101
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Mark JKK, Lim CSY, Nordin F, Tye GJ. Expression of mammalian proteins for diagnostics and therapeutics: a review. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:10593-10608. [PMID: 35674877 PMCID: PMC9175168 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07651-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibodies have proven to be remarkably successful for biomedical applications. They play important roles in epidemiology and medicine from diagnostics of diseases to therapeutics, treating diseases from incessant chronic diseases such as rheumatology to pandemic outbreaks. With no end in sight for the demand for antibody products, optimizations and new techniques must be expanded to accommodate this. METHODS AND RESULTS This review discusses optimizations and techniques for antibody production through choice of discovery platforms, expression systems, cell culture mediums, and other strategies to increase expression yield. Each system has its own merits and demerits, and the strategy chosen is critical in addressing various biological aspects. CONCLUSIONS There is still insufficient evidence to validate the efficacy of some of these techniques, and further research is needed to consolidate these industrial production systems. There is no doubt that more strategies, systems, and pipelines will contribute to enhance biopharmaceutical production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Kar Kei Mark
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Minden, Malaysia
| | - Crystale Siew Ying Lim
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, No 1 Jalan Menara Gading, UCSI Heights, Taman Connaught, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Cheras, Malaysia
| | - Fazlina Nordin
- Tissue Engineering Centre (TEC), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC), 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Cheras, Malaysia
| | - Gee Jun Tye
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Minden, Malaysia.
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102
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Yang Y, Xu F. Evolving understanding of antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of SARS-CoV-2. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1008285. [PMID: 36330519 PMCID: PMC9622928 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1008285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since immune system and internal environment in vivo are large and complex, the interpretation of the observed immune effect from the perspective of a single immune cell or antibody seems a little feeble. Many studies have shown that specific antibodies against “ former” viruses have a reduced ability to neutralize “new” mutant strains. However, there is no comprehensive and clear view of whether there will be Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). We review the latest relevant studies, hoping to explain the ADE of SARS-CoV-2 infection sometimes observed in some patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalong Yang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Division, Department of Pharmacy, Medical Supplies Center, People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical School of Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA), Beijing, China
| | - Fenghua Xu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Division, Department of Pharmacy, Medical Supplies Center, People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Fenghua Xu,
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103
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Adhikari A, Abayasingam A, Rodrigo C, Agapiou D, Pandzic E, Brasher NA, Fernando BSM, Keoshkerian E, Li H, Kim HN, Lord M, Popovic G, Rawlinson W, Mina M, Post JJ, Hudson B, Gilroy N, Dwyer D, Sasson SC, Grubor-Bauk B, Lloyd AR, Martinello M, Bull RA, Tedla N. Longitudinal Characterization of Phagocytic and Neutralization Functions of Anti-Spike Antibodies in Plasma of Patients after Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 209:1499-1512. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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104
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Duty JA, Kraus T, Zhou H, Zhang Y, Shaabani N, Yildiz S, Du N, Singh A, Miorin L, Li D, Stegman K, Ophir S, Cao X, Atanasoff K, Lim R, Mena I, Bouvier NM, Kowdle S, Carreño JM, Rivero-Nava L, Raskin A, Moreno E, Johnson S, Rathnasinghe R, Pai CI, Kehrer T, Cabral EP, Jangra S, Healy L, Singh G, Warang P, Simon V, Sordillo EM, van Bakel H, Liu Y, Sun W, Kerwin L, Teijaro J, Schotsaert M, Krammer F, Bresson D, García-Sastre A, Fu Y, Lee B, Powers C, Moran T, Ji H, Tortorella D, Allen R. Discovery and intranasal administration of a SARS-CoV-2 broadly acting neutralizing antibody with activity against multiple Omicron subvariants. MED 2022; 3:705-721.e11. [PMID: 36044897 PMCID: PMC9359501 DOI: 10.1016/j.medj.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The continual emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants of concern, in particular the newly emerged Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant and its BA.X lineages, has rendered ineffective a number of previously FDA emergency use authorized SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody therapies. Furthermore, those approved antibodies with neutralizing activity against Omicron BA.1 are reportedly ineffective against the subset of Omicron subvariants that contain a R346K substitution, BA.1.1, and the more recently emergent BA.2, demonstrating the continued need for discovery and characterization of candidate therapeutic antibodies with the breadth and potency of neutralizing activity required to treat newly diagnosed COVID-19 linked to recently emerged variants of concern. METHODS Following a campaign of antibody discovery based on the vaccination of Harbor H2L2 mice with defined SARS-CoV-2 spike domains, we have characterized the activity of a large collection of spike-binding antibodies and identified a lead neutralizing human IgG1 LALA antibody, STI-9167. FINDINGS STI-9167 has potent, broad-spectrum neutralizing activity against the current SARS-COV-2 variants of concern and retained activity against each of the tested Omicron subvariants in both pseudotype and live virus neutralization assays. Furthermore, STI-9167 nAb administered intranasally or intravenously provided protection against weight loss and reduced virus lung titers to levels below the limit of quantitation in Omicron-infected K18-hACE2 transgenic mice. CONCLUSIONS With this established activity profile, a cGMP cell line has been developed and used to produce cGMP drug product intended for intravenous or intranasal use in human clinical trials. FUNDING Funded by CRIPT (no. 75N93021R00014), DARPA (HR0011-19-2-0020), and NCI Seronet (U54CA260560).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Andrew Duty
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Therapeutic Antibody Development, Drug Discovery Institute, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Kraus
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Therapeutic Antibody Development, Drug Discovery Institute, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Heyue Zhou
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | | | - Soner Yildiz
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Na Du
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Alok Singh
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Lisa Miorin
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Donghui Li
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Karen Stegman
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Sabrina Ophir
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xia Cao
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Kristina Atanasoff
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Reyna Lim
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Ignacio Mena
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicole M Bouvier
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shreyas Kowdle
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Juan Manuel Carreño
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Ariel Raskin
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elena Moreno
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sachi Johnson
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Raveen Rathnasinghe
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chin I Pai
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Thomas Kehrer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Sonia Jangra
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laura Healy
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Gagandeep Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Prajakta Warang
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Viviana Simon
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emilia Mia Sordillo
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Harm van Bakel
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yonghong Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Weina Sun
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lisa Kerwin
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - John Teijaro
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michael Schotsaert
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yanwen Fu
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Benhur Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Colin Powers
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Thomas Moran
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Therapeutic Antibody Development, Drug Discovery Institute, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Henry Ji
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | - Domenico Tortorella
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Therapeutic Antibody Development, Drug Discovery Institute, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert Allen
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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105
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Song H, Yuan Z, Liu S, Jin Z, Sun G. Mathematical modeling the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 infection with antibody-dependent enhancement. NONLINEAR DYNAMICS 2022; 111:2943-2958. [PMID: 36246668 PMCID: PMC9540275 DOI: 10.1007/s11071-022-07939-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The advent and swift global spread of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) transmitted by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have caused massive deaths and economic devastation worldwide. Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) is a common phenomenon in virology that directly affects the effectiveness of the vaccine, and there is no fully effective vaccine for diseases. In order to study the potential role of ADE on SARS-CoV-2 infection, we establish the SARS-CoV-2 infection dynamics model with ADE. The basic reproduction number is computed. We prove that when R 0 < 1 , the infection-free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable, and the system is uniformly persistent when R 0 > 1 . We carry out the sensitivity analysis by the partial rank correlation coefficients and the extended version of the Fourier amplitude sensitivity test. Numerical simulations are implemented to illustrate the theoretical results. The potential impact of ADE on SARS-CoV-2 infection is also assessed. Our results show that ADE may accelerate SARS-CoV-2 infection. Furthermore, our findings suggest that increasing antibody titers can have the ability to control SARS-CoV-2 infection with ADE, but enhancing the neutralizing power of antibodies may be ineffective to control SARS-CoV-2 infection with ADE. Our study presumably contributes to a better understanding of the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 infection with ADE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Song
- Complex Systems Research Center, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006 China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Mathematical Techniques and Big Data Analysis on Disease Control and Prevention, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006 China
| | - Zepeng Yuan
- Complex Systems Research Center, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006 China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Mathematical Techniques and Big Data Analysis on Disease Control and Prevention, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006 China
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006 China
| | - Shengqiang Liu
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387 China
| | - Zhen Jin
- Complex Systems Research Center, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006 China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Mathematical Techniques and Big Data Analysis on Disease Control and Prevention, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006 China
| | - Guiquan Sun
- Complex Systems Research Center, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006 China
- Department of Mathematics, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051 China
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106
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Issmail L, Möser C, Jäger C, Altattan B, Ramsbeck D, Kleinschmidt M, Buchholz M, Smith D, Grunwald T. Prefusion-specific antibody-derived peptides trivalently presented on DNA-nanoscaffolds as an innovative strategy against RSV entry. FRONTIERS IN VIROLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fviro.2022.994843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the primary cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections in children and the elderly worldwide, for which neither a vaccine nor an effective therapy is approved. The entry of RSV into the host cell is mediated by stepwise structural changes in the surface RSV fusion (RSV-F) glycoprotein. Recent progress in structural and functional studies of RSV-F glycoprotein revealed conformation-dependent neutralizing epitopes which have become attractive targets for vaccine and therapeutic development. As RSV-F is present on viral surface in a trimeric form, a trivalent binding interaction between a candidate fusion inhibitor and the respective epitopes on each of the three monomers is expected to prevent viral infection at higher potency than a monovalent or bivalent inhibitor. Here we demonstrate a novel RSV entry inhibitory approach by implementing a trimeric DNA nanostructure as a template to display up to three linear peptide moieties that simultaneously target an epitope on the surface of the prefusion RSV-F protein. In order to design synthetic binding peptides that can be coupled to the DNA nanostructure, the prefusion RSV-F-specific monoclonal antibody (D25) was selected. Complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) derived peptides underwent truncation and alanine-scanning mutagenesis analysis, followed by systematic sequence modifications using non-canonical amino acids. The most effective peptide candidate was used as a binding moiety to functionalize the DNA nanostructure. The designed DNA-peptide construct was able to block RSV infection on cells more efficiently than the monomeric peptides, however a more moderate reduction of viral load was observed in the lungs of infected mice upon intranasal application, likely due to dissociation or absorption of the underlying DNA structure by cells in the lungs. Taken together, our results point towards the inhibitory potential of a novel trimeric DNA-peptide based approach against RSV and open the possibility to apply this platform to target other viral infections.
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107
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Gupta SL, Jaiswal RK. Relevant of neutralizing antibody during SARS-CoV-2 infection and their therapeutic usage. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:10137-10140. [PMID: 35596816 PMCID: PMC9123622 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07493-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rishi K Jaiswal
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA.
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108
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Britto C, Alter G. The next frontier in vaccine design: blending immune correlates of protection into rational vaccine design. Curr Opin Immunol 2022; 78:102234. [PMID: 35973352 PMCID: PMC9612370 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2022.102234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite the extraordinary speed and success in SARS-Cov-2 vaccine development, the emergence of variants of concern perplexed the vaccine development community. Neutralizing antibodies waned antibodies waned and were evaded by viral variants, despite the preservation of protection against severe disease and death across vaccinated populations. Similar to other vaccine design efforts, the lack of mechanistic correlates of immunity against Coronavirus Disease 2019, raised questions related to the need for vaccine redesign and boosting. Hence, our limited understanding of mechanistic correlates of immunity - across pathogens - remains a major obstacle in vaccine development. The identification and incorporation of mechanistic correlates of immunity are key to the accelerated design of highly impactful globally relevant vaccines. Systems-biology tools can be applied strategically to define a complete understanding of mechanistic correlates of immunity. Embedding immunological dissection and target immune profile identification, beyond canonical antibody binding and neutralization, may accelerate the design and success of durable protective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Britto
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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109
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Obeng EM, Fianu I, Danquah MK. Multivalent ACE2 engineering-A promising pathway for advanced coronavirus nanomedicine development. NANO TODAY 2022; 46:101580. [PMID: 35942040 PMCID: PMC9350675 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2022.101580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The spread of coronavirus diseases has resulted in a clarion call to develop potent drugs and vaccines even as different strains appear beyond human prediction. An initial step that is integral to the viral entry into host cells results from an active-targeted interaction of the viral spike (S) proteins and the cell surface receptor, called angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Thus, engineered ACE2 has been an interesting decoy inhibitor against emerging coronavirus infestation. This article discusses promising innovative ACE2 engineering pathways for current and emerging coronavirus therapeutic development. First, we provide a brief discussion of some ACE2-associated human coronaviruses and their cell invasion mechanism. Then, we describe and contrast the individual spike proteins and ACE2 receptor interactions, highlighting crucial hotspots across the ACE2-associated coronaviruses. Lastly, we address the importance of multivalency in ACE2 nanomedicine engineering and discuss novel approaches to develop and achieve multivalent therapeutic outcomes. Beyond coronaviruses, these approaches will serve as a paradigm to develop new and improved treatment technologies against pathogens that use ACE2 receptor for invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene M Obeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Isaac Fianu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael K Danquah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Tennessee, 615 McCallie Ave, Chattanooga, TN 37403, United States
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110
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Wan S, Liu S, Sun M, Zhang J, Wei X, Song T, Li Y, Liu X, Chen H, Yang CJ, Song Y. Spatial- and Valence-Matched Neutralizing DNA Nanostructure Blocks Wild-Type SARS-CoV-2 and Omicron Variant Infection. ACS NANO 2022; 16:15310-15317. [PMID: 36073793 PMCID: PMC9469956 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c06803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Natural ligand-receptor interactions that play pivotal roles in biological events are ideal models for design and assembly of artificial recognition molecules. Herein, aiming at the structural characteristics of the spike trimer and infection mechanism of SARS-CoV-2, we have designed a DNA framework-guided spatial-patterned neutralizing aptamer trimer for SARS-CoV-2 neutralization. The ∼5.8 nm tetrahedral DNA framework affords precise spatial organization and matched valence as four neutralizing aptamers (MATCH-4), which matches with nanometer precision the topmost surface of SARS-CoV-2 spike trimer, enhancing the interaction between MATCH-4 and spike trimer. Moreover, the DNA framework provides a dimensionally complementary nanoscale barrier to prevent the spike trimer-ACE2 interaction and the conformational transition, thereby inhibiting SARS-CoV-2-host cell fusion and infection. As a result, the spatial- and valence-matched MATCH-4 ensures improved binding affinity and neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 and its varied mutant strains, particularly the current Omicron variant, that are evasive of the majority of existing neutralizing antibodies. In addition, because neutralizing aptamers specific to other targets can be evolved and assembled, the present design has the potential to inhibit other wide-range and emerging pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wan
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Siwen Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases and InnoHK Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Miao Sun
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Jialu Zhang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Xinyu Wei
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Ting Song
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yuhao Li
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Xinyang Liu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Honglin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases and InnoHK Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chaoyong James Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Yanling Song
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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111
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Theoretical Explanation for the Rarity of Antibody-Dependent Enhancement of Infection (ADE) in COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911364. [PMID: 36232664 PMCID: PMC9569501 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Global vaccination against the SARS-CoV-2 virus has proved to be highly effective. However, the possibility of antibody-dependent enhancement of infection (ADE) upon vaccination remains underinvestigated. Here, we aimed to theoretically determine conditions for the occurrence of ADE in COVID-19. We developed a series of mathematical models of antibody response: model Ab—a model of antibody formation; model Cv—a model of infection spread in the body; and a complete model, which combines the two others. The models describe experimental data on SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infections in humans and cell cultures, including viral load dynamics, seroconversion times and antibody concentration kinetics. The modelling revealed that a significant proportion of macrophages can become infected only if they bind antibodies with high probability. Thus, a high probability of macrophage infection and a sufficient amount of pre-existing antibodies are necessary for the development of ADE in SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, from the point of view of the dynamics of pneumocyte infection, the two cases where the body has a high concentration of preexisting antibodies and a high probability of macrophage infection and where there is a low concentration of antibodies in the body and no macrophage infection are indistinguishable. This conclusion could explain the lack of confirmed ADE cases for COVID-19.
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Ankerhold J, Giese S, Kolb P, Maul-Pavicic A, Voll RE, Göppert N, Ciminski K, Kreutz C, Lother A, Salzer U, Bildl W, Welsink T, Morgenthaler NG, Grawitz AB, Emmerich F, Steinmann D, Huzly D, Schwemmle M, Hengel H, Falcone V. Circulating multimeric immune complexes contribute to immunopathology in COVID-19. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5654. [PMID: 36163132 PMCID: PMC9513013 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32867-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A dysregulated immune response with high levels of SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG antibodies characterizes patients with severe or critical COVID-19. Although a robust IgG response is considered to be protective, excessive triggering of activating Fc-gamma-receptors (FcγRs) could be detrimental and cause immunopathology. Here, we document excessive FcγRIIIA/CD16A activation in patients developing severe or critical COVID-19 but not in those with mild disease. We identify two independent ligands mediating extreme FcγRIIIA/CD16A activation. Soluble circulating IgG immune complexes (sICs) are detected in about 80% of patients with severe and critical COVID-19 at levels comparable to active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) disease. FcγRIIIA/CD16A activation is further enhanced by afucosylation of SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG. Utilizing cell-based reporter systems we provide evidence that sICs can be formed prior to a specific humoral response against SARS-CoV-2. Our data suggest a cycle of immunopathology driven by an early formation of sICs in predisposed patients. These findings suggest a reason for the seemingly paradoxical findings of high antiviral IgG responses and systemic immune dysregulation in severe COVID-19. The involvement of circulating sICs in the promotion of immunopathology in predisposed patients opens new possibilities for intervention strategies to mitigate critical COVID-19 progression. During viral infections high levels of antibodies can form soluble immune complexes (sICs) with antigen and trigger Fcγ receptors (FcγR) leading to increased immunopathology. Here the authors measure FcγRs activation by sICs and consider how these may lead to excessive immunopathology during severe SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Ankerhold
- Institute of Virology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Giese
- Institute of Virology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Kolb
- Institute of Virology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Maul-Pavicic
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Reinhard E Voll
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nathalie Göppert
- Institute of Virology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kevin Ciminski
- Institute of Virology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Clemens Kreutz
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Achim Lother
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Medical Intensive Care, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Salzer
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Bildl
- Institute of Physiology II, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tim Welsink
- InVivo BioTech Services GmbH, Hennigsdorf, Germany
| | | | - Andrea Busse Grawitz
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florian Emmerich
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Steinmann
- Occupational Medical Service, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Huzly
- Institute of Virology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Schwemmle
- Institute of Virology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hartmut Hengel
- Institute of Virology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Valeria Falcone
- Institute of Virology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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113
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An albumin-angiotensin converting enzyme 2-based SARS-CoV-2 decoy with FcRn-driven half-life extension. Acta Biomater 2022; 153:411-418. [PMID: 36162760 PMCID: PMC9508356 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) mutants and breakthrough infections despite available coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines calls for antiviral therapeutics. The application of soluble angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a SARS-CoV-2 decoy that reduces cell bound ACE2-mediated virus entry is limited by a short plasma half-life. This work presents a recombinant human albumin ACE2 genetic fusion (rHA-ACE2) to increase the plasma half-life by an FcRn-driven cellular recycling mechanism, investigated using a wild type (WT) albumin sequence and sequence engineered with null FcRn binding (NB). Binding of rHA-ACE2 fusions to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein subdomain 1 (S1) was demonstrated (WT-ACE2 KD = 32.8 nM and NB-ACE2 KD = 31.7 nM) using Bio-Layer Interferometry and dose-dependent in vitro inhibition of host cell infection of pseudotyped viruses displaying surface SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein. FcRn-mediated in vitro recycling was translated to a five times greater plasma half-life of WT-ACE2 (t½ β = 13.5 h) than soluble ACE2 (t½ β = 2.8 h) in humanised FcRn/albumin double transgenic mice. The rHA-ACE2-based SARS-CoV-2 decoy system exhibiting FcRn-driven circulatory half-life extension introduced in this work offers the potential to expand and improve the anti-COVID-19 anti-viral drug armoury. Statement of significance The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for rapid development of efficient antiviral therapeutics to combat SARS-CoV-2 and new mutants to lower morbidity and mortality in severe cases, and for people that are unable to receive a vaccine. Here we report a therapeutic albumin ACE2 fusion protein (rHA-ACE2), that can bind SARS-CoV-2 S protein decorated virus-like particles to inhibit viral infection, and exhibits extended in vivo half-life compared to ACE2 alone. Employing ACE2 as a binding decoy for the virus is expected to efficiently inhibit all SARS-CoV-2 mutants as they all rely on binding with endogenous ACE2 for viral cell entry and, therefore, rHA-ACE2 constitutes a versatile addition to the therapeutic arsenal for combatting COVID-19.
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114
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Focosi D, Franchini M, Pirofski LA, Burnouf T, Paneth N, Joyner MJ, Casadevall A. COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma and Clinical Trials: Understanding Conflicting Outcomes. Clin Microbiol Rev 2022; 35:e0020021. [PMID: 35262370 PMCID: PMC9491201 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00200-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Convalescent plasma (CP) recurs as a frontline treatment in epidemics because it is available as soon as there are survivors. The COVID-19 pandemic represented the first large-scale opportunity to shed light on the mechanisms of action, safety, and efficacy of CP using modern evidence-based medicine approaches. Studies ranging from observational case series to randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have reported highly variable efficacy results for COVID-19 CP (CCP), resulting in uncertainty. We analyzed variables associated with efficacy, such as clinical settings, disease severity, CCP SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) antibody levels and function, dose, timing of administration (variously defined as time from onset of symptoms, molecular diagnosis, diagnosis of pneumonia, or hospitalization, or by serostatus), outcomes (defined as hospitalization, requirement for ventilation, clinical improvement, or mortality), CCP provenance and time for collection, and criteria for efficacy. The conflicting trial results, along with both recent WHO guidelines discouraging CCP usage and the recent expansion of the FDA emergency use authorization (EUA) to include outpatient use of CCP, create confusion for both clinicians and patients about the appropriate use of CCP. A review of 30 available RCTs demonstrated that signals of efficacy (including reductions in mortality) were more likely if the CCP neutralizing titer was >160 and the time to randomization was less than 9 days. The emergence of the Omicron variant also reminds us of the benefits of polyclonal antibody therapies, especially as a bridge to the development and availability of more specific therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Focosi
- North-Western Tuscany Blood Bank, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Massimo Franchini
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Carlo Poma Hospital, Mantua, Italy
| | - Liise-anne Pirofski
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Thierry Burnouf
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nigel Paneth
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics and Pediatrics & Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Pediatrics & Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Michael J. Joyner
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health and School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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115
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Reevaluation of antibody-dependent enhancement of infection in anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapeutic antibodies and mRNA-vaccine antisera using FcR- and ACE2-positive cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15612. [PMID: 36114224 PMCID: PMC9481526 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19993-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Many therapeutic antibodies (Abs) and mRNA vaccines, both targeting SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S-protein), have been developed and approved in order to combat the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. In consideration of these developments, a common concern has been the potential for Ab-dependent enhancement (ADE) of infection caused by inoculated or induced Abs. Although the preventive and therapeutic effects of these Abs are obvious, little attention has been paid to the influence of the remaining and dwindling anti-S-protein Abs in vivo. Here, we demonstrate that certain monoclonal Abs (mAbs) approved as therapeutic neutralizing anti-S-protein mAbs for human usage have the potential to cause ADE in a narrow range of Ab concentrations. Although sera collected from mRNA-vaccinated individuals exhibited neutralizing activity, some sera gradually exhibited dominance of ADE activity in a time-dependent manner. None of the sera examined exhibited neutralizing activity against infection with the Omicron strain. Rather, some ADE of Omicron infection was observed in some sera. These results suggest the possible emergence of adverse effects caused by these Abs in addition to the therapeutic or preventive effect.
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116
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Cao X, Maruyama J, Zhou H, Fu Y, Kerwin L, Powers C, Sattler RA, Manning JT, Singh A, Lim R, Healy LD, Johnson S, Paz Cabral E, Li D, Lu L, Ledesma A, Lee D, Richards S, Rivero-Nava L, Li Y, Shen W, Stegman K, Blair B, Urata S, Kishimoto-Urata M, Ko J, Du N, Morais K, Lawrence K, Rivera I, Pai CI, Bresson D, Brunswick M, Zhang Y, Ji H, Paessler S, Allen RD. Unbiased approach to identify and assess efficacy of human SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15517. [PMID: 36109550 PMCID: PMC9476467 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19780-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to significantly impact the global population, thus countermeasure platforms that enable rapid development of therapeutics against variants of SARS-CoV-2 are essential. We report use of a phage display human antibody library approach to rapidly identify neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) against SARS-CoV-2. We demonstrate the binding and neutralization capability of two nAbs, STI-2020 and STI-5041, against the SARS-CoV-2 WA-1 strain as well as the Alpha and Beta variants. STI-2020 and STI-5041 were protective when administered intravenously or intranasally in the golden (Syrian) hamster model of COVID-19 challenged with the WA-1 strain or Beta variant. The ability to administer nAbs intravenously and intranasally may have important therapeutic implications and Phase 1 healthy subjects clinical trials are ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Cao
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Junki Maruyama
- Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Heyue Zhou
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Yanwen Fu
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Lisa Kerwin
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Colin Powers
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Rachel A Sattler
- Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - John T Manning
- Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Alok Singh
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Reyna Lim
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Laura D Healy
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Sachi Johnson
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | | | - Donghui Li
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Lucy Lu
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | | | - Daniel Lee
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | | | | | - Yan Li
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Weiqun Shen
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Karen Stegman
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | | | - Shinji Urata
- Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Magumi Kishimoto-Urata
- Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Jamie Ko
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Na Du
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Kyndal Morais
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Kate Lawrence
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Ianne Rivera
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Chin-I Pai
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | | | | | | | - Henry Ji
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
| | - Slobodan Paessler
- Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
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Castanha PMS, Tuttle DJ, Kitsios GD, Jacobs JL, Braga-Neto U, Duespohl M, Rathod S, Marti MM, Wheeler S, Naqvi A, Staines B, Mellors J, Morris A, McVerry BJ, Shah F, Schaefer C, Macatangay BJC, Methe B, Fernandez CA, Barratt-Boyes SM, Burke D, Marques ETA. Contribution of Coronavirus-Specific Immunoglobulin G Responses to Complement Overactivation in Patients with Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019. J Infect Dis 2022; 226:766-777. [PMID: 35267024 PMCID: PMC8992249 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive complement activation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), but the mechanisms leading to this response remain unclear. METHODS We measured plasma levels of key complement markers, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA and antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and seasonal human common cold coronaviruses (CCCs) in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 of moderate (n = 18) and critical severity (n = 37) and in healthy controls (n = 10). RESULTS We confirmed that complement activation is systemically increased in patients with COVID-19 and is associated with a worse disease outcome. We showed that plasma levels of C1q and circulating immune complexes were markedly increased in patients with severe COVID-19 and correlated with higher immunoglobulin (Ig) G titers, greater complement activation, and higher disease severity score. Additional analyses showed that the classical pathway was the main arm responsible for augmented complement activation in severe patients. In addition, we demonstrated that a rapid IgG response to SARS-CoV-2 and an anamnestic IgG response to the nucleoprotein of the CCCs were strongly correlated with circulating immune complex levels, complement activation, and disease severity. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that early, nonneutralizing IgG responses may play a key role in complement overactivation in severe COVID-19. Our work underscores the urgent need to develop therapeutic strategies to modify complement overactivation in patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila M S Castanha
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dylan J Tuttle
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Georgios D Kitsios
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Medicine and the Microbiome, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jana L Jacobs
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ulisses Braga-Neto
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Matthew Duespohl
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sanjay Rathod
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michelle M Marti
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sarah Wheeler
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Asma Naqvi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brittany Staines
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John Mellors
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alison Morris
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Medicine and the Microbiome, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bryan J McVerry
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Medicine and the Microbiome, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Faraaz Shah
- Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Caitlin Schaefer
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bernard J C Macatangay
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Barbara Methe
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Medicine and the Microbiome, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christian A Fernandez
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Simon M Barratt-Boyes
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Donald Burke
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ernesto T A Marques
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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118
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Dotiwala F, Upadhyay AK. A comprehensive review of BBV152 vaccine development, effectiveness, safety, challenges, and prospects. Front Immunol 2022; 13:940715. [PMID: 36177016 PMCID: PMC9513542 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.940715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The world has responded to the COVID-19 pandemic with unprecedented speed and vigor in the mass vaccination campaigns, targeted to reduce COVID-19 severity and mortality, reduce the pressure on the healthcare system, re-open society, and reduction in disease mortality and morbidity. Here we review the preclinical and clinical development of BBV152, a whole virus inactivated vaccine and an important tool in the fight to control this pandemic. BBV152, formulated with a TLR7/8 agonist adjuvant generates a Th1-biased immune response that induces high neutralization efficacy against different SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and robust long-term memory B- and T-cell responses. With seroconversion rates as high as 98.3% in vaccinated individuals, BBV152 shows 77.8% and 93.4% protection from symptomatic COVID-19 disease and severe symptomatic COVID-19 disease respectively. Studies in pediatric populations show superior immunogenicity (geometric mean titer ratio of 1.76 compared to an adult) with a seroconversion rate of >95%. The reactogenicity and safety profiles were comparable across all pediatric age groups between 2-18 yrs. as in adults. Like most approved vaccines, the BBV152 booster given 6 months after full vaccination, reverses a waning immunity, restores the neutralization efficacy, and shows synergy in a heterologous prime-boost study with about 3-fold or 300% increase in neutralization titers against multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. Based on the interim Phase III data, BBV152 received full authorization for adults and emergency use authorization for children from ages 6 to 18 years in India. It is also licensed for emergency use in 14 countries globally. Over 313 million vaccine doses have already been administered in India alone by April 18th, 2022.
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119
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Ghaemi A, Roshani Asl P, Zargaran H, Ahmadi D, Hashimi AA, Abdolalipour E, Bathaeian S, Miri SM. Recombinant COVID-19 vaccine based on recombinant RBD/Nucleoprotein and saponin adjuvant induces long-lasting neutralizing antibodies and cellular immunity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:974364. [PMID: 36159845 PMCID: PMC9494508 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.974364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has caused a global pandemic, infecting millions of people. An effective preventive vaccine against this virus is urgently needed. Here, we designed and developed a novel formulated recombinant receptor-binding domain (RBD) nucleocapsid (N) recombinant vaccine candidates. The RBD and N were separately expressed in E. coli and purified using column chromatography. The female Balb/c mice were immunized subcutaneously with the combination of purified RBD and N alone or formulated with saponin adjuvant in a two-week interval in three doses. Neutralization antibody (Nabs) titers against the SARS-CoV-2 were detected by a Surrogate Virus Neutralization (sVNT) Test. Also, total IgG and IgG1, and IgG2a isotypes and the balance of cytokines in the spleen (IFN-γ, Granzyme B, IL-4, and IL-12) were measured by ELISA. The percentages of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were quantified by flow cytometry. The lymphoproliferative activity of restimulated spleen cells was also determined. The findings showed that the combination of RBD and N proteins formulated with saponin significantly promoted specific total IgG and neutralization antibodies, elicited robust specific lymphoproliferative and T cell response responses. Moreover, marked increase in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were observed in the adjuvanted RBD and N vaccine group compared with other groups. The results suggest that the formulations are able to elicit a specific long-lasting mixed Th1/Th2 balanced immune response. Our data indicate the significance of the saponin-adjuvanted RBD/N vaccine in the design of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and provide a rationale for the development of a protective long-lasting and strong vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Ghaemi
- Department of Influenza and other respiratory viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Roshani Asl
- Department of Influenza and other respiratory viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Delaram Ahmadi
- Department of Influenza and other respiratory viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Sahar Bathaeian
- Department of Influenza and other respiratory viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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120
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Alimohammadi R, Porgoo M, Eftekhary M, Kiaie SH, Ansari Dezfouli E, Dehghani M, Nasrollahi K, Malekshahabi T, Heidari M, Pouya S, Alimohammadi M, Sattari Khavas D, Modaresi MS, Ghasemi MH, Ramyar H, Mohammadipour F, Hamzelouei F, Mofayezi A, Mottaghi SS, Rahmati A, Razzaznian M, Tirandazi V, Tat M, Borzouee F, Sadeghi H, Haji Mohammadi M, Rastegar L, Safar Sajadi SM, Ehsanbakhsh H, Bazmbar H, Baghernejadan Z, Shams Nouraei M, Pazooki P, Pahlavanneshan M, Alishah K, Nasiri F, Mokhberian N, Mohammadi SS, Akar S, Niknam H, Azizi M, Ajoudanian M, Moteallehi-Ardakani MH, Mousavi Shaegh SA, Ramezani R, Salimi V, Moazzami R, Hashemi SM, Dehghanizadeh S, Khoddami V. SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-vaccine candidate; COReNAPCIN ®, induces robust humoral and cellular immunity in mice and non-human primates. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:105. [PMID: 36056015 PMCID: PMC9438359 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00528-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
At the forefront of biopharmaceutical industry, the messenger RNA (mRNA) technology offers a flexible and scalable platform to address the urgent need for world-wide immunization in pandemic situations. This strategic powerful platform has recently been used to immunize millions of people proving both of safety and highest level of clinical efficacy against infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Here we provide preclinical report of COReNAPCIN®; a vaccine candidate against SARS-CoV-2 infection. COReNAPCIN® is a nucleoside modified mRNA-based vaccine formulated in lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) for encoding the full-length prefusion stabilized SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein on the cell surface. Vaccination of C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice and rhesus macaque with COReNAPCIN® induced strong humoral responses with high titers of virus-binding and neutralizing antibodies. Upon vaccination, a robust SARS-CoV-2 specific cellular immunity was also observed in both mice and non-human primate models. Additionally, vaccination protected rhesus macaques from symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection and pathological damage to the lung upon challenging the animals with high viral loads of up to 2 × 108 live viral particles. Overall, our data provide supporting evidence for COReNAPCIN® as a potent vaccine candidate against SARS-CoV-2 infection for clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meysam Porgoo
- Department of Process Engineering, ReNAP Therapeutics, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | | - Maryam Dehghani
- Department of Process Engineering, ReNAP Therapeutics, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kaveh Nasrollahi
- Department of Genetic Engineering, ReNAP Therapeutics, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Maryam Heidari
- Department of Immunology, ReNAP Therapeutics, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Pouya
- Department of Immunology, ReNAP Therapeutics, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | | | | - Hamed Ramyar
- Department of Process Engineering, ReNAP Therapeutics, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Vista Tirandazi
- Department of Quality Control, ReNAP Therapeutics, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Tat
- Department of Genetic Engineering, ReNAP Therapeutics, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Borzouee
- Department of Protein Engineering, ReNAP Therapeutics, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Sadeghi
- Department of Protein Engineering, ReNAP Therapeutics, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Leila Rastegar
- Department of Chemistry, ReNAP Therapeutics, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Hamed Bazmbar
- Department of Process Engineering, ReNAP Therapeutics, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Pouya Pazooki
- Department of Quality Control, ReNAP Therapeutics, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Khadijeh Alishah
- Department of Genetic Engineering, ReNAP Therapeutics, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fateme Nasiri
- Department of Quality Control, ReNAP Therapeutics, Tehran, Iran
| | - Neda Mokhberian
- Department of Quality Control, ReNAP Therapeutics, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Shima Akar
- Rizsamaneh Behboud Darman, Mashhad Medical Technologies Science Park, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Niknam
- Rizsamaneh Behboud Darman, Mashhad Medical Technologies Science Park, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Marzieh Azizi
- Department of Protein Engineering, ReNAP Therapeutics, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Seyed Ali Mousavi Shaegh
- Rizsamaneh Behboud Darman, Mashhad Medical Technologies Science Park, Mashhad, Iran.,Laboratory of Microfluidics and Medical Microsystems, BuAli Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reihaneh Ramezani
- Department of Formulation Development, ReNAP Therapeutics, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Family Therapy, Women Research Center, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Salimi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Moazzami
- Department of Protein Engineering, ReNAP Therapeutics, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahmoud Hashemi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Vahid Khoddami
- ReNAP Therapeutics, Tehran, Iran. .,Pediatric Cell and Gene Therapy Research Center, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Abstract
Following the initiation of the unprecedented global vaccination campaign against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), attention has now turned to the potential impact of this large-scale intervention on the evolution of the virus. In this Essay, we summarize what is currently known about pathogen evolution in the context of immune priming (including vaccination) from research on other pathogen species, with an eye towards the future evolution of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy Day
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Department of Biology, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - David A. Kennedy
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Andrew F. Read
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sylvain Gandon
- CEFE, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
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122
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Zanella I, Degli Antoni M, Marchese V, Castelli F, Quiros-Roldan E. Non-neutralizing antibodies: Deleterious or propitious during SARS-CoV-2 infection? Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 110:108943. [PMID: 35753123 PMCID: PMC9189100 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) is a complex phenomenon mediated by antibodies, frequently pre-existing non-neutralizing or sub-neutralizing antibodies. In the course of infectious diseases, ADE may be responsible for worsening the clinical course of the disease by increasing the virulence of pathogens (ADE of infection) or enhancing disease severity (ADE of disease). Here we reviewed the mechanisms thought to be behind the ADE phenomenon and its potential relationship with COVID-19 severity. Since the early COVID-19 epidemics, ADE has been mentioned as a possible mechanism involved in severe COVID-19 disease and, later, as a potential risk in the case of infection after vaccination. However, current data do not support its role in disease severity, both after infection and reinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Zanella
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy,Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics Section, Diagnostic Department, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Melania Degli Antoni
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia and University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Valentina Marchese
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia and University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesco Castelli
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia and University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Eugenia Quiros-Roldan
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia and University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
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123
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Kumar S, Dutta D, Ravichandiran V, Sukla S. Monoclonal antibodies: a remedial approach to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:227. [PMID: 35982759 PMCID: PMC9383686 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03281-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the newly emerged virus of the Coronaviridae family is causing havoc worldwide. The novel coronavirus 2019 was first reported in Wuhan, China marked as the third highly infectious pathogenic virus of the twenty-first century. The typical manifestations of COVID-19 include cough, sore throat, fever, fatigue, loss of sense of taste and difficulties in breathing. Large numbers of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients have mild to moderate symptoms, however severe and life-threatening cases occur in about 5-10% of infections with an approximately 2% mortality rate. For the treatment of SARS-CoV-2, the use of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) could be one approach. The receptor binding domain (RBD) and N-terminal domain (NTD) situated on the peak of the spike protein (S-Protein) of SARS-CoV-2 are immunogenic in nature, therefore, can be targeted by neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. Several bioinformatics approaches highlight the identification of novel SARS-CoV-2 epitopes which can be targeted for the development of COVID-19 therapeutics. Here we present a summary of neutralizing mAbs isolated from COVID-19 infected patients which are anticipated to be a better therapeutic alternative against SARS-CoV-2. However, provided the vast escalation of the disease worldwide affecting people from all strata, affording expensive mAb therapy will not be feasible. Hence other strategies are also being employed to find suitable vaccine candidates and antivirals against SARS-CoV-2 that can be made easily available to the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonu Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceuticals Education and Research, 168, Maniktala Main Road, Kolkata, 700054 West Bengal India
| | - Debrupa Dutta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceuticals Education and Research, 168, Maniktala Main Road, Kolkata, 700054 West Bengal India
| | - Velayutham Ravichandiran
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceuticals Education and Research, 168, Maniktala Main Road, Kolkata, 700054 West Bengal India
| | - Soumi Sukla
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceuticals Education and Research, 168, Maniktala Main Road, Kolkata, 700054 West Bengal India
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124
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Thangamani N, Velmurugan LS, Varadarajan P, Shanmugam S, Ravindran A. COVID-19 Antibody Status and Its Impact on the Severity of Dengue Fever among Children: An Observational Study. Indian J Pediatr 2022; 89:944. [PMID: 35854098 PMCID: PMC9296363 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-022-04266-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niveditha Thangamani
- Department of Pediatric Medicine, Institute of Child Health and Hospital for Children, Egmore, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600008, India.
| | - Lakshmi Shanmugavel Velmurugan
- Department of Pediatric Medicine, Institute of Child Health and Hospital for Children, Egmore, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600008, India
| | - Poovazhagi Varadarajan
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care, Institute of Child Health and Hospital for Children, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Selvakumar Shanmugam
- Department of Pediatric Medicine, Institute of Child Health and Hospital for Children, Egmore, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600008, India
| | - Aishvarya Ravindran
- Department of Pediatric Medicine, Institute of Child Health and Hospital for Children, Egmore, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600008, India
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125
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Activating Fc Gamma Receptors and Viral Receptors Are Required for Antibody-Dependent Enhancement of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Infection. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9090470. [PMID: 36136686 PMCID: PMC9504219 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9090470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)-specific sub- or non-neutralizing antibodies promote the adhesion and internalization of the virion into host cells. This phenomenon is known as antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of PRRSV infection. It has long been accepted that Fc gamma receptors (FcγRs) are responsible for mediating ADE of virus infection. However, few researchers pay attention to the role of the virus receptors in the ADE of virus infection. In this study, we showed that activating FcγRs (FcγRI and FcγRIII) were responsible for mediating PRRSV-ADE infection. Simultaneously, we showed that the viral receptors (sialoadhesin and CD163) were involved in FcγR-mediated PRRSV-ADE infection. The extracellular domains 1-6 of sialoadhesin and the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich 5 domain of CD163 might play central roles in PRRSV-ADE infection. In conclusion, our studies indicated that activating FcγRs and virus receptors were required for PRRSV-ADE infection. Our findings should allow a more precise understanding of the structural basis for the mechanism of PRRSV-ADE infection, which would provide references for screening targets of novel PRRS vaccines or antiviral drugs against the PRRSV. Abstract Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) is an event in preexisting sub-, or non-neutralizing antibodies increasing the viral replication in its target cells. ADE is one crucial factor that intensifies porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection and results in PRRSV-persistent infection. Nevertheless, the exact mechanisms of PRRSV-ADE infection are poorly understood. In the current research, the results of the ADE assay showed that porcine immunoglobulin G (IgG) specific for the PRRSV significantly enhanced PRRSV proliferation in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs), suggesting that the ADE activity of PRRSV infection existed in pig anti-PRRSV IgG. The results of the RNA interference assay showed that knockdown of the Fc gamma receptor I (FcγRI) or FcγRIII gene significantly suppressed the ADE activity of PRRSV infection in PAMs, suggesting that FcγRI and FcγRIII were responsible for mediating PRRSV-ADE infection. In addition, the results of the antibody blocking assay showed that specific blocking of the Sn1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 extracellular domain of the sialoadhesin (Sn) protein or selective blockade of the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) 5 domain of the CD163 molecule significantly repressed the ADE activity of PRRSV infection in PAMs, suggesting that Sn and CD163 were involved in FcγR-mediated PRRSV-ADE infection. The Sn1–6 domains of porcine Sn protein and the SRCR 5 domain of porcine CD163 molecule might play central roles in the ADE of PRRSV infection. In summary, our studies indicated that activating FcγRs (FcγRI and FcγRIII) and viral receptors (Sn and CD163) were required for ADE of PRRSV infection. Our findings provided a new insight into PRRSV infection that could be enhanced by FcγRs and PRRSV receptors-mediated PRRSV-antibody immune complexes (ICs), which would deepen our understanding of the mechanisms of PRRSV-persistent infection via the ADE pathway.
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126
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Merigeon EY, Yang D, Ihms EA, Bassit LC, Fitzpatrick EA, Jonsson CB, Schinazi RF, Block DS, Olsen HS. An ACE2-IgG4 Fc Fusion Protein Demonstrates Strong Binding to All Tested SARS-CoV-2 Variants and Reduced Lung Inflammation in Animal Models of SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza. Pathog Immun 2022; 7:104-121. [PMID: 36072571 PMCID: PMC9438944 DOI: 10.20411/pai.v7i1.491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The continued emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants has caused concern that a constantly evolving virus will escape vaccines and antibody therapies. New approaches are needed. Methods: We created and manufactured an ACE2 extracellular domain (ECD) fragment Fc fusion drug candidate, G921, and engineered the compound for enhanced delivery of drug to peripheral tissues by minimizing the size of the ACE2 ECD and by incorporating an Fc domain to enhance transcytosis. G921 was assessed for binding, neutralization, in vivo anti-inflammatory effect, and pharmacokinetic profile. Results: G921 was expressed as an IgG4 Fc fusion protein presenting two ACE2 domains to ACE2 ligands while avoiding risk of infection via antibody-dependent enhancement. G921 strongly binds to the SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan-Hu-1 spike protein and demonstrates further diminished off rate to the spike protein from each of the currently identified variants of concern. G921 demonstrates ACE2 enzymatic activity comparable to positive control and binding to the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) without binding to low affinity Fc-gamma receptors (FcγRs). G921 is effective in a concentration-dependent manner in a focus reduction neutralization assay with EC50=16.3±4.2 µg/mL without cytotoxicity in Vero E6 cells when tested at 200 µg/mL in an MTS cell proliferation assay. G921 demonstrates statistically significant reduction of lung inflammation in relevant models of both SARS-CoV-2 and influenza. The pharmacokinetic profile demonstrated dose-dependent exposure with a multi-day half-life in monkeys and rats. Conclusion: G921 data are consistent with both antiviral and anti-inflammatory modes of action. G921 is a novel approach for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 and possible other diseases characterized by deficiency of ACE2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dong Yang
- Regional Biocontainment Laboratory, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN
| | - Elizabeth A. Ihms
- Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Leda C. Bassit
- Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Atlanta, GA
| | - Elizabeth A. Fitzpatrick
- Dept. of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN
| | - Colleen B. Jonsson
- Regional Biocontainment Laboratory, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN
| | - Raymond F. Schinazi
- Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - Henrik S. Olsen
- Gliknik Inc., Baltimore, MD
- CORRESPONDING AUTHOR: Henrik Olsen;
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127
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Agarwal A, Beck KL, Capponi S, Kunitomi M, Nayar G, Seabolt E, Mahadeshwar G, Bianco S, Mukherjee V, Kaufman JH. Predicting Epitope Candidates for SARS-CoV-2. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081837. [PMID: 36016459 PMCID: PMC9416013 DOI: 10.3390/v14081837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epitopes are short amino acid sequences that define the antigen signature to which an antibody or T cell receptor binds. In light of the current pandemic, epitope analysis and prediction are paramount to improving serological testing and developing vaccines. In this paper, known epitope sequences from SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and other Coronaviridae were leveraged to identify additional antigen regions in 62K SARS-CoV-2 genomes. Additionally, we present epitope distribution across SARS-CoV-2 genomes, locate the most commonly found epitopes, and discuss where epitopes are located on proteins and how epitopes can be grouped into classes. The mutation density of different protein regions is presented using a big data approach. It was observed that there are 112 B cell and 279 T cell conserved epitopes between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV, with more diverse sequences found in Nucleoprotein and Spike glycoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Agarwal
- AI and Cognitive Software, IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA 95120, USA
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (K.L.B.)
| | - Kristen L. Beck
- AI and Cognitive Software, IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA 95120, USA
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (K.L.B.)
| | - Sara Capponi
- AI and Cognitive Software, IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA 95120, USA
- NSF Center for Cellular Construction, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Mark Kunitomi
- AI and Cognitive Software, IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA 95120, USA
| | - Gowri Nayar
- AI and Cognitive Software, IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA 95120, USA
| | - Edward Seabolt
- AI and Cognitive Software, IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA 95120, USA
| | - Gandhar Mahadeshwar
- AI and Cognitive Software, IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA 95120, USA
| | - Simone Bianco
- AI and Cognitive Software, IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA 95120, USA
- NSF Center for Cellular Construction, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Vandana Mukherjee
- AI and Cognitive Software, IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA 95120, USA
| | - James H. Kaufman
- AI and Cognitive Software, IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA 95120, USA
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128
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Imbrechts M, Maes W, Ampofo L, Van den Berghe N, Calcoen B, Van Looveren D, Kerstens W, Rasulova M, Vercruysse T, Noppen S, Abdelnabi R, Foo C, Hollevoet K, Maes P, Zhang X, Jochmans D, Ven K, Lammertyn J, Vanhoorelbeke K, Callewaert N, De Munter P, Schols D, Thibaut HJ, Neyts J, Declerck P, Geukens N. Potent neutralizing anti-SARS-CoV-2 human antibodies cure infection with SARS-CoV-2 variants in hamster model. iScience 2022; 25:104705. [PMID: 35813873 PMCID: PMC9250818 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment with neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) contributes to COVID-19 management. Unfortunately, SARS-CoV-2 variants escape several of these recently approved mAbs, highlighting the need for additional discovery and development. In a convalescent patient with COVID-19, we identified six mAbs, classified in four epitope groups, that potently neutralized SARS-CoV-2 D614G, beta, gamma, and delta infection in vitro, with three mAbs neutralizing omicron as well. In hamsters, mAbs 3E6 and 3B8 potently cured infection with SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan, beta, and delta when administered post-viral infection at 5 mg/kg. Even at 0.2 mg/kg, 3B8 still reduced viral titers. Intramuscular delivery of DNA-encoded 3B8 resulted in in vivo mAb production of median serum levels up to 90 μg/mL, and protected hamsters against delta infection. Overall, our data mark 3B8 as a promising candidate against COVID-19, and highlight advances in both the identification and gene-based delivery of potent human mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Imbrechts
- KU Leuven, PharmAbs: the KU Leuven Antibody Center, Herestraat 49 box 820, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Department Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Antibodies, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, MabMine: KU Leuven Single B Cell Mining Platform, Herestraat 49 box 820, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Maes
- KU Leuven, PharmAbs: the KU Leuven Antibody Center, Herestraat 49 box 820, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, MabMine: KU Leuven Single B Cell Mining Platform, Herestraat 49 box 820, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Campus Kortrijk, IRF Life Sciences, Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Louanne Ampofo
- KU Leuven, PharmAbs: the KU Leuven Antibody Center, Herestraat 49 box 820, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, MabMine: KU Leuven Single B Cell Mining Platform, Herestraat 49 box 820, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Van den Berghe
- KU Leuven, Department Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Antibodies, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bas Calcoen
- KU Leuven Campus Kortrijk, IRF Life Sciences, Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dominique Van Looveren
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Translational Platform Virology and Chemotherapy (TPVC), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Winnie Kerstens
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Translational Platform Virology and Chemotherapy (TPVC), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Madina Rasulova
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Translational Platform Virology and Chemotherapy (TPVC), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Vercruysse
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Translational Platform Virology and Chemotherapy (TPVC), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sam Noppen
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rana Abdelnabi
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- GVN, Global Virus Network
| | - Caroline Foo
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- GVN, Global Virus Network
| | - Kevin Hollevoet
- KU Leuven, PharmAbs: the KU Leuven Antibody Center, Herestraat 49 box 820, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Department Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Antibodies, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Piet Maes
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- GVN, Global Virus Network
| | - Xin Zhang
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- GVN, Global Virus Network
| | - Dirk Jochmans
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- GVN, Global Virus Network
| | - Karen Ven
- KU Leuven, MabMine: KU Leuven Single B Cell Mining Platform, Herestraat 49 box 820, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Department of Biosystems, Biosensors Group, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Lammertyn
- KU Leuven, MabMine: KU Leuven Single B Cell Mining Platform, Herestraat 49 box 820, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Department of Biosystems, Biosensors Group, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karen Vanhoorelbeke
- KU Leuven, PharmAbs: the KU Leuven Antibody Center, Herestraat 49 box 820, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, MabMine: KU Leuven Single B Cell Mining Platform, Herestraat 49 box 820, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Campus Kortrijk, IRF Life Sciences, Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nico Callewaert
- AZ Groeninge Hospital Clinical Laboratory, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Paul De Munter
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory for Clinical Infectious and Inflammatory Disorders, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dominique Schols
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hendrik Jan Thibaut
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Translational Platform Virology and Chemotherapy (TPVC), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- GVN, Global Virus Network
| | - Paul Declerck
- KU Leuven, PharmAbs: the KU Leuven Antibody Center, Herestraat 49 box 820, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Department Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Antibodies, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, MabMine: KU Leuven Single B Cell Mining Platform, Herestraat 49 box 820, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nick Geukens
- KU Leuven, PharmAbs: the KU Leuven Antibody Center, Herestraat 49 box 820, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, MabMine: KU Leuven Single B Cell Mining Platform, Herestraat 49 box 820, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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129
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Cheng YL, Chao CH, Lai YC, Hsieh KH, Wang JR, Wan SW, Huang HJ, Chuang YC, Chuang WJ, Yeh TM. Antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 S1-RBD cross-react with dengue virus and hinder dengue pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:941923. [PMID: 36045680 PMCID: PMC9420930 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.941923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread globally since December 2019. Several studies reported that SARS-CoV-2 infections may produce false-positive reactions in dengue virus (DENV) serology tests and vice versa. However, it remains unclear whether SARS-CoV-2 and DENV cross-reactive antibodies provide cross-protection against each disease or promote disease severity. In this study, we confirmed that antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and its receptor-binding domain (S1-RBD) were significantly increased in dengue patients compared to normal controls. In addition, anti-S1-RBD IgG purified from S1-RBD hyperimmune rabbit sera could cross-react with both DENV envelope protein (E) and nonstructural protein 1 (NS1). The potential epitopes of DENV E and NS1 recognized by these antibodies were identified by a phage-displayed random peptide library. In addition, DENV infection and DENV NS1-induced endothelial hyperpermeability in vitro were inhibited in the presence of anti-S1-RBD IgG. Passive transfer anti-S1-RBD IgG into mice also reduced prolonged bleeding time and decreased NS1 seral level in DENV-infected mice. Lastly, COVID-19 patients’ sera showed neutralizing ability against dengue infection in vitro. Thus, our results suggest that the antigenic cross-reactivity between the SARS-CoV-2 S1-RBD and DENV can induce the production of anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1-RBD antibodies that cross-react with DENV which may hinder dengue pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ling Cheng
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Hsuan Chao
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chung Lai
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Han Hsieh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Ren Wang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Wen Wan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Jyun Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Chun Chuang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Leadgene Biomedical, Inc., Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Woei-Jer Chuang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Trai-Ming Yeh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Trai-Ming Yeh,
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130
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Gutiérrez LJ, Tosso RD, Zarycz MNC, Enriz RD, Baldoni HA. Epitopes mapped onto SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding motif by five distinct human neutralising antibodies. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2022.2111421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas J. Gutiérrez
- Multidisciplinary Institute of Biological Research (IMIBIO-SL. CONICET), San Luis, Argentina
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, National University of San Luis, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Rodrigo D. Tosso
- Multidisciplinary Institute of Biological Research (IMIBIO-SL. CONICET), San Luis, Argentina
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, National University of San Luis, San Luis, Argentina
| | - M. Natalia C. Zarycz
- Multidisciplinary Institute of Biological Research (IMIBIO-SL. CONICET), San Luis, Argentina
| | - Ricardo D. Enriz
- Multidisciplinary Institute of Biological Research (IMIBIO-SL. CONICET), San Luis, Argentina
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, National University of San Luis, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Héctor A. Baldoni
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, National University of San Luis, San Luis, Argentina
- Institute of Applied Mathematics of San Luis (IMASL. CONICET), San Luis, Argentina
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131
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Yang X, Zhang X, Zhao X, Yuan M, Zhang K, Dai J, Guan X, Qiu HJ, Li Y. Antibody-Dependent Enhancement: ″Evil″ Antibodies Favorable for Viral Infections. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081739. [PMID: 36016361 PMCID: PMC9412366 DOI: 10.3390/v14081739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The pandemics caused by emerging viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 result in severe disruptions to public health. Vaccines and antibody drugs play essential roles in the control and prevention of emerging infectious diseases. However, in contrast with the neutralizing antibodies (NAbs), sub- or non-NAbs may facilitate the virus to enter the cells and enhance viral infection, which is termed antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). The ADE of most virus infections is mediated by the Fc receptors (FcRs) expressed on the myeloid cells, while others are developed by other mechanisms, such as complement receptor-mediated ADE. In this review, we comprehensively analyzed the characteristics of the viruses inducing FcRs-mediated ADE and the new molecular mechanisms of ADE involved in the virus entry, immune response, and transcription modulation, which will provide insights into viral pathogenicity and the development of safer vaccines and effective antibody drugs against the emerging viruses inducing ADE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoke Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Xiaotian Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Animal Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Mengqi Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Kehui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Jingwen Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Xiangyu Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Hua-Ji Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
- College of Animal Science and Animal Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China
- Correspondence: (H.-J.Q.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yongfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
- Correspondence: (H.-J.Q.); (Y.L.)
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132
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Chaudhari AM, Joshi M, Kumar D, Patel A, Lokhande KB, Krishnan A, Hanack K, Filipek S, Liepmann D, Renugopalakrishnan V, Paulmurugan R, Joshi C. Evaluation of immune evasion in SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron variants. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:4501-4516. [PMID: 35965661 PMCID: PMC9359593 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants with higher transmissibility and immune escape remain a persistent threat across the globe. This is evident from the recent outbreaks of the Delta (B.1.617.2) and Omicron variants. These variants have originated from different continents and spread across the globe. In this study, we explored the genomic and structural basis of these variants for their lineage defining mutations of the spike protein through computational analysis, protein modeling, and molecular dynamic (MD) simulations. We further experimentally validated the importance of these deletion mutants for their immune escape using a pseudovirus-based neutralization assay, and an antibody (4A8) that binds directly to the spike protein's NTD. Delta variant with the deletion and mutations in the NTD revealed a better rigidity and reduced flexibility as compared to the wild-type spike protein (Wuhan isolate). Furthermore, computational studies of 4A8 monoclonal antibody (mAb) revealed a reduced binding of Delta variant compared to the wild-type strain. Similarly, the MD simulation data and virus neutralization assays revealed that the Omicron also exhibits immune escape, as antigenic beta-sheets appear to be disrupted. The results of the present study demonstrate the higher possibility of immune escape and thereby achieved better fitness advantages by the Delta and Omicron variants, which warrants further demonstrations through experimental evidences. Our study, based on in-silico computational modelling, simulations, and pseudovirus-based neutralization assay, highlighted and identified the probable mechanism through which the Delta and Omicron variants are more pathogenically evolved with higher transmissibility as compared to the wild-type strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armi M Chaudhari
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Department of Science and Technology, Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar 382011, India
| | - Madhvi Joshi
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Department of Science and Technology, Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar 382011, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Department of Science and Technology, Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar 382011, India
| | - Amrutlal Patel
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Department of Science and Technology, Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar 382011, India
| | - Kiran Bharat Lokhande
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Department of Science and Technology, Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar 382011, India
| | - Anandi Krishnan
- Cellular Pathway Imaging Laboratory (CPIL), Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, United States
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, United States
| | - Katja Hanack
- Immunotechnology Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Slawomir Filipek
- Faculty of Chemistry & Biological and Chemical Research, Centre, University of Warsaw, ul, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorian Liepmann
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Venkatesan Renugopalakrishnan
- Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MGB Center for COVID Innovation, MA 02115, United States
| | - Ramasamy Paulmurugan
- Cellular Pathway Imaging Laboratory (CPIL), Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, United States
| | - Chaitanya Joshi
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Department of Science and Technology, Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar 382011, India
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133
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High viral loads: what drives fatal cases of COVID-19 in vaccinees? - an autopsy study. Mod Pathol 2022; 35:1013-1021. [PMID: 35365771 PMCID: PMC8974809 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-022-01069-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The rate of SARS-CoV-2 infections in vaccinees has become a relevant serious issue. This study aimed to determine the causes of death, histological organ alteration, and viral spread in relation to demographic, clinical-pathological, viral variants, and vaccine types for deceased individuals with proven SARS-CoV-2 infection after vaccination who died between January and November 2021. Twenty-nine consecutively collected cases were analyzed and compared to 141 nonvaccinated control cases. Autopsies were performed on 16 partially and 13 fully vaccinated individuals. Most patients were elderly and suffered from several relevant comorbidities. Real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) identified a significantly increased rate of generalized viral dissemination within organ systems in vaccinated cases versus nonvaccinated cases (45% vs. 16%, respectively; P = 0.008) mainly with Ct-values of higher than 25 in non-respiratory samples. However, vaccinated cases also showed high viral loads, reaching Ct-values below 10, especially in the upper airways and lungs. This was accompanied by high rates of pulmonal bacterial or mycotic superinfections and the occurrence of immunocompromising factors, such as malignancies, immunosuppressive drug intake, or decreased immunoglobulin levels. All these findings were particularly accentuated in partially vaccinated patients compared to fully vaccinated individuals. The virus dissemination observed in our case study may indicate that patients with an impaired immune system have a decreased ability to eliminate the virus. However, the potential role of antibody-dependent enhancement must also be ruled out in future studies. Fatal cases of COVID-19 in vaccinees were rare and often associated with severe comorbidities or other immunosuppressive conditions.
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134
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Al-Beltagi M, Saeed NK, Bediwy AS. COVID-19 disease and autoimmune disorders: A mutual pathway. World J Methodol 2022; 12:200-223. [PMID: 36159097 PMCID: PMC9350728 DOI: 10.5662/wjm.v12.i4.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a real challenge for humanity with high morbidity and mortality. Despite being primarily a respiratory illness, COVID-19 can affect nearly every human body tissue, causing many diseases. After viral infection, the immune system can recognize the viral antigens presented by the immune cells. This immune response is usually controlled and terminated once the infection is aborted. Nevertheless, in some patients, the immune reaction becomes out of control with the development of autoimmune diseases. Several human tissue antigens showed a strong response with antibodies directed against many severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) proteins, such as SARS-CoV-2 S, N, and autoimmune target proteins. The immunogenic effects of SARS-CoV-2 are due to the sizeable viral RNA molecules with interrupted transcription increasing the pool of epitopes with increased chances of molecular mimicry and interaction with the host immune system, the overlap between some viral and human peptides, the viral induced-tissue damage, and the robust and complex binding between sACE-2 and SARS-CoV-2 S protein. Consequently, COVID-19 and its vaccine may trigger the development of many autoimmune diseases in a predisposed patient. This review discusses the mutual relation between COVID-19 and autoimmune diseases, their interactive effects on each other, the role of the COVID-19 vaccine in triggering autoimmune diseases, the factors affecting the severity of COVID-19 in patients suffering from autoimmune diseases, and the different ways to minimize the risk of COVID-19 in patients with autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Al-Beltagi
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Algharbia, Egypt
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center, King Abdulla Medical City, Arabian Gulf University, Dr. Sulaiman Al-Habib Medical Group, Manama 26671, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Nermin Kamal Saeed
- Medical Microbiology Section, Department of Pathology, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Ministry of Health, Kingdom of Bahrain, Manama 12, Manama, Bahrain
- Microbiology Section, Department of Pathology, Irish Royal College of Surgeon, Bahrain, Busaiteen 15503, Muharraq, Bahrain
| | - Adel Salah Bediwy
- Department of Chest Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Algharbia, Egypt
- Department of Chest Disease, University Medical Center, King Abdulla Medical City, Arabian Gulf University, Dr. Sulaiman Al-Habib Medical Group, Manama 26671, Manama, Bahrain
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135
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Chen Y, Sun L, Ullah I, Beaudoin-Bussières G, Anand SP, Hederman AP, Tolbert WD, Sherburn R, Nguyen DN, Marchitto L, Ding S, Wu D, Luo Y, Gottumukkala S, Moran S, Kumar P, Piszczek G, Mothes W, Ackerman ME, Finzi A, Uchil PD, Gonzalez FJ, Pazgier M. Engineered ACE2-Fc counters murine lethal SARS-CoV-2 infection through direct neutralization and Fc-effector activities. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn4188. [PMID: 35857504 PMCID: PMC9278865 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn4188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Soluble angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) constitutes an attractive antiviral capable of targeting a wide range of coronaviruses using ACE2 as their receptor. Using structure-guided approaches, we developed a series of bivalent ACE2-Fcs harboring functionally and structurally validated mutations that enhance severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) receptor binding domain recognition by up to ~12-fold and remove angiotensin enzymatic activity. The lead variant M81 potently cross-neutralized SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs), including Omicron, at subnanomolar half-maximal inhibitory concentration and was capable of robust Fc-effector functions, including antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, phagocytosis, and complement deposition. When tested in a stringent K18-hACE2 mouse model, Fc-enhanced ACE2-Fc delayed death by 3 to 5 days or effectively resolved lethal SARS-CoV-2 infection in both prophylactic and therapeutic settings via the combined effects of neutralization and Fc-effector functions. These data add to the demonstrated utility of soluble ACE2 as a valuable SARS-CoV-2 antiviral and indicate that Fc-effector functions may constitute an important component of ACE2-Fc therapeutic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaozong Chen
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4712, USA
| | - Lulu Sun
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Irfan Ullah
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Guillaume Beaudoin-Bussières
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Sai Priya Anand
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - William D. Tolbert
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4712, USA
| | - Rebekah Sherburn
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4712, USA
| | - Dung N. Nguyen
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4712, USA
| | - Lorie Marchitto
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Shilei Ding
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Di Wu
- Biophysics Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yuhong Luo
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Suneetha Gottumukkala
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4712, USA
| | - Sean Moran
- Biomedical Instrumentation Center, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Priti Kumar
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Grzegorz Piszczek
- Biophysics Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Walther Mothes
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | | | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Pradeep D. Uchil
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Frank J. Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4712, USA
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136
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Singh K, Cogan S, Elekes S, Murphy DM, Cummins S, Curran R, Najda Z, Dunne MR, Jameson G, Gargan S, Martin S, Long A, Doherty DG. SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid proteins fail to activate human dendritic cells or γδ T cells. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271463. [PMID: 35834480 PMCID: PMC9282473 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells are thought to contribute to immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), but the mechanisms by which they are activated by the virus are unknown. Using flow cytometry, we investigated if the two most abundant viral structural proteins, spike and nucleocapsid, can activate human γδ T cell subsets, directly or in the presence of dendritic cells (DC). Both proteins failed to induce interferon-γ production by Vδ1 or Vδ2 T cells within fresh mononuclear cells or lines of expanded γδ T cells generated from healthy donors, but the same proteins stimulated CD3+ cells from COVID-19 patients. The nucleocapsid protein stimulated interleukin-12 production by DC and downstream interferon-γ production by co-cultured Vδ1 and Vδ2 T cells, but protease digestion and use of an alternative nucleocapsid preparation indicated that this activity was due to contaminating non-protein material. Thus, SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid proteins do not have stimulatory activity for DC or γδ T cells. We propose that γδ T cell activation in COVID-19 patients is mediated by immune recognition of viral RNA or other structural proteins by γδ T cells, or by other immune cells, such as DC, that produce γδ T cell-stimulatory ligands or cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Singh
- Discipline of Immunology, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St. James’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sita Cogan
- Discipline of Immunology, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St. James’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stefan Elekes
- Discipline of Immunology, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St. James’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dearbhla M. Murphy
- Discipline of Immunology, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St. James’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sinead Cummins
- Discipline of Immunology, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St. James’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rory Curran
- Discipline of Immunology, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St. James’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Zaneta Najda
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Margaret R. Dunne
- Discipline of Immunology, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St. James’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gráinne Jameson
- Discipline of Immunology, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St. James’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Siobhan Gargan
- Discipline of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St. James’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Seamus Martin
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aideen Long
- Discipline of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St. James’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Derek G. Doherty
- Discipline of Immunology, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St. James’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- * E-mail:
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137
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Baldrick P. Development of COVID-19 therapies: Nonclinical testing considerations. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 132:105189. [PMID: 35609793 PMCID: PMC9122883 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Therapies have been developed in the last couple of years to allow vaccination against, or treatment of patients with, COVID-19 using pathways such as Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) in the USA and Conditional Marketing Authorization (CMA) in the EU and UK. However, nonclinical studies were performed to allow such authorization and these were reviewed for 6 vaccines, 7 biological (monoclonal antibodies [mAbs]) and 4 small molecule therapies to examine whether the number and types of studies normally needed for regulatory agency authorization have been reduced. Results showed that the short answer is generally no. Thus, a battery of immunogenicity/efficacy or related pharmacology/biological activity studies showing utility against SARS-CoV-2 were performed as well as general toxicity studies across all 3 compound classes along with pharmacokinetic studies for mAbs and small molecules and, reproduction toxicity testing for vaccines and small molecules; additionally, genotoxicity testing occurred for small molecules. What was different from conventional, lengthy drug development, was that for vaccines and small molecules, leverage to existing platform technology or data available for other development programs, respectively, occurred. Recognition that mAbs can target the spike protein leading to neutralization allowed rapid development into clinical candidates.
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138
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Tien CF, Tsai WT, Chen CH, Chou HJ, Zhang MM, Lin JJ, Lin EJ, Dai SS, Ping YH, Yu CY, Kuo YP, Tsai WH, Chen HW, Yu GY. Glycosylation and S-palmitoylation regulate SARS-CoV-2 spike protein intracellular trafficking. iScience 2022; 25:104709. [PMID: 35813875 PMCID: PMC9250814 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs), such as glycosylation and palmitoylation, are critical to protein folding, stability, intracellular trafficking, and function. Understanding regulation of PTMs of SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein could help the therapeutic drug design. Herein, the VSV vector was used to produce SARS-CoV-2 S pseudoviruses to examine the roles of the 611LYQD614 and cysteine-rich motifs in S protein maturation and virus infectivity. Our results show that 611LY612 mutation alters S protein intracellular trafficking and reduces cell surface expression level. It also changes S protein glycosylation pattern and decreases pseudovirus infectivity. The S protein contains four cysteine-rich clusters with clusters I and II as the main palmitoylation sites. Mutations of clusters I and II disrupt S protein trafficking from ER-to-Golgi, suppress pseudovirus production, and reduce spike-mediated membrane fusion activity. Taken together, glycosylation and palmitoylation orchestrate the S protein maturation processing and are critical for S protein-mediated membrane fusion and infection. 611LY612 mutation alters the glycosylation pattern of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein 611LY612 mutation reduces S protein surface expression level Palmitoylation targets mature S protein to the Golgi and plasma membrane Palmitoylation is required for pseudovirus and SARS-CoV-2 production
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139
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Qi H, Liu B, Wang X, Zhang L. The humoral response and antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:1008-1020. [PMID: 35761083 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01248-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Two and a half years into the COVID-19 pandemic, we have gained many insights into the human antibody response to the causative SARS-CoV-2 virus. In this Review, we summarize key observations of humoral immune responses in people with COVID-19, discuss key features of infection- and vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies, and consider vaccine designs for inducing antibodies that are broadly protective against different variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Qi
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China. .,Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. .,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. .,NexVac Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Beijing, China. .,Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Bo Liu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinquan Wang
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Linqi Zhang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. .,NexVac Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. .,Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. .,Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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140
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Peddireddy SP, Rahman SA, Cillo AR, Vijay GM, Somasundaram A, Workman CJ, Bain W, McVerry BJ, Methe B, Lee JS, Ray P, Ray A, Bruno TC, Vignali DAA, Kitsios GD, Morris A, Singh H, Sarkar A, Das J. Antibodies targeting conserved non-canonical antigens and endemic coronaviruses associate with favorable outcomes in severe COVID-19. Cell Rep 2022; 39:111020. [PMID: 35738278 PMCID: PMC9189107 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
While there have been extensive analyses characterizing cellular and humoral responses across the severity spectrum in COVID-19, outcome predictors within severe COVID-19 remain less comprehensively elucidated. Furthermore, properties of antibodies (Abs) directed against viral antigens beyond spike and their associations with disease outcomes remain poorly defined. We perform deep molecular profiling of Abs directed against a wide range of antigenic specificities in severe COVID-19 patients. The profiles included canonical (spike [S], receptor-binding domain [RBD], and nucleocapsid [N]) and non-canonical (orf3a, orf8, nsp3, nsp13, and membrane [M]) antigenic specificities. Notably, multivariate Ab profiles directed against canonical or non-canonical antigens are equally discriminative of survival in severe COVID-19. Intriguingly, pre-pandemic healthy controls have cross-reactive Abs directed against nsp13, a protein conserved across coronaviruses. Consistent with these findings, a model built on Ab profiles for endemic coronavirus antigens also predicts COVID-19 outcome. Our results suggest the importance of studying Abs targeting non-canonical severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and endemic coronavirus antigens in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Syed A Rahman
- Center for Systems Immunology, Departments of Immunology and Computational & Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Anthony R Cillo
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Creg J Workman
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - William Bain
- Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bryan J McVerry
- Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Barbara Methe
- Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Janet S Lee
- Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Prabir Ray
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Anuradha Ray
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tullia C Bruno
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dario A A Vignali
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Georgios D Kitsios
- Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alison Morris
- Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Harinder Singh
- Center for Systems Immunology, Departments of Immunology and Computational & Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Aniruddh Sarkar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Jishnu Das
- Center for Systems Immunology, Departments of Immunology and Computational & Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Tiwari S, Goel G, Kumar A. Natural and genetically-modified animal models to investigate pulmonary and extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19. Int Rev Immunol 2022; 43:13-32. [PMID: 35757923 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2022.2089666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), a pandemic caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a primarily respiratory tract disease. Suitable animal models for COVID-19 are required to study various aspects of pathogenesis, drug discovery, effective and safe vaccine development. Several laboratory animals including, non-human primates, hamsters, ferrets, transgenic mice, and zebrafish, have been used and proven their significance experimentally. Currently available animal models of SARS-CoV-2 can be broadly classified into two categories 1) natural animal models 2) genetically-modified that exhibit different degrees of susceptibility of SARS-CoV-2, tissue damage in respiratory and other organ systems. Not all the available animal models mimic COVID-19-like phenotype completely. Therefore, understanding various aspects of COVID-19 requires different animal models. In this review article, we provide an update on the immune response and clinical manifestations observed in naturally occurring and genetically-modified animals of COVID-19. We then review the transmission, viral replication, lung pathology, immunological aspects, and extrapulmonary phenotypes observed in various animal models. In the end, we put forth our perspective on the anticipated uses, disadvantages, and limitations of each type of animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Tiwari
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | - Garima Goel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
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COVID-19 Vaccination Might Induce Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome: A Case Report. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10070991. [PMID: 35891154 PMCID: PMC9323926 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10070991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a case of new-onset postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome in a healthy 46-year-old female after a single dose of the BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. There have been three prior reports of new-onset postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome after COVID-19 vaccination. Predominant symptoms noted included fatigue, brain fog, headache, sinus tachycardia, and dizziness. Management includes noninvasive therapies, behavioral approaches, and pharmacologic regimens. Here, the patient presented with fatigue, palpitations, dizziness, and presyncope, with symptoms beginning 7 days after vaccination. Presenting vitals included temperature within normal limits, inappropriate tachycardia, up to 120 beats per minute, blood pressure of 128/87 mm of mercury, and 100% saturation in room air. Her management included lifestyle changes, dietary supplements, and ivabradine. Further studies are needed to evaluate prevalence, etiology, and optimal management.
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Antibodies to combat viral infections: development strategies and progress. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2022; 21:676-696. [PMID: 35725925 PMCID: PMC9207876 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-022-00495-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are appealing as potential therapeutics and prophylactics for viral infections owing to characteristics such as their high specificity and their ability to enhance immune responses. Furthermore, antibody engineering can be used to strengthen effector function and prolong mAb half-life, and advances in structural biology have enabled the selection and optimization of potent neutralizing mAbs through identification of vulnerable regions in viral proteins, which can also be relevant for vaccine design. The COVID-19 pandemic has stimulated extensive efforts to develop neutralizing mAbs against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), with several mAbs now having received authorization for emergency use, providing not just an important component of strategies to combat COVID-19 but also a boost to efforts to harness mAbs in therapeutic and preventive settings for other infectious diseases. Here, we describe advances in antibody discovery and engineering that have led to the development of mAbs for use against infections caused by viruses including SARS-CoV-2, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), Ebola virus (EBOV), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and influenza. We also discuss the rationale for moving from empirical to structure-guided strategies in vaccine development, based on identifying optimal candidate antigens and vulnerable regions within them that can be targeted by antibodies to result in a strong protective immune response. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are appealing as potential therapeutics and prophylactics for viral infections. This Review describes advances in antibody discovery and engineering that have led to the development of mAbs that target viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), respiratory syncytial virus and Ebola virus, and also considers the implications for vaccine development.
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Hirsch C, Park YS, Piechotta V, Chai KL, Estcourt LJ, Monsef I, Salomon S, Wood EM, So-Osman C, McQuilten Z, Spinner CD, Malin JJ, Stegemann M, Skoetz N, Kreuzberger N. SARS-CoV-2-neutralising monoclonal antibodies to prevent COVID-19. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2022; 6:CD014945. [PMID: 35713300 PMCID: PMC9205158 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd014945.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are laboratory-produced molecules derived from the B cells of an infected host. They are being investigated as potential prophylaxis to prevent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of SARS-CoV-2-neutralising mAbs, including mAb fragments, to prevent infection with SARS-CoV-2 causing COVID-19; and to maintain the currency of the evidence, using a living systematic review approach. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane COVID-19 Study Register, MEDLINE, Embase, and three other databases on 27 April 2022. We checked references, searched citations, and contacted study authors to identify additional studies. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated SARS-CoV-2-neutralising mAbs, including mAb fragments, alone or combined, versus an active comparator, placebo, or no intervention, for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) of COVID-19. We excluded studies of SARS-CoV-2-neutralising mAbs to treat COVID-19, as these are part of another review. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently assessed search results, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias using Cochrane RoB 2. Prioritised outcomes were infection with SARS-CoV-2, development of clinical COVID-19 symptoms, all-cause mortality, admission to hospital, quality of life, adverse events (AEs), and serious adverse events (SAEs). We rated the certainty of evidence using GRADE. MAIN RESULTS We included four RCTs of 9749 participants who were previously uninfected and unvaccinated at baseline. Median age was 42 to 76 years. Around 20% to 77.5% of participants in the PrEP studies and 35% to 100% in the PEP studies had at least one risk factor for severe COVID-19. At baseline, 72.8% to 82.2% were SARS-CoV-2 antibody seronegative. We identified four ongoing studies, and two studies awaiting classification. Pre-exposure prophylaxis Tixagevimab/cilgavimab versus placebo One study evaluated tixagevimab/cilgavimab versus placebo in participants exposed to SARS-CoV-2 wild-type, Alpha, Beta, and Delta variant. About 39.3% of participants were censored for efficacy due to unblinding and 13.8% due to vaccination. Within six months, tixagevimab/cilgavimab probably decreases infection with SARS-CoV-2 (risk ratio (RR) 0.45, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.29 to 0.70; 4685 participants; moderate-certainty evidence), decreases development of clinical COVID-19 symptoms (RR 0.18, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.35; 5172 participants; high-certainty evidence), and may decrease admission to hospital (RR 0.03, 95% CI 0 to 0.59; 5197 participants; low-certainty evidence). Tixagevimab/cilgavimab may result in little to no difference on mortality within six months, all-grade AEs, and SAEs (low-certainty evidence). Quality of life was not reported. Casirivimab/imdevimab versus placebo One study evaluated casirivimab/imdevimab versus placebo in participants who may have been exposed to SARS-CoV-2 wild-type, Alpha, and Delta variant. About 36.5% of participants opted for SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and had a mean of 66.1 days between last dose of intervention and vaccination. Within six months, casirivimab/imdevimab may decrease infection with SARS-CoV-2 (RR 0.01, 95% CI 0 to 0.14; 825 seronegative participants; low-certainty evidence) and may decrease development of clinical COVID-19 symptoms (RR 0.02, 95% CI 0 to 0.27; 969 participants; low-certainty evidence). We are uncertain whether casirivimab/imdevimab affects mortality regardless of the SARS-CoV-2 antibody serostatus. Casirivimab/imdevimab may increase all-grade AEs slightly (RR 1.14, 95% CI 0.98 to 1.31; 969 participants; low-certainty evidence). The evidence is very uncertain about the effects on grade 3 to 4 AEs and SAEs within six months. Admission to hospital and quality of life were not reported. Postexposure prophylaxis Bamlanivimab versus placebo One study evaluated bamlanivimab versus placebo in participants who may have been exposed to SARS-CoV-2 wild-type. Bamlanivimab probably decreases infection with SARS-CoV-2 versus placebo by day 29 (RR 0.76, 95% CI 0.59 to 0.98; 966 participants; moderate-certainty evidence), may result in little to no difference on all-cause mortality by day 60 (R 0.83, 95% CI 0.25 to 2.70; 966 participants; low-certainty evidence), may increase all-grade AEs by week eight (RR 1.12, 95% CI 0.86 to 1.46; 966 participants; low-certainty evidence), and may increase slightly SAEs (RR 1.46, 95% CI 0.73 to 2.91; 966 participants; low-certainty evidence). Development of clinical COVID-19 symptoms, admission to hospital within 30 days, and quality of life were not reported. Casirivimab/imdevimab versus placebo One study evaluated casirivimab/imdevimab versus placebo in participants who may have been exposed to SARS-CoV-2 wild-type, Alpha, and potentially, but less likely to Delta variant. Within 30 days, casirivimab/imdevimab decreases infection with SARS-CoV-2 (RR 0.34, 95% CI 0.23 to 0.48; 1505 participants; high-certainty evidence), development of clinical COVID-19 symptoms (broad-term definition) (RR 0.19, 95% CI 0.10 to 0.35; 1505 participants; high-certainty evidence), may result in little to no difference on mortality (RR 3.00, 95% CI 0.12 to 73.43; 1505 participants; low-certainty evidence), and may result in little to no difference in admission to hospital. Casirivimab/imdevimab may slightly decrease grade 3 to 4 AEs (RR 0.50, 95% CI 0.24 to 1.02; 2617 participants; low-certainty evidence), decreases all-grade AEs (RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.61 to 0.80; 2617 participants; high-certainty evidence), and may result in little to no difference on SAEs in participants regardless of SARS-CoV-2 antibody serostatus. Quality of life was not reported. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS For PrEP, there is a decrease in development of clinical COVID-19 symptoms (high certainty), infection with SARS-CoV-2 (moderate certainty), and admission to hospital (low certainty) with tixagevimab/cilgavimab. There is low certainty of a decrease in infection with SARS-CoV-2, and development of clinical COVID-19 symptoms; and a higher rate for all-grade AEs with casirivimab/imdevimab. For PEP, there is moderate certainty of a decrease in infection with SARS-CoV-2 and low certainty for a higher rate for all-grade AEs with bamlanivimab. There is high certainty of a decrease in infection with SARS-CoV-2, development of clinical COVID-19 symptoms, and a higher rate for all-grade AEs with casirivimab/imdevimab. Although there is high-to-moderate certainty evidence for some outcomes, it is insufficient to draw meaningful conclusions. These findings only apply to people unvaccinated against COVID-19. They are only applicable to the variants prevailing during the study and not other variants (e.g. Omicron). In vitro, tixagevimab/cilgavimab is effective against Omicron, but there are no clinical data. Bamlanivimab and casirivimab/imdevimab are ineffective against Omicron in vitro. Further studies are needed and publication of four ongoing studies may resolve the uncertainties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Hirsch
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yun Soo Park
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Vanessa Piechotta
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Khai Li Chai
- Transfusion Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lise J Estcourt
- Haematology/Transfusion Medicine, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
| | - Ina Monsef
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Susanne Salomon
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Erica M Wood
- Transfusion Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Zoe McQuilten
- Transfusion Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Jakob J Malin
- Department I for Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Miriam Stegemann
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicole Skoetz
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nina Kreuzberger
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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WANG G, XIANG Z, WANG W, CHEN Z. Seasonal coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2: effects of preexisting immunity during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2022; 23:451-460. [PMID: 35686525 PMCID: PMC9198228 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2200049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Although the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic is still ongoing, vaccination rates are rising slowly and related treatments and drugs are being developed. At the same time, there is increasing evidence of preexisting immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in humans, mainly consisting of preexisting antibodies and immune cells (including T cells and B cells). The presence of these antibodies is mainly due to the seasonal prevalence of four common coronavirus types, especially OC43 and HKU1. The accumulated relevant evidence has suggested that the target of antibodies is mainly the S2 subunit of S protein, followed by evolutionary conservative regions such as the nucleocapsid (N) protein. Additionally, preexisting memory T and B cells are also present in the population. Preexisting antibodies can help the body protect against SARS-CoV-2 infection, reduce the severity of COVID-19, and rapidly increase the immune response post-infection. These multiple effects can directly affect disease progression and even the likelihood of death in certain individuals. Besides the positive effects, preexisting immunity may also have negative consequences, such as antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) and original antigenic sin (OAS), the prevalence of which needs to be further established. In the future, more research should be focused on evaluating the role of preexisting immunity in COVID-19 outcomes, adopting appropriate policies and strategies for fighting the pandemic, and vaccine development that considers preexisting immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang WANG
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou310003, China
| | - Ze XIANG
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou310003, China
| | - Wei WANG
- Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi214064, China
| | - Zhi CHEN
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou310003, China,Zhi CHEN,
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Hegazy AN, Krönke J, Angermair S, Schwartz S, Weidinger C, Keller U, Treskatsch S, Siegmund B, Schneider T. Anti-SARS-CoV2 antibody-mediated cytokine release syndrome in a patient with acute promyelocytic leukemia. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:537. [PMID: 35692034 PMCID: PMC9188919 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07513-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Passive immunization against SARS-CoV-2 limits viral burden and death from COVID-19; however, it poses a theoretical risk of disease exacerbation through antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). ADE after anti-SARS-CoV2 antibody treatment has not been reported, and therefore the potential risk and promoting factors remain unknown. CASE PRESENTATION A 75-year-old female was admitted to the emergency room with recurrent, unexplained bruises and leukocytopenia, anemia, and thrombocytopenia. Evaluation of a bone marrow biopsy established the diagnosis of an acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR testing of nasal and throat swabs on admission was negative. During the routine SARS-CoV-2 testing of inpatients, our patient tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 on day 14 after admission without typical COVID-19 symptoms. Due to disease- and therapy-related immunosuppression and advanced age conferring a high risk of progressing to severe COVID-19, casirivimab and imdevimab were administered as a preemptive approach. The patient developed immune activation and cytokine release syndrome (CRS) occurring within four hours of preemptive anti-SARS-CoV2 antibody (casirivimab/imdevimab) infusion. Immune activation and CRS were evidenced by a rapid increase in serum cytokines (IL-6, TNFα, IL-8, IL-10), acute respiratory insufficiency, and progressive acute respiratory distress syndrome. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The temporal relationship between therapeutic antibody administration and the rapid laboratory, radiological, and clinical deterioration suggests that CRS was an antibody-related adverse event, potentially exacerbated by APL treatment-mediated differentiation of leukemic blasts and promyelocytes. This case highlights the need for careful assessment of life-threatening adverse events after passive SARS-CoV-2 immunization, especially in the clinical context of patients with complex immune and hematological landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed N Hegazy
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany. .,Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum Berlin (DRFZ), An Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany. .,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jan Krönke
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Angermair
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Schwartz
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carl Weidinger
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Keller
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sascha Treskatsch
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Britta Siegmund
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Schneider
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
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147
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Abstract
To tackle the pandemic of the novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; SARS-CoV-2), the international society, including Japan, has been actively promoting vaccination for SARS-CoV-2. To effectively utilize these vaccines, clinical trials have been conducted to evaluate their safety and efficacy. For efficacy evaluation, prevention rate of symptomatic novel coronavirus infections (corona virus disease 2019; COVID-19) between placebo groups and investigational vaccine groups has been the key parameter to evaluate the novel COVID-19 vaccines. This approach is based on a consensus among international regulatory authorities. Compared to several months ago, the public vaccination campaign for COVID-19 has substantially progressed in many countries. This makes it difficult to conduct clinical trials, which have placebo control arms, anywhere in the world because of ethical problems in administering a placebo during a pandemic. Therefore, the new international consensus among regulatory authorities is that immunogenicity bridging studies between the new COVID-19 vaccines that are being developed and approved COVID-19 vaccines may be needed when placebo-controlled studies are no longer feasible. In the future, the number of unvaccinated people worldwide is expected significantly decrease; thus, the issue of how to evaluate additional immunization for those who have completed the initial immunization remains to be addressed. This would require new international convergence. The development of COVID-19 vaccines and their evaluation would have to be updated, considering the social situation and vaccine coverage.
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148
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Neil JA, Griffith M, Godfrey DI, Purcell DFJ, Deliyannis G, Jackson D, Rockman S, Subbarao K, Nolan T. Nonhuman primate models for evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2022; 21:1055-1070. [PMID: 35652289 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2022.2071264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Evaluation of immunogenicity and efficacy in animal models provide critical data in vaccine development. Nonhuman primates (NHPs) have been used extensively in the evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. AREAS COVERED A critical synthesis of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development with a focus on challenge studies in NHPs is provided. The benefits and drawbacks of the NHP models are discussed. The citations were selected by the authors based on PubMed searches of the literature, summaries from national public health bodies, and press-release information provided by vaccine developers. EXPERT OPINION We identify several aspects of NHP models that limit their usefulness for vaccine-challenge studies and numerous variables that constrain comparisons across vaccine platforms. We propose that studies conducted in NHPs for vaccine development should use a standardized protocol and, where possible, be substituted with smaller animal models. This will ensure continued rapid progression of vaccines to clinical trials without compromising assessments of safety or efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Neil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Maryanne Griffith
- Vaccine and Immunisation Research Group (VIRGo), Department of Infectious Diseases, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Damian F J Purcell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Georgia Deliyannis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Steve Rockman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Seqirus, Parkville, Australia
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Terry Nolan
- Vaccine and Immunisation Research Group (VIRGo), Department of Infectious Diseases, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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149
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Oberemok VV, Andreeva OA, Laikova KV, Novikov IA, Puzanova YV, Kubyshkin AV. Anti-coronavirus vaccines will not accelerate the transition of humanity to a non-pandemic period, but the pandemic will take fewer victims. Inflamm Res 2022; 71:521-536. [PMID: 35397666 PMCID: PMC8994861 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-022-01567-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The vaccination rate worldwide has reached enormous proportions, and it is likely that at least 75% of the world's population will be vaccinated. The controversy is that, while people aged 65 and older suffer a significantly higher mortality rate from COVID-19, plans are being made to vaccinate young people under the age of 20. Equally thorny is the question of vaccinating people who already have antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, as well as B and T memory cells, because they contracted and survived the virus. The possible consequences of large-scale vaccination are difficult to predict, when some people do not have access to the vaccine at all and others have already received 3 doses of the vaccine. SARS-CoV-2 will circulate through the human population forever and continue to mutate, as viruses do. Therefore, in the coming years, the need to develop and use effective vaccines and medicines for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 will remain urgent in view of the high mortality rate from this disease. To date, three vaccine platforms have been most used: adenoviral vector, inactivated, and mRNA. There is some concern about the side effects that occur after vaccination. Whether modern anti-coronavirus vaccines can raise the safety threshold, only time will answer. It is obvious that the pandemic will end, but the virus will remain in the human population, leaving behind invaluable experience and tens of millions of victims. This article is based on search retrieves in research articles devoted to COVID-19 mainly published in 2020-2021 and examines the possible consequences of the worldwide vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 and suggests that, while anti-coronavirus vaccines will not magically transport humanity to a non-pandemic world, they may greatly reduce the number of victims of the pandemic and help us learn how to live with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- V V Oberemok
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnologies, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol, Crimea.
- Department of DNA Technologies of Engineering Center, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol, Crimea.
| | - O A Andreeva
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnologies, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol, Crimea
- Department of DNA Technologies of Engineering Center, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol, Crimea
| | - K V Laikova
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnologies, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol, Crimea
- Department of DNA Technologies of Engineering Center, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol, Crimea
| | - I A Novikov
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnologies, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol, Crimea
| | - Y V Puzanova
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnologies, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol, Crimea
- Department of DNA Technologies of Engineering Center, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol, Crimea
| | - A V Kubyshkin
- Department of DNA Technologies of Engineering Center, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol, Crimea
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150
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IgG targeting distinct seasonal coronavirus- conserved SARS-CoV-2 spike subdomains correlates with differential COVID-19 disease outcomes. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110904. [PMID: 35617962 PMCID: PMC9108089 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite SARS-CoV-2 being a "novel" virus, early detection of anti-spike IgG in severe COVID-19 patients may be caused by the amplification of humoral memory responses against seasonal coronaviruses. Here, we examine this phenomenon by characterizing anti-spike IgG responses in non-hospitalized convalescent individuals across a spectrum of COVID-19 severity. We observe that disease severity positively correlates with anti-spike IgG levels, IgG cross-reactivity against other betacoronaviruses (β-CoVs), and FcγR activation. Analysis of IgG targeting β-CoV-conserved and non-conserved immunodominant epitopes within the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein revealed epitope-specific relationships: IgG targeting the conserved heptad repeat (HR) 2 region significantly correlates with milder disease, while targeting the conserved S2'FP region correlates with more severe disease. Furthermore, a lower HR2-to-S2'FP IgG-binding ratio correlates with greater disease severity, with ICU-hospitalized COVID-19 patients showing the lowest HR2/S2'FP ratios. These findings suggest that HR2/S2'FP IgG profiles may predict disease severity and offer insight into protective versus deleterious humoral recall responses.
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