101
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Delmonico L, Alves G, Bines J. Cell free DNA biology and its involvement in breast carcinogenesis. Adv Clin Chem 2020; 97:171-223. [PMID: 32448434 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2019.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Liquid biopsy represents a procedure for minimally invasive analysis of non-solid tissue, blood and other body fluids. It comprises a set of analytes that includes circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and circulating free DNA (cfDNA), RNA, long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) and micro RNA (miRNA), as well as extracellular vesicles. These novel analytes represent an alternative tool to complement diagnosis and monitor and predict response to treatment of the tumoral process and may be used for other disease processes such viral and parasitic infection. This review focuses on the biologic and molecular characteristics of cfDNA in general and the molecular changes (mutational and epigenetic) proven useful in oncologic practice for diagnosis, monitoring and treatment of breast cancer specifically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Delmonico
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Gilda Alves
- Laboratório de Marcadores Circulantes, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José Bines
- Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA-HCIII), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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102
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Tesser A, de Carvalho LM, Sandrin-Garcia P, Pin A, Pastore S, Taddio A, Roberti LR, de Paula Queiroz RG, Ferriani VPL, Crovella S, Tommasini A. Higher interferon score and normal complement levels may identify a distinct clinical subset in children with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Res Ther 2020; 22:91. [PMID: 32334613 PMCID: PMC7183668 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-020-02161-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex multi-system disease, characterized by both autoimmune and autoinflammatory clinical and laboratory features. The role of type I interferon (IFN) in SLE has been demonstrated from the 2000s, by gene expression analyses showing significant over-expression of genes related to type I IFN signalling pathway (IFN signature). However, several studies questioned the role of measuring the intensity of IFN signature (IFN score) to chase SLE activity. We would assess if the IFN signature can help the clinical and therapeutic stratification of patients with pediatric SLE. Methods We measured the IFN score in peripheral whole blood from a series of subjects with childhood-onset SLE and correlated the results with clinical and laboratory parameters. Results Thirty-one subjects were included in the study, among which the 87% displayed a positive IFN score. The only significant relation was found for high IFN score in subjects with normocomplementemia. No correlation was observed between IFN score and SLEDAI-2K, BILAG-2004 and SLICC. Patients with high IFN score and normal complement levels also presented lower anti-dsDNA antibodies. Conclusions The integration between IFN signature analysis and complement levels may easily distinguish two groups of subjects, in which the autoimmune or autoinflammatory component of the disease seems to be prevalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Tesser
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | | | | | - Alessia Pin
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Serena Pastore
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Andrea Taddio
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy.,Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Sergio Crovella
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy.,Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Alberto Tommasini
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy. .,Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.
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103
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Potential Molecular Mechanisms of Zhibai Dihuang Wan in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Based on Network Biology. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:7842179. [PMID: 32351603 PMCID: PMC7178533 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7842179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a refractory autoimmune disease. Zhibai Dihuang Wan (ZDW) has frequently been used for treating SLE in China and been proved to have a prominent role in decreasing SLE patients’ morality rate. However, the active substances in ZDW and the molecular mechanisms of ZDW in SLE remain unclear. This study identified the bioactive compounds and delineated the molecular targets and potential pathways of ZDW by using a network biology approach. First, we collected putative targets of ZDW based on TCMSP, GeneCards, and STITCH databases and built a network containing the interactions between the putative targets of ZDW and known therapeutic targets of SLE. Then, the key hubs were imported to DAVID Bioinformatics Resources 6.7 to perform gene ontology biological process (GOBP) and pathway enrichment analysis. A total of 95 nodes including 73 putative targets of ZDW were determined as major hubs in terms of their node degree. The results of GOBP and pathway enrichment analysis indicated that putative targets of ZDW mostly were involved in various pathways associated with inflammatory response and apoptosis. More importantly, eleven putative targets of ZDW (CASP3, BCL2, BAX, CYCS, NFKB1, NFKBIA, IL-6, IL-1β, PTGS2, CCL2, and TNF-α) were recognized as active factors involved in the main biological functions of treatment, implying the underlying mechanisms of ZDW acting on SLE. This study provides novel insights into the mechanisms of ZDW in SLE, from the molecular level to the pathway level.
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104
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Minato N, Hattori M, Hamazaki Y. Physiology and pathology of T-cell aging. Int Immunol 2020; 32:223-231. [PMID: 31967307 PMCID: PMC7150735 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxaa006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquired immune function shows recognizable changes over time with organismal aging. These changes include T-cell dysfunction, which may underlie diminished resistance to infection and possibly various chronic age-associated diseases in the elderly. T-cell dysfunction may occur at distinct stages, from naive cells to the end stages of differentiation during immune responses. The thymus, which generates naive T cells, shows unusually early involution resulting in progressive reduction of T-cell output after adolescence, but peripheral T-cell numbers are maintained through antigen-independent homeostatic proliferation of naive T cells driven by the major histocompatibility complex associated with self-peptides and homeostatic cytokines, retaining the diverse repertoire. However, extensive homeostatic proliferation may lead to the emergence of dysfunctional CD4+ T cells with features resembling senescent cells, termed senescence-associated T (SA-T) cells, which increase and accumulate with age. In situations such as chronic viral infection, T-cell dysfunction may also develop via persistent antigen stimulation, termed exhaustion, preventing possible immunopathology due to excessive immune responses. Exhausted T cells are developed through the effects of checkpoint receptors such as PD-1 and may be reversed with the receptor blockade. Of note, although defective in their regular T-cell antigen-receptor-mediated proliferation, SA-T cells secrete abundant pro-inflammatory factors such as osteopontin, reminiscent of an SA-secretory phenotype. A series of experiments in mouse models indicated that SA-T cells are involved in systemic autoimmunity as well as chronic tissue inflammation following tissue stresses. In this review, we discuss the physiological aspects of T-cell dysfunction associated with aging and its potential pathological involvement in age-associated diseases and possibly cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagahiro Minato
- Medical Innovation Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masakazu Hattori
- Medical Innovation Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoko Hamazaki
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Center for iPS Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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105
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Abstract
Calreticulin (CRT) is a pleiotropic and highly conserved molecule that is mainly localized in the endoplasmic reticulum. Recently, CRT has gained special interest for its functions outside the endoplasmic reticulum where it has immunomodulatory properties. CRT translocation to the cell membrane serves as an "eat me" signal and promotes efferocytosis of apoptotic cells and cancer cell removal with completely opposite outcomes. Efferocytosis results in a silenced immune response and homeostasis, while removal of dying cancer cells brought about by anthracycline treatment, ionizing-irradiation or photodynamic therapy results in immunogenic cell death with activation of the innate and adaptive immune responses. In addition, CRT impacts phagocyte activation and cytokine production. The effects of CRT on cytokine production depend on its conformation, species specificity, degree of oligomerization and/or glycosylation, as well as its cellular localization and the molecular partners involved. The controversial roles of CRT in cancer progression and the possible role of the CALR gene mutations in myeloproliferative neoplasms are also addressed. The release of CRT and its influence on the different cells involved during efferocytosis and immunogenic cell death points to additional roles of CRT besides merely acting as an "eat me" signal during apoptosis. Understanding the contribution of CRT in physiological and pathological processes could give us some insight into the potential of CRT as a therapeutic target.
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106
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Liu W, Xu L, Liang X, Liu X, Zhao Y, Ma C, Gao L. Tim-4 in Health and Disease: Friend or Foe? Front Immunol 2020; 11:537. [PMID: 32300343 PMCID: PMC7142236 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain containing 4 (Tim-4) is a phosphatidylserine receptor and is selectively expressed on antigen presenting cells. Recently, Tim-4 was reported to be expressed on iNKT cells, B1 cells, and tumor cells, suggesting it has multiple biological functions. In this review, we mainly summarize the expression and regulation of Tim-4 in immune cells including T cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, NKT cells, B cells, and mast cells. The expression of Tim-4 in these cells implies that Tim-4 might participate in immune related diseases. Emerging evidence emphasizes a substantial role for Tim-4 in maintaining homeostasis by regulating various immune responses, including viral infection, allergy, autoimmunity, and tumor immunity. Here, we collectively evaluated the role of Tim-4 in health and diseases. This summary will be extremely useful to fully understand the function of Tim-4 in the pathogenesis of immune related diseases, which would provide novel clues for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Liu
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Liyun Xu
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Zhoushan Hospital, Zhoushan, China
| | - Xiaohong Liang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaojun Liu
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yangbing Zhao
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Chunhong Ma
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lifen Gao
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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107
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Podolska MJ, Barras A, Alexiou C, Frey B, Gaipl U, Boukherroub R, Szunerits S, Janko C, Muñoz LE. Graphene Oxide Nanosheets for Localized Hyperthermia-Physicochemical Characterization, Biocompatibility, and Induction of Tumor Cell Death. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030776. [PMID: 32209981 PMCID: PMC7140890 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The main goals of cancer treatment are not only to eradicate the tumor itself but also to elicit a specific immune response that overcomes the resistance of tumor cells against chemo- and radiotherapies. Hyperthermia was demonstrated to chemo- and radio-sensitize cancerous cells. Many reports have confirmed the immunostimulatory effect of such multi-modal routines. Methods: We evaluated the interaction of graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets; its derivatives reduced GO and PEGylated rGO, with components of peripheral blood and evaluated its thermal conductivity to induce cell death by localized hyperthermia. Results: We confirmed the sterility and biocompatibility of the graphene nanomaterials and demonstrated that hyperthermia applied alone or in the combination with radiotherapy induced much more cell death in tumor cells than irradiation alone. Cell death was confirmed by the release of lactate dehydrogenase from dead and dying tumor cells. Conclusion: Biocompatible GO and its derivatives can be successfully used in graphene-induced hyperthermia to elicit tumor cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata J. Podolska
- Department of Internal Medicine 3—Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, 90154 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Alexandre Barras
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8520-IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France; (A.B.); (R.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Christoph Alexiou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (C.A.); (C.J.)
| | - Benjamin Frey
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, 90154 Erlangen, Germany; (B.F.); (U.G.)
| | - Udo Gaipl
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, 90154 Erlangen, Germany; (B.F.); (U.G.)
| | - Rabah Boukherroub
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8520-IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France; (A.B.); (R.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Sabine Szunerits
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8520-IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France; (A.B.); (R.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Christina Janko
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (C.A.); (C.J.)
| | - Luis E. Muñoz
- Department of Internal Medicine 3—Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, 90154 Erlangen, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-9131-85-43034
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108
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Glassman FY, Dingman R, Yau HC, Balu-Iyer SV. Biological Function and Immunotherapy Utilizing Phosphatidylserine-based Nanoparticles. Immunol Invest 2020; 49:858-874. [PMID: 32204629 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2020.1738456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PS) is a naturally occurring anionic phospholipid that is primarily located in the inner leaflet of eukaryotic cell membranes. The role of PS during apoptosis is one of the most studied biological functions of PS. Externalization of PS during apoptosis mediates an "eat me" signal for phagocytic uptake, leading to clearance of apoptotic cells and thus maintain self-tolerance by immunological ignorance. However, an emerging view is that PS exposure-mediated cellular uptake is not an immunologically silent event, but rather promoting an active tolerance towards self and foreign proteins. This biological property of PS has been exploited by parasites and viruses in order to evade immune surveillance of the host immune system. Further, this novel immune regulatory property of PS that results in tolerance induction can be harnessed for clinical applications, such as to treat autoimmune conditions and to reduce immunogenicity of therapeutic proteins. This review attempts to provide an overview of the biological functions of PS in the immune response and its potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Y Glassman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York , Buffalo, New York, USA.,Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Currently at CSL Behring , King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert Dingman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York , Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Helena C Yau
- Department of Film and Media Studies, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Sathy V Balu-Iyer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York , Buffalo, New York, USA
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109
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Lescoat A, Ballerie A, Lelong M, Augagneur Y, Morzadec C, Jouneau S, Jégo P, Fardel O, Vernhet L, Lecureur V. Crystalline Silica Impairs Efferocytosis Abilities of Human and Mouse Macrophages: Implication for Silica-Associated Systemic Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:219. [PMID: 32133004 PMCID: PMC7039938 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhalation of crystalline silica (SiO2) is a risk factor of systemic autoimmune diseases such as systemic sclerosis (SSc) and fibrotic pulmonary disorders such as silicosis. A defect of apoptotic cell clearance (i.e., efferocytosis, a key process in the resolution of inflammation) is reported in macrophages from patients with fibrotic or autoimmune diseases. However, the precise links between SiO2 exposure and efferocytosis impairment remain to be determined. Answering to this question may help to better link innate immunity and fibrosis. In this study, we first aim to determine whether SiO2 might alter efferocytosis capacities of human and mouse macrophages. We secondly explore possible mechanisms explaining efferocytosis impairment, with a specific focus on macrophage polarization and on the RhoA/ROCK pathway, a key regulator of cytoskeleton remodeling and phagocytosis. Human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) and C57BL/6J mice exposed to SiO2 and to CFSE-positive apoptotic Jurkat cells were analyzed by flow cytometry to determine their efferocytosis index (EI). The effects of ROCK inhibitors (Y27632 and Fasudil) on EI of SiO2-exposed MDM and MDM from SSc patients were evaluated in vitro. Our results demonstrated that SiO2 significantly decreased EI of human MDM in vitro and mouse alveolar macrophages in vivo. In human MDM, this SiO2-associated impairment of efferocytosis, required the expression of the membrane receptor SR-B1 and was associated with a decreased expression of M2 polarization markers (CD206, CD204, and CD163). F-actin staining, RhoA activation and impairment of efferocytosis, all induced by SiO2, were reversed by ROCK inhibitors. Moreover, the EI of MDM from SSc patients was similar to the EI of in vitro- SiO2-exposed MDM and Y27632 significantly increased SSc MDM efferocytosis capacities, suggesting a likewise activation of the RhoA/ROCK pathway in SSc. Altogether, our results demonstrate that SiO2 exposure may contribute to the impairment of efferocytosis capacities of mouse and human macrophages but also of MDM in SiO2-associated autoimmune diseases and fibrotic disorders such as SSc; in this context, the silica/RhoA/ROCK pathway may constitute a relevant therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Lescoat
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) – UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France
| | - Alice Ballerie
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) – UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France
| | - Marie Lelong
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) – UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Yu Augagneur
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) – UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Claudie Morzadec
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) – UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Stéphane Jouneau
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) – UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France
| | - Patrick Jégo
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) – UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France
| | - Olivier Fardel
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) – UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
- Pôle Biologie, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France
| | - Laurent Vernhet
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) – UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Valérie Lecureur
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) – UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
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110
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Infertility Caused by Inefficient Apoptotic Germ Cell Clearance in Xkr8-Deficient Male Mice. Mol Cell Biol 2020; 40:MCB.00402-19. [PMID: 31712393 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00402-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During spermatogenesis, up to 75% of germ cells in the testes undergo apoptosis and are cleared by Sertoli cells. X-linked XK blood group-related 8 (Xkr8) is a plasma membrane protein that scrambles phospholipids in response to apoptotic signals, exposing phosphatidylserine (PtdSer). Here, we found that Xkr8 -/- male mice were infertile due to reduced sperm counts in their epididymides. Apoptotic stimuli could not induce PtdSer exposure in Xkr8 -/- germ cells. Consistent with the hypothesis that PtdSer functions as an "eat-me" signal to phagocytes, cells expressing phosphatidylserine receptor TIM4 and MER tyrosine kinase receptor efficiently engulfed apoptotic wild-type male germ cells but not Xkr8 -/- germ cells. Fluorescence and electron microscopy revealed Sertoli cells carrying engulfed and degenerated dead cells. However, many unengulfed apoptotic cells and residual bodies and much cell debris were present in Xkr8 -/- testes and epididymides. These results indicate that Xkr8-mediated PtdSer exposure is essential for the clearance of apoptotic germ cells by Sertoli cells. There was no apparent inflammation in Xkr8 -/- testes, suggesting that the unengulfed apoptotic cells may have undergone secondary necrosis, releasing noxious materials that affected the germ cells. Alternatively, failure to engulf the apoptotic germ cells may have caused the Sertoli cells to starve and lose their ability to support spermatogenesis.
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111
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Lee WS, Amengual O. B cells targeting therapy in the management of systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunol Med 2019; 43:16-35. [PMID: 32107989 DOI: 10.1080/25785826.2019.1698929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease which affects the majority of organs and systems. Traditional therapies do not lead to complete remission of disease but only relieve symptoms and inflammation. B cells are the most important effector cell types in the pathogenesis of SLE. Therefore, therapies targeting B cells and their related cytokines are a very important milestone for SLE treatment. Several biologics that modulate B cells, either depleting B cells or blocking B cell functions, have been developed and evaluated in clinical trials. Belimumab, a fully humanized monoclonal antibody that specifically binds B cells activating factor (BAFF), was the first of these agents approved for SLE treatment. In this review, we explore the currently available evidence in B cell targeted therapies in SLE including agents that target B cell surface antigens (CD19, CD20, CD22), B cell survival factors (BAFF and a proliferation-inducing ligand, APRIL), cytokines (interleukin-1 and type 1 interferons) and co-stimulatory molecules (CD40 ligand). We highlighted the mechanisms of action and the individual characteristics of these biologics, and present an update on the clinical trials that have evaluated their efficacy and safety. Finally, we describe some of the emerging and promising therapies for SLE treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Shi Lee
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Olga Amengual
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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112
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Yang F, He Y, Zhai Z, Sun E. Programmed Cell Death Pathways in the Pathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:3638562. [PMID: 31871956 PMCID: PMC6913273 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3638562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a heterogeneous autoimmune disease characterized by excessive inflammatory and immune responses and tissue damage. Increasing evidence has demonstrated the important role of programmed cell death in SLE pathogenesis. When apoptosis encounters with defective clearance, accumulated apoptotic cells lead to secondary necrosis. Different forms of lytic cell death, including secondary necrosis after apoptosis, NETosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis, contribute to the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and autoantigens, resulting in triggering immunity and tissue damage in SLE. However, the role of autophagy in SLE pathogenesis is in dispute. This review briefly discusses different forms of programmed cell death pathways and lay particular emphasis on inflammatory cell death pathways such as NETosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis and their roles in the inflammatory and immune responses in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi He
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zeqing Zhai
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Erwei Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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113
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Kim GT, Hahn KW, Sohn K, Yoon SY, Kim JW. PLAG enhances macrophage mobility for efferocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils via membrane redistribution of P2Y2. FEBS J 2019; 286:5016-5029. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guen Tae Kim
- Cell Factory Research Center Division of Systems Biology and Bioengineering Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology Daejeon South Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences College of Life Science and Nano Technology Hannam University Daejeon South Korea
| | - Kyu Woong Hahn
- Department of Biological Sciences College of Life Science and Nano Technology Hannam University Daejeon South Korea
| | - Ki‐Young Sohn
- Division of Global New Drug Development ENZYCHEM Lifesciences Jecheon South Korea
| | - Sun Young Yoon
- Division of Global New Drug Development ENZYCHEM Lifesciences Jecheon South Korea
| | - Jae Wha Kim
- Cell Factory Research Center Division of Systems Biology and Bioengineering Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology Daejeon South Korea
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114
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Adamus G, Champaigne R, Yang S. Occurrence of major anti-retinal autoantibodies associated with paraneoplastic autoimmune retinopathy. Clin Immunol 2019; 210:108317. [PMID: 31770612 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2019.108317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Autoantibodies (AAbs) against retinal antigens can be found in patients with cancer and unexplained vision loss unrelated to the cancer metastasis. Cancer-associated retinopathy (CAR) is a rare paraneoplastic visual syndrome mediated by AAbs. Our goal was to determine whether CAR patients with different malignancies have a specific AAb or repertoire of AAbs that could serve as biomarkers for retinal disease. We found AAbs against 12 confirmed retinal antigens, with α-enolase being the most frequently recognized. The significant finding of the study was a high incidence of anti-aldolase AAbs in colon-CAR, anti-CAII in prostate-CAR, and anti-arrestin in skin melanoma patients thus these AAbs could serve as biomarkers in the context of clinical presentation and could support the diagnosis of CAR. However, a lack of AAb restriction to any one antigenic protein or to one retinal cellular location makes screening for a CAR biomarker challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazyna Adamus
- Ocular Immunology Laboratory, Casey Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Rachel Champaigne
- Ocular Immunology Laboratory, Casey Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Sufang Yang
- Ocular Immunology Laboratory, Casey Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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115
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Säleby J, Bouzina H, Ahmed S, Lundgren J, Rådegran G. Plasma receptor tyrosine kinase RET in pulmonary arterial hypertension diagnosis and differentiation. ERJ Open Res 2019; 5:00037-2019. [PMID: 31754623 PMCID: PMC6856495 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00037-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a serious disease exhibiting unspecific symptoms, as a result of which diagnosis is often delayed and prognosis is poor. The underlying pathophysiology includes vasoconstriction and remodelling of small pulmonary arteries. As receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and their ligands have been shown to promote PAH remodelling, our aim was to evaluate if their plasma levels may be utilised to differentiate between various causes of pulmonary hypertension. Methods 28 biomarkers involved in RTK signalling were measured using proximity extension assays in venous plasma from patients with PAH (n=48), chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) (n=20), pulmonary hypertension due to diastolic (n=33) or systolic (n=36) heart failure and heart failure patients without pulmonary hypertension (n=15), as well as healthy controls (n=20). Results Plasma proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase receptor Ret (RET) was decreased (p<0.04) in PAH compared with all disease groups and controls. RET generated a sensitivity of 64.6% and a specificity of 81.6% for detecting PAH from other disease groups. PAH and the other pulmonary hypertension groups showed elevated plasma tyrosine-protein kinase MER (p<0.01), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A (p<0.02), VEGF-D (p<0.01), placental growth factor (p<0.01), amphiregulin (p<0.02), hepatocyte growth factor (p<0.01) and transforming growth factor-α (p<0.05) and decreased VEGF receptor-2 (p<0.04) and epidermal growth factor receptor (p<0.01) levels compared with controls. Conclusion Plasma RET differentiates patients with PAH from those with CTEPH, systolic or diastolic heart failure with or without pulmonary hypertension as well as healthy controls. Future studies would be of value to determine the clinical usefulness of RET as a biomarker and its link to PAH pathophysiology. Receptor tyrosine kinases have been shown to promote PAH remodelling. Plasma RET differentiates PAH from other causes of PH. RET could have the potential to be used as a future diagnostic biomarker.http://bit.ly/2LChPUS
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Säleby
- Dept of Clinical Sciences Lund, Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,The Hemodynamic Lab, The Section for Heart Failure and Valvular Disease, VO Heart and Lung Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Habib Bouzina
- Dept of Clinical Sciences Lund, Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,The Hemodynamic Lab, The Section for Heart Failure and Valvular Disease, VO Heart and Lung Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Salaheldin Ahmed
- Dept of Clinical Sciences Lund, Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,The Hemodynamic Lab, The Section for Heart Failure and Valvular Disease, VO Heart and Lung Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jakob Lundgren
- Dept of Clinical Sciences Lund, Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,The Hemodynamic Lab, The Section for Heart Failure and Valvular Disease, VO Heart and Lung Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Göran Rådegran
- Dept of Clinical Sciences Lund, Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,The Hemodynamic Lab, The Section for Heart Failure and Valvular Disease, VO Heart and Lung Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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116
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Qiu CC, Caricchio R, Gallucci S. Triggers of Autoimmunity: The Role of Bacterial Infections in the Extracellular Exposure of Lupus Nuclear Autoantigens. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2608. [PMID: 31781110 PMCID: PMC6857005 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections are considered important environmental triggers of autoimmunity and can contribute to autoimmune disease onset and severity. Nucleic acids and the complexes that they form with proteins—including chromatin and ribonucleoproteins—are the main autoantigens in the autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). How these nuclear molecules become available to the immune system for recognition, presentation, and targeting is an area of research where complexities remain to be disentangled. In this review, we discuss how bacterial infections participate in the exposure of nuclear autoantigens to the immune system in SLE. Infections can instigate pro-inflammatory cell death programs including pyroptosis and NETosis, induce extracellular release of host nuclear autoantigens, and promote their recognition in an immunogenic context by activating the innate and adaptive immune systems. Moreover, bacterial infections can release bacterial DNA associated with other bacterial molecules, complexes that can elicit autoimmunity by acting as innate stimuli of pattern recognition receptors and activating autoreactive B cells through molecular mimicry. Recent studies have highlighted SLE disease activity-associated alterations of the gut commensals and the expansion of pathobionts that can contribute to chronic exposure to extracellular nuclear autoantigens. A novel field in the study of autoimmunity is the contribution of bacterial biofilms to the pathogenesis of autoimmunity. Biofilms are multicellular communities of bacteria that promote colonization during chronic infections. We review the very recent literature highlighting a role for bacterial biofilms, and their major components, amyloid/DNA complexes, in the generation of anti-nuclear autoantibodies and their ability to stimulate the autoreactive immune response. The best studied bacterial amyloid is curli, produced by enteric bacteria that commonly cause infections in SLE patients, including Escherichia coli and Salmonella spps. Evidence suggests that curli/DNA complexes can trigger autoimmunity by acting as danger signals, molecular mimickers, and microbial chaperones of nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie C Qiu
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Roberto Caricchio
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Stefania Gallucci
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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117
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The contribution of macrophages to systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Immunol 2019; 207:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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118
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Infection with Opportunistic Bacteria Triggers Severe Pulmonary Inflammation in Lupus-Prone Mice. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:1701367. [PMID: 31565032 PMCID: PMC6745158 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1701367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection is a common cause of hospitalization and mortality in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). How the underlying immune dysfunctions affect the antimicrobial immunity remains largely unknown. In the present study, employing the pulmonary infection model, we determined the antimicrobial defence of lupus-prone mice. After infecting with opportunistic bacterium Haemophilus influenzae (Hi), lupus-prone mice (B6/lpr) exhibited inefficient bacterial elimination and recovered slowly. They generated severer inflammation at the early stage of infection, as excessive accumulation of neutrophils and enhanced production of proinflammatory cytokines were observed in the lung. In addition, a large number of apoptotic cells were detected in the lungs of B6/lpr mice. For adaptive immune responses, B6/lpr mice were capable to generate enough protective Hi-specific Th17 cells. They evoked stronger Hi-specific γδ T17 response in both lungs and spleens. Unexpectedly, both CD4 and γδ T cells from lupus-prone mice showed deficiency in IFN-γ production. For humoral immune responses, compared with those of WT mice, the concentrations of Hi-specific IgA, IgM, and IgG, especially IgG, were significantly higher in the B6/lpr mice. Our findings suggest that lupus mice are capable to generate antibacterial immune responses; however, the overwhelming inflammation and overactivated immune responses increase the severity of infection.
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119
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Dangi A, Yu S, Luo X. Apoptotic cell-based therapies for promoting transplantation tolerance. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2019; 23:552-558. [PMID: 30024416 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0000000000000562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article is aimed to provide readers with an updated review on the applicability, efficacy, and challenges of employing donor apoptotic cell-based therapies to promote transplantation tolerance in various experimental and clinical settings. RECENT FINDINGS Recently, donor apoptotic cell-based therapies have been employed in various models of cell (including pancreatic islets and bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells) and solid organ (heart and kidney) transplantation to promote donor-specific tolerance. Published data, thus far, have revealed a high potential of this approach in inducing robust transplantation tolerance. Recent clinical trials have also underscored the safety and potential efficacy of this approach in alleviating graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Host factors including prior allo-sensitization and opportunistic infections pose major obstacles in establishing transplantation tolerance employing this strategy. However, emerging data provide strategies for overcoming such obstacles in these clinically relevant settings. SUMMARY Donor apoptotic cell therapy is an emerging strategy in promoting transplantation tolerance, with recent data emphasizing its efficacy and applicability for transplantation tolerance in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Dangi
- Center for Kidney Research and Therapeutics, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute.,Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine
| | - Shuangjin Yu
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine
| | - Xunrong Luo
- Center for Kidney Research and Therapeutics, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute.,Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine.,Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ilinois, USA
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120
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Kawano M, Nagata S. Efferocytosis and autoimmune disease. Int Immunol 2019; 30:551-558. [PMID: 30165442 PMCID: PMC6234909 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxy055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An enormous number of cells in the body die by apoptosis during development and under homeostasis. Apoptotic cells are swiftly engulfed by macrophages and digested into units. This removal of apoptotic cells is called ‘efferocytosis’. For efferocytosis, macrophages recognize phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) exposed on the cell surface as an ‘eat me’ signal. In healthy cells, PtdSer is exclusively localized to the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane by the action of flippases. When cells undergo apoptosis, caspase cleaves flippases to inactivate them, while it cleaves pro-scramblases to active scramblases, which quickly translocate PtdSer to the cell surface. The PtdSer is then recognized by PtdSer-binding proteins or by PtdSer receptors on macrophages, which subsequently engulf the apoptotic cells. When efferocytosis fails, apoptotic cells can rupture, releasing cellular materials that can evoke an autoimmune response. Thus, a defect in the PtdSer-exposing or PtdSer-recognizing processes triggers autoimmunity, leading to a systemic lupus erythematosus-type autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahiru Kawano
- Laboratory of Biochemistry & Immunology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigekazu Nagata
- Laboratory of Biochemistry & Immunology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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121
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Podolska MJ, Mahajan A, Hahn J, Knopf J, Maueröder C, Petru L, Ullmann M, Schett G, Leppkes M, Herrmann M, Muñoz LE, Schauer C. Treatment with DNases rescues hidden neutrophil elastase from aggregated NETs. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:1359-1366. [PMID: 31478257 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ab0918-370r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) is one of the weapons neutrophils have in their armory. NETs consist of extracellular chromatin fibers decorated with a plethora of cytoplasmic and granular proteins, such as the antimicrobial serine protease neutrophil elastase (NE). Because the first description of NETs as beneficial to the host, reports on their double-faced role in health and disease have considerably increased recently. On one hand, NETs reportedly trap and kill bacteria and also participate in the resolution of the acute inflammation associated with infection and with tissue damage. On the other hand, numerous negative aspects of NETs contribute to the etiopathogenesis of autoimmune disorders. Employing soluble and solid fluorescent substrates, we demonstrate the interaction of NE with aggregated NETs (aggNETs), the limitation of its enzymatic activity and the containment of the enzyme from surrounding tissues. These events prevent the spread of inflammation and tissue damage. The detection of DNase 1-dependent elevation of NE activity attests the continuous presence of patrolling neutrophils forming NETs and aggNETs even under conditions physiologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata J Podolska
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlange, Germany
| | - Aparna Mahajan
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlange, Germany
| | - Jonas Hahn
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlange, Germany
| | - Jasmin Knopf
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlange, Germany
| | - Christian Maueröder
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlange, Germany.,Cell Clearance in Health and Disease Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lenka Petru
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlange, Germany.,Department of Rheumatology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University-Institute of Rheumatology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marc Ullmann
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlange, Germany
| | - Georg Schett
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlange, Germany
| | - Moritz Leppkes
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Internal Medicine 1-Gastroenterology, Pneumology and Endocrinology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Herrmann
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlange, Germany
| | - Luis E Muñoz
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlange, Germany
| | - Christine Schauer
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlange, Germany
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122
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TNF-α promoter polymorphisms (G-238A and G-308A) are associated with susceptibility to Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and P. falciparum malaria: a study in malaria endemic area. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11752. [PMID: 31409832 PMCID: PMC6692415 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48182-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a proinflammatory cytokine associated with autoimmune and infectious diseases. Importance of TNF-α in P. falciparum malaria and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have been demonstrated. However, association of functional promoter variants with SLE and malaria is lacking in malaria endemic population. A total of 204 female SLE patients and 224 age and sex matched healthy controls were enrolled in the study. Three hundred fourteen P. falciparum infected patients with different clinical phenotypes were included. TNF-α polymorphisms (G-238A & G-308A) were genotyped by PCR-RFLP. Plasma levels of TNF-α was quantified by ELISA. Heterozygous mutants and minor alleles of TNF-α (G-238A and G-308A) polymorphisms were significantly higher in SLE patients compared to healthy controls and associated with development of lupus nephritis. In addition, both promoter variants were associated with severe P. falciparum malaria. SLE patients demonstrated higher levels of plasma TNF-α compared to healthy controls. TNF-α (G-238A and G-308A) variants were associated with higher plasma TNF-α. In conclusion, TNF-α (G-238A & G-308A) variants are associated with higher plasma TNF-α levels in SLE patients residing in malaria endemic areas and could be a contributing factor in the development of SLE and susceptibility to severe P. falciparum malaria.
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123
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Arneth B. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and DNA Degradation and Elimination Defects. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1697. [PMID: 31440232 PMCID: PMC6692764 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease that is characterized by the production of autoantibodies specific for components of the cell nucleus and that causes damage to body tissues and organs. The pathogenesis of SLE remains unclear, with numerous studies pointing to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. A critical stage in SLE development is cell necrosis, in which undegraded chromatin and nucleoproteins are released into the blood, resulting in circulating cell-free DNA and serum nucleoproteins that trigger anti-dsDNA autoantibody production. This systematic literature review aimed to examine whether SLE stems from a DNA degradation and elimination defect. Materials and Methods: An advanced literature search was conducted in PubMed using the following keywords: [("SLE" OR "Systemic Lupus Erythematosus" OR "Lupus")] AND [("DNA" OR "DNA Degradation")] AND [("Defect Elimination")]. More articles were obtained from the references of the identified articles and basic Google searches. Twenty-five peer-reviewed articles published within the past 10 years (2007-2018) were included for review. Results: The findings of each study are summarized in Tables 1, 2. Discussion and Conclusion: The etiopathogenesis of SLE remains controversial, which limits therapeutic inventions for this disease. However, SLE is a DNA degradation and elimination disorder caused by uncleared histones and nuclear material that leak into the extracellular space and form cell-free DNA, triggering an immune response that destroys tissues and organs. Under normal conditions, apoptosis allows DNA and other nuclear material to be efficiently cleared through degradation and additional complex mechanisms such that this material does not trigger the immune system to produce nuclear autoantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borros Arneth
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital of Giessen and Marburg, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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124
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Hahn J, Euler M, Kilgus E, Kienhöfer D, Stoof J, Knopf J, Hahn M, Harrer T, Hultqvist M, Olofsson P, Mokhir A, Holmdahl R, Herrmann M, Schett G, Muñoz LE, Hoffmann MH. NOX2 mediates quiescent handling of dead cell remnants in phagocytes. Redox Biol 2019; 26:101279. [PMID: 31349119 PMCID: PMC6669319 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The phagocyte NADPH oxidase (the NOX2 complex) generates superoxide, the precursor to reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS possess both antimicrobial and immunoregulatory function. Inactivating mutations in alleles of the NOX2 complex cause chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), characterized by an enhanced susceptibility to infections and autoimmune diseases such as Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The latter is characterized by insufficient removal of dead cells, resulting in an autoimmune response against components of the cell's nucleus when non-cleared apoptotic cells lose their membrane integrity and present autoantigenic molecules in an inflammatory context. Here we aimed to shed light on the role of the NOX2 complex in handling of secondary necrotic cells (SNECs) and associated consequences for inflammation and autoimmunity during lupus. We show that individuals with SLE and CGD display accumulation of SNECs in blood monocytes and neutrophils. In a CGD phenotypic mouse strain (Ncf1** mice) build-up of SNECs in Ly6CHI blood monocytes was connected with a delayed degradation of the phagosomal cargo and accompanied by production of inflammatory mediators. Treatment with H2O2 or activators of ROS-formation reconstituted phagosomal abundance of SNECs to normal levels. Induction of experimental lupus further induced increased antibody-dependent uptake of SNECs into neutrophils. Lupus-primed Ncf1** neutrophils took up more SNECs than wild type neutrophils, whereas SNEC-accumulation in regulatory Ly6C−/LO monocytes was lower in Ncf1**mice. We deduce that the inflammatory rerouting of immune-stimulatory necrotic material into inflammatory phagocyte subsets contributes to the connection between low ROS production by the NOX2 complex and SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Hahn
- Department of Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maximilien Euler
- Department of Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Emelie Kilgus
- Department of Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Deborah Kienhöfer
- Department of Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julia Stoof
- Department of Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jasmin Knopf
- Department of Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Madelaine Hahn
- Department of Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Harrer
- Department of Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Peter Olofsson
- Redoxis/Pronoxis AB, Medicon Village Lund, Sweden; Section of Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andriy Mokhir
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Organic Chemistry II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- Section of Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Herrmann
- Department of Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Georg Schett
- Department of Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Luis E Muñoz
- Department of Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus H Hoffmann
- Department of Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
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125
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Gas6/TAM Receptors in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. DISEASE MARKERS 2019; 2019:7838195. [PMID: 31360267 PMCID: PMC6652053 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7838195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multiorgan autoimmune disease associated with impaired immune system regulation. The exact mechanisms of SLE development remain to be elucidated. TAM receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are important for apoptotic cell clearance, immune homeostasis, and resolution of immune responses. TAM deficiency leads to lupus-like autoimmune diseases. Activation of TAM receptors leads to proteolytic cleavage of the receptors, generating soluble forms of TAM. Circulating TAM receptors have an immunoregulatory function and may also serve as biomarkers for disease prognosis. Here, we review the biological function and signaling of TAM RTKs in the development and pathogenesis of lupus and lupus nephritis. Targeting Gas6/TAM pathways may be of therapeutic benefit. A discussion of potential TAM activation and inhibition in the treatment of lupus and lupus nephritis is included.
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McShane L, Tabas I, Lemke G, Kurowska-Stolarska M, Maffia P. TAM receptors in cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc Res 2019; 115:1286-1295. [PMID: 30980657 PMCID: PMC6587925 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The TAM receptors are a distinct family of three receptor tyrosine kinases, namely Tyro3, Axl, and MerTK. Since their discovery in the early 1990s, they have been studied for their ability to influence numerous diseases, including cancer, chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, and cardiovascular diseases. The TAM receptors demonstrate an ability to influence multiple aspects of cardiovascular pathology via their diverse effects on cells of both the vasculature and the immune system. In this review, we will explore the various functions of the TAM receptors and how they influence cardiovascular disease through regulation of vascular remodelling, efferocytosis and inflammation. Based on this information, we will suggest areas in which further research is required and identify potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy McShane
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Sir Graeme Davies Building, 120 University Place, Glasgow, UK,Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ira Tabas
- Departments of Medicine, Physiology, and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Greg Lemke
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA,Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mariola Kurowska-Stolarska
- Rheumatoid Arthritis Pathogenesis Centre of Excellence (RACE), Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Sir Graeme Davies Building, 120 University Place, Glasgow, UK,Corresponding authors. Tel: +44 141 330 7142; E-mail: (P.M.) Tel: +44 141 330 6085; E-mail: (M.K.-S.)
| | - Pasquale Maffia
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Sir Graeme Davies Building, 120 University Place, Glasgow, UK,Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK,Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy,Corresponding authors. Tel: +44 141 330 7142; E-mail: (P.M.) Tel: +44 141 330 6085; E-mail: (M.K.-S.)
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Clearance of apoptotic cells by mesenchymal stem cells contributes to immunosuppression via PGE2. EBioMedicine 2019; 45:341-350. [PMID: 31248835 PMCID: PMC6642220 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Defective clearance of apoptotic cells (ACs) has been suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) exhibit promising therapeutic effects on SLE, but whether MSCs phagocytose ACs and contributes to the underlying mechanism in the treatment of SLE remain unknown. Methods Human umbilical cord (UC) MSCs were co-cultured with ACs, and the engulfment of ACs by MSCs was either detected by flow cytometry or observed under confocal laser scanning microscope. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy controls (HCs) were cultured in MSC conditioned medium (MCM) or MSC exposed to ACs (AC-MSC) conditioned medium (ACMCM), and then CD4+ T cell proliferation was detected. Soluble factors including prostaglandin (PG)E2 in the supernatants of MSCs and AC-MSCs, as well as in the mouse peritoneal lavage fluids (PLF) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Cyclooxygenase (COX)2 inhibitors and siRNA transfection were utilized to determine the function of COX2/PGE2 in AC-MSC-mediated immunosuppression. PGE2 metabolites (PGEM) in the plasma of SLE patients were measured before and 24 h after MSC transplantation respectively. Findings Human UC MSCs possessed the ability to engulf ACs. AC-MSCs increased MSC-mediated suppression of CD4+ T cell proliferation compared to MSCs alone. Mechanistically, ACs stimulated MSCs to express COX2 and consequently produced PGE2 that inhibited T cell responses. NF-κB signalling pathway mediated the activation of COX2/PGE2 in AC-MSCs. Importantly, in patients with SLE, the plasma PGEM levels increased significantly in those with reduced apoptotic mononuclear cells in peripheral blood after MSC transplantation. Interpretation Clearance of ACs by MSCs contributes to immunosuppressive function via increasing PGE2 production. These findings reveal a previously unrecognized role of MSC-mediated phagocytosis of ACs in MSC-based immunotherapy. Fund This study was supported by grants from the Chinese Major International (Regional) Joint Research Project (No. 81720108020), the Jiangsu Province Major Research and Development Program (No. BE2015602) and the Jiangsu Province 333 Talent Grant (BRA2016001). WJ. Chen was supported by the Intramural Research Program of NIH, NIDCR.
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The expression and clinical significance of different forms of LILRA3 in systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Rheumatol 2019; 38:3099-3107. [PMID: 31209706 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-019-04624-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our previous study has shown that functional leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors A3 (LILRA3) contributes to susceptibility and subphenotypes of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, the mechanism remains unclear. We aimed to evaluate the role of LILRA3 in SLE. METHODS One hundred twenty-six SLE patients and 48 healthy controls were recruited in this study. Functional studies were performed using intracellular flow cytometry and ELISA. RESULTS Both LILRA3 levels in serum and CD14+ monocytes were significantly elevated in SLE patients compared with healthy controls. Elevated LILRA3 level was found positively correlated with SLEDAI. Furthermore, more elevated LILRA3 levels were found in patients with higher SLEDAI, presence of lupus nephritis, and thrombocytopenia. CONCLUSIONS Both LILRA3 levels in serum and CD14+ monocytes significantly increased in SLE and positively correlated with disease activity and severity. The upregulation of LILRA3 expression may serve as a biomarker of disease activity and severity of SLE. KEY POINTS • LILRA3 contributes to susceptibility and subphenotypes of SLE; LILRA3 is elevated in SLE patients. • Increased LILRA3 correlated with disease activity and severity. • LILRA3 may serve as a biomarker of disease activity and severity of SLE.
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Analysis of extracellular vesicles generated from monocytes under conditions of lytic cell death. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7538. [PMID: 31101910 PMCID: PMC6525174 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44021-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are an important class of membrane-bound structures that have been widely investigated for their roles in intercellular communication in the contexts of tumor progression, vascular function, immunity and regenerative medicine. Much of the current knowledge on the functions of EVs pertains to those derived from viable cells (e.g. exosomes and microvesicles) or apoptotic cells (e.g. apoptotic bodies) whilst the generation of EVs from dying cells under non-apoptotic conditions remains poorly characterized. Herein, the release of EVs from THP-1 monocytes under conditions of primary necrosis, secondary necrosis and pyroptosis, was investigated. A comprehensive analysis of THP-1-derived EVs revealed that cells undergoing lytic forms of cell death generated a high number of EVs compared with viable or apoptotic cells in vitro. Differential centrifugation via 16,000 g and 100,000 g revealed that dying THP-1 cells release both medium and small EVs, respectively, consistent with the known characteristics of microvesicles and/or exosomes. In addition, large EVs isolated via 2000 g centrifugation were also present in all samples. These findings suggest that lytic cell death under both sterile and non-sterile inflammatory conditions induces monocytes to generate EVs, which could potentially act as mediators of cell-to-cell communication.
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Mobarrez F, Fuzzi E, Gunnarsson I, Larsson A, Eketjäll S, Pisetsky DS, Svenungsson E. Microparticles in the blood of patients with SLE: Size, content of mitochondria and role in circulating immune complexes. J Autoimmun 2019; 102:142-149. [PMID: 31103269 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Microparticles (MPs) are small extracellular vesicles released from apoptotic or activated cells through a blebbing process. MPs express surface molecules from their parental cells and they bind IgG to form circulating immune complexes (MP-ICs) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Through investigation of MP size, IgG expression, content of nucleic acids and mitochondrial molecules, we hypothesized that unrecognized particle populations can be identified in SLE. METHODS We investigated 327 well-characterized SLE patients and 304 controls divided into two sets (280/280 and 47/24). We measured MPs by flow cytometry using a gating strategy to encompass small (0.2-0.7 μm) and large (0.7-3.0 μm) MPs. Nucleic acids were labeled with SYTO 13 and mitochondria with MitoTracker. Expression of mitochondria markers TOM-20 and Hexokinase 1 and the presence of IgG was investigated. RESULTS MPs staining with SYTO 13 were more frequent in 280 SLE patients compared to 280 controls. In 47 SLE patients, levels of large MPs were elevated compared to 24 controls. The majority of large MPs contained mitochondria (mitoMPs). The number of mitoMPs associated positively with high disease activity, anti-dsDNA antibodies and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Patients with active lupus nephritis had higher levels of mitoMPs and IgG-positive mitoMPs. CONCLUSION Blood of patients with SLE contain a previously unrecognized population of circulating large MPs with bound IgG and mitochondrial proteins. Levels of these particles are related to several measures of active SLE, suggesting that these structures may have a role in disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariborz Mobarrez
- Unit of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Akademiska Hospital, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Enrico Fuzzi
- Unit of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Iva Gunnarsson
- Unit of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Larsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Akademiska Hospital, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Susanna Eketjäll
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - David S Pisetsky
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center; Medical Research Service, Durham VA Hospital Sweden
| | - Elisabet Svenungsson
- Unit of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
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Ficolin-3 Deficiency Is Associated with Disease and an Increased Risk of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. J Clin Immunol 2019; 39:421-429. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-019-00627-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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132
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Mahajan A, Grüneboom A, Petru L, Podolska MJ, Kling L, Maueröder C, Dahms F, Christiansen S, Günter L, Krenn V, Jünemann A, Bock F, Schauer C, Schett G, Hohberger B, Herrmann M, Muñoz LE. Frontline Science: Aggregated neutrophil extracellular traps prevent inflammation on the neutrophil-rich ocular surface. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 105:1087-1098. [PMID: 30977943 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.hi0718-249rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Eye rheum is a physiological discharge, which accumulates at the medial angle of the healthy eye soon after opening in the morning. Microscopic evaluation of eye rheum revealed the presence of viable neutrophils, bacteria, epithelial cells, and particles, aggregated by neutrophil extracellular traps. We observed that in the evening, during eye closure, high C5a recruited neutrophils to the tear film and activated them. In this hypoxic area rich in CO2 , neutrophils fight microbial aggressors by degranulation. Immediately after eye opening, the microenvironment of the ocular surface changes, the milieu gets normoxic, and loss of CO2 induces subtle alkalinization of tear film. These conditions favored the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) that initially covers the ocular surface and tend to aggregate by eyelid blinking. These aggregated neutrophil extracellular traps (aggNETs) are known as eye rheum and contain several viable neutrophils, epithelial cells, dust particles, and crystals packed together by NETs. Similar to aggNETs induced by monosodium urate crystals, the eye rheum shows a robust proteolytic activity that degraded inflammatory mediators before clinically overt inflammation occur. Finally, the eye rheum passively floats with the tear flow to the medial angle of the eye for disposal. We conclude that the aggNETs-based eye rheum promotes cleaning of the ocular surface and ameliorates the inflammation on the neutrophil-rich ocular surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Mahajan
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anika Grüneboom
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lenka Petru
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Rheumatology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University-Institute of Rheumatology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Malgorzata J Podolska
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lasse Kling
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Christiansen Research Group, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Maueröder
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Florian Dahms
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Silke Christiansen
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Christiansen Research Group, Erlangen, Germany.,Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Institute Nanoarchitectures for Energy Conversion, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lochnit Günter
- Protein Analytics, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Veit Krenn
- MVZ für Pathohologie-GmbH, Trier, Germany
| | - Anselm Jünemann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Felix Bock
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christine Schauer
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Georg Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bettina Hohberger
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Herrmann
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Luis E Muñoz
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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Duvvuri B, Lood C. Cell-Free DNA as a Biomarker in Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases. Front Immunol 2019; 10:502. [PMID: 30941136 PMCID: PMC6433826 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous DNA is primarily found intracellularly in nuclei and mitochondria. However, extracellular, cell-free (cf) DNA, has been observed in several pathological conditions, including autoimmune diseases, prompting the interest of developing cfDNA as a potential biomarker. There is an upsurge in studies considering cfDNA to stratify patients, monitor the treatment response and predict disease progression, thus evaluating the prognostic potential of cfDNA for autoimmune diseases. Since the discovery of elevated cfDNA levels in lupus patients in the 1960s, cfDNA research in autoimmune diseases has mainly focused on the overall quantification of cfDNA and the association with disease activity. However, with recent technological advancements, including genomic and methylomic sequencing, qualitative changes in cfDNA are being explored in autoimmune diseases, similar to the ones used in molecular profiling of cfDNA in cancer patients. Further, the intracellular origin, e.g., if derived from mitochondrial or nuclear source, as well as the complexing with carrier molecules, including LL-37 and HMGB1, has emerged as important factors to consider when analyzing the quality and inflammatory potential of cfDNA. The clinical relevance of cfDNA in autoimmune rheumatic diseases is strengthened by mechanistic insights into the biological processes that result in an enhanced release of DNA into the circulation during autoimmune and inflammatory conditions. Prior work have established an important role of accelerated apoptosis and impaired clearance in leakage of nucleic acids into the extracellular environment. Findings from more recent studies, including our own investigations, have demonstrated that NETosis, a neutrophil cell death process, can result in a selective extrusion of inflammatory mitochondrial DNA; a process which is enhanced in patients with lupus and rheumatoid arthritis. In this review, we will summarize the evolution of cfDNA, both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, as biomarkers for autoimmune rheumatic diseases and discuss limitations, challenges and implications to establish cfDNA as a biomarker for clinical use. This review will also highlight recent advancements in mechanistic studies demonstrating mitochondrial DNA as a central component of cfDNA in autoimmune rheumatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhargavi Duvvuri
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Christian Lood
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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Nishi C, Yanagihashi Y, Segawa K, Nagata S. MERTK tyrosine kinase receptor together with TIM4 phosphatidylserine receptor mediates distinct signal transduction pathways for efferocytosis and cell proliferation. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:7221-7230. [PMID: 30846565 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptotic cells expose phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) on their surface, leading to efferocytosis, i.e. their engulfment by resident macrophages that express the PtdSer receptor T cell immunoglobulin mucin receptor 4 (TIM4) and TAM family receptor tyrosine kinase receptors (MERTK, AXL, and TYRO3). TAM family receptors stimulate cell proliferation, and the many aspects of the growth signaling pathway downstream of TAM family receptors have been elucidated previously. However, the signaling cascade for TAM receptor-mediated efferocytosis has been elusive. Here we observed that efferocytosis by mouse-resident peritoneal macrophages was blocked by inhibitors against the MERTK, mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase (MEK), AKT Ser/Thr kinase (AKT), focal adhesion kinase (FAK), or STAT6 pathway. Accordingly, apoptotic cells stimulated the phosphorylation of MERTK, ERK, AKT, FAK, and STAT6, but not of IκB or STAT5. A reconstituted efferocytosis system using MERTK- and TIM4-expressing NIH3T3-derived cells revealed that the juxtamembrane and C-terminal regions of MERTK have redundant roles in efferocytosis. The transformation of murine IL-3-dependent Ba/F3 cells (a pro-B cell line) with MERTK and TIM4 enabled them to proliferate in response to apoptotic cells in a PtdSer-dependent manner. This apoptotic cell-induced MERTK-mediated proliferation required both MERTK's juxtamembrane and C-terminal regions and was blocked by inhibitors of not only ERK, AKT, FAK, and STAT6 but also of NF-κB and STAT5 signaling. These results suggest that apoptotic cells stimulate distinct sets of signal transduction pathways via MERTK to induce either efferocytosis or proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Nishi
- From the Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuichi Yanagihashi
- From the Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Katsumori Segawa
- From the Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shigekazu Nagata
- From the Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Mohammed S, Vineetha NS, James S, Aparna JS, Lankadasari MB, Allegood JC, Li QZ, Spiegel S, Harikumar KB. Examination of the role of sphingosine kinase 2 in a murine model of systemic lupus erythematosus. FASEB J 2019; 33:7061-7071. [PMID: 30840833 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802535r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease characterized by overproduction of type 1 IFN that causes multiple organ dysfunctions. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) that secrete large amounts of IFN have recently been implicated in the initiation of the disease in preclinical mouse models. Sphingosine-1-phosphate, a bioactive sphingolipid metabolite, is produced by 2 highly conserved isoenzymes, sphingosine kinase (SphK) 1 and SphK2, and regulates diverse processes important for immune responses and autoimmunity. However, not much is known about the role of SphK2 in autoimmune disorders. In this work, we examined the role of SphK2 in pDC development and activation and in the pristane-induced lupus model in mice that mimics the hallmarks of the human disease. Increases in pDC-specific markers were observed in peripheral blood of SphK2 knockout mice. In agreement, the absence of SphK2 increased the differentiation of FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand dendritic cells as well as expression of endosomal TLRs, TLR7 and TLR9, that modulate production of IFN. Surprisingly, however, SphK2 deficiency did not affect the initiation or progression of pristane-induced lupus. Moreover, although absence of SphK2 increased pDC frequency in pristane-induced lupus, there were no major changes in their activation status. Additionally, SphK2 expression was unaltered in lupus patients. Taken together, our results suggest that SphK2 may play a role in dendritic cell development. Yet, because its deletion had no effect on the clinical lupus parameters in this preclinical model, inhibitors of SphK2 might not be useful for treatment of this devastating disease.-Mohammed, S., Vineetha, N. S., James, S., Aparna, J. S., Lankadasari, M. B., Allegood, J. C., Li, Q.-Z., Spiegel, S., Harikumar, K. B. Examination of the role of sphingosine kinase 2 in a murine model of systemic lupus erythematosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabira Mohammed
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
| | - Nalanda S Vineetha
- Department of Nephrology, Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Shirley James
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | | | - Manendra Babu Lankadasari
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
| | - Jeremy C Allegood
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; and
| | - Quan-Zhen Li
- Department of Immunology and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Sarah Spiegel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; and
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Proteomic analysis of neutrophils in ANCA-associated vasculitis reveals a dysregulation in proteinase 3-associated proteins such as annexin-A1 involved in apoptotic cell clearance. Kidney Int 2019; 96:397-408. [PMID: 31142442 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2019.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is an autoimmune vasculitis associated with anti-neutrophil-cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) against proteinase 3 leading to kidney damage. Neutrophils from those patients have increased expression of membrane proteinase 3 during apoptosis. Here we examined whether neutrophils from patients with GPA have dysregulated protein expressions associated with apoptosis. A global proteomic analysis was performed comparing neutrophils from patients with GPA, with healthy individuals under basal conditions and during apoptosis. At disease onset, the cytosolic proteome of neutrophils of patients with GPA before treatment was significantly different from healthy controls, and this dysregulation was more pronounced following ex vivo apoptosis. Proteins involved in cell death/survival were altered in neutrophils of patients with GPA. Several proteins identified were PR3-binding partners involved in the clearance of apoptotic cells, namely calreticulin, annexin-A1 and phospholipid scramblase 1. These proteins form a platform at the membrane of apoptotic neutrophils in patients with GPA but not healthy individuals and this was associated with the clinical presentation of GPA. Thus, our study shows that neutrophils from patients with GPA have an intrinsic dysregulation in proteins involved in apoptotic cell clearance, which could contribute to the unabated inflammation and autoimmunity in GPA. Hence, harnessing these dysregulated pathways could lead to novel biomarkers and targeted therapeutic opportunities to treat kidney disease.
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Abstract
Classically, canonical autophagy has been considered a survival mechanism initiated in response to nutrient insufficiency. We now understand that autophagy functions in multiple scenarios where it is necessary to maintain homeostasis. Recent evidence has established that a variety of non-canonical functions for autophagy proteins are mechanistically and functionally distinct from autophagy. LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP) is one such novel function for autophagy proteins and is a contributor to immune regulation and inflammatory responses across various cell and tissue types. Characterized by the conjugation of LC3 family proteins to phagosome membranes, LAP uses a portion of the canonical autophagy machinery, following ligation of surface receptors that recognize a variety of cargos including pathogens, dying cells, soluble ligands and protein aggregates. However, instead of affecting canonical autophagy, manipulation of the LAP pathway in vivo alters immune activation and inflammatory responses. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster, we detail the divergence of this distinctive mechanism from that of canonical autophagy by comparing and contrasting shared and unique components of each pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradlee L Heckmann
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
- Cancer Biology Program, St. Jude Pediatric Comprehensive Cancer Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
- Cancer Biology Program, St. Jude Pediatric Comprehensive Cancer Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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138
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Serum Axl predicts histology-based response to induction therapy and long-term renal outcome in lupus nephritis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212068. [PMID: 30742665 PMCID: PMC6370217 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Axl is a receptor tyrosine kinase with important functions in immune regulation. We investigated serum levels of soluble (s)Axl in lupus nephritis (LN) in association with renal disease activity, tissue damage and treatment response. We surveyed 52 patients with International Society of Nephrology/Renal Pathology Society (ISN/RPS) class III/IV LN and 20 healthy controls. Renal biopsies were performed at the time of active LN and post-treatment. Patients were classified as clinical responders (CRs) or clinical non-responders based on the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria. Improvement by ≥50% in renal activity index scores defined histological responders (HRs). sAxl levels were elevated in patients compared to controls (median: 18.9 ng/mL), both at baseline (median: 45.7; P<0.001) and post-treatment (median: 41.2 ng/mL; P<0.001). Baseline sAxl levels were higher in patients with class IV (median: 47.7 ng/mL) versus class III (median: 37.5 ng/mL) nephritis (P = 0.008), and showed moderate correlations with albuminuria (r = 0.30, P = 0.030) and creatinine (r = 0.35, P = 0.010). Baseline sAxl levels decreased in CRs (P = 0.002) and HRs (P<0.001), but not in non-responders; levels ≥36.6 ng/mL yielded a >5 times higher probability of histology-based response (odds ratio, OR: 5.5; 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.2-25.1). High post-treatment sAxl levels were associated with worsening in chronicity index scores (P = 0.025); low levels predicted favourable renal outcome (creatinine ≤88.4 μmol/L) 10 years after the baseline renal biopsy (area under the curve: 0.71; 95% CI: 0.54-0.89). In conclusion, sAxl may prove useful as a marker of renal activity, histological response to immunosuppression, and renal damage progression in LN. Persistently high sAxl levels after completion of treatment may be indicative of a need for treatment intensification.
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139
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Becker LV, Passos DF, Leal DBR, Morsch VM, Schetinger MRC. ATP signaling and NTPDase in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). Immunobiology 2019; 224:419-426. [PMID: 30803848 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune and inflammatory disease with periods of exacerbation and remission. SLE is characterized by the irreversible breakdown of immunological self-tolerance, where there is deregulation of multiple aspects of the immune system. SLE immune dysfunction is characterized by activation of autoreactive T lymphocytes, and hyperactivity of B lymphocytes with consequent production of several autoantibodies. ATP is a purinergic mediator released into the extracellular space in response to cell and tissue damage which operates as a danger signal to modulate immune and inflammatory responses. ATP binds to P2 receptors and its levels are regulated by NTPDase (CD39). SLE patients exhibit increased levels of ATP which binds to P2X receptors resulting in activation of the inflammasome and consequent release of IL-1β and IL-18, cytokines associated with disease pathogenesis. CD39 is upregulated in SLE representing an important immunoregulatory mechanism by controlling inflammation and favoring the production of adenosine. The aim of this review is to clarify the effects of ATP on the modulation of the inflammatory process and immune responses via P2 receptors as well as the role of NTPDase in the immunopathogenesis of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Vargas Becker
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Daniela Ferreira Passos
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Daniela Bitencourt Rosa Leal
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Vera Maria Morsch
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria Rosa Chitolina Schetinger
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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140
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Mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy for autoimmune diseases: emerging roles of extracellular vesicles. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:1533-1549. [PMID: 30623280 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04588-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In autoimmune disease body's own immune system knows healthy cells as undesired and foreign cells. Over 80 types of autoimmune diseases have been recognized. Currently, at clinical practice, treatment strategies for autoimmune disorders are based on relieving symptoms and preventing difficulties. In other words, there is no effective and useful therapy up to now. It has been well-known that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess immunomodulatory effects. This strongly suggests that MSCs might be as a novel modality for treatment of autoimmune diseases. Supporting this notion a few preclinical and clinical studies indicate that MSCs ameliorate autoimmune disorders. Interestingly, it has been found that the beneficial effects of MSCs in autoimmune disorders are not relying only on direct cell-to-cell communication but on their capability to produce a broad range of paracrine factors including growth factors, cytokines and extracellular vehicles (EVs). EVs are multi-signal messengers that play a serious role in intercellular signaling through carrying cargo such as mRNA, miRNA, and proteins. Numerous studies have shown that MSC-derived EVs are able to mimic the effects of the cell of origin on immune cells. In this review, we discuss the current studies dealing with MSC-based therapies in autoimmune diseases and provide a vision and highlight in order to introduce MSC-derived EVs as an alternative and emerging modality for autoimmune disorders.
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141
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Singh NK, Rao GN. Emerging role of 12/15-Lipoxygenase (ALOX15) in human pathologies. Prog Lipid Res 2019; 73:28-45. [PMID: 30472260 PMCID: PMC6338518 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
12/15-lipoxygenase (12/15-LOX) is an enzyme, which oxidizes polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly omega-6 and -3 fatty acids, to generate a number of bioactive lipid metabolites. A large number of studies have revealed the importance of 12/15-LOX role in oxidative and inflammatory responses. The in vitro studies have demonstrated the ability of 12/15-LOX metabolites in the expression of various genes and production of cytokine related to inflammation and resolution of inflammation. The studies with the use of knockout and transgenic animals for 12/15-LOX have further shown its involvement in the pathogenesis of a variety of human diseases, including cardiovascular, renal, neurological and metabolic disorders. This review summarizes our current knowledge on the role of 12/15-LOX in inflammation and various human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhlesh K Singh
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 71 S. Manassas Street Memphis, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Gadiparthi N Rao
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 71 S. Manassas Street Memphis, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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142
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Tixeira R, Poon IKH. Disassembly of dying cells in diverse organisms. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:245-257. [PMID: 30317529 PMCID: PMC11105331 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2932-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is a conserved phenomenon in multicellular organisms required to maintain homeostasis. Among the regulated cell death pathways, apoptosis is a well-described form of PCD in mammalian cells. One of the characteristic features of apoptosis is the change in cellular morphology, often leading to the fragmentation of the cell into smaller membrane-bound vesicles through a process called apoptotic cell disassembly. Interestingly, some of these morphological changes and cell disassembly are also noted in cells of other organisms including plants, fungi and protists while undergoing 'apoptosis-like PCD'. This review will describe morphologic features leading to apoptotic cell disassembly, as well as its regulation and function in mammalian cells. The occurrence of cell disassembly during cell death in other organisms namely zebrafish, fly and worm, as well as in other eukaryotic cells will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle Tixeira
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia.
| | - Ivan K H Poon
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia.
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143
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Iizuka A, Segawa S, Kondo Y, Kaneko S, Yokosawa M, Furuyama K, Miki H, Tahara-Hanaoka S, Shibuya A, Tsuboi H, Goto D, Matsumoto I, Shibayama S, Sumida T. Allergy inhibitory receptor-1 inhibits autoantibody production via upregulation of apoptotic debris clearance by macrophages. Int J Rheum Dis 2018; 21:2071-2078. [PMID: 30556363 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.13381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM Allergy inhibitory receptor-1 (Allergin-1) is a newly identified immune regulatory molecule thought to influence autoantibody production. Autoantibody production, like that observed in Allergin-1-deficient mice, is crucial in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus. The purpose of this study is to clarify the regulatory role of Allergin-1-mediated autoantibody production using a murine model of thymocytic anaphylaxis. METHODS C57BL/6 (WT) and Allergin-1-deficient mice were treated with apoptotic cells from naive thymocytes stimulated by dexamethasone. Antibody titers of total or immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclass of anti-double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) and anti-histone antibody from serum were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Macrophages from wild-type (WT) or Allergin-1-deficient mice were co-cultured with fluorescence-labeled apoptotic thymocytes or fluorogenic reagent and resultant phagocytic activity was quantified by with flow cytometry. RESULTS After apoptotic cells injection, antibody titers of total and IgG3 anti-dsDNA and total anti-histone from serum were significantly increased in Allergin-1-deficient versus WT mice. Phagocytic activity was significantly lower in macrophages from Allergin-1-deficient mice versus WT mice. CONCLUSION Allergin-1 might play an inhibitory role in autoantibody production via upregulation of macrophage phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Iizuka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Seiji Segawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yuya Kondo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Shunta Kaneko
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yokosawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kotona Furuyama
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Haruka Miki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Satoko Tahara-Hanaoka
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Akira Shibuya
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiroto Tsuboi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Daisuke Goto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Isao Matsumoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Shiro Shibayama
- Research Center of Immunology, ONO Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Takayuki Sumida
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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144
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Khan S, Godfrey V, Zaki MH. Cytosolic Nucleic Acid Sensors in Inflammatory and Autoimmune Disorders. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 344:215-253. [PMID: 30798989 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Innate immunity employs germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to sense microbial pattern molecules. Recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by various PPRs located on the cell membrane or in the cytosol leads to the activation of cell signaling pathways and production of inflammatory mediators. Nucleic acids including DNA, RNA, and their derivatives are potent PAMPs which can be recognized by multiple PRRs to induce inflammatory responses. While nucleic acid sensors can also sense endogenous nucleic acids, they are capable of discriminating self from non-self. However, defects in nucleic acid sensing PRRs or dysregulation of nucleic acid sensing signaling pathways may cause excessive activation of the immune system resulting in the development of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. This review will discuss the major pathways for sensing intracellular nucleic acids and how defects in these nucleic acid sensing are associated with different kinds of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahanshah Khan
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Victoria Godfrey
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Md Hasan Zaki
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.
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145
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Pinheiro SVB, Dias RF, Fabiano RCG, Araujo SDA, Silva ACSE. Pediatric lupus nephritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 41:252-265. [PMID: 30465590 PMCID: PMC6699445 DOI: 10.1590/2175-8239-jbn-2018-0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Involvement of the kidneys by lupus nephritis (LN) is one of the most severe
clinical manifestations seen in individuals with systemic lupus erythematosus
(SLE). LN is more frequent and severe in pediatric patients and has been
associated with higher morbidity and mortality rates. This narrative review
aimed to describe the general aspects of LN and its particularities when
affecting children and adolescents, while focusing on the disease's
etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, renal tissue alterations, and
treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Veloso Brant Pinheiro
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Hospital das Clínicas, Unidade de Nefrologia Pediátrica, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Raphael Figuiredo Dias
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Hospital das Clínicas, Unidade de Nefrologia Pediátrica, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | | | - Stanley de Almeida Araujo
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Hospital das Clínicas, Unidade de Nefrologia Pediátrica, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Ana Cristina Simões E Silva
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Hospital das Clínicas, Unidade de Nefrologia Pediátrica, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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146
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Podolska MJ, Mahajan A, Knopf J, Hahn J, Boeltz S, Munoz L, Bilyy R, Herrmann M. Autoimmune, rheumatic, chronic inflammatory diseases: Neutrophil extracellular traps on parade. Autoimmunity 2018; 51:281-287. [PMID: 30369262 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2018.1519804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatic diseases are a group of inflammatory conditions that affect joints and connective tissues and are often accompanied by pain and restriction of motility. In many of these diseases, autoantibodies develop that react with molecules/structures commonly found hidden in neutrophils. Neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation and release is considered a defense mechanism against pathogens or endogenous danger signals and it has been associated with initial inflammatory responses. NETs are also endowed with an important resolution potential based on its intrinsic enzymatic activity, but in the case they are not timely removed from the crime scene they might modulate subsequent immune responses and contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases. In this review, we will summarize the actual knowledge about the multifaceted roles of NETs in the etiology and pathogenesis of rheumatic autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Justyna Podolska
- a Department of Internal Medicine 3- Rheumatology and Immunology , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Aparna Mahajan
- a Department of Internal Medicine 3- Rheumatology and Immunology , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Jasmin Knopf
- a Department of Internal Medicine 3- Rheumatology and Immunology , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Jonas Hahn
- a Department of Internal Medicine 3- Rheumatology and Immunology , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Sebastian Boeltz
- a Department of Internal Medicine 3- Rheumatology and Immunology , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Luis Munoz
- a Department of Internal Medicine 3- Rheumatology and Immunology , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Rostyslav Bilyy
- b Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University , Lviv , Ukraine
| | - Martin Herrmann
- a Department of Internal Medicine 3- Rheumatology and Immunology , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen , Erlangen , Germany
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147
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Ramirez GA, Coletto LA, Bozzolo EP, Citterio L, Delli Carpini S, Zagato L, Rovere-Querini P, Lanzani C, Manunta P, Manfredi AA, Sciorati C. The TRPC6 intronic polymorphism, associated with the risk of neurological disorders in systemic lupus erythematous, influences immune cell function. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 325:43-53. [PMID: 30384327 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) carrying a TT genotype for the rs7925662 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the transient receptor potential canonical channel 6 (TRPC6) gene are more likely to develop neuropsychiatric manifestations (NPSLE). We functionally characterised the effects of TRPC6 on peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 18 patients with SLE and 8 healthy controls with a known genotype. TRPC6 influenced calcium currents, apoptosis rates and cytokine secretion in a disease- and genotype-dependent manner. Cells from TT patients with NPSLE were more dependent on TRPC6 for the generation of calcium currents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe A Ramirez
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital & Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Enrica P Bozzolo
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital & Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorena Citterio
- Unit of Nephrology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital & Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Delli Carpini
- Unit of Nephrology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital & Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Zagato
- Unit of Nephrology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital & Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Rovere-Querini
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital & Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Disease, San Raffaele Hospital & Scientific Institute Milan, Italy; Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Lanzani
- Unit of Nephrology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital & Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Manunta
- Unit of Nephrology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital & Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo A Manfredi
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital & Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Disease, San Raffaele Hospital & Scientific Institute Milan, Italy; Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Clara Sciorati
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Disease, San Raffaele Hospital & Scientific Institute Milan, Italy.
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148
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Juste-Dolz A, do Nascimento NM, Monzó I, Grau-García E, Román-Ivorra JA, Lopez-Paz JL, Escorihuela J, Puchades R, Morais S, Gimenez-Romero D, Maquieira Á. New structural insights into the role of TROVE2 complexes in the on-set and pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus determined by a combination of QCM-D and DPI. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 411:4709-4720. [PMID: 30317445 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1407-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of self-recognition of the autoantigen TROVE2, a common biomarker in autoimmune diseases, has been studied with a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) and dual polarization interferometry (DPI). The complementarity and remarkable analytical features of both techniques has allowed new insights into the onset of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) to be achieved at the molecular level. The in vitro study for SLE patients and healthy subjects suggests that anti-TROVE2 autoantibodies may undergo an antibody bipolar bridging. An epitope-paratope-specific binding initially occurs to activate a hidden Fc receptor in the TROVE2 tertiary structure. This bipolar mechanism may contribute to the pathogenic accumulation of anti-TROVE2 autoantibody immune complex in autoimmune disease. Furthermore, the specific calcium-dependent protein-protein bridges point out at how the TRIM21/TROVE2 association might occur, suggesting that the TROVE2 protein could stimulate the intracellular immune signaling via the TRIM21 PRY-SPRY domain. These findings may help to better understand the origins of the specificity and affinity of TROVE2 interactions, which might play a key role in the SLE pathogenesis. This manuscript gives one of the first practical applications of two novel functions (-df/dD and Δh/molec) for the analysis of the data provided by QCM-D and DPI. In addition, it is the first time that QCM-D has been used for mapping hidden Fc receptors as well as linear epitopes in a protein tertiary structure. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto Juste-Dolz
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Noelle M do Nascimento
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Isidro Monzó
- Departamento de Química-Física, Universitat de València, C/ Dr. Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Elena Grau-García
- Departamento de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, and Rheumatology Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Avenida de Fernando Abril Martorell No 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose A Román-Ivorra
- Departamento de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, and Rheumatology Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Avenida de Fernando Abril Martorell No 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain
| | - José Luis Lopez-Paz
- Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jorge Escorihuela
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universitat de València, C/ Dr. Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Rosa Puchades
- Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sergi Morais
- Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - David Gimenez-Romero
- Departamento de Química-Física, Universitat de València, C/ Dr. Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Spain.
| | - Ángel Maquieira
- Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
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149
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Smallwood MJ, Nissim A, Knight AR, Whiteman M, Haigh R, Winyard PG. Oxidative stress in autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 125:3-14. [PMID: 29859343 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.05.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The management of patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) remains a significant challenge. Often the rheumatologist is restricted to treating and relieving the symptoms and consequences and not the underlying cause of the disease. Oxidative stress occurs in many autoimmune diseases, along with the excess production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). The sources of such reactive species include NADPH oxidases (NOXs), the mitochondrial electron transport chain, nitric oxide synthases, nitrite reductases, and the hydrogen sulfide producing enzymes cystathionine-β synthase and cystathionine-γ lyase. Superoxide undergoes a dismutation reaction to generate hydrogen peroxide which, in the presence of transition metal ions (e.g. ferrous ions), forms the hydroxyl radical. The enzyme myeloperoxidase, present in inflammatory cells, produces hypochlorous acid, and in healthy individuals ROS and RNS production by phagocytic cells is important in microbial killing. Both low molecular weight antioxidant molecules and antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and peroxiredoxin remove ROS. However, when ROS production exceeds the antioxidant protection, oxidative stress occurs. Oxidative post-translational modifications of proteins then occur. Sometimes protein modifications may give rise to neoepitopes that are recognized by the immune system as 'non-self' and result in the formation of autoantibodies. The detection of autoantibodies against specific antigens, might improve both early diagnosis and monitoring of disease activity. Promising diagnostic autoantibodies include anti-carbamylated proteins and anti-oxidized type II collagen antibodies. Some of the most promising future strategies for redox-based therapeutic compounds are the activation of endogenous cellular antioxidant systems (e.g. Nrf2-dependent pathways), inhibition of disease-relevant sources of ROS/RNS (e.g. isoform-specific NOX inhibitors), or perhaps specifically scavenging disease-related ROS/RNS via site-specific antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda J Smallwood
- University of Exeter Medical School, St Luke's Campus, Exeter, Devon EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Ahuva Nissim
- Centre for Biochemical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary, University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Annie R Knight
- University of Exeter Medical School, St Luke's Campus, Exeter, Devon EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Matthew Whiteman
- University of Exeter Medical School, St Luke's Campus, Exeter, Devon EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Richard Haigh
- University of Exeter Medical School, St Luke's Campus, Exeter, Devon EX1 2LU, UK; Department of Rheumatology, Princess Elizabeth Orthopaedic Centre, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust (Wonford), Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Paul G Winyard
- University of Exeter Medical School, St Luke's Campus, Exeter, Devon EX1 2LU, UK.
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150
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Roy S, Bag AK, Dutta S, Polavaram NS, Islam R, Schellenburg S, Banwait J, Guda C, Ran S, Hollingsworth MA, Singh RK, Talmadge JE, Muders MH, Batra SK, Datta K. Macrophage-Derived Neuropilin-2 Exhibits Novel Tumor-Promoting Functions. Cancer Res 2018; 78:5600-5617. [PMID: 30111533 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-0562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) are causally associated with tumorigenesis as well as regulation of antitumor immune responses and have emerged as potential immunotherapeutic targets. Recent evidence suggests TAM phagocytose apoptotic tumor cells within the tumor microenvironment through efferocytosis in an immunologically silent manner, thus maintaining an immunosuppressed microenvironment. The signal transduction pathways coupling efferocytosis and immunosuppression are not well known. Neuropilin-2 (NRP2) is a member of the membrane-associated neuropilin family and has been reported in different immune cells but is poorly characterized. In this study, we show that NRP2 is expressed during macrophage differentiation, is induced by tumor cells, and regulates phagocytosis in macrophages. Furthermore, NRP2 in TAM promoted efferocytosis and facilitated tumor growth. Deletion of NRP2 from TAM impaired the clearance of apoptotic tumor cells and increased secondary necrosis within tumors. This resulted in a break in the immune tolerance and reinitiated antitumor immune responses, characterized by robust infiltration of CD8+ T and natural killer cells. This result suggests NRP2 may act as a molecular mediator that connects efferocytosis and immune suppression. Deletion of NRP2 in TAM downregulated several immunosuppressive and tumor-promoting genes and upregulated immunostimulatory genes in the myeloid compartment. Taken together, our study demonstrates that TAM-derived NRP2 plays a crucial role in tumor promotion through efferocytosis, opening the enticing option for the development of effective immunotherapy targeting TAM.Significance: Neuropilin-2 in macrophages promotes tumor growth by regulating efferocytosis of apoptotic tumor cells and orchestrating immune suppression.Graphical Abstract: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/78/19/5600/F1.large.jpg Cancer Res; 78(19); 5600-17. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohini Roy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
- Fred and Pamela Buffet Cancer Center at University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Arup K Bag
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
- Fred and Pamela Buffet Cancer Center at University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Samikshan Dutta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
- Fred and Pamela Buffet Cancer Center at University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Navatha Shree Polavaram
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
- Fred and Pamela Buffet Cancer Center at University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Ridwan Islam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
- Fred and Pamela Buffet Cancer Center at University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Samuel Schellenburg
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jasjit Banwait
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Chittibabu Guda
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Sophia Ran
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois
| | - Michael A Hollingsworth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
- Fred and Pamela Buffet Cancer Center at University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
- Department of Microbiology and Pathology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Rakesh K Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Pathology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - James E Talmadge
- Department of Microbiology and Pathology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Michael H Muders
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, University of Technology, Dresden, Germany.
- Rudolf Becker Laboratory for Prostate Cancer Research, Center of Pathology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
- Fred and Pamela Buffet Cancer Center at University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Kaustubh Datta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska.
- Fred and Pamela Buffet Cancer Center at University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
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