ hybridization. Conclusion: Gerbils may serve as a good model for severe malaria to further understand its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quazim Olawale Junaid
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia - Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Federal University Kashere, Gombe State, Nigeria
| | - Loke Tim Khaw
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia - Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, International Medical University, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rohela Mahmud
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kien Chai Ong
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yee Ling Lau
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Prajakta Uttam Borade
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jonathan Wee Kent Liew
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sinnadurai Sivanandam
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kum Thong Wong
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Indra Vythilingam
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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105
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Mechanism of splenic cell death and host mortality in a Plasmodium yoelii malaria model. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10438. [PMID: 28874800 PMCID: PMC5585408 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10776-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a fatal disease that displays a spectrum of symptoms and severity, which are determined by complex host-parasite interactions. It has been difficult to study the effects of parasite strains on disease severity in human infections, but the mechanisms leading to specific disease phenotypes can be investigated using strains of rodent malaria parasites that cause different disease symptoms in inbred mice. Using a unique mouse malaria model, here we investigated the mechanisms of splenic cell death and their relationship to control of parasitemia and host mortality. C57BL/6 mice infected with Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis N67C display high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines (IL-6, IFN-γ, TNF-α, CXCL1, and CCL2) and extensive splenic damage with dramatic reduction of splenic cell populations. These disease phenotypes were rescued in RAG2−/−, IFN-γ−/−, or T cell depleted mice, suggesting IFN-γ and T cell mediated disease mechanisms. Additionally, apoptosis was one of the major pathways involved in splenic cell death, which coincides with the peaks of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Our results demonstrate the critical roles of T cells and IFN-γ in mediating splenic cell apoptosis, parasitemia control, and host lethality and thus may provide important insights for preventing/reducing morbidity associated with severe malaria in humans.
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106
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Salles ÉMD, Menezes MND, Siqueira R, Borges da Silva H, Amaral EP, Castillo-Méndez SI, Cunha I, Cassado ADA, Vieira FS, Olivieri DN, Tadokoro CE, Alvarez JM, Coutinho-Silva R, D'Império-Lima MR. P2X7 receptor drives Th1 cell differentiation and controls the follicular helper T cell population to protect against Plasmodium chabaudi malaria. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006595. [PMID: 28859168 PMCID: PMC5597262 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A complete understanding of the mechanisms underlying the acquisition of protective immunity is crucial to improve vaccine strategies to eradicate malaria. However, it is still unclear whether recognition of damage signals influences the immune response to Plasmodium infection. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) accumulates in infected erythrocytes and is released into the extracellular milieu through ion channels in the erythrocyte membrane or upon erythrocyte rupture. The P2X7 receptor senses extracellular ATP and induces CD4 T cell activation and death. Here we show that P2X7 receptor promotes T helper 1 (Th1) cell differentiation to the detriment of follicular T helper (Tfh) cells during blood-stage Plasmodium chabaudi malaria. The P2X7 receptor was activated in CD4 T cells following the rupture of infected erythrocytes and these cells became highly responsive to ATP during acute infection. Moreover, mice lacking the P2X7 receptor had increased susceptibility to infection, which correlated with impaired Th1 cell differentiation. Accordingly, IL-2 and IFNγ secretion, as well as T-bet expression, critically depended on P2X7 signaling in CD4 T cells. Additionally, P2X7 receptor controlled the splenic Tfh cell population in infected mice by promoting apoptotic-like cell death. Finally, the P2X7 receptor was required to generate a balanced Th1/Tfh cell population with an improved ability to transfer parasite protection to CD4-deficient mice. This study provides a new insight into malaria immunology by showing the importance of P2X7 receptor in controlling the fine-tuning between Th1 and Tfh cell differentiation during P. chabaudi infection and thus in disease outcome. Malaria still causes the death of approximately half a million people yearly despite efforts to develop vaccines. The ability of Plasmodium parasites to survive the immune effector mechanisms indicates how suitable the immune response must be to eliminate the infection. CD4 T cells have a dual role in protection against blood-stage malaria by producing IFNγ and helping B cells to secrete antibodies. Infected erythrocytes release adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a damage signal that can be recognized by purinergic receptors. Among them, the P2X7 receptor senses extracellular ATP and induces CD4 T cell activation and death. Here, we evaluated the role of P2X7 receptor in the CD4 T cell response during blood-stage Plasmodium chabaudi malaria. We observed that the selective expression of P2X7 receptor in CD4 T cells was required for T helper 1 (Th1) cell differentiation, contributing to IFNγ production and parasite control. In contrast, we found an increase in follicular T helper (Tfh) cell population, germinal center reaction and anti-parasite antibody production in the absence of the P2X7 receptor. Our findings provide mechanistic insights into malaria pathogenesis by demonstrating the importance of damage signals for the fine-tuning between Th1 and Tfh cell populations and thus for the outcome of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Érika Machado de Salles
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Nogueira de Menezes
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renan Siqueira
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Henrique Borges da Silva
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center of Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Eduardo Pinheiro Amaral
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Isabela Cunha
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Flávia Sarmento Vieira
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - José Maria Alvarez
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Robson Coutinho-Silva
- Programa de Imunobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia para Pesquisa Translacional em Saúde e Meio Ambiente da Região Amazônica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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107
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Nair SC, Xu R, Pattaradilokrat S, Wu J, Qi Y, Zilversmit M, Ganesan S, Nagarajan V, Eastman RT, Orandle MS, Tan JC, Myers TG, Liu S, Long CA, Li J, Su XZ. A Plasmodium yoelii HECT-like E3 ubiquitin ligase regulates parasite growth and virulence. Nat Commun 2017; 8:223. [PMID: 28790316 PMCID: PMC5548792 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00267-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection of mice with strains of Plasmodium yoelii parasites can result in different pathology, but molecular mechanisms to explain this variation are unclear. Here we show that a P. yoelii gene encoding a HECT-like E3 ubiquitin ligase (Pyheul) influences parasitemia and host mortality. We genetically cross two lethal parasites with distinct disease phenotypes, and identify 43 genetically diverse progeny by typing with microsatellites and 9230 single-nucleotide polymorphisms. A genome-wide quantitative trait loci scan links parasite growth and host mortality to two major loci on chromosomes 1 and 7 with LOD (logarithm of the odds) scores = 6.1 and 8.1, respectively. Allelic exchange of partial sequences of Pyheul in the chromosome 7 locus and modification of the gene expression alter parasite growth and host mortality. This study identifies a gene that may have a function in parasite growth, virulence, and host–parasite interaction, and therefore could be a target for drug or vaccine development. Many strains of Plasmodium differ in virulence, but factors that control these distinctions are not known. Here the authors comparatively map virulence loci using the offspring from a P. yoelii YM and N67 genetic cross, and identify a putative HECT E3 ubiquitin ligase that may explain the variance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sethu C Nair
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Ruixue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Sittiporn Pattaradilokrat
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Jian Wu
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yanwei Qi
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Martine Zilversmit
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Sundar Ganesan
- Biological Imaging Section, Research Technology Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Vijayaraj Nagarajan
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch, Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Richard T Eastman
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Marlene S Orandle
- Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - John C Tan
- The Eck Institute of Global Health, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556, USA
| | - Timothy G Myers
- Genomic Technologies Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Shengfa Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Carole A Long
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China.
| | - Xin-Zhuan Su
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA. .,State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China.
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108
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Dunst J, Kamena F, Matuschewski K. Cytokines and Chemokines in Cerebral Malaria Pathogenesis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:324. [PMID: 28775960 PMCID: PMC5517394 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria is among the major causes of malaria-associated mortality and effective adjunctive therapeutic strategies are currently lacking. Central pathophysiological processes involved in the development of cerebral malaria include an imbalance of pro- and anti-inflammatory responses to Plasmodium infection, endothelial cell activation, and loss of blood-brain barrier integrity. However, the sequence of events, which initiates these pathophysiological processes as well as the contribution of their complex interplay to the development of cerebral malaria remain incompletely understood. Several cytokines and chemokines have repeatedly been associated with cerebral malaria severity. Increased levels of these inflammatory mediators could account for the sequestration of leukocytes in the cerebral microvasculature present during cerebral malaria, thereby contributing to an amplification of local inflammation and promoting cerebral malaria pathogenesis. Herein, we highlight the current knowledge on the contribution of cytokines and chemokines to the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria with particular emphasis on their roles in endothelial activation and leukocyte recruitment, as well as their implication in the progression to blood-brain barrier permeability and neuroinflammation, in both human cerebral malaria and in the murine experimental cerebral malaria model. A better molecular understanding of these processes could provide the basis for evidence-based development of adjunct therapies and the definition of diagnostic markers of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefine Dunst
- Parasitology Unit, Max Planck Institute for Infection BiologyBerlin, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free UniversityBerlin, Germany.,Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt UniversityBerlin, Germany
| | - Faustin Kamena
- Parasitology Unit, Max Planck Institute for Infection BiologyBerlin, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free UniversityBerlin, Germany.,Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt UniversityBerlin, Germany
| | - Kai Matuschewski
- Parasitology Unit, Max Planck Institute for Infection BiologyBerlin, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free UniversityBerlin, Germany
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109
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Taniguchi T, Md Mannoor K, Nonaka D, Toma H, Li C, Narita M, Vanisaveth V, Kano S, Takahashi M, Watanabe H. A Unique Subset of γδ T Cells Expands and Produces IL-10 in Patients with Naturally Acquired Immunity against Falciparum Malaria. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1288. [PMID: 28769886 PMCID: PMC5515829 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Although expansions in γδ T cell populations are known to occur in the peripheral blood of patients infected with Plasmodium falciparum, the role of these cells in people with naturally acquired immunity against P. falciparum who live in malaria-endemic areas is poorly understood. We used a cross-sectional survey to investigate the role of peripheral blood γδ T cells in people living in Lao People's Democratic Republic, a malaria-endemic area. We found that the proportion of non-Vγ9 γδ T cells was higher in non-hospitalized uncomplicated falciparum malaria patients (UMPs) from this region. Notably, we found that the non-Vγ9 γδ T cells in the peripheral blood of UMPs and negative controls from this region had the potential to expand and produce IL-10 and interferon-γ when cultured in the presence of IL-2 and/or crude P. falciparum antigens for 10 days. Furthermore, these cells were associated with plasma interleukin 10 (IL-10), which was elevated in UMPs. This is the first report demonstrating that, in UMPs living in a malaria-endemic area, a γδ T cell subset, the non-Vγ9 γδT cells, expands and produces IL-10. These results contribute to understanding of the mechanisms of naturally acquired immunity against P. falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyo Taniguchi
- Department of Parasitology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma UniversityMaebashi, Japan
- Center for Medical Education, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma UniversityMaebashi, Japan
- Immunobiology Group, Center of Molecular Biosciences, Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the RyukyusNishihara, Japan
| | - Kaiissar Md Mannoor
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, BaltimoreMD, United States
| | - Daisuke Nonaka
- Department of Parasitology and Immunopathoetiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the RyukyusNishihara, Japan
| | - Hiromu Toma
- Department of Parasitology and Immunopathoetiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the RyukyusNishihara, Japan
| | - Changchun Li
- Department of Health Sciences, Trans-disciplinary Research Organization for Subtropics and Island Studies, University of the RyukyusNishihara, Japan
| | - Miwako Narita
- Laboratory of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Niigata UniversityNiigata, Japan
| | | | - Shigeyuki Kano
- Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and MedicineTokyo, Japan
| | - Masuhiro Takahashi
- Laboratory of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Niigata UniversityNiigata, Japan
| | - Hisami Watanabe
- Immunobiology Group, Center of Molecular Biosciences, Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the RyukyusNishihara, Japan
- Infectious Diseases Research Center of Niigata University in Myanmar, Institute of Medicine and Dentistry, Niigata UniversityNiigata, Japan
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110
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Wu X, Dayanand KK, Thylur RP, Norbury CC, Gowda DC. Small molecule-based inhibition of MEK1/2 proteins dampens inflammatory responses to malaria, reduces parasite load, and mitigates pathogenic outcomes. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:13615-13634. [PMID: 28679535 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.770313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria infections cause several systemic and severe single- or multi-organ pathologies, killing hundreds of thousands of people annually. Considering the existing widespread resistance of malaria parasites to anti-parasitic drugs and their high propensity to develop drug resistance, alternative strategies are required to manage malaria infections. Because malaria is a host immune response-driven disease, one approach is based on gaining a detailed understanding of the molecular and cellular processes that modulate malaria-induced innate and adaptive immune responses. Here, using a mouse cerebral malaria model and small-molecule inhibitors, we demonstrate that inhibiting MEK1/2, the upstream kinases of ERK1/2 signaling, alters multifactorial components of the innate and adaptive immune responses, controls parasitemia, and blocks pathogenesis. Specifically, MEK1/2 inhibitor treatment up-regulated B1 cell expansion, IgM production, phagocytic receptor expression, and phagocytic activity, enhancing parasite clearance by macrophages and neutrophils. Further, the MEK1/2 inhibitor treatment down-regulated pathogenic pro-inflammatory and helper T cell 1 (Th1) responses and up-regulated beneficial anti-inflammatory cytokine responses and Th2 responses. These inhibitor effects resulted in reduced granzyme B expression by T cells, chemokine and intracellular cell adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) expression in the brain, and chemokine receptor expression by both myeloid and T cells. These bimodal effects of the MEK1/2 inhibitor treatment on immune responses contributed to decreased parasite biomass, organ inflammation, and immune cell recruitment, preventing tissue damage and death. In summary, we have identified several previously unrecognized immune regulatory processes through which a MEK1/2 inhibitor approach controls malaria parasitemia and mitigates pathogenic effects on host organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianzhu Wu
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | | | - Ramesh P Thylur
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | - Christopher C Norbury
- Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033
| | - D Channe Gowda
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
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111
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Host-mediated impairment of parasite maturation during blood-stage Plasmodium infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:7701-7706. [PMID: 28673996 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1618939114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe malaria and associated high parasite burdens occur more frequently in humans lacking robust adaptive immunity to Plasmodium falciparum Nevertheless, the host may partly control blood-stage parasite numbers while adaptive immunity is gradually established. Parasite control has typically been attributed to enhanced removal of parasites by the host, although in vivo quantification of this phenomenon remains challenging. We used a unique in vivo approach to determine the fate of a single cohort of semisynchronous, Plasmodium berghei ANKA- or Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL-parasitized red blood cells (pRBCs) after transfusion into naive or acutely infected mice. As previously shown, acutely infected mice, with ongoing splenic and systemic inflammatory responses, controlled parasite population growth more effectively than naive controls. Surprisingly, however, this was not associated with accelerated removal of pRBCs from circulation. Instead, transfused pRBCs remained in circulation longer in acutely infected mice. Flow cytometric assessment and mathematical modeling of intraerythrocytic parasite development revealed an unexpected and substantial slowing of parasite maturation in acutely infected mice, extending the life cycle from 24 h to 40 h. Importantly, impaired parasite maturation was the major contributor to control of parasite growth in acutely infected mice. Moreover, by performing the same experiments in rag1-/- mice, which lack T and B cells and mount weak inflammatory responses, we revealed that impaired parasite maturation is largely dependent upon the host response to infection. Thus, impairment of parasite maturation represents a host-mediated, immune system-dependent mechanism for limiting parasite population growth during the early stages of an acute blood-stage Plasmodium infection.
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112
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Sepúlveda N, Manjurano A, Campino SG, Lemnge M, Lusingu J, Olomi R, Rockett KA, Hubbart C, Jeffreys A, Rowlands K, Clark TG, Riley EM, Drakeley CJ. Malaria Host Candidate Genes Validated by Association With Current, Recent, and Historical Measures of Transmission Intensity. J Infect Dis 2017; 216:45-54. [PMID: 28541483 PMCID: PMC5853769 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human malaria susceptibility is determined by multiple genetic factors. It is unclear, however, which genetic variants remain important over time. Methods Genetic associations of 175 high-quality polymorphisms within several malaria candidate genes were examined in a sample of 8096 individuals from northeast Tanzania using altitude, seroconversion rates, and parasite rates as proxies of historical, recent, and current malaria transmission intensity. A principal component analysis was used to derive 2 alternative measures of overall malaria propensity of a location across different time scales. Results Common red blood cell polymorphisms (ie, hemoglobin S, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and α-thalassemia) were the only ones to be associated with all 3 measures of transmission intensity and the first principal component. Moderate associations were found between some immune response genes (ie, IL3 and IL13) and parasite rates, but these could not be reproduced using the alternative measures of malaria propensity. Conclusions We have demonstrated the potential of using altitude and seroconversion rate as measures of malaria transmission capturing medium- to long-term time scales to detect genetic associations that are likely to persist over time. These measures also have the advantage of minimizing the deleterious effects of random factors affecting parasite rates on the respective association signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Sepúlveda
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
- Centre of Statistics and Applications, University of Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Alphaxard Manjurano
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
- Joint Malaria Programme, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi
| | - Susana G Campino
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton
| | - Martha Lemnge
- National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - John Lusingu
- National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Raimos Olomi
- Joint Malaria Programme, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi
| | - Kirk A Rockett
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christina Hubbart
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Jeffreys
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kate Rowlands
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
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113
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Lubis IND, Wijaya H, Lubis M, Lubis CP, Divis PCS, Beshir KB, Sutherland CJ. Contribution of Plasmodium knowlesi to Multispecies Human Malaria Infections in North Sumatera, Indonesia. J Infect Dis 2017; 215:1148-1155. [PMID: 28201638 PMCID: PMC5426374 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As Indonesia works toward the goal of malaria elimination, information is lacking on malaria epidemiology from some western provinces. As a basis for studies of antimalarial efficacy, we set out to survey parasite carriage in 3 communities in North Sumatera Province. Methods A combination of active and passive detection of infection was carried out among communities in Batubara, Langkat, and South Nias regencies. Finger-prick blood samples from consenting individuals of all ages provided blood films for microscopic examination and blood spots on filter paper. Plasmodium species were identified using nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of ribosomal RNA genes and a novel assay that amplifies a conserved sequence specific for the sicavar gene family of Plasmodium knowlesi. Results Of 3731 participants, 614 (16.5%) were positive for malaria parasites by microscopy. PCR detected parasite DNA in samples from 1169 individuals (31.3%). In total, 377 participants (11.8%) harbored P. knowlesi. Also present were Plasmodium vivax (14.3%), Plasmodium falciparum (10.5%) and Plasmodium malariae (3.4%). Conclusions Amplification of sicavar is a specific and sensitive test for the presence of P. knowlesi DNA in humans. Subpatent and asymptomatic multispecies parasitemia is relatively common in North Sumatera, so PCR-based surveillance is required to support control and elimination activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inke N D Lubis
- Departments of Immunology and Infection and.,Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Hendri Wijaya
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Munar Lubis
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Chairuddin P Lubis
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Paul C S Divis
- Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.,Malaria Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Malaysia
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Mpina M, Maurice NJ, Yajima M, Slichter CK, Miller HW, Dutta M, McElrath MJ, Stuart KD, De Rosa SC, McNevin JP, Linsley PS, Abdulla S, Tanner M, Hoffman SL, Gottardo R, Daubenberger CA, Prlic M. Controlled Human Malaria Infection Leads to Long-Lasting Changes in Innate and Innate-like Lymphocyte Populations. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:107-118. [PMID: 28576979 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Animal model studies highlight the role of innate-like lymphocyte populations in the early inflammatory response and subsequent parasite control following Plasmodium infection. IFN-γ production by these lymphocytes likely plays a key role in the early control of the parasite and disease severity. Analyzing human innate-like T cell and NK cell responses following infection with Plasmodium has been challenging because the early stages of infection are clinically silent. To overcome this limitation, we examined blood samples from a controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) study in a Tanzanian cohort, in which volunteers underwent CHMI with a low or high dose of Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites. The CHMI differentially affected NK, NKT (invariant NKT), and mucosal-associated invariant T cell populations in a dose-dependent manner, resulting in an altered composition of this innate-like lymphocyte compartment. Although these innate-like responses are typically thought of as short-lived, we found that changes persisted for months after the infection was cleared, leading to significantly increased frequencies of mucosal-associated invariant T cells 6 mo postinfection. We used single-cell RNA sequencing and TCR αβ-chain usage analysis to define potential mechanisms for this expansion. These single-cell data suggest that this increase was mediated by homeostatic expansion-like mechanisms. Together, these data demonstrate that CHMI leads to previously unappreciated long-lasting alterations in the human innate-like lymphocyte compartment. We discuss the consequences of these changes for recurrent parasite infection and infection-associated pathologies and highlight the importance of considering host immunity and infection history for vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxmillian Mpina
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, 4001 Switzerland
| | - Nicholas J Maurice
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Masanao Yajima
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109.,Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Chloe K Slichter
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Hannah W Miller
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Mukta Dutta
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | | | - Stephen C De Rosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - John P McNevin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | | | - Salim Abdulla
- Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, Bagamoyo, Tanzania; and
| | - Marcel Tanner
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, 4001 Switzerland
| | | | - Raphael Gottardo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Claudia A Daubenberger
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; .,University of Basel, Basel, 4001 Switzerland
| | - Martin Prlic
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109; .,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
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115
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Craig JM, Scott AL. Antecedent Nippostrongylus infection alters the lung immune response to Plasmodium berghei. Parasite Immunol 2017; 39. [PMID: 28475238 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In endemic regions, it is not uncommon for patients to be co-infected with soil-transmitted helminths and malaria. Although both malaria and many helminth species use the lungs as a site of development, little attention has been paid to the impact that pulmonary immunity induced by one parasite has on the lung response to the other. To model the consequences of a prior hookworm exposure on the development of immunity to malaria in the lungs, mice were infected with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and 2 weeks later challenged with Plasmodium berghei. We found that a pre-existing hookworm-induced type 2 immune environment had a measurable but modest impact on the nature of the malaria-driven type 1 cytokine response in the lungs that was associated with a transient effect on parasite development and no significant changes in morbidity and mortality after malaria infection. However, prior hookworm infection did have a lasting effect on lung macrophages, where the malaria-induced M1-like response was blunted by previous M2 polarization. These results demonstrate that, although helminth parasites confer robust changes to the immunological status of the pulmonary microenvironment, lung immunity is plastic and capable of rapidly adapting to consecutive heterologous infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Craig
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A L Scott
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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116
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Acharya P, Garg M, Kumar P, Munjal A, Raja KD. Host-Parasite Interactions in Human Malaria: Clinical Implications of Basic Research. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:889. [PMID: 28572796 PMCID: PMC5435807 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The malaria parasite, Plasmodium, is one of the oldest parasites documented to infect humans and has proven particularly hard to eradicate. One of the major hurdles in designing an effective subunit vaccine against the malaria parasite is the insufficient understanding of host–parasite interactions within the human host during infections. The success of the parasite lies in its ability to evade the human immune system and recruit host responses as physiological cues to regulate its life cycle, leading to rapid acclimatization of the parasite to its immediate host environment. Hence understanding the environmental niche of the parasite is crucial in developing strategies to combat this deadly infectious disease. It has been increasingly recognized that interactions between parasite proteins and host factors are essential to establishing infection and virulence at every stage of the parasite life cycle. This review reassesses all of these interactions and discusses their clinical importance in designing therapeutic approaches such as design of novel vaccines. The interactions have been followed from the initial stages of introduction of the parasite under the human dermis until asexual and sexual blood stages which are essential for transmission of malaria. We further classify the interactions as “direct” or “indirect” depending upon their demonstrated ability to mediate direct physical interactions of the parasite with host factors or their indirect manipulation of the host immune system since both forms of interactions are known to have a crucial role during infections. We also discuss the many ways in which this understanding has been taken to the field and the success of these strategies in controlling human malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragyan Acharya
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical SciencesNew Delhi, India
| | - Manika Garg
- Department of Biochemistry, Jamia Hamdard UniversityNew Delhi, India
| | - Praveen Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical SciencesNew Delhi, India
| | - Akshay Munjal
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical SciencesNew Delhi, India
| | - K D Raja
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical SciencesNew Delhi, India
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117
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Dunst J, Azzouz N, Liu X, Tsukita S, Seeberger PH, Kamena F. Interaction between Plasmodium Glycosylphosphatidylinositol and the Host Protein Moesin Has No Implication in Malaria Pathology. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:183. [PMID: 28560184 PMCID: PMC5432536 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor of Plasmodium falciparum origin is considered an important toxin leading to severe malaria pathology through stimulation of pro-inflammatory responses from innate immune cells. Even though the GPI-induced immune response is widely described to be mediated by pattern recognition receptors such as TLR2 and TLR4, previous studies have revealed that these two receptors are dispensable for the development of severe malaria pathology. Therefore, this study aimed at the identification of potential alternative Plasmodium GPI receptors. Herein, we have identified the host protein moesin as an interaction partner of Plasmodium GPI in vitro. Given previous reports indicating the relevance of moesin especially in the LPS-mediated induction of pro-inflammatory responses, we have conducted a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments to address the physiological relevance of the moesin-Plasmodium GPI interaction in the context of malaria pathology. We report here that although moesin and Plasmodium GPI interact in vitro, moesin is not critically involved in processes leading to Plasmodium-induced pro-inflammatory immune responses or malaria-associated cerebral pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefine Dunst
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University BerlinBerlin, Germany
- Parasitology Unit, Max Planck Institute for Infection BiologyBerlin, Germany
| | - Nahid Azzouz
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University BerlinBerlin, Germany
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute for Colloids and InterfacesPotsdam, Germany
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of PittsburghPittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sachiko Tsukita
- Department of Frontier Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka UniversityOsaka, Japan
| | - Peter H. Seeberger
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University BerlinBerlin, Germany
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute for Colloids and InterfacesPotsdam, Germany
| | - Faustin Kamena
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University BerlinBerlin, Germany
- Parasitology Unit, Max Planck Institute for Infection BiologyBerlin, Germany
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118
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Thylur RP, Wu X, Gowda NM, Punnath K, Neelgund SE, Febbraio M, Gowda DC. CD36 receptor regulates malaria-induced immune responses primarily at early blood stage infection contributing to parasitemia control and resistance to mortality. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:9394-9408. [PMID: 28416609 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.781294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In malaria, CD36 plays several roles, including mediating parasite sequestration to host organs, phagocytic clearance of parasites, and regulation of immunity. Although the functions of CD36 in parasite sequestration and phagocytosis have been clearly defined, less is known about its role in malaria immunity. Here, to understand the function of CD36 in malaria immunity, we studied parasite growth, innate and adaptive immune responses, and host survival in WT and Cd36-/- mice infected with a non-lethal strain of Plasmodium yoelii Compared with Cd36-/- mice, WT mice had lower parasitemias and were resistant to death. At early but not at later stages of infection, WT mice had higher circulatory proinflammatory cytokines and lower anti-inflammatory cytokines than Cd36-/- mice. WT mice showed higher frequencies of proinflammatory cytokine-producing and lower frequencies of anti-inflammatory cytokine-producing dendritic cells (DCs) and natural killer cells than Cd36-/- mice. Cytokines produced by co-cultures of DCs from infected mice and ovalbumin-specific, MHC class II-restricted α/β (OT-II) T cells reflected CD36-dependent DC function. WT mice also showed increased Th1 and reduced Th2 responses compared with Cd36-/- mice, mainly at early stages of infection. Furthermore, in infected WT mice, macrophages and neutrophils expressed higher levels of phagocytic receptors and showed enhanced phagocytosis of parasite-infected erythrocytes than those in Cd36-/- mice in an IFN-γ-dependent manner. However, there were no differences in malaria-induced humoral responses between WT and Cd36-/- mice. Overall, the results show that CD36 plays a significant role in controlling parasite burden by contributing to proinflammatory cytokine responses by DCs and natural killer cells, Th1 development, phagocytic receptor expression, and phagocytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh P Thylur
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033 and
| | - Xianzhu Wu
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033 and
| | - Nagaraj M Gowda
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033 and
| | - Kishore Punnath
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033 and
| | - Shivayogeeshwara E Neelgund
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033 and
| | - Maria Febbraio
- the Department of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - D Channe Gowda
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033 and
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119
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Soni R, Sharma D, Rai P, Sharma B, Bhatt TK. Signaling Strategies of Malaria Parasite for Its Survival, Proliferation, and Infection during Erythrocytic Stage. Front Immunol 2017; 8:349. [PMID: 28400771 PMCID: PMC5368685 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Irrespective of various efforts, malaria persist the most debilitating effect in terms of morbidity and mortality. Moreover, the existing drugs are also vulnerable to the emergence of drug resistance. To explore the potential targets for designing the most effective antimalarial therapies, it is required to focus on the facts of biochemical mechanism underlying the process of parasite survival and disease pathogenesis. This review is intended to bring out the existing knowledge about the functions and components of the major signaling pathways such as kinase signaling, calcium signaling, and cyclic nucleotide-based signaling, serving the various aspects of the parasitic asexual stage and highlighted the Toll-like receptors, glycosylphosphatidylinositol-mediated signaling, and molecular events in cytoadhesion, which elicit the host immune response. This discussion will facilitate a look over essential components for parasite survival and disease progression to be implemented in discovery of novel antimalarial drugs and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rani Soni
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life sciences, Central University of Rajasthan , Ajmer , India
| | - Drista Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life sciences, Central University of Rajasthan , Ajmer , India
| | - Praveen Rai
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life sciences, Central University of Rajasthan , Ajmer , India
| | - Bhaskar Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life sciences, Central University of Rajasthan , Ajmer , India
| | - Tarun K Bhatt
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life sciences, Central University of Rajasthan , Ajmer , India
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120
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Wolf AS, Sherratt S, Riley EM. NK Cells: Uncertain Allies against Malaria. Front Immunol 2017; 8:212. [PMID: 28337195 PMCID: PMC5343013 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Until recently, studies of natural killer (NK) cells in infection have focused almost entirely on their role in viral infections. However, there is an increasing awareness of the potential for NK cells to contribute to the control of a wider range of pathogens, including intracellular parasites such as Plasmodium spp. Given the high prevalence of parasitic diseases in the developing world and the devastating effects these pathogens have on large numbers of vulnerable people, investigating interactions between NK cells and parasitized host cells presents the opportunity to reveal novel immunological mechanisms with the potential to aid efforts to eradicate these diseases. The capacity of NK cells to produce inflammatory cytokines early after malaria infection, as well as a possible role in direct cytotoxic killing of malaria-infected cells, suggests a beneficial impact of NK cells in this disease. However, NK cells may also contribute to overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the consequent immunopathology. As comparatively little is known about the role of NK cells later in the course of infection, and growing evidence suggests that heterogeneity in NK cell responses to malaria may be influenced by KIR/HLA interactions, a better understanding of the mechanisms by which NK cells might directly interact with parasitized cells may reveal a new role for these cells in the course of malaria infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asia-Sophia Wolf
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London , UK
| | - Samuel Sherratt
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London , UK
| | - Eleanor M Riley
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London , UK
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121
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Antibody-independent mechanisms regulate the establishment of chronic Plasmodium infection. Nat Microbiol 2017; 2:16276. [PMID: 28165471 DOI: 10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium. All human-infecting Plasmodium species can establish long-lasting chronic infections1-5, creating an infectious reservoir to sustain transmission1,6. It is widely accepted that the maintenance of chronic infection involves evasion of adaptive immunity by antigenic variation7. However, genes involved in this process have been identified in only two of five human-infecting species: Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium knowlesi. Furthermore, little is understood about the early events in the establishment of chronic infection in these species. Using a rodent model we demonstrate that from the infecting population, only a minority of parasites, expressing one of several clusters of virulence-associated pir genes, establishes a chronic infection. This process occurs in different species of parasites and in different hosts. Establishment of chronicity is independent of adaptive immunity and therefore different from the mechanism proposed for maintenance of chronic P. falciparum infections7-9. Furthermore, we show that the proportions of parasites expressing different types of pir genes regulate the time taken to establish a chronic infection. Because pir genes are common to most, if not all, species of Plasmodium10, this process may be a common way of regulating the establishment of chronic infections.
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Silva-Barrios S, Stäger S. Protozoan Parasites and Type I IFNs. Front Immunol 2017; 8:14. [PMID: 28154565 PMCID: PMC5243830 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
For many years, the role of interferon (IFN)-I has been characterized primarily in the context of viral infections. However, regulatory functions mediated by IFN-I have also been described against bacterial infections and in tumor immunology. Only recently, the interest in understanding the immune functions mediated by IFN-I has dramatically increased in the field of protozoan infections. In this review, we discuss the discrete role of IFN-I in the immune response against major protozoan infections: Plasmodium, Leishmania, Trypanosoma, and Toxoplasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha Silva-Barrios
- INRS-Institut Armand Frappier, Center for Host-Parasite Interactions , Laval, QC , Canada
| | - Simona Stäger
- INRS-Institut Armand Frappier, Center for Host-Parasite Interactions , Laval, QC , Canada
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Myeloperoxidase Attenuates Pathogen Clearance during Plasmodium yoelii Nonlethal Infection. Infect Immun 2016; 85:IAI.00475-16. [PMID: 27795354 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00475-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO), a leukocyte-derived enzyme mainly secreted by activated neutrophils, is known to be involved in the immune response during bacterial and fungal infection and inflammatory diseases. Nevertheless, the role of MPO in a parasitic disease like malaria is unknown. We hypothesized that MPO contributes to parasite clearance. To address this hypothesis, we used Plasmodium yoelii nonlethal infection in wild-type and MPO-deficient mice as a murine malaria model. We detected high MPO plasma levels in wild-type mice with Plasmodium yoelii infection. Unexpectedly, infected MPO-deficient mice did not show increased parasite loads but were able to clear the infection more rapidly than wild-type mice. Additionally, the presence of neutrophils at the onset of infection seemed not to be essential for the control of the parasitemia. The effect of decreased parasite levels in MPO-deficient mice was absent from animals lacking mature T and B cells, indicating that this effect is most likely dependent on adaptive immune response mechanisms. Indeed, we observed increased gamma interferon and tumor necrosis factor alpha production by T cells in infected MPO-deficient mice. Together, these results suggest that MPO modulates the adaptive immune response during malaria infection, leading to an attenuated parasite clearance.
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Yamamoto K, Iwagami M, Seki T, Kano S, Ota N, Ato M. Dual antiplasmodial activity of vitamin D3 and its analog, 22-oxacalcitriol, by direct and indirect mechanisms. Parasitol Int 2016; 66:89-99. [PMID: 27919743 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol, VD3), the active form of vitamin D (VD), can inhibit the proliferation of microorganisms. In the present study, we conducted in vitro experiments and utilized in vivo murine models to investigate the antimalarial activity of VD3 and its analog, 22-oxacalcitriol (22-OCT), which was designed to cause less hypercalcemia than VD3. VD3 and 22-OCT treatments effectively resolved a Plasmodium chabaudi (Pc) infection in wild-type mice. Reduced parasitemia was observed during the acute phase of infection in the presence of VD3 and 22-OCT, followed by a delayed peak during the chronic stage of infection. Some anti-Pc activity was observed in VD receptor knockout (KO) mice. VD3 and 22-OCT also completely inhibited the proliferation of P. falciparum (Pf) in human red blood cells in vitro. Plasma levels of interferon (IFN)-γ in VD3-treated B10 and B6 mice were lower than those in vehicle-treated animals, and VD3 resolved a Pc infection in IFN-γ-KO mice, which greatly improved survival. These data suggest that the protective effects of VD3 are elicited through an IFN-γ-independent mechanism. Effective antiplasmodial doses of VD3 and 22-OCT resulted in a loss of body weight in mice. This loss in body weight occurred concomitantly with the development of hypercalcemia. Zoledronic acid partially attenuated VD3-induced hypercalcemia and abrogated the antiparasitic effects of VD3. This study highlights a potential therapeutic role for VD3 in the treatment of malarial infections and shows that hypercalcemia is excellent indicator of the antiplasmodial activity of VD3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiichi Yamamoto
- Section of Environmental Parasitology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan; Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan.
| | - Moritoshi Iwagami
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Malaria Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Japan
| | - Takenori Seki
- Section of Environmental Parasitology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Kano
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Malaria Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Japan
| | - Nobuo Ota
- Section of Environmental Parasitology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
| | - Manabu Ato
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
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125
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Keswani T, Sarkar S, Sengupta A, Bhattacharyya A. Role of TGF-β and IL-6 in dendritic cells, Treg and Th17 mediated immune response during experimental cerebral malaria. Cytokine 2016; 88:154-166. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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126
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Frequency of TNFA, INFG, and IL10 Gene Polymorphisms and Their Association with Malaria Vivax and Genomic Ancestry. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:5168363. [PMID: 27999453 PMCID: PMC5143728 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5168363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymorphisms in cytokine genes can alter the production of these proteins and consequently affect the immune response. The trihybrid heterogeneity of the Brazilian population is characterized as a condition for the use of ancestry informative markers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the frequency of -1031T>C, -308G>A and -238G>A TNFA, +874 A>T IFNG and -819C>T, and -592C>A IL10 gene polymorphisms and their association with malaria vivax and genomic ancestry. Samples from 90 vivax malaria-infected individuals and 51 noninfected individuals from northern Brazil were evaluated. Genotyping was carried out by using ASO-PCR or PCR/RFLP. The genomic ancestry of the individuals was classified using 48 insertion/deletion polymorphism biallelic markers. There were no differences in the proportions of African, European, and Native American ancestry between men and women. No significant association was observed for the allele and genotype frequencies of the 6 SNPs between malaria-infected and noninfected individuals. However, there was a trend toward decreasing the frequency of individuals carrying the TNF-308A allele with the increasing proportion of European ancestry. No ethnic-specific SNPs were identified, and there was no allelic or genotype association with susceptibility or resistance to vivax malaria. Understanding the genomic mechanisms by which ancestry influences this association is critical and requires further study.
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Alfrd Mavondo GA, Tagumirwa MC. Asiatic acid-pectin hydrogel matrix patch transdermal delivery system influences parasitaemia suppression and inflammation reduction in P. berghei murine malaria infected Sprague-Dawley rats. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2016; 9:1172-1180. [PMID: 27955745 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report the influence of transdermal delivery of asiatic acid (AA) in Plasmodium berghei-infected Sprague Dawley rats on physicochemical changes, %parasitaemia and associated pathophysiology. METHODS A topical once-off AA (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg)- or chloroquine (CHQ)-pectin patch was applied on the shaven dorsal neck region of Plasmodium berghei-infected Sprague Dawley rats (90-120 g) on day 7 after infection. Eating and drinking habits, weight changes, malaria effects and %parasitaemia were compared among animal groups over 21 d. RESULTS AA-pectin patch application preserved food and water intake together with %weight gain. All animals developed stable parasitaemia (15-20%) by day 7. AA doses suppressed parasitaemia significantly. AA 5 mg/kg patch was most effective. AA and CHQ displayed bimodal time-spaced peaks. CHQ patch had a longer time course to clear parasitaemia. CONCLUSIONS AA influences bio-physicochemical changes and parasitaemia suppression in dose dependent manner. In comparison by dose administered, AA has much better efficacy than CHQ. AA may be a useful antimalarial. AA and CHQ displays bimodal peaks suggesting possible synergism if used in combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greanious Alfred Alfrd Mavondo
- Discipline of Human Physiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4000, South Africa; Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Science and Technology, Mpilo Hospital NUST Complex, Vera Road, P.O. AC939, Ascot, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe.
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128
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AlGabbani Q, Mansour L, Elnakady YA, Al-Quraishy S, Alomar S, Al-Shaebi EM, Abdel-Baki AAS. In vivo assessment of the antimalarial and spleen-protective activities of the Saudi propolis methanolic extract. Parasitol Res 2016; 116:539-547. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5318-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Abstract
Parasites of the genus Plasmodium have a complex life cycle. They alternate between their final mosquito host and their intermediate hosts. The parasite can be either extra- or intracellular, depending on the stage of development. By modifying their shape, motility, and metabolic requirements, the parasite adapts to the different environments in their different hosts. The parasite has evolved to escape the multiple immune mechanisms in the host that try to block parasite development at the different stages of their development. In this article, we describe the mechanisms reported thus far that allow the Plasmodium parasite to evade innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Rénia
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Yun Shan Goh
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
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130
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Yu X, Cai B, Wang M, Tan P, Ding X, Wu J, Li J, Li Q, Liu P, Xing C, Wang HY, Su XZ, Wang RF. Cross-Regulation of Two Type I Interferon Signaling Pathways in Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Controls Anti-malaria Immunity and Host Mortality. Immunity 2016; 45:1093-1107. [PMID: 27793594 PMCID: PMC7128466 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN) is critical for controlling pathogen infection; however, its regulatory mechanisms in plasmacytoid cells (pDCs) still remain unclear. Here, we have shown that nucleic acid sensors cGAS-, STING-, MDA5-, MAVS-, or transcription factor IRF3-deficient mice produced high amounts of type I IFN-α and IFN-β (IFN-α/β) in the serum and were resistant to lethal plasmodium yoelii YM infection. Robust IFN-α/β production was abolished when gene encoding nucleic acid sensor TLR7, signaling adaptor MyD88, or transcription factor IRF7 was ablated or pDCs were depleted. Further, we identified SOCS1 as a key negative regulator to inhibit MyD88-dependent type I IFN signaling in pDCs. Finally, we have demonstrated that pDCs, cDCs, and macrophages were required for generating IFN-α/β-induced subsequent protective immunity. Thus, our findings have identified a critical regulatory mechanism of type I IFN signaling in pDCs and stage-specific function of immune cells in generating potent immunity against lethal YM infection. cGAS functions as a DNA sensor in vivo for detecting malaria genomic DNA STING- and MAVS-mediated signaling induces a negative regulator SOCS1 expression SOCS1 inhibits MyD88-mediated type I IFN signaling in pDCs Type I IFN produced by pDCs activates cDCs and macrophages for adaptive immunity
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, P.R. China; Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Baowei Cai
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Mingjun Wang
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, P.R. China; Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Peng Tan
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Institute of Biosciences and Technology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xilai Ding
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jian Wu
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Qingtian Li
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Pinghua Liu
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Changsheng Xing
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Helen Y Wang
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xin-Zhuan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 Fujian, P.R. China; Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Rong-Fu Wang
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Institute of Biosciences and Technology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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131
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Adukpo S, Gyan BA, Ofori MF, Dodoo D, Velavan TP, Meyer CG. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM-1) and cytokine gene variants in complicated and uncomplicated malaria. Trop Med Int Health 2016; 21:1592-1601. [PMID: 27671831 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria elicits inflammatory responses, which, if not well regulated, may exert detrimental effects. When activated, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM-1) enhances inflammatory responses by increasing secretion of IL-8 and other Th1 cytokines. In contrast, TREM-like transcript 1 (TREML-1) promotes anti-inflammatory responses by binding to TREM-1 ligands and competing with TREM-1, thus antagonizing TREM-1 activation to reduce inflammation. Endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) also mediates anti-inflammatory responses by activating endothelial protein C (PC). Upon microbial stimulation, soluble forms of TREM-1 (sTREM-1) and soluble EPCR (sEPCR) are released. Their plasma levels reflect the degree of inflammation and the severity of infection. METHODS In a cross-sectional study comparing patients with severe with uncomplicated malaria, sTREM-1, soluble TREML-1 (sTREML-1) and sEPCR plasma levels as well as plasma levels of sEPCR derived from convalescent patients were quantified. Samples were collected on admittance of paediatric patients infected with Plasmodium falciparum to hospitals in Accra, Ghana. Distinct genetic regions of the genes encoding TREM-1, EPCR, interleukin (IL)-8 and IL-18 encompassing known genetic polymorphisms that influence plasma levels underwent DNA sequencing. RESULTS Higher sTREM-1 levels were observed among children suffering from severe malaria compared to those with uncomplicated malaria (P = 0.049). Low TREM-1 to TREML-1 ratios were associated with uncomplicated malaria (P = 0.033). The TREM1 rs2234237T variant causing the amino acid exchange Thr25Ser, which has been associated with higher TREM-1 plasma levels, was significantly more frequent among patients with severe malaria than in those with uncomplicated malaria (P = 0.036). Low levels of sEPCR were observed in severe and uncomplicated malaria, while variant genotypes of IL8, IL18 and EPCR did not show any association. CONCLUSION Higher plasma levels of sTREM-1 alone or relative to sTREML-1 during malaria predispose to the phenotype of severe malaria. Carriage of the TREM1 rs2234237T allele appears to be a risk factor for the development of severe malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selorme Adukpo
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Immunology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Ben A Gyan
- Immunology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Michael F Ofori
- Immunology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Daniel Dodoo
- Immunology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Thirumalaisamy P Velavan
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo.,Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
| | - Christian G Meyer
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
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Increased CD40 Expression Enhances Early STING-Mediated Type I Interferon Response and Host Survival in a Rodent Malaria Model. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005930. [PMID: 27716849 PMCID: PMC5055354 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Both type I interferon (IFN-I) and CD40 play a significant role in various infectious diseases, including malaria and autoimmune disorders. CD40 is mostly known to function in adaptive immunity, but previous observations of elevated CD40 levels early after malaria infection of mice led us to investigate its roles in innate IFN-I responses and disease control. Using a Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis N67 and C57BL/6 mouse model, we showed that infected CD40-/- mice had reduced STING and serum IFN-β levels day-2 post infection, higher day-4 parasitemia, and earlier deaths. CD40 could greatly enhance STING-stimulated luciferase signals driven by the IFN-β promoter in vitro, which was mediated by increased STING protein levels. The ability of CD40 to influence STING expression was confirmed in CD40-/- mice after malaria infection. Substitutions at CD40 TRAF binding domains significantly decreased the IFN-β signals and STING protein level, which was likely mediated by changes in STING ubiquitination and degradation. Increased levels of CD40, STING, and ISRE driven luciferase signal in RAW Lucia were observed after phagocytosis of N67-infected red blood cells (iRBCs), stimulation with parasite DNA/RNA, or with selected TLR ligands [LPS, poly(I:C), and Pam3CSK4]. The results suggest stimulation of CD40 expression by parasite materials through TLR signaling pathways, which was further confirmed in bone marrow derived dendritic cells/macrophages (BMDCs/BMDMs) and splenic DCs from CD40-/-, TLR3-/- TLR4-/-, TRIF-/-, and MyD88-/- mice after iRBC stimulation or parasite infection. Our data connect several signaling pathways consisting of phagocytosis of iRBCs, recognition of parasite DNA/RNA (possibly GPI) by TLRs, elevated levels of CD40 and STING proteins, increased IFN-I production, and longer host survival time. This study reveals previously unrecognized CD40 function in innate IFN-I responses and protective pathways in infections with malaria strains that induce a strong IFN-I response, which may provide important information for better understanding and management of malaria.
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133
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Burel JG, Apte SH, Groves PL, Klein K, McCarthy JS, Doolan DL. Reduced Plasmodium Parasite Burden Associates with CD38+ CD4+ T Cells Displaying Cytolytic Potential and Impaired IFN-γ Production. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005839. [PMID: 27662621 PMCID: PMC5035011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a unique resource of samples from a controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) study, we identified a novel population of CD4+ T cells whose frequency in the peripheral blood was inversely correlated with parasite burden following P. falciparum infection. These CD4+ T cells expressed the multifunctional ectoenzyme CD38 and had unique features that distinguished them from other CD4+ T cells. Specifically, their phenotype was associated with proliferation, activation and cytotoxic potential as well as significantly impaired production of IFN-γ and other cytokines and reduced basal levels of activated STAT1. A CD38+ CD4+ T cell population with similar features was identified in healthy uninfected individuals, at lower frequency. CD38+ CD4+ T cells could be generated in vitro from CD38- CD4+ T cells after antigenic or mitogenic stimulation. This is the first report of a population of CD38+ CD4+ T cells with a cytotoxic phenotype and markedly impaired IFN-γ capacity in humans. The expansion of this CD38+ CD4+ T population following infection and its significant association with reduced blood-stage parasite burden is consistent with an important functional role for these cells in protective immunity to malaria in humans. Their ubiquitous presence in humans suggests that they may have a broad role in host-pathogen defense. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov clinical trial numbers ACTRN12612000814875, ACTRN12613000565741 and ACTRN12613001040752.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie G. Burel
- Molecular Vaccinology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- The University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Simon H. Apte
- Molecular Vaccinology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Penny L. Groves
- Molecular Vaccinology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kerenaftali Klein
- Statistics Unit, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - James S. McCarthy
- Clinical Tropical Medicine Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Denise L. Doolan
- Molecular Vaccinology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- The University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Brisbane, Australia
- Centre for Biosecurity and Tropical Infectious Diseases, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Hou N, Zou Y, Piao X, Liu S, Wang L, Li S, Chen Q. T-Cell Immunoglobulin- and Mucin-Domain-Containing Molecule 3 Signaling Blockade Improves Cell-Mediated Immunity Against Malaria. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:1547-1556. [PMID: 27638944 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-mediated immune responses play important roles in immune protection against Plasmodium infection. However, impaired immunity, such as lymphocyte exhaustion, is a common phenomenon in malaria. T-cell immunoglobulin- and mucin-domain-containing molecule 3 (Tim-3) is an important regulatory molecule in cell-mediated immunity and has been implicated in malaria. In this study, it was found that Tim-3 expression on key populations of lymphocytes was significantly increased in both Plasmodium falciparum-infected patients and Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbANKA)-infected C57BL/6 mice. Upregulation of Tim-3 led to lymphocyte exhaustion, while blocking Tim-3 signaling with an anti-Tim-3 antibody restored lymphocyte activity in Plasmodium infections. Further, anti-Tim-3 treatment accelerated the parasite clearance and relieved the symptoms of cerebral malaria in PbANKA-infected mice. In conclusion, Tim-3 on immune cells negatively regulates cell-mediated immunity against Plasmodium infection, and blocking Tim-3 signaling enhances sterile immunity and may play a protective role during malarial parasite infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Hou
- Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College
| | - Yang Zou
- Beijing Tropical Medicine Research Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory for Research on Prevention and Treatment of Tropical Diseases, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing
| | - Xianyu Piao
- Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College
| | - Shuai Liu
- Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College
| | - Lei Wang
- Beijing Tropical Medicine Research Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory for Research on Prevention and Treatment of Tropical Diseases, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing
| | - Shanshan Li
- Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College
| | - Qijun Chen
- Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Shenyang Agriculture University, Shenyang City, People's Republic of China
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135
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Rosenke K, Adjemian J, Munster VJ, Marzi A, Falzarano D, Onyango CO, Ochieng M, Juma B, Fischer RJ, Prescott JB, Safronetz D, Omballa V, Owuor C, Hoenen T, Groseth A, Martellaro C, van Doremalen N, Zemtsova G, Self J, Bushmaker T, McNally K, Rowe T, Emery SL, Feldmann F, Williamson BN, Best SM, Nyenswah TG, Grolla A, Strong JE, Kobinger G, Bolay FK, Zoon KC, Stassijns J, Giuliani R, de Smet M, Nichol ST, Fields B, Sprecher A, Massaquoi M, Feldmann H, de Wit E. Plasmodium Parasitemia Associated With Increased Survival in Ebola Virus-Infected Patients. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 63:1026-33. [PMID: 27531847 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciw452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ongoing Ebola outbreak in West Africa has resulted in 28 646 suspected, probable, and confirmed Ebola virus infections. Nevertheless, malaria remains a large public health burden in the region affected by the outbreak. A joint Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/National Institutes of Health diagnostic laboratory was established in Monrovia, Liberia, in August 2014, to provide laboratory diagnostics for Ebola virus. METHODS All blood samples from suspected Ebola virus-infected patients admitted to the Médecins Sans Frontières ELWA3 Ebola treatment unit in Monrovia were tested by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction for the presence of Ebola virus and Plasmodium species RNA. Clinical outcome in laboratory-confirmed Ebola virus-infected patients was analyzed as a function of age, sex, Ebola viremia, and Plasmodium species parasitemia. RESULTS The case fatality rate of 1182 patients with laboratory-confirmed Ebola virus infections was 52%. The probability of surviving decreased with increasing age and decreased with increasing Ebola viral load. Ebola virus-infected patients were 20% more likely to survive when Plasmodium species parasitemia was detected, even after controlling for Ebola viral load and age; those with the highest levels of parasitemia had a survival rate of 83%. This effect was independent of treatment with antimalarials, as this was provided to all patients. Moreover, treatment with antimalarials did not affect survival in the Ebola virus mouse model. CONCLUSIONS Plasmodium species parasitemia is associated with an increase in the probability of surviving Ebola virus infection. More research is needed to understand the molecular mechanism underlying this remarkable phenomenon and translate it into treatment options for Ebola virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Rosenke
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Jennifer Adjemian
- Epidemiology Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda Commissioned Corps, US Public Health Service, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Vincent J Munster
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Andrea Marzi
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Darryl Falzarano
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Clayton O Onyango
- Center for Global Health, Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Melvin Ochieng
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Global Health Research, Nairobi
| | - Bonventure Juma
- Center for Global Health, Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Robert J Fischer
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Joseph B Prescott
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - David Safronetz
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Victor Omballa
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Global Health Research, Nairobi
| | - Collins Owuor
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Global Health Research, Nairobi
| | - Thomas Hoenen
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Allison Groseth
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Cynthia Martellaro
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Neeltje van Doremalen
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Galina Zemtsova
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Joshua Self
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Trenton Bushmaker
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Kristin McNally
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Thomas Rowe
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Shannon L Emery
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Friederike Feldmann
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Brandi N Williamson
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Sonja M Best
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Tolbert G Nyenswah
- Ministry of Health and Social Welfare/Incident Management System, Monrovia, Liberia
| | - Allen Grolla
- Special Pathogens Program, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba
| | - James E Strong
- Special Pathogens Program, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba
| | - Gary Kobinger
- Special Pathogens Program, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba
| | | | - Kathryn C Zoon
- Cytokine Biology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | - Martin de Smet
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Operational Center, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stuart T Nichol
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Barry Fields
- Center for Global Health, Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Armand Sprecher
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Operational Center, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Moses Massaquoi
- Ministry of Health and Social Welfare/Incident Management System, Monrovia, Liberia
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Emmie de Wit
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
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de Azevedo-Quintanilha IG, Vieira-de-Abreu A, Ferreira AC, Nascimento DO, Siqueira AM, Campbell RA, Teixeira Ferreira TP, Gutierrez TM, Ribeiro GM, E Silva PMR, Carvalho AR, Bozza PT, Zimmerman GA, Castro-Faria-Neto HC. Integrin αDβ2 (CD11d/CD18) mediates experimental malaria-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (MA-ARDS). Malar J 2016; 15:393. [PMID: 27473068 PMCID: PMC4967320 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1447-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (MA-ARDS) is a potentially lethal complication of clinical malaria. Acute lung injury in MA-ARDS shares features with ARDS triggered by other causes, including alveolar inflammation and increased alveolar-capillary permeability, leading to leak of protein-rich pulmonary oedema fluid. Mechanisms and physiologic alterations in MA-ARDS can be examined in murine models of this syndrome. Integrin αDβ2 is a member of the leukocyte, or β2 (CD18), sub-family of integrins, and emerging observations indicate that it has important activities in leukocyte adhesion, accumulation and signalling. The goal was to perform analysis of the lungs of mice wild type C57Bl/6 (a D (+/+) ) and Knockout C57Bl/6 (a D (-/-) ) with malaria-associated acute lung injury to better determine the relevancy of the murine models and investigate the mechanism of disease. METHODS C57BL/6 wild type (a D (+/+) ) and deficient for CD11d sub-unit (a D (-/-) ) mice were monitored after infection with 10(5) Plasmodium berghei ANKA. CD11d subunit expression RNA was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction, vascular barrier integrity by Evans blue dye (EBD) exclusion and cytokines by ELISA. Protein and leukocytes were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples. Tissue cellularity was measured by the point-counting technique, F4/80 and VCAM-1 expression by immunohistochemistry. Respiratory function was analysed by non-invasive BUXCO and mechanical ventilation. RESULTS Alveolar inflammation, vascular and interstitial accumulation of monocytes and macrophages, and disrupted alveolar-capillary barrier function with exudation of protein-rich pulmonary oedema fluid were present in P. berghei-infected wild type mice and were improved in αDβ2-deficient animals. Key pro-inflammatory cytokines were also decreased in lung tissue from α D (-/-) mice, providing a mechanistic explanation for reduced alveolar-capillary inflammation and leak. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that αDβ2 is an important inflammatory effector molecule in P. berghei-induced MA-ARDS, and that leukocyte integrins regulate critical inflammatory and pathophysiologic events in this model of complicated malaria. Genetic deletion of integrin subunit αD in mice, leading to deficiency of integrin αDβ2, alters lung inflammation and acute lung injury in a mouse model of MA-ARDS caused by P. berghei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaclaudia G de Azevedo-Quintanilha
- Laboratório de Immunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Pavilhão Ozório de Almeida, Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 21045-900, Brazil.
| | - Adriana Vieira-de-Abreu
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - André Costa Ferreira
- Laboratório de Immunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Pavilhão Ozório de Almeida, Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Daniele O Nascimento
- Laboratório de Immunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Pavilhão Ozório de Almeida, Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Alessandra M Siqueira
- Laboratório de Immunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Pavilhão Ozório de Almeida, Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Robert A Campbell
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Tatiana P Teixeira Ferreira
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Pavilhão Ozório de Almeida, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tatiana M Gutierrez
- Laboratório de Immunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Pavilhão Ozório de Almeida, Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Gabriel M Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Engenharia Pulmonar no Programa de Engenharia Biomédica, Instituto Alberto Luiz Coimbra de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa de Engenharia-COPPE/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia M R E Silva
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Pavilhão Ozório de Almeida, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alysson R Carvalho
- Laboratório de Fisiologia da Respiração, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia T Bozza
- Laboratório de Immunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Pavilhão Ozório de Almeida, Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Guy A Zimmerman
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Hugo C Castro-Faria-Neto
- Laboratório de Immunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Pavilhão Ozório de Almeida, Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 21045-900, Brazil.,Programa de Produtividade Científica, Universidade Estácio de Sá, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Pinna RA, Silva-Dos-Santos D, Perce-da-Silva DS, Oliveira-Ferreira J, Villa-Verde DMS, De Luca PM, Banic DM. Malaria-Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Co-infection: Influence on Disease Outcomes and Immune Response. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:982. [PMID: 27446022 PMCID: PMC4921482 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria and Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) are co-endemic throughout large regions in tropical countries and co-infection may impact the evolution of host-parasite interactions. In the present study, we evaluate Malaria/Leishmaniasis disease outcome, Th1/Th2 cytokine levels and the CD4 and CD8 T-cell profiles in a co-infection murine model (BALB/c) of Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL (Py) and Leishmania amazonensis (La) or L. braziliensis (Lb). Malaria parasitaemia was assessed through blood strains stained with Giemsa. Leishmania lesions were monitored with a digital caliper and parasite loads determined by limiting-dilution assay. Serum levels of IFN-γ, TNF, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-17 were determined using multiplexed bead assay and expression of CD3, CD4, and CD8 T-cells markers were determined by Flow Cytometry in the thymus, spleens and lymph nodes. Parasitaemia in Lb+Py co-infected group was lower than in Py single-infected group, suggesting a protective effect of Lb co-infection in Malaria progression. In contrast, La+Py co-infection increased parasitaemia, patent infection and induced mortality in non-lethal Malaria infection. Regarding Leishmaniasis, Lb+Py co-infected group presented smaller lesions and less ulceration than Lb single-infected animals. In contrast, La+Py co-infected group presented only a transitory delay on the development of lesions when compared to La single-infected mice. Decreased levels of IFN-γ, TNF, IL-6, and IL-10 were observed in the serum of co-infected groups, demonstrating a modulation of Malaria immune response by Leishmania co-infections. We observed an intense thymic atrophy in Py single-infected and co-infected groups, which recovered earlier in co-infected animals. The CD4 and CD8 T cell profiles in thymus, spleens and lymph nodes did not differ between Py single and co-infected groups, except for a decrease in CD4+CD8+ T cells which also increased faster in co-infected mice. Our results suggest that Py and Leishmania co-infection may change disease outcome. Interestingly Malaria outcome can be altered according to the Leishmania specie involved. Alternatively Malaria infection reduced the severity or delayed the onset of leishmanial lesions. These alterations in Malaria and CL development seem to be closely related with changes in the immune response as demonstrated by alteration in serum cytokine levels and thymus/spleens T cell phenotypes dynamics during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel A Pinna
- Laboratory of Simulids, Onchocerciasis and Sympatric Diseases: Mansonelliasis and Malaria, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Danielle Silva-Dos-Santos
- Laboratory of Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daiana S Perce-da-Silva
- Laboratory of Simulids, Onchocerciasis and Sympatric Diseases: Mansonelliasis and Malaria, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Joseli Oliveira-Ferreira
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Dea M S Villa-Verde
- Laboratory of Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paula M De Luca
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Dalma M Banic
- Laboratory of Simulids, Onchocerciasis and Sympatric Diseases: Mansonelliasis and Malaria, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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CD47-SIRPα Interactions Regulate Macrophage Uptake of Plasmodium falciparum-Infected Erythrocytes and Clearance of Malaria In Vivo. Infect Immun 2016; 84:2002-2011. [PMID: 27091932 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01426-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
CD47 engagement by the macrophage signal regulatory protein alpha (SIRPα) inhibits phagocytic activity and protects red blood cells (RBCs) from erythrophagocytosis. The role of CD47-SIRPα in the innate immune response to Plasmodium falciparum infection is unknown. We hypothesized that disruption of SIRPα signaling may enhance macrophage uptake of malaria parasite-infected RBCs. To test this hypothesis, we examined in vivo clearance in CD47-deficient mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA and in vitro phagocytosis of P. falciparum-infected RBCs by macrophages from SHP-1-deficient (Shp-1(-/-)) mice and NOD.NOR-Idd13.Prkdc(scid) (NS-Idd13) mice, as well as human macrophages, following disruption of CD47-SIRPα interactions with anti-SIRPα antibodies or recombinant SIRPα-Fc fusion protein. Compared to their wild-type counterparts, Cd47(-/-) mice displayed significantly lower parasitemia, decreased endothelial activation, and enhanced survival. Using macrophages from SHP-1-deficient mice or from NS-Idd13 mice, which express a SIRPα variant that does not bind human CD47, we showed that altered SIRPα signaling resulted in enhanced phagocytosis of P. falciparum-infected RBCs. Moreover, disrupting CD47-SIRPα engagement using anti-SIRPα antibodies or SIRPα-Fc fusion protein also increased phagocytosis of P. falciparum-infected RBCs. These results indicate an important role for CD47-SIRPα interactions in innate control of malaria and suggest novel targets for intervention.
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139
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Chang Z, Jiang N, Zhang Y, Lu H, Yin J, Wahlgren M, Cheng X, Cao Y, Chen Q. The TatD-like DNase of Plasmodium is a virulence factor and a potential malaria vaccine candidate. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11537. [PMID: 27151551 PMCID: PMC4859065 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), composed primarily of DNA and proteases, are released from activated neutrophils and contribute to the innate immune response by capturing pathogens. Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent of severe malaria, thrives in its host by counteracting immune elimination. Here, we report the discovery of a novel virulence factor of P. falciparum, a TatD-like DNase (PfTatD) that is expressed primarily in the asexual blood stage and is likely utilized by the parasite to counteract NETs. PfTatD exhibits typical deoxyribonuclease activity, and its expression is higher in virulent parasites than in avirulent parasites. A P. berghei TatD-knockout parasite displays reduced pathogenicity in mice. Mice immunized with recombinant TatD exhibit increased immunity against lethal challenge. Our results suggest that the TatD-like DNase is an essential factor for the survival of malarial parasites in the host and is a potential malaria vaccine candidate. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), composed of DNA and proteases, contribute to the innate immune response by capturing pathogens. Here, Chang et al. identify a NET-degrading DNase in Plasmodium parasites and show that immunization with this protein provides protective immunity in a malaria mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguang Chang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Xi An Da Lu 5333, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Ning Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Xi An Da Lu 5333, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Xi An Da Lu 5333, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Huijun Lu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Xi An Da Lu 5333, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Jigang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Xi An Da Lu 5333, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Mats Wahlgren
- Institute of Microbiology, Tumour and Cellular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 16, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xunjia Cheng
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Fudan University, Handan Road 220, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yaming Cao
- Department of Immunology, China Medical University, Puhe Road 77, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Qijun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Xi An Da Lu 5333, Changchun 130062, China.,Institute of Microbiology, Tumour and Cellular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 16, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Shenyang Agricultural University, Dongling Road 120, Shenyang 10866, China
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Cao DH, Wang JC, Liu J, Du YT, Cui LW, Cao YM. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin-inoculation at different time points influences the outcome of C57BL/6 mice infected with Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2016; 63. [PMID: 27188912 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2016.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is an attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis vaccine. We performed a series of co-infection experiments with BCG-Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi Landau, 1965 AS using C57BL/6 mice to analyse whether BCG can affect the development of protective immunity to infection with Plasmodium spp. and the mechanism of this protection. We divided mice into four groups: BCG-inoculation 4 weeks prior to P. c. chabaudi AS infection (B-4w-Pc); simultaneous BCG-inoculation and P. c. chabaudi AS infection (Pc+B); BCG-inoculation 3 days post P. c. chabaudi AS (Pc-3-B) infection; and mono-P. c. chabaudi AS infection as control (Pc). The parasitemia level in the B-4w-Pc group was noticeably higher than control group at 6-19 days post infection (dpi). Compared with the control group, the proportion of CD4(+)CD69(+) T cells was significantly reduced 5, 8 and 12 dpi, but the proportion of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) Tregs was significantly increased in the B-4w-Pc group on 5 and 8 dpi. The B-4w-Pc group also demonstrated reduced levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α on 5 and 8 dpi and significantly elevated level of IL-10 on 12 dpi. There were significantly fewer mDCs (CD11c(+)CD11b(+)) and pDCs (CD11c(+)B220(+)) in the B-4w-Pc group than the control group at all the time points post infection and the expression of MHC II was noticeably reduced on day 8 pi. Our findings confirmed that BCG inoculation prior to Plasmodium infection resulted in excessive activation and proliferation of Tregs and upregulation of anti-inflammatory mediators, which inhibited establishment of a Th1-dominant immune response during the early stages of Plasmodium infection by inhibiting dendritive cells response. BCG inoculation prior to P. c. chabaudi AS infection may contribute to overgrowth of parasites as well as mortality in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hua Cao
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Aristogenesis Center, Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Shenyang, China
| | - Ji-Chun Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yun-Ting Du
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Li-Wang Cui
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ya-Ming Cao
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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141
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Dendritic Cells and Their Multiple Roles during Malaria Infection. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:2926436. [PMID: 27110574 PMCID: PMC4823477 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2926436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a central role in the initiation of adaptive immune responses, efficiently presenting antigens to T cells. This ability relies on the presence of numerous surface and intracellular receptors capable of sensing microbial components as well as inflammation and on a very efficient machinery for antigen presentation. In this way, DCs sense the presence of a myriad of pathogens, including Plasmodium spp., the causative agent of malaria. Despite many efforts to control this infection, malaria is still responsible for high rates of morbidity and mortality. Different groups have shown that DCs act during Plasmodium infection, and data suggest that the phenotypically distinct DCs subsets are key factors in the regulation of immunity during infection. In this review, we will discuss the importance of DCs for the induction of immunity against the different stages of Plasmodium, the outcomes of DCs activation, and also what is currently known about Plasmodium components that trigger such activation.
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Saxena A, Yadav D, Mohanty S, Cheema HS, Gupta MM, Darokar MP, Bawankule DU. Diarylheptanoids Rich Fraction of Alnus nepalensis Attenuates Malaria Pathogenesis: In-vitro and In-vivo Study. Phytother Res 2016; 30:940-8. [PMID: 26969854 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Diarylheptanoids from Alnus nepalensis leaves have been reported for promising activity against filariasis, a mosquito-borne disease, and this has prompted us to investigate its anti-malarial and safety profile using in-vitro and in-vivo bioassays. A. nepalensis leaf extracts were tested in-vitro against chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum NF54 by measuring the parasite specific lactate dehydrogenase activity. Among all, the chloroform extract (ANC) has shown promising anti-plasmodial activity (IC50 8.06 ± 0.26 µg/mL). HPLC analysis of ANC showed the presence of diarylheptanoids. Efficacy and safety of ANC were further validated in in-vivo system using Plasmodium berghei-induced malaria model and acute oral toxicity in mice. Malaria was induced by intra-peritoneal injection of P. berghei infected red blood cells to the female Balb/c mice. ANC was administered orally at doses of 100 and 300 mg/kg/day following Peter's 4 day suppression test. Oral administration of ANC showed significant reduction of parasitaemia and increase in mean survival time. It also attributed to inhibition of the parasite induced pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as afford to significant increase in the blood glucose and haemoglobin level when compared with vehicle-treated infected mice. In-vivo safety evaluation study revealed that ANC is non-toxic at higher concentration. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Saxena
- Molecular Bioprospection Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Deepti Yadav
- Analytical Chemistry Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Shilpa Mohanty
- Molecular Bioprospection Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Harveer Singh Cheema
- Molecular Bioprospection Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Madan M Gupta
- Analytical Chemistry Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Mahendra P Darokar
- Molecular Bioprospection Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Dnyaneshwar U Bawankule
- Molecular Bioprospection Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, India
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Abstract
Naturally acquired immunity to the blood-stage of the malaria parasite develops slowly in areas of high endemicity, but is not sterilizing. It manifests as a reduction in parasite density and clinical symptoms. Immunity as a result of blood-stage vaccination has not yet been achieved in humans, although there are many animal models where vaccination has been successful. The development of a blood-stage vaccine has been complicated by a number of factors including limited knowledge of human-parasite interactions and which antigens and immune responses are critical for protection. Opinion is divided as to whether this vaccine should aim to accelerate the acquisition of responses acquired following natural exposure, or whether it should induce a different response. Animal and experimental human models suggest that cell-mediated immune responses can control parasite growth, but these responses can also contribute to significant immunopathology if unregulated. They are largely ignored in most blood-stage malaria vaccine development strategies. Here, we discuss key observations relating to cell-mediated immune responses in the context of experimental human systems and field studies involving naturally exposed individuals and how this may inform the development of a blood-stage malaria vaccine.
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144
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Galatas B, Bassat Q, Mayor A. Malaria Parasites in the Asymptomatic: Looking for the Hay in the Haystack. Trends Parasitol 2015; 32:296-308. [PMID: 26708404 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2015.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
With malaria elimination back on the international agenda, programs face the challenge of targeting all Plasmodium infections, not only symptomatic cases. As asymptomatic individuals are unlikely to seek treatment, they are missed by passive surveillance while remaining infectious to mosquitoes, thus acting as silent reservoirs of transmission. To estimate the risk of asymptomatic infections in various phases of malaria elimination, we need a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms favoring carriage over disease, which may involve both pathogen and host factors. Here we review our current knowledge on the determinants leading to Plasmodium falciparum symptomless infections. Understanding the host-pathogen interactions that are most likely to affect transitions between malaria disease states could guide the development of tools to tackle asymptomatic carriers in elimination settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Galatas
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Quique Bassat
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Alfredo Mayor
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique.
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145
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Melero-Jerez C, Ortega MC, Moliné-Velázquez V, Clemente D. Myeloid derived suppressor cells in inflammatory conditions of the central nervous system. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1862:368-80. [PMID: 26527182 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The knowledge of the immune system elements and their relationship with other tissues, organs and systems are key approximations for the resolution of many immune-related disorders. The control of the immune response and/or its modulation from the pro-inflammatory to the anti-inflammatory response is being deeply studied in the field. In the last years, the study of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), a group of immature myeloid cells with a high suppressive activity on T cells has been extensively addressed in cancer. In contrast, their role in neuroimmune diseases is far from being totally understood. In this review, we will summarize data about MDSCs coming from the study of neuroinflammatory diseases in general and their potential role in multiple sclerosis, in order to introduce the putative use of this extraordinary promising cell type for future cell-based therapies. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Neuro Inflammation edited by Helga E. de Vries and Markus Schwaninger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Melero-Jerez
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Finca "La Peraleda" s/n, E-45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - María Cristina Ortega
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Finca "La Peraleda" s/n, E-45071 Toledo, Spain; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Verónica Moliné-Velázquez
- Animal Experimental Unit, Scientific Instrumentation Center (CIC), Campus de la Cartuja, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Diego Clemente
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Finca "La Peraleda" s/n, E-45071 Toledo, Spain.
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146
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Stegmann KA, De Souza JB, Riley EM. IL-18-induced expression of high-affinity IL-2R on murine NK cells is essential for NK-cell IFN-γ production during murine Plasmodium yoelii infection. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:3431-40. [PMID: 26420375 PMCID: PMC4982096 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201546018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Early production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines, including IFN‐γ, is essential for control of blood‐stage malaria infections. We have shown that IFN‐γ production can be induced among human natural killer (NK) cells by coculture with Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes, but the importance of this response is unclear. To further explore the role of NK cells during malaria infection, we have characterized the NK‐cell response of C57BL/6 mice during lethal (PyYM) or nonlethal (Py17XNL) P. yoelii infection. Ex vivo flow cytometry revealed that NK cells are activated within 24 h of Py17XNL blood‐stage infection, expressing CD25 and producing IFN‐γ; this response was blunted and delayed during PyYM infection. CD25 expression and IFN‐γ production were highly correlated, suggesting a causal relationship between the two responses. Subsequent in vitro experiments revealed that IL‐18 signaling is essential for induction of CD25 and synergizes with IL‐12 to enhance CD25 expression on splenic NK cells. In accordance with this, Py17XNL‐infected erythrocytes induced NK‐cell CD25 expression and IFN‐γ production in a manner that is completely IL‐18‐ and partially IL‐12‐dependent, and IFN‐γ production is enhanced by IL‐2. These data suggest that IL‐2 signaling via CD25 amplifies IL‐18‐ and IL‐12‐mediated NK‐cell activation during malaria infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin A Stegmann
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - J Brian De Souza
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Eleanor M Riley
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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147
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do Sambo MR, Penha-Gonçalves C, Trovoada MJ, Costa J, Lardoeyt R, Coutinho A. Quantitative trait locus analysis of parasite density reveals that HbS gene carriage protects severe malaria patients against Plasmodium falciparum hyperparasitaemia. Malar J 2015; 14:393. [PMID: 26445879 PMCID: PMC4596417 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0920-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Haemoglobin S (HbS) is the gene known to confer the strongest advantage against malaria morbidity and mortality. Multiple HbS effects have been described resulting in protection against parasitaemia and reduction of severe malaria risk. This study aimed to explore HbS protection against severe malaria and Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia in Angolan children exhibiting different severe malaria syndromes. METHODS A case-control study was designed with 430 malaria cases (n = 288 severe malaria and n = 142 uncomplicated malaria) and 319 uninfected controls, attending a central paediatric hospital in Luanda. Severe malaria syndromes were cerebral malaria (n = 130), severe malaria anaemia (n = 30) and hyperparasitaemia (n = 128). Quantitative trait locus analysis was carried out to study HbS association to parasite densities. RESULTS Previously reported HbS protection against severe malaria was confirmed in case-control analysis (P = 2 × 10(-13)) and corroborated by transmission disequilibrium test (P = 4 × 10(-3)). High parasite density protection conferred by HbS was detectable within severe malaria patients (P = 0.04). Stratifying severe malaria patients according parasite densities, it was found that HbS was highly associated to hyperparasitaemia protection (P = 1.9 × 10(-9)) but did not protect non-hyperparasitaemic children against severe malaria complications, namely cerebral malaria and severe malaria anaemia. Many studies have shown that HbS protects from severe malaria and controls parasite densities but the analysis further suggests that HbS protection against severe malaria syndromes was at a large extent correlated with control of parasitaemia levels. CONCLUSIONS This study supports the hypothesis that HbS confers resistance to hyperparasitaemia in patients exhibiting severe malaria syndromes and highlights that parasitaemia should be taken into account when evaluating HbS protection in severe malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosário do Sambo
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal. .,Hospital Pediátrico David Bernardino, Luanda, Angola. .,Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Agostinho Neto, Luanda, Angola.
| | | | - Maria Jesus Trovoada
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal. .,Centro Nacional de Endemias, São Tomé, São Tomé and Príncipe.
| | - João Costa
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Roberto Lardoeyt
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Katyavala Bwila, Benguela, Angola.
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148
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Aubouy A, Olagnier D, Bertin G, Ezinmegnon S, Majorel C, Mimar S, Massougbodji A, Deloron P, Pipy B, Coste A. Nrf2-driven CD36 and HO-1 gene expression in circulating monocytes correlates with favourable clinical outcome in pregnancy-associated malaria. Malar J 2015; 14:358. [PMID: 26385579 PMCID: PMC4575452 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0888-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pregnancy-associated malaria (PAM) constitutes one of the most severe forms of malaria infection leading to fetal growth restriction and high risk of infant death. The severity of the pathology is largely attributed to the recruitment of monocytes and macrophages in the placenta which is evidenced by dysregulated inflammation found in placental blood. Importantly, CD36+ monocytes/macrophages are also thought to participate in the tight control of the pro- and anti-inflammatory responses following Plasmodium detection through elimination of apoptotic cells and malaria-infected erythrocytes, internalization and recycling of oxidized forms of low-density lipoprotein and collaboration with TLR2 in pro-inflammatory response. Interestingly, previous work demonstrated that CD36 expression was upregulated on inflammatory macrophages following stimulation of the Nrf2 transcription factor, whilst the PPARγ pathway was inhibited and non-functional in the same inflammatory conditions. This current study examined the possible role of Nrf2-driven gene expression, CD36 and Haem-Oxygenase-1 (HO-1), in PAM clinical outcomes. Methods Clinical data and biological samples including peripheral blood mononuclear cells were collected from 27 women presenting PAM. Polychromatic flow cytometry was used to characterize innate immune cell subpopulations and quantify CD36 protein expression level on monocytes. mRNA levels of CD36, PPARγ, Nrf2 and HO-1 were determined by qPCR and related to clinical outcomes. Finally, the capacity of monocytes to modulate CD36 expression upon rosiglitazone or sulforaphane treatment, two respective PPARγ or Nrf2 activators, was also investigated. Results The CD36 receptor, mostly expressed by CD14+ circulating monocytes, statistically correlated with increased infant birth weights. Interestingly, mRNA levels of the transcription factor Nrf2 and the enzyme HO-1 also correlated with lower parasitaemia and increased infant birth weight, while PPARγ mRNA levels did not. Finally, monocytes isolated from low infant birth weight pregnant women were capable of up-regulating CD36 via the Nrf2 pathway ex vivo. Conclusions Altogether these results suggest that Nrf2-driven CD36 and HO-1 expression on innate immune cells could contribute to a protective and detoxifying mechanism during PAM. More powered and mechanistical studies are however needed to strengthen the conclusions of this study. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-015-0888-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Aubouy
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, UMR 152 Pharma-Dev, CHU Rangueil, Bâtiment L1, 1 Avenue du Pr Jean Poulhès, 31059, Toulouse, France.
| | - David Olagnier
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, UMR 152 Pharma-Dev, CHU Rangueil, Bâtiment L1, 1 Avenue du Pr Jean Poulhès, 31059, Toulouse, France. .,Lady Davis Institute-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
| | - Gwladys Bertin
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, UMR 216 Mère et enfant face aux infections tropicales, Paris, France.
| | - Sem Ezinmegnon
- Centre d'Etude et de Recherche sur le Paludisme Associé à la Grossesse et l'Enfance (CERPAGE), Cotonou, Benin.
| | - Clarisse Majorel
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, UMR 152 Pharma-Dev, CHU Rangueil, Bâtiment L1, 1 Avenue du Pr Jean Poulhès, 31059, Toulouse, France. .,Laboratoire Insulaire du Vivant et de l'Environnement (LIVE-EA 4243), Université de la Nouvelle-Caledonie (UNC), Nouméa, New Caledonia.
| | - Saliha Mimar
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, UMR 152 Pharma-Dev, CHU Rangueil, Bâtiment L1, 1 Avenue du Pr Jean Poulhès, 31059, Toulouse, France.
| | - Achille Massougbodji
- Centre d'Etude et de Recherche sur le Paludisme Associé à la Grossesse et l'Enfance (CERPAGE), Cotonou, Benin.
| | - Philippe Deloron
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, UMR 216 Mère et enfant face aux infections tropicales, Paris, France.
| | - Bernard Pipy
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, UMR 152 Pharma-Dev, CHU Rangueil, Bâtiment L1, 1 Avenue du Pr Jean Poulhès, 31059, Toulouse, France.
| | - Agnès Coste
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, UMR 152 Pharma-Dev, CHU Rangueil, Bâtiment L1, 1 Avenue du Pr Jean Poulhès, 31059, Toulouse, France.
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149
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Nyirenda TS, Molyneux ME, Kenefeck R, Walker LSK, MacLennan CA, Heyderman RS, Mandala WL. T-Regulatory Cells and Inflammatory and Inhibitory Cytokines in Malawian Children Residing in an Area of High and an Area of Low Malaria Transmission During Acute Uncomplicated Malaria and in Convalescence. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2015; 4:232-41. [PMID: 26335932 PMCID: PMC4554200 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piu140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria still infects many Malawian children, and it is a cause of death in some of them. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) help in negating immune-related pathology, it but can also favor multiplication of malaria parasites. The question remains whether children recovering from uncomplicated malaria (UCM) have higher Tregs and interleukin (IL)-10 levels in convalescence. METHODS We recruited children between the ages of 6 and 60 months presenting with acute UCM in Blantyre (low transmission area) and Chikwawa (high transmission area). We observed the children after 1 month and 3 months and analyzed their blood samples for parasitemia, lymphocyte subsets, and levels of the cytokines interferon (IFN)-γ, IL-10, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. Blood samples from age-matched controls were also analyzed for the same parameters. RESULTS Compared with controls, acute UCM was associated with mild lymphopenia, splenomegaly, and high levels of IFN-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, and IL-10, which normalized in convalescence. In Chikwawa, Treg counts were significantly (P < .0001) higher in convalescence compared with acute disease, whereas in Blantyre, these were as low as in healthy controls both during acute disease and in convalescence. Blantyre had a higher percentage of parasiteamic children (15% versus 12%) in convalescence compared with Chikwawa, but none of these developed symptomatic malaria during the study duration. Concentrations of TGF-β were higher at time points for the study participants and in controls from Blantyre compared with those recruited in Chikwawa. CONCLUSIONS The high transmission area was associated with high Tregs counts and IL-10 concentrations in convalescence, which could have an effect on parasite clearance. We recommend that children recovering from UCM, especially those from high transmission area, should sleep under insecticide-treated nets, be screened for parasitemia, and a provision of antimalarial prophylaxis should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonney S. Nyirenda
- Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, Blantyre
| | - Malcolm E. Molyneux
- Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, Blantyre,Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - Rupert Kenefeck
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, Division of Infection and Immunity, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy S. K. Walker
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, Division of Infection and Immunity, United Kingdom
| | - Calman A. MacLennan
- The Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation and Clinical Immunology, Service, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medicine and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Robert S. Heyderman
- Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, Blantyre,Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - Wilson L. Mandala
- Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, Blantyre,Basic Medical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
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150
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Burnett JL, Carns JL, Richards-Kortum R. In vivo microscopy of hemozoin: towards a needle free diagnostic for malaria. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 6:3462-74. [PMID: 26417515 PMCID: PMC4574671 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.003462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Clinical diagnosis of malaria suffers from poor specificity leading to overtreatment with antimalarial medications. Alternatives, like blood smear microscopy or antigen-based tests, require a blood sample. We investigate in vivo microscopy as a needle-free malaria diagnostic. Two optical signatures, birefringence and absorbance, of the endogenous malaria by-product hemozoin were evaluated as in vivo optical biomarkers. Hemozoin birefringence was difficult to detect in highly scattering tissue; however, hemozoin absorbance was observed in increasingly complex biological environments and detectable over a clinically-relevant range of parasitemia in vivo in a P. yoelii-infected mouse model of malaria.
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