101
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Lu J, Xiao M, Guo X, Liang Y, Wang M, Xu J, Liu L, Wang Z, Zeng G, Liu K, Li L, Yao P. Maternal Diabetes Induces Immune Dysfunction in Autistic Offspring Through Oxidative Stress in Hematopoietic Stem Cells. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:576367. [PMID: 33101089 PMCID: PMC7495463 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.576367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have been found to be associated with immune dysfunction and elevated cytokines, although the detailed mechanism remains unknown. In this study, we aim to investigate the potential mechanisms through a maternal diabetes-induced autistic mouse model. We found that maternal diabetes-induced autistic offspring have epigenetic changes on the superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) promoter with subsequent SOD2 suppression in both hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Bone marrow transplantation of normal HSC to maternal diabetes-induced autistic offspring transferred epigenetic modifications to PBMC and significantly reversed SOD2 suppression and oxidative stress and elevated inflammatory cytokine levels. Further, in vivo human study showed that SOD2 mRNA expression from PBMC in the ASD group was reduced to ~12% compared to typically developing group, and the SOD2 mRNA level-based ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) curve shows a very high sensitivity and specificity for ASD patients. We conclude that maternal diabetes induces immune dysfunction in autistic offspring through SOD2 suppression and oxidative stress in HSC. SOD2 mRNA expression in PBMC may be a good biomarker for ASD diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Lu
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Kangning Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Meifang Xiao
- Hainan Women and Children's Medical Center, Haikou, China
| | - Xiaoling Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, Foshan Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Foshan, China
| | - Yujie Liang
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Kangning Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Min Wang
- Hainan Women and Children's Medical Center, Haikou, China
| | - Jianchang Xu
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Kangning Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liyan Liu
- Hainan Women and Children's Medical Center, Haikou, China
| | - Zichen Wang
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Kangning Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Gang Zeng
- Hainan Women and Children's Medical Center, Haikou, China
| | - Kelly Liu
- Hainan Women and Children's Medical Center, Haikou, China
| | - Ling Li
- Hainan Women and Children's Medical Center, Haikou, China
| | - Paul Yao
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Kangning Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,Hainan Women and Children's Medical Center, Haikou, China
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102
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Yang LL, Millischer V, Rodin S, MacFabe DF, Villaescusa JC, Lavebratt C. Enteric short-chain fatty acids promote proliferation of human neural progenitor cells. J Neurochem 2019; 154:635-646. [PMID: 31784978 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are a group of fatty acids predominantly produced during the fermentation of dietary fibers by the gut anaerobic microbiota. SCFAs affect many host processes in health and disease. SCFAs play an important role in the 'gut-brain axis', regulating central nervous system processes, for example, cell-cell interaction, neurotransmitter synthesis and release, microglia activation, mitochondrial function, and gene expression. SCFAs also promote the growth of neurospheres from human neural stem cells and the differentiation of embryonic stem cells into neural cells. It is plausible that maternally derived SCFAs may pass the placenta and expose the fetus at key developmental periods. However, it is unclear how SCFA exposure at physiological levels influence the early-stage neural cells. In this study, we explored the effect of SCFAs on the growth rate of human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs), generated from human embryonic stem cell line (HS980), with IncuCyte live-cell analysis system and immunofluorescence. We found that physiologically relevant levels (µM) of SCFAs (acetate, propionate, butyrate) increased the growth rate of hNPCs significantly and induced more cells to undergo mitosis, while high levels (mM) of SCFAs had toxic effects on hNPCs. Moreover, no effect on apoptosis was observed in physiological-dose SCFA treatments. In support, data from q-RT PCR showed that SCFA treatments influenced the expression of the neurogenesis, proliferation, and apoptosis-related genes ATR, BCL2, BID, CASP8, CDK2, E2F1, FAS, NDN, and VEGFA. To conclude, our results propose that SCFAs regulates early neural system development. This might be relevant for a putative 'maternal gut-fetal brain-axis'. Cover Image for this issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.14761.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu L Yang
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vincent Millischer
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sergey Rodin
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Derrick F MacFabe
- The Kilee Patchell-Evans Autism Research Group, London, Canada.,Center for Healthy Eating and Food Innovation, Faculty of Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Juan C Villaescusa
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Catharina Lavebratt
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
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103
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Sharma A, Smith HJ, Yao P, Mair WB. Causal roles of mitochondrial dynamics in longevity and healthy aging. EMBO Rep 2019; 20:e48395. [PMID: 31667999 PMCID: PMC6893295 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201948395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are organized in the cell in the form of a dynamic, interconnected network. Mitochondrial dynamics, regulated by mitochondrial fission, fusion, and trafficking, ensure restructuring of this complex reticulum in response to nutrient availability, molecular signals, and cellular stress. Aberrant mitochondrial structures have long been observed in aging and age-related diseases indicating that mitochondrial dynamics are compromised as cells age. However, the specific mechanisms by which aging affects mitochondrial dynamics and whether these changes are causally or casually associated with cellular and organismal aging is not clear. Here, we review recent studies that show specifically how mitochondrial fission, fusion, and trafficking are altered with age. We discuss factors that change with age to directly or indirectly influence mitochondrial dynamics while examining causal roles for altered mitochondrial dynamics in healthy aging and underlying functional outputs that might affect longevity. Lastly, we propose that altered mitochondrial dynamics might not just be a passive consequence of aging but might constitute an adaptive mechanism to mitigate age-dependent cellular impairments and might be targeted to increase longevity and promote healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpit Sharma
- Department of Genetics and Complex DiseasesHarvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonMAUSA
| | - Hannah J Smith
- Department of Genetics and Complex DiseasesHarvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonMAUSA
| | - Pallas Yao
- Department of Genetics and Complex DiseasesHarvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonMAUSA
| | - William B Mair
- Department of Genetics and Complex DiseasesHarvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonMAUSA
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104
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Melatonin: A hypothesis regarding its use to treat Wilson disease. Med Hypotheses 2019; 133:109408. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.109408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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105
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Wang J, Pan J, Chen H, Li Y, Amakye WK, Liang J, Ma B, Chu X, Mao L, Zhang Z. Fecal Short-Chain Fatty Acids Levels Were Not Associated With Autism Spectrum Disorders in Chinese Children: A Case-Control Study. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1216. [PMID: 31849574 PMCID: PMC6895143 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence from animal models supports a link between short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), a key subset of gut microbial metabolites, and autism spectrum disorders (ASD). However, findings from human studies on this topic are unclear. We aimed to investigate whether fecal SCFAs are associated with ASD in Chinese children aged 6–9 years old. A total of 45 ASD children aged 6–9 years and 90 sex- and age-matched neurotypical controls were enrolled. High-performance liquid chromatography was applied to quantify 10 SCFA subtypes in feces. Dietary and other socio-demographic information were obtained via face-to-face interview using questionnaires. After adjustment for multiple comparisons, paired t-test analysis indicated that the fecal total and subtype SCFA concentrations were comparable in autistic children and the controls. Conditional logistic regression analysis showed that there was no significant relationship between the fecal concentration of SCFAs and the risk of ASD after adjustment for age, sex, BMI, breastfeeding, mode of delivery, parental education level, and daily energy, protein, fat, and fiber intake. In conclusion, our results did not support the hypothesis that fecal SCFA levels might be associated with the presence of ASD. However, SCFA measurement was based on a single stool sample test, so this conclusion should be treated with caution. Further studies with measurement of long-term bodily SCFA concentrations are needed to examine this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Qiaodong Community Health Center, Shenzhen Yantian District People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jialiang Pan
- Department of Hygiene Detection Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hengying Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - William Kwame Amakye
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Liang
- Department of Child Health Care, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bingjie Ma
- Department of Child Health Care, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinwei Chu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Limei Mao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zheqing Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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106
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Maguire M, Maguire G. Gut dysbiosis, leaky gut, and intestinal epithelial proliferation in neurological disorders: towards the development of a new therapeutic using amino acids, prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics. Rev Neurosci 2019; 30:179-201. [PMID: 30173208 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2018-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Here we offer a review of the evidence for a hypothesis that a combination of ingestible probiotics, prebiotics, postbiotics, and amino acids will help ameliorate dysbiosis and degeneration of the gut, and therefore promote restoration of nervous system function in a number of neurological indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Maguire
- BioRegenerative Sciences, Inc., 505 Coast Blvd South, #208, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Greg Maguire
- BioRegenerative Sciences, Inc., 11588 Sorrento Valley Rd. #18, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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107
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Chen J, Vitetta L. Mitochondria could be a potential key mediator linking the intestinal microbiota to depression. J Cell Biochem 2019; 121:17-24. [PMID: 31385365 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota has been reported to affect depression, a common mental condition with severe health-related consequences. However, what mediates the effect of the intestinal microbiota on depression has not been well elucidated. We summarize the roles of the mitochondria in eliciting beneficial effects on the gut microbiota to ameliorate symptoms of depression. It is well known that mitochondria play a key role in depression. An important pathogenic factor, namely inflammatory response, may adversely impact mitochondrial functionality to maintain cellular homeostasis. Dysfunction of mitochondria not only affects neuronal function but also reduces neuron cell numbers. We posit that the intestinal microbiota could affect neuronal mitochondrial function through short-chain fatty acids such as butyrate. Brain inflammatory processes could also be affected through the modulation of gut permeability and blood lipopolysaccharide levels. Aberrant mitochondria functionality coupled to adverse cellular homeostasis could be a key mediator for the effect of the intestinal microbiota on the progression of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis Vitetta
- Medlab Clinical Ltd, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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108
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[Correlation between gut microbiota and behavior symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorder]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2019; 21. [PMID: 31315765 PMCID: PMC7389106 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the composition of gut microbiota and its correlation with the severity of behavior symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). METHODS A total of 30 children with ASD were enrolled as the ASD group, and 20 healthy children matched for age and sex were enrolled as the healthy control group. Related clinical data were analyzed. The V3-V4 hypervariable regions of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene in fecal samples were sequenced. The severity of behavior symptoms in children with ASD was assessed using the autism behavior checklist. The Spearman's correlation analysis was used to investigate the correlation between gut microbiota and the severity of behavior symptoms in children with ASD. RESULTS There was a significant difference in the composition of gut microbiota between the two groups. Compared with the healthy control group, the ASD group had significant reductions in Shannon index and Shannoneven index (P<0.05), as well as a significant reduction in the percentage of Firmicutes and a significant increase in the percentage of Acidobacteria in feces (P<0.05). In the ASD group, the dominant bacteria were Megamonas, Megasphaera, and Barnesiella, while in the healthy control group, the dominant bacteria were Eubacterium_rectale_group, Ezakiella, and Streptococcus. In the children with ASD, the abundance of Megamonas was positively correlated with the scores of health/physical/behavior and language communication (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The development of ASD and the severity of behavior symptoms are closely associated with the composition of gut microbiota.
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109
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Castora FJ. Mitochondrial function and abnormalities implicated in the pathogenesis of ASD. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 92:83-108. [PMID: 30599156 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are the powerhouse that generate over 90% of the ATP produced in cells. In addition to its role in energy production, the mitochondrion also plays a major role in carbohydrate, fatty acid, amino acid and nucleotide metabolism, programmed cell death (apoptosis), generation of and protection against reactive oxygen species (ROS), immune response, regulation of intracellular calcium ion levels and even maintenance of gut microbiota. With its essential role in bio-energetic as well as non-energetic biological processes, it is not surprising that proper cellular, tissue and organ function is dependent upon proper mitochondrial function. Accordingly, mitochondrial dysfunction has been shown to be directly linked to a variety of medical disorders, particularly neuromuscular disorders and increasing evidence has linked mitochondrial dysfunction to neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders such as Alzheimer's Disease (AD), Parkinson's Disease (PD), Rett Syndrome (RS) and Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Over the last 40 years there has been a dramatic increase in the diagnosis of ASD and, more recently, an increasing body of evidence indicates that mitochondrial dysfunction plays an important role in ASD development. In this review, the latest evidence linking mitochondrial dysfunction and abnormalities in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) to the pathogenesis of autism will be presented. This review will also summarize the results of several recent `approaches used for improving mitochondrial function that may lead to new therapeutic approaches to managing and/or treating ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank J Castora
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA; Department of Neurology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA.
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110
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Komanduri M, Gondalia S, Scholey A, Stough C. The microbiome and cognitive aging: a review of mechanisms. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:1559-1571. [PMID: 31055629 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05231-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Gut microbiota plays an intrinsic role in communication between the gut and the brain and is capable of influencing the host brain by producing neurotransmitters and neurotrophins, the modulation of inflammatory processes amongst other key mechanisms. Increased age is also associated with changes in these key biological processes and impairments in a range of cognitive processes. We hypothesise several mechanisms in which gut microbiota may modulate changes in cognitive function with age. In this review, we discuss issues related to the measurement of cognition in the elderly and in particular outline a standardised model of cognition that could be utilised to better understand cognitive outcomes in future studies examining the relationship between gut microbiota and cognition in the elderly. We then review biological processes such as oxidative stress and inflammation which are related to cognitive changes with age and which are also influenced by our gut microbiota. Finally, we outline other potential mechanisms by which the gut microbiota may influence cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrudhula Komanduri
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shakuntla Gondalia
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew Scholey
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Con Stough
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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111
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Alterations of Mitochondrial Biology in the Oral Mucosa of Chilean Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Cells 2019; 8:cells8040367. [PMID: 31018497 PMCID: PMC6523430 DOI: 10.3390/cells8040367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is characterized by the impairment of socio-communicative skills and the presence of restricted and stereotyped behavior patterns. Recent researches have revealed the influence of mitochondrial physiology on the development of ASD. Several research groups have identified defects in respiratory complexes, coenzyme-Q10 deficiency, increased oxidative damage, decreased of superoxide dismutase (SOD2). A study on the influence of mitochondrial physiology on the development of ASD can provide new alternatives and challenges. That is why we set ourselves the general objective to initiate studies of mitochondrial physiology in Chilean children with ASD. A sample of oral mucosa was collected in a group of 12 children diagnosed with ASD and 12 children without ASD. In children with ASD, we found a significant increase in mitochondrial DNA levels. Likewise, in these children, an increase in the protein oxidation was observed. Finally, a downward trend in the expression of the HIGD2A and SOD2 genes was observed, while DRP1, FIS1, MFN1, MFN2, and OPA1 gene expression show an upward trend. The increment of mitochondrial DNA, high oxidative stress, and high expression of the MFN2 gene could help as a scanner of the mitochondrial function in children with ASD.
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112
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Nuclear Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs) as Therapeutic Targets of Resveratrol for Autism Spectrum Disorder. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20081878. [PMID: 30995737 PMCID: PMC6515064 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by defective social communication and interaction and restricted, repetitive behavior with a complex, multifactorial etiology. Despite an increasing worldwide prevalence of ASD, there is currently no pharmacological cure to treat core symptoms of ASD. Clinical evidence and molecular data support the role of impaired mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (FAO) in ASD. The recognition of defects in energy metabolism in ASD may be important for better understanding ASD and developing therapeutic intervention. The nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) α, δ, and γ are ligand-activated receptors with distinct physiological functions in regulating lipid and glucose metabolism, as well as inflammatory response. PPAR activation allows a coordinated up-regulation of numerous FAO enzymes, resulting in significant PPAR-driven increases in mitochondrial FAO flux. Resveratrol (RSV) is a polyphenolic compound which exhibits metabolic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, pointing to possible applications in ASD therapeutics. In this study, we review the evidence for the existing links between ASD and impaired mitochondrial FAO and review the potential implications for regulation of mitochondrial FAO in ASD by PPAR activators, including RSV.
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113
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Luo S, Wen R, Wang Q, Zhao Z, Nong F, Fu Y, Huang S, Chen J, Zhou L, Luo X. Rhubarb Peony Decoction ameliorates ulcerative colitis in mice by regulating gut microbiota to restoring Th17/Treg balance. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 231:39-49. [PMID: 30170079 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY RELEVANCE Rhubarb Peony Decoction (RPD) is a formula of traditional Chinese medicine chronicled in Jin Gui Yao Lve, commonly used to treat ulcerative colitis (UC). However, the underlying mechanism of RPD treating UC remains elusive. In our study, we investigated the therapeutic efficacy of RPD and potential mechanism involved in inhibiting dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis in mice. METHODS The colitis was induced by DSS in mice for 5 days and estimated body weight loss, disease activity index (DAI) and colon length. Histological changes were observed by H&E staining. The number and abundance of gut mircrobiota were measured with 16 S rDNA sequencing. GC-MS was used to detect the concentration of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in cecum. Flow cytometry analyzed the proportion of Th17 and Treg cells in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs). IL-17A and Foxp3 in colon were determined by immunohistochemical analyses. The level of cytokine was determined by Multi-Analyte Flow Assay Kit. RESULTS Administration of RPD significantly alleviated the pathological changes of UC mice, involving rescued the inflammation-related reduction of colon length, ameliorated body weight loss and damaged tissue. In addition, RPD altered the gut microbiota, involving restored α diversity, increased significantly the abundance of Firmicutes and Actinobacteria, decreased the Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. Furthermore, the number of Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum, a butyrate-producing bacterium, were augmented obviously by RPD. Besides, RPD restored the content of SCFA in intestinal tract. Additionally, the proportion of Th17 cells and Treg cells in mesenteric lymph nodes, likewise, the expression of IL-17A and Foxp3 in colon were regulated by RPD, contributing to the restoration of Th17/Treg balance. Moreover, RPD significantly decreased the level of IL-6, TNF-α, IFNγ, IL-10, IL-17A, IL-21, IL-22 in colon, simultaneously increased Treg-related cytokine TGF-β at dose-dependently. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrated that RPD had effect on ulcerative colitis, which was related to regulating gut microbiota, especially Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum, and SCFAs to restore the gut Th17/Treg homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruyan Wen
- Guangxi Scientific Experimental Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Qing Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongxiang Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feifei Nong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yajun Fu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaowei Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinyan Chen
- Basic Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lian Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xia Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
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114
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Fattorusso A, Di Genova L, Dell'Isola GB, Mencaroni E, Esposito S. Autism Spectrum Disorders and the Gut Microbiota. Nutrients 2019; 11:E521. [PMID: 30823414 PMCID: PMC6471505 DOI: 10.3390/nu11030521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been an emerging interest in the possible role of the gut microbiota as a co-factor in the development of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), as many studies have highlighted the bidirectional communication between the gut and brain (the so-called "gut-brain axis"). Accumulating evidence has shown a link between alterations in the composition of the gut microbiota and both gastrointestinal and neurobehavioural symptoms in children with ASD. The aim of this narrative review was to analyse the current knowledge about dysbiosis and gastrointestinal (GI) disorders in ASD and assess the current evidence for the role of probiotics and other non-pharmacological approaches in the treatment of children with ASD. Analysis of the literature showed that gut dysbiosis in ASD has been widely demonstrated; however, there is no single distinctive profile of the composition of the microbiota in people with ASD. Gut dysbiosis could contribute to the low-grade systemic inflammatory state reported in patients with GI comorbidities. The administration of probiotics (mostly a mixture of Bifidobacteria, Streptococci and Lactobacilli) is the most promising treatment for neurobehavioural symptoms and bowel dysfunction, but clinical trials are still limited and heterogeneous. Well-designed, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials are required to validate the effectiveness of probiotics in the treatment of ASD and to identify the appropriate strains, dose, and timing of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Fattorusso
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Lorenza Di Genova
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Battista Dell'Isola
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Mencaroni
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Susanna Esposito
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy.
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115
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Wang C, Cao S, Zhang Q, Shen Z, Feng J, Hong Q, Lu J, Xie F, Peng Y, Hu C. Dietary Tributyrin Attenuates Intestinal Inflammation, Enhances Mitochondrial Function, and Induces Mitophagy in Piglets Challenged with Diquat. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:1409-1417. [PMID: 30599507 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The study evaluated the effects of butyric acid, in the form of tributyrin on the oxidative stress, inflammation, and mitochondrial function in diquat-challenged pigs. Twenty-four weaned pigs were allocated to four treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with the main effects of tributyrin supplementation and diquat challenge. The results showed that supplemental tributyrin increased ( P < 0.05) average daily gain and average daily feed intake of diquat-challenged pigs. Tributyrin elevated ( P < 0.05) the activities of total antioxidant capacity and superoxide dismutase, reduced ( P < 0.05) malondialdehyde content, and increased ( P < 0.05) mRNA levels of copper and zinc superoxide dismutase and manganese-containing superoxide dismutase of diquat-challenged pigs. Tributyrin relieved ( P < 0.05) intestinal inflammation reflected by decreased mRNA abundances of tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, and interleukin-6 in the intestine. Tributyrin reduced ( P < 0.05) serum diamine oxidase activity and d-lactate content, increased ( P < 0.05) transepithelial electrical resistance, decreased paracellular flux of dextran (4 kDa), and prevented the diquat-induced decrease ( P < 0.05) in the expressions of claudin-1, occludin, and zonula occludens-1. Tributyrin alleviated ( P < 0.05) diquat-induced mitochondrial dysfunction shown by lowered reactive oxygen species, increased mitochondrial membrane potential, and increased adenosine triphosphate content. Furthermore, tributyrin increased ( P < 0.05) expressions of mitophagy proteins (PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 and Parkin), and ratio of light chain 3-II to light chain 3-I in intestine. Collectively, tributyrin attenuated oxidative stress and intestinal inflammation, improved mitochondrial function, and induced mitophagy in diquat-challenged pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunchun Wang
- Animal Science College , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , P.R. China
| | - Shuting Cao
- Animal Science College , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , P.R. China
| | - Qianhui Zhang
- Animal Science College , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , P.R. China
| | - Zhuojun Shen
- Animal Science College , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , P.R. China
| | - Jie Feng
- Animal Science College , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , P.R. China
| | - Qihua Hong
- Animal Science College , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , P.R. China
| | - Jianjun Lu
- Animal Science College , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , P.R. China
| | - Fei Xie
- Shanghai Menon Animal Nutrition Technology Co. Ltd. , Shanghai 201807 , P.R. China
| | - Yan Peng
- Shanghai Menon Animal Nutrition Technology Co. Ltd. , Shanghai 201807 , P.R. China
| | - Caihong Hu
- Animal Science College , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , P.R. China
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116
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Zeng X, Gao X, Peng Y, Wu Q, Zhu J, Tan C, Xia G, You C, Xu R, Pan S, Zhou H, He Y, Yin J. Higher Risk of Stroke Is Correlated With Increased Opportunistic Pathogen Load and Reduced Levels of Butyrate-Producing Bacteria in the Gut. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:4. [PMID: 30778376 PMCID: PMC6369648 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Gut microbiota is a newly identified risk factor for stroke, and there are no large prospective studies linking the baseline gut microbiome to long-term risk of stroke. We present here the correlation between the gut microbiota and stroke risk in people with no prior stroke history. Methods: A total of 141 participants aged ≥60 years without prior history of stroke were recruited and divided into low-risk, medium-risk, and high-risk groups based on known risk factors and whether they were suffering from chronic diseases. The composition of their gut microbiomes was compared using 16S rRNA gene amplicon next-generation-sequencing and Quantitative Insights into Microbial Ecology (QIIME) analysis. Levels of fecal short-chain fatty acids were measured using gas chromatography. Results: We found that opportunistic pathogens (e.g., Enterobacteriaceae and Veillonellaceae) and lactate-producing bacteria (e.g., Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus) were enriched, while butyrate-producing bacteria (e.g., Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae) were depleted, in the high-risk group compared to the low-risk group. Butyrate concentrations were also lower in the fecal samples obtained from the high-risk group than from the low-risk group. The concentrations of other short-chain fatty acids (e.g., acetate, propionate, isobutyrate, isovalerate, and valerate) in the gut were comparable among the three groups. Conclusion: Participants at high risk of stroke were characterized by the enrichment of opportunistic pathogens, low abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria, and reduced concentrations of fecal butyrate. More researches into the gut microbiota as a risk factor in stroke should be carried out in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Zeng
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuxuan Gao
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Peng
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiheng Wu
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiajia Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuhong Tan
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Genghong Xia
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao You
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruoting Xu
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Suyue Pan
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongwei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Microbiome Medicine Center, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan He
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Microbiome Medicine Center, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia Yin
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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117
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Buret AG, Motta JP, Allain T, Ferraz J, Wallace JL. Pathobiont release from dysbiotic gut microbiota biofilms in intestinal inflammatory diseases: a role for iron? J Biomed Sci 2019; 26:1. [PMID: 30602371 PMCID: PMC6317250 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-018-0495-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota interacting with an intact mucosal surface are key to the maintenance of homeostasis and health. This review discusses the current state of knowledge of the biofilm mode of growth of these microbiota communities, and how in turn their disruptions may cause disease. Beyond alterations of relative microbial abundance and diversity, the aim of the review is to focus on the disruptions of the microbiota biofilm structure and function, the dispersion of commensal bacteria, and the mechanisms whereby these dispersed commensals may become pathobionts. Recent findings have linked iron acquisition to the expression of virulence factors in gut commensals that have become pathobionts. Causal studies are emerging, and mechanisms common to enteropathogen-induced disruptions, as well as those reported for Inflammatory Bowel Disease and colo-rectal cancer are used as examples to illustrate the great translational potential of such research. These new observations shed new light on our attempts to develop new therapies that are able to protect and restore gut microbiota homeostasis in the many disease conditions that have been linked to microbiota dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Gerald Buret
- Departments of Biological Sciences, and Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. N.W, Calgary, T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Jean-Paul Motta
- Departments of Biological Sciences, and Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. N.W, Calgary, T2N 1N4, Canada.,Institute of Digestive Health Research, INSERM UMR1220, Université Toulouse Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Thibault Allain
- Departments of Biological Sciences, and Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. N.W, Calgary, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Jose Ferraz
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - John Lawrence Wallace
- Departments of Biological Sciences, and Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. N.W, Calgary, T2N 1N4, Canada
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118
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Li X, Zhang Y, Wang L, Lin Y, Gao Z, Zhan X, Huang Y, Sun C, Wang D, Liang S, Wu L. Integrated Analysis of Brain Transcriptome Reveals Convergent Molecular Pathways in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:706. [PMID: 31649562 PMCID: PMC6795181 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a set of complex neurodevelopmental disorders with etiology that remains elusive. Although there is a mounting body of investigation in different brain regions related to ASD, our knowledge about the common and distinct perturb condition between them is at the threshold of accumulation. In this study, based on protein-protein interactions, post-mortem transcriptome analysis was performed with corpus callosum (CC) and prefrontal cortex (PFC) samples from ASD individuals and controls. Co-expression network analysis revealed that a total of seven (four for CC set, three for PFC set) core dysfunctional modules strongly enriched for known ASD-risk genes. Three quarters of them in CC set (M4, M6, M29) significantly enriched for genes annotated by genetically associated variants in our previous whole genome sequencing data. We further determined transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation subnetwork for each ASD-correlated module, including 47 pivot transcription factors, 130 pivot miRNAs, and 7 pivot lncRNAs. Moreover, there were significantly more interactions between CC-M4, -M6, and PFC-M2, mainly involved in synaptic functions and neuronal development. Our integrated multifactor analysis of ASD brain transcriptome profile illustrated underlying common and distinct molecular mechanisms and the module crosstalk between CC and PFC, helping to shed light on the molecular neuropathological underlying ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Li
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Province Key Laboratory of Children Development and Genetic Research, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yuncong Zhang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Luxi Wang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Province Key Laboratory of Children Development and Genetic Research, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yunqing Lin
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhaomin Gao
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Province Key Laboratory of Children Development and Genetic Research, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Province Key Laboratory of Children Development and Genetic Research, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Province Key Laboratory of Children Development and Genetic Research, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Caihong Sun
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Province Key Laboratory of Children Development and Genetic Research, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Dong Wang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuang Liang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Province Key Laboratory of Children Development and Genetic Research, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Lijie Wu
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Province Key Laboratory of Children Development and Genetic Research, Heilongjiang, China
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119
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Bennuri SC, Rose S, Frye RE. Mitochondrial Dysfunction Is Inducible in Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines From Children With Autism and May Involve the TORC1 Pathway. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:269. [PMID: 31133888 PMCID: PMC6514096 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously developed a lymphoblastoid cell line (LCL) model of mitochondrial dysfunction in autism spectrum disorder (ASD); some individuals with ASD showed mitochondrial dysfunction (AD-A) while other individuals (AD-N) demonstrated mitochondrial respiration similar to controls (CNT). To test the hypothesis that mitochondrial dysfunction could be a consequence of environmental exposures through chronic elevations in reactive oxygen species (ROS), we exposed LCLs to prolonged ROS. We also examined expression of metabolic regulatory genes and the modulating effect of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Prolonged ROS exposure induced or worsened mitochondrial dysfunction in all LCL groups. Expression of genes associated with ROS protection was elevated in both AD-N and AD-A LCLs, but mitochondrial fission/fusion and mitoplasticity gene expression was only increased in AD-N LCLs. Partial least squares discriminant analysis showed that mTOR, UCP2 (uncoupling protein 2), SIRT1 (sirtuin 1), and MFN2 (mitofusin-2) gene expression differentiated LCL groups. Low-dose rapamycin (0.1 nM) normalized respiration with the magnitude of this normalization greater for AD-A LCLs, suggesting that the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway may have a different dynamic range for regulating mitochondrial activity in individuals with ASD with and without mitochondrial dysfunction, potentially related to S6K1 (S6 kinase beta-1) regulation. Understanding pathways that underlie mitochondrial dysfunction in ASD may lead to novel treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirish C Bennuri
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Shannon Rose
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Richard E Frye
- Barrow Neurologic Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States
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120
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Harville T, Rhodes-Clark B, Bennuri SC, Delhey L, Slattery J, Tippett M, Wynne R, Rose S, Kahler S, Frye RE. Inheritance of HLA-Cw7 Associated With Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:612. [PMID: 31572230 PMCID: PMC6749146 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a behaviorally defined disorder that is now thought to affect approximately 1 in 69 children in the United States. In most cases, the etiology is unknown, but several studies point to the interaction of genetic predisposition with environmental factors. The immune system is thought to have a causative role in ASD, and specific studies have implicated T lymphocytes, monocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, and certain cytokines. The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system is involved in the underlying process for shaping an individual's immune system, and specific HLA alleles are associated with specific diseases as risk factors. In this study, we determine whether a specific HLA allele was associated with ASD in a large cohort of patients with ASD. Identifying such an association could help in the identification of immune system components which may have a causative role in specific cohorts of patients with ASD who share similar specific clinical features. Specimens from 143 patients with ASD were analyzed with respect to race and ethnicity. Overall, HLA-Cw7 was present in a much greater frequency than expected in individuals with ASD as compared to the general population. Further, the cohort of patients who express HLA-Cw7 shares specific immune system/inflammatory clinical features including being more likely to have allergies, food intolerances, and chronic sinusitis as compared to those with ASD who did not express HLA-Cw7. HLA-Cw7 has a role in stimulating NK cells. Thus, this finding may indicate that chronic over-activation of NK cells may have a role in the manifestation of ASD in a cohort of patients with increased immune system/inflammatory features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Harville
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Bobbie Rhodes-Clark
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Sirish C Bennuri
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States.,Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Leanna Delhey
- School of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States.,Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - John Slattery
- BioRosa Technologies Inc, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Marie Tippett
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States.,Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Rebecca Wynne
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, United States
| | - Shannon Rose
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States.,Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Stephen Kahler
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States.,Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Richard E Frye
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, United States
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121
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Calatayud M, Xiong C, Du Laing G, Raber G, Francesconi K, van de Wiele T. Salivary and Gut Microbiomes Play a Significant Role in in Vitro Oral Bioaccessibility, Biotransformation, and Intestinal Absorption of Arsenic from Food. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:14422-14435. [PMID: 30403856 PMCID: PMC6300781 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b04457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The release of a toxicant from a food matrix during the gastrointestinal digestion is a crucial determinant of the toxicant's oral bioavailability. We present a modified setup of the human simulator of the gut microbial ecosystem (SHIME), with four sequential gastrointestinal reactors (oral, stomach, small intestine, and colon), including the salivary and colonic microbiomes. Naturally arsenic-containing rice, mussels, and nori seaweed were digested in the presence of microorganisms and in vitro oral bioaccessibility, bioavailability, and metabolism of arsenic species were evaluated following analysis by using HPLC/mass spectrometry. When food matrices were digested with salivary bacteria, the soluble arsenic in the gastric digestion stage increased for mussel and nori samples, but no coincidence impact was found in the small intestinal and colonic digestion stages. However, the simulated small intestinal absorption of arsenic was increased in all food matrices (1.2-2.7 fold higher) following digestion with salivary microorganisms. No significant transformation of the arsenic species occurred except for the arsenosugars present in mussels and nori. In those samples, conversions between the oxo arsenosugars were observed in the small intestinal digestion stage whereupon the thioxo analogs became major metabolites. These results expand our knowledge on the likely metabolism and oral bioavailabiltiy of arsenic during human digestion, and provide valuable information for future risk assessments of dietary arsenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Calatayud
- Center
for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Chan Xiong
- Institute
of Chemistry, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- (C.X.) Phone: +43 (0)316
380-5318; e-mail:
| | - Gijs Du Laing
- Department
of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent
University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Georg Raber
- Center
for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kevin Francesconi
- Institute
of Chemistry, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Tom van de Wiele
- Center
for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- (T.V.d.W.) Phone: +32 9
264 59 76; fax: + 32 9 264 62 48; e-mail:
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122
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Rose S, Niyazov DM, Rossignol DA, Goldenthal M, Kahler SG, Frye RE. Clinical and Molecular Characteristics of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Mol Diagn Ther 2018; 22:571-593. [PMID: 30039193 PMCID: PMC6132446 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-018-0352-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) affects ~ 2% of children in the United States. The etiology of ASD likely involves environmental factors triggering physiological abnormalities in genetically sensitive individuals. One of these major physiological abnormalities is mitochondrial dysfunction, which may affect a significant subset of children with ASD. Here we systematically review the literature on human studies of mitochondrial dysfunction related to ASD. Clinical aspects of mitochondrial dysfunction in ASD include unusual neurodevelopmental regression, especially if triggered by an inflammatory event, gastrointestinal symptoms, seizures, motor delays, fatigue and lethargy. Traditional biomarkers of mitochondrial disease are widely reported to be abnormal in ASD, but appear non-specific. Newer biomarkers include buccal cell enzymology, biomarkers of fatty acid metabolism, non-mitochondrial enzyme function, apoptosis markers and mitochondrial antibodies. Many genetic abnormalities are associated with mitochondrial dysfunction in ASD, including chromosomal abnormalities, mitochondrial DNA mutations and large-scale deletions, and mutations in both mitochondrial and non-mitochondrial nuclear genes. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been described in immune and buccal cells, fibroblasts, muscle and gastrointestinal tissue and the brains of individuals with ASD. Several environmental factors, including toxicants, microbiome metabolites and an oxidized microenvironment are shown to modulate mitochondrial function in ASD tissues. Investigations of treatments for mitochondrial dysfunction in ASD are promising but preliminary. The etiology of mitochondrial dysfunction and how to define it in ASD is currently unclear. However, preliminary evidence suggests that the mitochondria may be a fruitful target for treatment and prevention of ASD. Further research is needed to better understand the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathophysiology of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Rose
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Dmitriy M Niyazov
- Section of Medical Genetics, Ochsner Health System, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | - Michael Goldenthal
- Department of Pediatrics, Neurology Section, St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stephen G Kahler
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Richard E Frye
- Division of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, 1919 E Thomas St, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
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123
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Jiang L, Fu H, Yang HK, Xu W, Wang J, Yang ST. Butyric acid: Applications and recent advances in its bioproduction. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:2101-2117. [PMID: 30266343 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Butyric acid is an important C4 organic acid with broad applications. It is currently produced by chemosynthesis from petroleum-based feedstocks. However, the fermentative production of butyric acid from renewable feedstocks has received growing attention because of consumer demand for green products and natural ingredients in foods, pharmaceuticals, animal feed supplements, and cosmetics. In this review, strategies for improving microbial butyric acid production, including strain engineering and novel fermentation process development are discussed and compared regarding product yield, titer, purity and productivity. Future perspectives on strain and process improvements for butyric acid production are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Jiang
- School of Biology & Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, No. 5 Xinmofan Road, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hongxin Fu
- School of Biology & Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hopen K Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Jufang Wang
- School of Biology & Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Shang-Tian Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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124
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Analysis of gut microbiota profiles and microbe-disease associations in children with autism spectrum disorders in China. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13981. [PMID: 30228282 PMCID: PMC6143520 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32219-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a set of complex neurodevelopmental disorders. Recent studies reported that children with ASD have altered gut microbiota profiles compared with typical development (TD) children. However, few studies on gut bacteria of children with ASD have been conducted in China. Here, in order to elucidate changes of fecal microbiota in children with ASD, 16S rRNA sequencing was conducted and the 16S rRNA (V3-V4) gene tags were amplified. We investigated differences in fecal microbiota between 35 children with ASD and 6 TD children. At the phylum level, the fecal microbiota of ASD group indicated a significant increase of the Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio. At the genus level, we found that the relative abundance of Sutterella, Odoribacter and Butyricimonas was much more abundant in the ASD group whereas the abundance of Veillonella and Streptococcus was decreased significantly compared to the control group. Functional analysis demonstrated that butyrate and lactate producers were less abundant in the ASD group. In addition, we downloaded the association data set of microbe–disease from human microbe–disease association database and constructed a human disease network including ASD using our gut microbiome results. In this microbe–disease network based on microbe similarity of diseases, we found that ASD is positively correlated with periodontal, negatively related to type 1 diabetes. Therefore, these results suggest that microbe-based disease analysis is able to predict novel connection between ASD and other diseases and may play a role in revealing the pathogenesis of ASD.
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125
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Lv QQ, You C, Zou XB, Deng HZ. Acyl-carnitine, C5DC, and C26 as potential biomarkers for diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder in children. Psychiatry Res 2018; 267:277-280. [PMID: 29945069 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of neurodevelopmental disorders that shown a close association with impaired lipid metabolism. The acyl-carnitine spectrum status in Chinese children with ASD has not been reported. In this study, we assessed the levels of blood acyl-carnitines in Chinese children with ASD and examined the relation between acyl-carnitine profiles and the intelligence levels. Blood levels of acyl-carnitines were determined by tandem mass spectrometry in 60 children with ASD and 30 typically developing children. Chinese Wechsler Young Children Scale of Intelligence (C-WYCSI) was used in ASD group. Blood levels of free carnitine, glutaricyl carnitine, octyl carnitine, twenty four carbonyl carnitine and carnosyl carnitine in the ASD group were significantly lower than those in the control group. Glutaryl carnitine and carnosyl carnitine might be potential biomarkers for diagnosis of ASD. The changes in the acyl-carnitine spectrum indicate potential mitochondrial dysfunction and abnormal fatty acid metabolism in preschool ASD children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Qian Lv
- Child Developmental & Behavioral Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China; Department of Pediatrics, People's Hospital of Rizhao, Rizhao 276826, China
| | - Cong You
- Child Developmental & Behavioral Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Zou
- Child Developmental & Behavioral Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Hong-Zhu Deng
- Child Developmental & Behavioral Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China.
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126
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Xu YH, Gao CL, Guo HL, Zhang WQ, Huang W, Tang SS, Gan WJ, Xu Y, Zhou H, Zhu Q. Sodium butyrate supplementation ameliorates diabetic inflammation in db/db mice. J Endocrinol 2018; 238:231-244. [PMID: 29941502 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Endotoxemia has been recognized to be closely accompanied with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and is responsible for many diabetic complications. Recent study suggests the potential role of butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) from microbiota metabolite, on T2DM. Gut-leak is a key event in diabetic-endotoxemia. To investigate if butyrate could ameliorate diabetic-endotoxemia, both in vivo and in vitro experiments were carried out in the present study. The effect of butyrate supplementation on blood HbA1c and inflammatory cytokines were determined in db/db mice; gut barrier integrity and expression of tight junction proteins were investigated both in vivo and in vitro Oral butyrate administration significantly decreased blood HbA1c, inflammatory cytokines and LPS in db/db mice; inflammatory cell infiltration was reduced, and gut integrity and intercellular adhesion molecules were increased as detected by HE staining, immunohistochemistry and Western blot. By gut microbiota assay, ratio of Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes for gut microbiota was reduced by butyrate. In Caco-2 cells, butyrate significantly promoted cell proliferation, decreased inflammatory cytokines' secretion, enhanced cell anti-oxidative stress ability and preserved the epithelial monocellular integrity, which was damaged by LPS. The present findings demonstrated that butyrate supplementation could ameliorate diabetic-endotoxemia in db/db mice via restoring composition of gut microbiota and preserving gut epithelial barrier integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Hua Xu
- Faculty of Chinese MedicineMacau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese MedicineMacau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, China
| | - Chen-Lin Gao
- Faculty of Chinese MedicineMacau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese MedicineMacau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, China
- Department of EndocrinologyAffiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Heng-Li Guo
- Faculty of Chinese MedicineMacau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese MedicineMacau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, China
| | - Wen-Qian Zhang
- Faculty of Chinese MedicineMacau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese MedicineMacau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Faculty of Chinese MedicineMacau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese MedicineMacau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, China
- Department of EndocrinologyAffiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Shan-Shan Tang
- Faculty of Chinese MedicineMacau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese MedicineMacau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, China
| | - Wen-Jun Gan
- Faculty of Chinese MedicineMacau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese MedicineMacau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Faculty of Chinese MedicineMacau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, China
- Department of EndocrinologyAffiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Hua Zhou
- Faculty of Chinese MedicineMacau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese MedicineMacau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, China
| | - Quan Zhu
- Faculty of Chinese MedicineMacau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese MedicineMacau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, China
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127
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Frye RE. Social Skills Deficits in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Potential Biological Origins and Progress in Developing Therapeutic Agents. CNS Drugs 2018; 32:713-734. [PMID: 30105528 PMCID: PMC6105175 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-018-0556-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder is defined by two core symptoms: a deficit in social communication and the presence of repetitive behaviors and/or restricted interests. Currently, there is no US Food and Drug Administration-approved drug for these core symptoms. This article reviews the biological origins of the social function deficit associated with autism spectrum disorder and the drug therapies with the potential to treat this deficit. A review of the history of autism demonstrates that a deficit in social interaction has been the defining feature of the concept of autism from its conception. Abnormalities identified in early social skill development and an overview of the pathophysiology abnormalities associated with autism spectrum disorder are discussed as are the abnormalities in brain circuits associated with the social function deficit. Previous and ongoing clinical trials examining agents that have the potential to improve social deficits associated with autism spectrum disorder are discussed in detail. This discussion reveals that agents such as oxytocin and propranolol are particularly promising and undergoing active investigation, while other agents such as vasopressin agonists and antagonists are being activity investigated but have limited published evidence at this time. In addition, agents such as bumetanide and manipulation of the enteric microbiome using microbiota transfer therapy appear to have promising effects on core autism spectrum disorder symptoms including social function. Other pertinent issues associated with developing treatments in autism spectrum disorder, such as disease heterogeneity, high placebo response rates, trial design, and the most appropriate way of assessing effects on social skills (outcome measures), are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Frye
- Division of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, 1919 E Thomas St, Phoenix, AZ, 85016, USA.
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA.
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