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Sundaram G, Lim CK, Brew BJ, Guillemin GJ. Kynurenine pathway modulation reverses the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mouse disease progression. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:176. [PMID: 32505212 PMCID: PMC7276083 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01844-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic immune-mediated disorder of the central nervous system characterized by demyelination, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. Activation of the kynurenine pathway (KP) results from acute and chronic neuroinflammation leading to both immune suppression and neurotoxicity. However, the exact effects of KP metabolites and changes in neurodegenerative diseases over time are not fully understood. Studies, including those in MS models, have reported that short-term KP activation is beneficial through immune tolerance. However, the effects of long-term KP activation are poorly understood. We hypothesized that such chronic activation is responsible for the neurodegeneration in MS, and further, modulating the KP in EAE-induced mice could significantly decrease the EAE disease severity. METHODS We biochemically altered the KP at different stages of the disease in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model of MS and at two different enzymatic levels of the KP (IDO-1 (indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase)) and KMO (kynurenine monooxygenase). CNS tissue and blood samples were analyzed longitudinally using GCMS, HPLC, IHC, and RT-PCR. RESULTS We showed that the KP was steadily upregulated correlating with disease severity and associated with a shift towards increasing concentrations of the KP metabolite quinolinic acid, a neuro- and gliotoxin. KP modulation by inhibition of IDO-1 with 1-methyl tryptophan (1-MT) was dependent on the timing of treatment at various stages of EAE. IDO-1 inhibition at EAE score 2 led to significantly higher numbers of FoxP3 cells (p < 0.001) in the spleen than earlier IDO-1 inhibition (prophylactic 1-MT treatment group (p < 0.001)), 1-MT treatment after EAE induction (EAE score 0; p < 0.001), and 1-MT treatment at EAE score of 1 (p < 0.05). Significant improvement of disease severity was observed in EAE mice treated with 1-MT at EAE score 2 compared to the untreated group (p < 0.05). KP modulation by KMO inhibition with Ro 61-8048 led to significantly greater numbers of Foxp3 cells (p < 0.05) in Ro 61-8048 treated mice and even more significant amelioration of EAE disease compared to the 1-MT treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS These results provide a new mechanistic link between neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration and point to KP modulation at the KMO level to preserve immune tolerance and limit neurodegeneration in EAE. They provide the foundation for new clinical trials for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayathri Sundaram
- Peter Duncan Neurosciences Research Unit, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Chai K Lim
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Bruce J Brew
- Peter Duncan Neurosciences Research Unit, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
- Department of Neurology, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Peter Duncan Neurosciences Research Unit, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.
- Neuroinflammation Group, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.
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102
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Activation of alpha7 nicotinic and NMDA receptors is necessary for performance in a working memory task. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:1723-1735. [PMID: 32162104 PMCID: PMC7313359 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05495-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Working memory deficits are present in schizophrenia (SZ) but remain insufficiently resolved by medications. Similar cognitive dysfunctions can be produced acutely in animals by elevating brain levels of kynurenic acid (KYNA). KYNA's effects may reflect interference with the function of both the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) and the glycineB site of the NMDA receptor. OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to examine, using pharmacological tools, the respective roles of these two receptor sites on performance in a delayed non-match-to-position working memory (WM) task (DNMTP). METHODS DNMTP consisted of 120 trials/session (5, 10, and 15 s delays). Rats received two doses (25 or 100 mg/kg, i.p.) of L-kynurenine (KYN; bioprecursor of KYNA) or L-4-chlorokynurenine (4-Cl-KYN; bioprecursor of the selective glycineB site antagonist 7-Cl-kynurenic acid). Attenuation of KYN- or 4-Cl-KYN-induced deficits was assessed by co-administration of galantamine (GAL, 3 mg/kg) or PAM-2 (1 mg/kg), two positive modulators of α7nAChR function. Reversal of 4-Cl-KYN-induced deficits was examined using D-cycloserine (DCS; 30 mg/kg), a partial agonist at the glycineB site. RESULTS Both KYN and 4-Cl-KYN administration produced dose-related deficits in DNMTP accuracy that were more severe at the longer delays. In KYN-treated rats, these deficits were reversed to control levels by GAL or PAM-2 but not by DCS. In contrast, DCS eliminated performance deficits in 4-Cl-KYN-treated animals. CONCLUSIONS These experiments reveal that both α7nAChR and NMDAR activity are necessary for normal WM accuracy. They provide substantive new support for the therapeutic potential of positive modulators at these two receptor sites in SZ and other major brain diseases.
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Possibility of Amino Acid Treatment to Prevent the Psychiatric Disorders via Modulation of the Production of Tryptophan Metabolite Kynurenic Acid. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051403. [PMID: 32414200 PMCID: PMC7284450 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Kynurenic acid, a metabolite of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan catabolism, acts as an antagonist for both the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and glycine coagonist sites of the N-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptor at endogenous brain concentrations. Elevation of brain kynurenic acid levels reduces the release of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and glutamate, and kynurenic acid is considered to be involved in psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and depression. Thus, the control of kynurenine pathway, especially kynurenic acid production, in the brain is an important target for the improvement of brain function or the effective treatment of brain disorders. Astrocytes uptake kynurenine, the immediate precursor of kynurenic acid, via large neutral amino acid transporters, and metabolize kynurenine to kynurenic acid by kynurenine aminotransferases. The former transport both branched-chain and aromatic amino acids, and the latter have substrate specificity for amino acids and their metabolites. Recent studies have suggested the possibility that amino acids may suppress kynurenic acid production via the blockade of kynurenine transport or via kynurenic acid synthesis reactions. This approach may be useful in the treatment and prevention of neurological and psychiatric diseases associated with elevated kynurenic acid levels.
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104
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Haroon E, Welle JR, Woolwine BJ, Goldsmith DR, Baer W, Patel T, Felger JC, Miller AH. Associations among peripheral and central kynurenine pathway metabolites and inflammation in depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:998-1007. [PMID: 31940661 PMCID: PMC7162907 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-0607-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Kynurenine pathway (KP) metabolites are believed to be a link between inflammation and depression through effects on brain glutamate receptors. However, neither the relationship between plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) KP metabolites nor their association with inflammatory mediators is well-established in depression. Moreover, the clinical profile associated with combined activation of plasma inflammatory and kynurenine pathways is unknown. Accordingly, plasma and CSF-KP metabolites and inflammatory markers along with depressive symptoms and antidepressant treatment response were measured in 72 unmedicated depressed patients. Following bivariate analyses, component factors representing immune and kynurenine variables in the plasma and CSF were extracted and were used to examine directionality of associations in a path model. In addition, patients were clustered using individual markers that most accounted for the association between plasma immune and KP systems. Path analysis revealed a directional association extending from plasma inflammatory markers to plasma kynurenines, to CSF kynurenines. Among immune markers, plasma tumor necrosis factor (TNF) was robustly associated with plasma kynurenine (KYN) and KYN/tryptophan (TRP), which was in turn significantly associated with CSF KYN, kynurenic acid, and quinolinic acid. Clustering of patients based on plasma TNF and KYN/TRP yielded subgroups of high (N = 17) and low (N = 55) TNF-KYN/TRP groups. High TNF-KYN/TRP subjects exhibited greater depression severity, anhedonia, and treatment nonresponse. In conclusion, plasma-KP metabolites may mediate an inflammation-associated depressive symptom profile via CNS KP metabolites that can serve as a target for intervention at the level of inflammation, peripheral KYN metabolism, KYN transport to the brain, or effects of KP metabolites on glutamate receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Haroon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - James R. Welle
- 0000000107903411grid.241116.1Department of Primary Care and Internal Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80045 USA
| | - Bobbi J. Woolwine
- 0000 0001 0941 6502grid.189967.8Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - David R. Goldsmith
- 0000 0001 0941 6502grid.189967.8Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Wendy Baer
- 0000 0001 0941 6502grid.189967.8Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Trusharth Patel
- 0000 0001 0941 6502grid.189967.8Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Jennifer C. Felger
- 0000 0001 0941 6502grid.189967.8Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Andrew H. Miller
- 0000 0001 0941 6502grid.189967.8Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
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105
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Kynurenic Acid Levels are Increased in the CSF of Alzheimer's Disease Patients. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10040571. [PMID: 32276479 PMCID: PMC7226436 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is a product of the tryptophan (TRP) metabolism via the kynurenine pathway (KP). This pathway is activated in neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer´s disease (AD). KYNA is primarily produced by astrocytes and is considered neuroprotective. Thus, altered KYNA levels may suggest an inflammatory response. Very recently, significant increases in KYNA levels were reported in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from AD patients compared with normal controls. In this study, we assessed the accuracy of KYNA in CSF for the classification of patients with AD, cognitively healthy controls, and patients with a variety of other neurodegenerative diseases, including frontotemporal dementia (FTD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). Averaged KYNA concentration in CSF was higher in patients with AD when compared with healthy subjects and with all the other differentially diagnosed groups. There were no significant differences in KYNA levels in CSF between any other neurodegenerative groups and controls. These results suggest a specific increase in KYNA concentration in CSF from AD patients not seen in other neurodegenerative diseases.
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106
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Exploring the Etiological Links behind Neurodegenerative Diseases: Inflammatory Cytokines and Bioactive Kynurenines. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072431. [PMID: 32244523 PMCID: PMC7177899 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are the most common neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), presenting a broad range of symptoms from motor dysfunctions to psychobehavioral manifestations. A common clinical course is the proteinopathy-induced neural dysfunction leading to anatomically corresponding neuropathies. However, current diagnostic criteria based on pathology and symptomatology are of little value for the sake of disease prevention and drug development. Overviewing the pathomechanism of NDs, this review incorporates systematic reviews on inflammatory cytokines and tryptophan metabolites kynurenines (KYNs) of human samples, to present an inferential method to explore potential links behind NDs. The results revealed increases of pro-inflammatory cytokines and neurotoxic KYNs in NDs, increases of anti-inflammatory cytokines in AD, PD, Huntington's disease (HD), Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neurocognitive disorders, and decreases of neuromodulatory KYNs in AD, PD, and HD. The results reinforced a strong link between inflammation and neurotoxic KYNs, confirmed activation of adaptive immune response, and suggested a possible role in the decrease of neuromodulatory KYNs, all of which may contribute to the development of chronic low grade inflammation. Commonalities of multifactorial NDs were discussed to present a current limit of diagnostic criteria, a need for preclinical biomarkers, and an approach to search the initiation factors of NDs.
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107
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A novel, robust method for quantification of multiple kynurenine pathway metabolites in the cerebrospinal fluid. Bioanalysis 2020; 12:379-392. [PMID: 32209024 PMCID: PMC9472175 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2019-0303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Kynurenine metabolites are potential modulators of psychiatric disease. We aimed to develop a highly sensitive biochemical analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) tryptophan (TRP) metabolites, to investigate the stability of metabolites and to confirm our previous findings of aberrant CSF quinolinic acid (QUIN) and picolinic acid (PIC) in suicide attempters using this method. Methodology & results: Ten CSF TRP metabolites were analyzed with ultraperformance LC–MS/MS. The method showed small intra- and interassay variation. Metabolites were stable following freeze–thaw cycles. A decreased CSF PIC/QUIN ratio was found in suicide attempters. Conclusion: The feasibility of reliably determining CSF TRP metabolites were demonstrated, including separation of the two isomers PIC and nicotinic acid (NA) and the finding of a reduced PIC/QUIN ratio replicated in suicide attempters.
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108
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Petralia MC, Mazzon E, Fagone P, Basile MS, Lenzo V, Quattropani MC, Di Nuovo S, Bendtzen K, Nicoletti F. The cytokine network in the pathogenesis of major depressive disorder. Close to translation? Autoimmun Rev 2020; 19:102504. [PMID: 32173514 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common condition that afflicts the general population across a broad spectrum of ages and social backgrounds. MDD has been identified by the World Health Organization as a leading cause of disability worldwide. Approximately 30% of patients are poor responsive to standard of care (SOC) treatment and novel therapeutic approaches are warranted. Since chronic inflammation, as it is often observed in certain cancers, type 2 diabetes, psoriasis and chronic arthritis, are accompanied by depression, it has been suggested that immunoinflammatory processes may be involved in the pathogenesis of MDD. Cytokines are a group of glycoproteins secreted from lymphoid and non-lymphoid cells that orchestrate immune responses. It has been suggested that a dysregulated production of cytokines may be implicated in the pathogenesis and maintenance of MDD. On the basis of their functions, cytokines can be subdivided in pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Since abnormal blood and cerebrospinal fluid of both pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines are altered in MDD, it has been suggested that abnormal cytokine homeostasis may be implicated in the pathogenesis of MDD and possibly to induction of therapeutic resistance. We review current data that indicate that cytokines may represent a useful tool to identify MDD patients that may benefit from tailored immunotherapeutic approaches and may represent a potential tailored therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paolo Fagone
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Sofia Basile
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Vittorio Lenzo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Santo Di Nuovo
- Department of Educational Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
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109
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Huang YS, Ogbechi J, Clanchy FI, Williams RO, Stone TW. IDO and Kynurenine Metabolites in Peripheral and CNS Disorders. Front Immunol 2020; 11:388. [PMID: 32194572 PMCID: PMC7066259 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of the kynurenine pathway in normal immune system function has led to an appreciation of its possible contribution to autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis. Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) activity exerts a protective function, limiting the severity of experimental arthritis, whereas deletion or inhibition exacerbates the symptoms. Other chronic disorder with an inflammatory component, such as atherosclerosis, are also suppressed by IDO activity. It is suggested that this overall anti-inflammatory activity is mediated by a change in the relative production or activity of Th17 and regulatory T cell populations. Kynurenines may play an anti-inflammatory role also in CNS disorders such as Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis, in which signs of inflammation and neurodegeneration are involved. The possibility is discussed that in Huntington's disease kynurenines interact with other anti-inflammatory molecules such as Human Lymphocyte Antigen-G which may be relevant in other disorders. Kynurenine involvement may account for the protection afforded to animals with cerebral malaria and trypanosomiasis when they are treated with an inhibitor of kynurenine-3-monoxygenase (KMO). There is some evidence that changes in IL-10 may contribute to this protection and the relationship between kynurenines and IL-10 in arthritis and other inflammatory conditions should be explored. In addition, metabolites of kynurenine downstream of KMO, such as anthranilic acid and 3-hydroxy-anthranilic acid can influence inflammation, and the ratio of these compounds is a valuable biomarker of inflammatory status although the underlying molecular mechanisms of the changes require clarification. Hence it is essential that more effort be expended to identify their sites of action as potential targets for drug development. Finally, we discuss increasing awareness of the epigenetic regulation of IDO, for example by DNA methylation, a phenomenon which may explain differences between individuals in their susceptibility to arthritis and other inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Shu Huang
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Joy Ogbechi
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Felix I Clanchy
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Richard O Williams
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Trevor W Stone
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Tao X, Yan M, Wang L, Zhou Y, Wang Z, Xia T, Liu X, Pan R, Chang Q. Homeostasis Imbalance of Microglia and Astrocytes Leads to Alteration in the Metabolites of the Kynurenine Pathway in LPS-Induced Depressive-Like Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:1460. [PMID: 32098023 PMCID: PMC7073050 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the pathology-oriented study of depression, inflammation hypothesis has received increasing attention for recent years. To mimic the depressive state caused by inflammation, rodents injected intraperitoneally with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) are usually used to stimulate an immune response. However, the dose of LPS that causes depressive-like behavior varies widely across many literatures. Previous study has uncovered the non-linearity in the dose-effect relationship for the depressive-like behavior induced by LPS administration, while the reason for this is still unclear. The present study aims to investigate the underlying mechanisms of this non-linear dose-dependent relationship. Four groups of mice were injected intraperitoneally with different doses of LPS (0, 0.32, 0.8, and 2 mg/kg). The tail suspension test was conducted to evaluate the depressive-like behavior within 23-25 h after the LPS administration. The neuroplasticity was assessed by the levels of related proteins, TrkB and PSD-95, and by the quantification of neurons using Nissl staining. The levels of the two metabolites of the kynurenine (KYN) pathway, 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK) and kynurenic acid (KYNA), in the brain were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Activation of microglia and astrocytes in the brain were also determined by immunohistochemistry and western blotting, respectively. The results showed that, compared with the control group, the mice in the 0.8 mg/kg LPS-treated group exhibited a remarkable increase of immobility time in the tail suspension test. The neuroplasticity of mice in the 0.8 mg/kg LPS-treated group was also significantly reduced. The neurotoxic metabolite, 3-HK, was accumulated significantly in the hippocampus of the 0.8 mg/kg LPS-treated mice. Surprisingly, the 2 mg/kg LPS-treated mice did not exhibit a remarkable change of 3-HK but expressed increased KYNA significantly, which is neuroprotective. Furthermore, the activation of microglia and astrocytes, which were recognized as the primary source of 3-HK and KYNA, respectively, corresponded to the content of these two metabolites of the KYN pathway in each group. Consequently, it was speculated that the homeostasis of different glial cells could lead to a non-linear dose-dependent behavior by regulating the KYN pathway in the LPS-induced depressive-like mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ruile Pan
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qi Chang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
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111
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Pedraz-Petrozzi B, Elyamany O, Rummel C, Mulert C. Effects of inflammation on the kynurenine pathway in schizophrenia - a systematic review. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:56. [PMID: 32061259 PMCID: PMC7023707 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-1721-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the last decade, there has been growing evidence that an interaction exists between inflammation and the kynurenine pathway in schizophrenia. Additionally, many authors found microglial activation in cases of schizophrenia due to inflammatory mechanisms related mostly to an increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In order to gain new insights into the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, it is important to incorporate the latest published evidence concerning inflammatory mechanisms and kynurenine metabolism. This systematic review aims to collect reliable recent findings within the last decade supporting such a theory. Methods A structured search of electronic databases was conducted for publications between 2008 and 2018 to identify eligible studies investigating patients with schizophrenia/psychosis and the relationship between inflammation and kynurenine pathway. Applicable studies were systematically scored using the NIH Quality Assessment Tools. Two researchers independently extracted data on diagnosis (psychosis/schizophrenia), inflammation, and kynurenine/tryptophan metabolites. Results Ten eligible articles were identified where seven studies assessed blood samples and three assessed cerebrospinal fluid in schizophrenic patients. Of these articles:
Four investigated the relationship between immunoglobulins and the kynurenine pathway and found correlations between IgA-mediated responses and levels of tryptophan metabolites (i.e., kynurenine pathway). Five examined the correlation between cytokines and kynurenine metabolites where three showed a relationship between elevated IL-6, TNF-α concentrations, and the kynurenine pathway. Only one study discovered correlations between IL-8 and the kynurenine pathway. Two studies showed correlations with lower concentrations of IL-4 and the kynurenine pathway. Moreover, this systematic review did not find a significant correlation between CRP (n = 1 study), IFN-γ (n = 3 studies), and the kynurenine pathway in schizophrenia.
Interpretation These results emphasize how different inflammatory markers can unbalance the tryptophan/kynurenine pathway in schizophrenia. Several tryptophan/kynurenine pathway metabolites are produced which can, in turn, underlie different psychotic and cognitive symptoms via neurotransmission modulation. However, due to heterogeneity and the shortage of eligible articles, they do not robustly converge to the same findings. Hence, we recommend further studies with larger sample sizes to elucidate the possible interactions between the various markers, their blood vs. CSF ratios, and their correlation with schizophrenia symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Pedraz-Petrozzi
- Center of Psychiatry, Justus-Liebig University, Klinikstrasse 36, Giessen, 35392, Hessen, Germany. .,Giessen Graduate School for Life Sciences, Justus-Liebig University, Leihgesterner Weg 52, Giessen, 35392, Hessen, Germany.
| | - Osama Elyamany
- Center of Psychiatry, Justus-Liebig University, Klinikstrasse 36, Giessen, 35392, Hessen, Germany.,Alexandria University, 22 El-Guish Road, Alexandria, 21526, Alexandria, Egypt.,Collaborative Research Center 936 (SFB936) - Project C6 - Third Funding Period, Justus-Liebig University, Klinikstrasse 36, Giessen, 35392, Hessen, Germany
| | - Christoph Rummel
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Frankfurter Strasse 100, Giessen, 35392, Hessen, Germany.,Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 6, Marburg, 35043, Hessen, Germany
| | - Christoph Mulert
- Center of Psychiatry, Justus-Liebig University, Klinikstrasse 36, Giessen, 35392, Hessen, Germany.,Giessen Graduate School for Life Sciences, Justus-Liebig University, Leihgesterner Weg 52, Giessen, 35392, Hessen, Germany.,Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 6, Marburg, 35043, Hessen, Germany.,Collaborative Research Center 936 (SFB936) - Project C6 - Third Funding Period, Justus-Liebig University, Klinikstrasse 36, Giessen, 35392, Hessen, Germany
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Wu Z, Palanimuthu D, Braidy N, Salikin NH, Egan S, Huang MLH, Richardson DR. Novel multifunctional iron chelators of the aroyl nicotinoyl hydrazone class that markedly enhance cellular NAD + /NADH ratios. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:1967-1987. [PMID: 31895471 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial condition leading to cognitive decline and represents a major global health challenge in ageing populations. The lack of effective AD therapeutics led us to develop multifunctional nicotinoyl hydrazones to target several pathological characteristics of AD. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We synthesised 20 novel multifunctional agents based on the nicotinoyl hydrazone scaffold, which acts as a metal chelator and a lipophilic delivery vehicle, donating a NAD+ precursor to cells, to target metal dyshomeostasis, oxidative stress, β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregation, and a decrease in the NAD+ /NADH ratio. KEY RESULTS The most promising compound, 6-methoxysalicylaldehyde nicotinoyl hydrazone (SNH6), demonstrated low cytotoxicity, potent iron (Fe)-chelation efficacy, significant inhibition of copper-mediated Aβ aggregation, oxidative stress alleviation, effective donation of NAD+ to NAD-dependent metabolic processes (PARP and sirtuin activity) and enhanced cellular NAD+ /NADH ratios, as well as significantly increased median Caenorhabditis elegans lifespan (to 1.46-fold of the control); partly decreased BACE1 expression, resulting in significantly lower soluble amyloid precursor protein-β (sAPPβ) and Aβ1-40 levels; and favourable blood-brain barrier-permeation properties. Structure-activity relationships demonstrated that the ability of these nicotinoyl hydrazones to increase NAD+ was dependent on the electron-withdrawing or electron-donating substituents on the aldehyde- or ketone-derived moiety. Aldehyde-derived hydrazones containing the ONO donor set and electron-donating groups were required for NAD+ donation and low cytotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The nicotinoyl hydrazones, particularly SNH6, have the potential to act as multifunctional therapeutic agents and delivery vehicles for NAD+ precursors for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixuan Wu
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Duraippandi Palanimuthu
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nady Braidy
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Schools of Medicine, Huzhou University, Huzhou Central Hospital, Huzhou, China
| | - Nor Hawani Salikin
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Suhelen Egan
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael L H Huang
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Des R Richardson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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113
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Szűcs E, Stefanucci A, Dimmito MP, Zádor F, Pieretti S, Zengin G, Vécsei L, Benyhe S, Nalli M, Mollica A. Discovery of Kynurenines Containing Oligopeptides as Potent Opioid Receptor Agonists. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10020284. [PMID: 32059524 PMCID: PMC7072329 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Kynurenine (kyn) and kynurenic acid (kyna) are well-defined metabolites of tryptophan catabolism collectively known as "kynurenines", which exert regulatory functions in host-microbiome signaling, immune cell response, and neuronal excitability. Kynurenine containing peptides endowed with opioid receptor activity have been isolated from natural organisms; thus, in this work, novel opioid peptide analogs incorporating L-kynurenine (L-kyn) and kynurenic acid (kyna) in place of native amino acids have been designed and synthesized with the aim to investigate the biological effect of these modifications. The kyna-containing peptide (KA1) binds selectively the m-opioid receptor with a Ki = 1.08 ± 0.26 (selectivity ratio m/d/k = 1:514:10000), while the L-kyn-containing peptide (K6) shows a mixed binding affinity for m, d, and k-opioid receptors, with efficacy and potency (Emax = 209.7 + 3.4%; LogEC50 = -5.984 + 0.054) higher than those of the reference compound DAMGO. This novel oligopeptide exhibits a strong antinociceptive effect after i.c.v. and s.c. administrations in in vivo tests, according to good stability in human plasma (t1/2 = 47 min).
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Affiliation(s)
- Edina Szűcs
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62., H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (E.S.); (F.Z.); (S.B.)
- Doctoral School of Theoretical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Dómtér 10, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Azzurra Stefanucci
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chieti-Pescara “G. d’Annunzio”, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.P.D.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Marilisa Pia Dimmito
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chieti-Pescara “G. d’Annunzio”, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.P.D.); (A.M.)
| | - Ferenc Zádor
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62., H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (E.S.); (F.Z.); (S.B.)
| | - Stefano Pieretti
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, 42250 Konya, Turkey;
| | - László Vécsei
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Department of Neurology, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Sándor Benyhe
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62., H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (E.S.); (F.Z.); (S.B.)
| | - Marianna Nalli
- Laboratory affiliated with the Institute Pasteur Italy-Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy;
| | - Adriano Mollica
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chieti-Pescara “G. d’Annunzio”, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.P.D.); (A.M.)
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114
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Dysregulation of kynurenine metabolism is related to proinflammatory cytokines, attention, and prefrontal cortex volume in schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:2860-2872. [PMID: 30940904 PMCID: PMC7577855 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0401-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The kynurenine pathway (KP) of tryptophan (TRP) catabolism links immune system activation with neurotransmitter signaling. The KP metabolite kynurenic acid (KYNA) is increased in the brains of people with schizophrenia. We tested the extent to which: (1) brain KP enzyme mRNAs, (2) brain KP metabolites, and (3) plasma KP metabolites differed on the basis of elevated cytokines in schizophrenia vs. control groups and the extent to which plasma KP metabolites were associated with cognition and brain volume in patients displaying elevated peripheral cytokines. KP enzyme mRNAs and metabolites were assayed in two independent postmortem brain samples from a total of 71 patients with schizophrenia and 72 controls. Plasma KP metabolites, cognition, and brain volumes were measured in an independent cohort of 96 patients with schizophrenia and 81 healthy controls. Groups were stratified based on elevated vs. normal proinflammatory cytokine mRNA levels. In the prefrontal cortex (PFC), kynurenine (KYN)/TRP ratio, KYNA levels, and mRNA for enzymes, tryptophan dioxygenase (TDO) and kynurenine aminotransferases (KATI/II), were significantly increased in the high cytokine schizophrenia subgroup. KAT mRNAs significantly correlated with mRNA for glial fibrillary acidic protein in patients. In plasma, the high cytokine schizophrenia subgroup displayed an elevated KYN/TRP ratio, which correlated inversely with attention and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) volume. This study provides further evidence for the role of inflammation in a subgroup of patients with schizophrenia and suggests a molecular mechanism through which inflammation could lead to schizophrenia. Proinflammatory cytokines may elicit conversion of TRP to KYN in the periphery and increase the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist KYNA via increased KAT mRNA and possibly more enzyme synthesis activity in brain astrocytes, leading to DLPFC volume loss, and attention impairment in schizophrenia.
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115
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Carlessi AS, Borba LA, Zugno AI, Quevedo J, Réus GZ. Gut microbiota-brain axis in depression: The role of neuroinflammation. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 53:222-235. [PMID: 31785168 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a psychiatric condition that affects a large number of people in the world, and the treatment existents do not work for all individuals affected. Thus, it is believed that other systems or pathways which regulate brain networks involved in mood regulation and cognition are associated with MDD pathogenesis. Studies in humans and animal models have been shown that in MDD there are increased levels of inflammatory mediators, including cytokines and chemokines in both periphery and central nervous system (CNS). In addition, microglial activation appears to be a key event that triggers changes in signaling cascades and gene expression that would be determinant for the onset of depressive symptoms. Recent researches also point out that changes in the gut microbiota would lead to a systemic inflammation that in different ways would reach the CNS modulating inflammatory pathways and especially the microglia, which could influence responses to treatments. Moreover, pre- and probiotics have shown antidepressant responses and anti-inflammatory effects. This review will focus on studies that show the relationship of inflammation with the gut microbiota-brain axis and its relation with MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anelise S Carlessi
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Laura A Borba
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Alexandra I Zugno
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Brazil
| | - João Quevedo
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Brazil.,Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA.,Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gislaine Z Réus
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, Brazil
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116
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Simonato M, Fochi I, Vedovelli L, Giambelluca S, Carollo C, Padalino M, Carnielli VP, Cogo P. Urinary metabolomics reveals kynurenine pathway perturbation in newborns with transposition of great arteries after surgical repair. Metabolomics 2019; 15:145. [PMID: 31659512 PMCID: PMC6817811 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-019-1605-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Transposition of the great arteries (TGA) is a cyanotic congenital heart defect that requires surgical correction, with the use of cardiopulmonary-bypass (CPB), usually within 3 weeks of life. The use of CPB in open heart surgery results in brain hypoperfusion and in a powerful systemic inflammatory response and oxidative stress. OBJECTIVE We aimed to develop a novel untargeted metabolomics approach to detect early postoperative changes in metabolic profile following neonatal cardiac surgery. METHODS We studied 14 TGA newborns with intact ventricular septum undergoing arterial switch operation with the use of CPB. Urine samples were collected preoperatively and at the end of the surgery and were analyzed using an untargeted metabolomics approach based on UHPLC-high resolution mass spectrometry. RESULTS Since post surgery metabolic spectra were heavily contaminated by metabolites derived from administered drugs, we constructed a list of drugs used during surgery and their related metabolites retrieved from urine samples. This library was applied to our samples and 1255 drugs and drug metabolites were excluded from the analysis. Afterward, we detected over 39,000 unique compounds and 371 putatively annotated metabolites were different between pre and post-surgery samples. Among these metabolites, 13 were correctly annotated or identified. Metabolites linked to kynurenine pathway of tryptophan degradation displayed the highest fold change. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report on metabolic response to cardiac surgery in TGA newborns. We developed an experimental design that allowed the identification of perturbed metabolic pathways and potential biomarkers of brain damage, limiting drugs interference in the analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Simonato
- Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Padua, Italy.
- PCare Laboratory, Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica, "Citta' della Speranza", Padua, Italy.
| | | | - Luca Vedovelli
- PCare Laboratory, Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica, "Citta' della Speranza", Padua, Italy
| | - Sonia Giambelluca
- Women and Child Health Department, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Cristiana Carollo
- Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Massimo Padalino
- Pediatric and Congenital Cardiac Surgical Unit, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, Padova University, Padua, Italy
| | - Virgilio P Carnielli
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche and Azienda-Ospedaliero Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona, Italy
| | - Paola Cogo
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Udine University, Udine, Italy
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117
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Kynurenines and the Endocannabinoid System in Schizophrenia: Common Points and Potential Interactions. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24203709. [PMID: 31619006 PMCID: PMC6832375 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia, which affects around 1% of the world’s population, has been described as a complex set of symptoms triggered by multiple factors. However, the exact background mechanisms remain to be explored, whereas therapeutic agents with excellent effectivity and safety profiles have yet to be developed. Kynurenines and the endocannabinoid system (ECS) play significant roles in both the development and manifestation of schizophrenia, which have been extensively studied and reviewed previously. Accordingly, kynurenines and the ECS share multiple features and mechanisms in schizophrenia, which have yet to be reviewed. Thus, the present study focuses on the main common points and potential interactions between kynurenines and the ECS in schizophrenia, which include (i) the regulation of glutamatergic/dopaminergic/γ-aminobutyric acidergic neurotransmission, (ii) their presence in astrocytes, and (iii) their role in inflammatory mechanisms. Additionally, promising pharmaceutical approaches involving the kynurenine pathway and the ECS will be reviewed herein.
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118
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Tan VX, Guillemin GJ. Kynurenine Pathway Metabolites as Biomarkers for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1013. [PMID: 31616242 PMCID: PMC6764462 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) currently lacks a robust and well-defined biomarker that can 1) assess the progression of the disease, 2) predict and/or delineate the various clinical subtypes, and 3) evaluate or predict a patient's response to treatments. The kynurenine Pathway (KP) of tryptophan degradation represent a promising candidate as it is involved with several neuropathological features present in ALS including neuroinflammation, excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, immune system activation and dysregulation of energy metabolism. Some of the KP metabolites (KPMs) can cross the blood brain barrier, and many studies have shown their levels are dysregulated in major neurodegenerative diseases including ALS. The KPMs can be easily analyzed in body fluids and tissue and as they are small molecules, and are stable. KPMs have a Janus face action, they can be either or both neurotoxic and/or neuroprotective depending of their levels. This mini review examines and presents evidence supporting the use of KPMs as a relevant set of biomarkers for ALS, and highlights the criteria required to achieve a valid biomarker set for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gilles J. Guillemin
- Macquarie University Centre for MND Research, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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119
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Sorgdrager FJH, Vermeiren Y, Van Faassen M, van der Ley C, Nollen EAA, Kema IP, De Deyn PP. Age- and disease-specific changes of the kynurenine pathway in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2019; 151:656-668. [PMID: 31376341 PMCID: PMC6899862 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The kynurenine (Kyn) pathway, which regulates neuroinflammation and N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor activation, is implicated in Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Age‐related changes in Kyn metabolism and altered cerebral Kyn uptake along large neutral amino acid transporters, could contribute to these diseases. To gain further insight into the role and prognostic potential of the Kyn pathway in PD and AD, we investigated systemic and cerebral Kyn metabolite production and estimations of their transporter‐mediated uptake in the brain. Kyn metabolites and large neutral amino acids were retrospectively measured in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of clinically well‐characterized PD patients (n = 33), AD patients (n = 33), and age‐matched controls (n = 39) using solid‐phase extraction‐liquid chromatographic‐tandem mass spectrometry. Aging was disease independently associated with increased Kyn, kynurenic acid and quinolinic acid in serum and CSF. Concentrations of kynurenic acid were reduced in CSF of PD and AD patients (p = 0.001; p = 0.002) but estimations of Kyn brain uptake did not differ between diseased and controls. Furthermore, serum Kyn and quinolinic acid levels strongly correlated with their respective content in CSF and Kyn in serum negatively correlated with AD disease severity (p = 0.002). Kyn metabolites accumulated with aging in serum and CSF similarly in PD patients, AD patients, and control subjects. In contrast, kynurenic acid was strongly reduced in CSF of PD and AD patients. Differential transporter‐mediated Kyn uptake is unlikely to majorly contribute to these cerebral Kyn pathway disturbances. We hypothesize that the combination of age‐ and disease‐specific changes in cerebral Kyn pathway activity could contribute to reduced neurogenesis and increased excitotoxicity in neurodegenerative disease. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Freek J H Sorgdrager
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yannick Vermeiren
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Martijn Van Faassen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Claude van der Ley
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen A A Nollen
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ido P Kema
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter P De Deyn
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Neurology, Memory Clinic of Hospital Network Antwerp (ZNA) Middelheim and Hoge Beuken, Antwerp, Belgium
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120
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Capucciati A, Galliano M, Bubacco L, Zecca L, Casella L, Monzani E, Nicolis S. Neuronal Proteins as Targets of 3-Hydroxykynurenine: Implications in Neurodegenerative Diseases. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:3731-3739. [PMID: 31298828 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurotoxic activity of the tryptophan metabolite 3-hydroxykynurenine (3OHKyn) in neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, is related to oxidative stress and 3OHKyn interaction with cellular proteins. The pattern of protein modification induced by 3OHKyn involves the nucleophilic side chains of Cys, His, and Lys residues, similarly to the one promoted by dopamine and other catecholamines. In the present work, we have analyzed the reactivity of 3OHKyn toward the neuronal targets α-synuclein (and its N-terminal fragments 1-6 and 1-15) and amyloid-β peptides (1-16 and 1-28) and characterized the resulting conjugates through spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) and spectroscopic (UV-vis, fluorescence, NMR) techniques. The amino acid residues of α-synuclein and amyloid-β peptides involved in derivatizations by 3OHKyn and its autoxidation products (belonging to the xanthommatin family) are Lys and His, respectively. The pattern of protein modification is expanded in the conjugates obtained in the presence of the metal ions copper(II) or iron(III), reflecting a more oxidizing environment that in addition to adducts with protein/peptide residues also favors the fragmentation of the protein. These results open the perspective to using the 3OHKyn-protein/peptide synthetic conjugates to explore their competence to activate microglia cell cultures as well as to unravel their role in neuroinflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monica Galliano
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Luigi Bubacco
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Luigi Zecca
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, 20090 Segrate, Milano, Italy
| | - Luigi Casella
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Enrico Monzani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefania Nicolis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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121
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Braidy N, Zarka M, Jugder BE, Welch J, Jayasena T, Chan DKY, Sachdev P, Bridge W. The Precursor to Glutathione (GSH), γ-Glutamylcysteine (GGC), Can Ameliorate Oxidative Damage and Neuroinflammation Induced by Aβ 40 Oligomers in Human Astrocytes. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:177. [PMID: 31440155 PMCID: PMC6694290 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is one of the most abundant thiol antioxidants in cells. Many chronic and age-related diseases are associated with a decline in cellular GSH levels or impairment in the catalytic activity of the GSH biosynthetic enzyme glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL). γ-glutamylcysteine (GGC), a precursor to glutathione (GSH), can replenish depleted GSH levels under oxidative stress conditions, by circumventing the regulation of GSH biosynthesis and providing the limiting substrate. Soluble amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomers have been shown to induce oxidative stress, synaptic dysfunction and memory deficits which have been reported in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Calcium ions, which are increased with age and in AD, have been previously reported to enhance the formation of Aβ40 oligomers, which have been casually associated with the pathogenesis of the underlying neurodegenerative condition. In this study, we examined the potential beneficial effects of GGC against exogenous Aβ40 oligomers on biomarkers of apoptosis and cell death, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation, in human astrocytes. Treatment with Aβ40 oligomers significantly reduced the cell viability and apoptosis of astrocyte brain cultures and increased oxidative modifications of DNA, lipids, and protein, enhanced pro-inflammatory cytokine release and increased the activity of the proteolytic matrix metalloproteinase enzyme, matric metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and reduced the activity of MMP-9 after 24 h. Co-treatment of Aβ40 oligomers with GGC at 200 μM increased the activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and led to significant increases in the levels of the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and GSH and reduced the GSSG/GSH ratio. GGC also upregulated the level of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and reduced the levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) and attenuated the changes in metalloproteinase activity in oligomeric Aβ40-treated astrocytes. Our data provides renewed insight on the beneficial effects of increased GSH levels by GGC in human astrocytes, and identifies yet another potential therapeutic strategy to attenuate the cytotoxic effects of Aβ oligomers in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nady Braidy
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Martin Zarka
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bat-Erdene Jugder
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Welch
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tharusha Jayasena
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Daniel K Y Chan
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Aged Care and Rehabilitation, Bankstown Hospital, Bankstown, NSW, Australia
| | - Perminder Sachdev
- Neuropsychiatric Institute, Euroa Centre, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Wallace Bridge
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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122
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Correlation between plasma and CSF concentrations of kynurenine pathway metabolites in Alzheimer's disease and relationship to amyloid-β and tau. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 80:11-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Yoshida Y, Fujigaki H, Kato K, Yamazaki K, Fujigaki S, Kunisawa K, Yamamoto Y, Mouri A, Oda A, Nabeshima T, Saito K. Selective and competitive inhibition of kynurenine aminotransferase 2 by glycyrrhizic acid and its analogues. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10243. [PMID: 31308447 PMCID: PMC6629613 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46666-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzyme kynurenine aminotransferase (KAT) catalyses the conversion of kynurenine (KYN) to kynurenic acid (KYNA). Although the isozymes KAT1–4 have been identified, KYNA is mainly produced by KAT2 in brain tissues. KNYA is an antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate and α-7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and accumulation of KYNA in the brain has been associated with the pathology of schizophrenia. Therefore, KAT2 could be exploited as a therapeutic target for the management of schizophrenia. Although currently available KAT2 inhibitors irreversibly bind to pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP), inhibition via this mechanism may cause adverse side effects because of the presence of other PLP-dependent enzymes. Therefore, we identified novel selective KAT2 inhibitors by screening approximately 13,000 molecules. Among these, glycyrrhizic acid (GL) and its analogues, glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) and carbenoxolone (CBX), were identified as KAT2 inhibitors. These compounds were highly selective for KAT2 and competed with its substrate KYN, but had no effects on the other 3 KAT isozymes. Furthermore, we demonstrated that in complex structures that were predicted in docking calculations, GL, GA and CBX were located on the same surface as the aromatic ring of KYN. These results indicate that GL and its analogues are highly selective and competitive inhibitors of KAT2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Yoshida
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Hidetsugu Fujigaki
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan.
| | - Koichi Kato
- College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, Aichi, 463-8521, Japan.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Aichi, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Kyoka Yamazaki
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Suwako Fujigaki
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kunisawa
- Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Yasuko Yamamoto
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Akihiro Mouri
- Department of Regulatory Science, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan.,Japanese Drug Organization of Appropriate Use and Research, Aichi, 468-0069, Japan
| | - Akifumi Oda
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Aichi, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Nabeshima
- Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan.,Japanese Drug Organization of Appropriate Use and Research, Aichi, 468-0069, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Saito
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan.,Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan.,Japanese Drug Organization of Appropriate Use and Research, Aichi, 468-0069, Japan.,Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
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Duda W, Curzytek K, Kubera M, Connor TJ, Fagan EM, Basta-Kaim A, Trojan E, Papp M, Gruca P, Budziszewska B, Leśkiewicz M, Maes M, Lasoń W. Interaction of the immune-inflammatory and the kynurenine pathways in rats resistant to antidepressant treatment in model of depression. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 73:527-538. [PMID: 31176083 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The kynurenine pathway (KP), a major route of tryptophan catabolism, may be associated with the pathophysiology of depressive disorders. KP is responsible for ca. 99% of brain tryptophan metabolism via its degradation to kynurenine (KYN) catalyzed by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). Some cytokines, such as interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin (IL)-6 are potent inducers of IDO. KYN is further converted by kynurenine aminotransferase (KAT) to the more neuroprotective kynurenic acid or by kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO) to neurotoxic 3-hydroxykynurenine. The aim of the present study was to delineate whether the administration of imipramine (IMI) to rats subjected to chronic mild stress (CMS) may reverse behavioral changes induced by CMS in association with changes in immune-inflammatory markers and KP. We confirmed that the CMS procedure modeled one of the main symptoms of depression, i.e. anhedonia, and administration of IMI for 5 weeks resulted in a significant reduction in anhedonia in a majority of animals (CMS IMI-R animals), whereas 20% of animals did not respond to IMI treatment (CMS IMI-NR animals). We established that CMS procedure increased IFN-γ and IDO mRNA and decreased KAT II mRNA expression in the rat cortex. In the cortex and hippocampus, IMI treatment and non-responsiveness to IMI (in CMS IMI-NR animals) were associated with increased IL-6 mRNA expression. In the spleen, CMS increased production of IFN-γ and IL-6 proteins, while these cytokines were decreased by IMI in CMS IMI-R animals. Chronic IMI administration to CMS rats decreased IDO and KMO mRNA and protein expression and increased KAT II/KMO mRNA and protein ratio in IMI responders (CMS IMI-R) in comparison to CMS rats. In CMS IMI-NR rats, a significant increase in IDO mRNA expression and protein level in comparison with IMI responders was observed. Our findings indicate that resistance to therapeutic action of IMI could be explained by a deficiency of the inhibitory properties of IMI on IDO, KMO and KYN synthesis in the cortex. We conclude that the antidepressant activity of IMI may, at least in part, be explained by modulatory activities on the KAT II/KMO ratio in brain areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Duda
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna Street 12, PL 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Curzytek
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna Street 12, PL 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Marta Kubera
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna Street 12, PL 31-343 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Thomas J Connor
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine & Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Eimear M Fagan
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine & Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Agnieszka Basta-Kaim
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna Street 12, PL 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa Trojan
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna Street 12, PL 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Mariusz Papp
- Behavioural Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, PL 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Piotr Gruca
- Behavioural Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, PL 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Bogusława Budziszewska
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna Street 12, PL 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Monika Leśkiewicz
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna Street 12, PL 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Michael Maes
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Władysław Lasoń
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna Street 12, PL 31-343 Krakow, Poland
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125
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Rahman A, Al-Qenaie S, Rao MS, Khan KM, Guillemin GJ. Memantine Is Protective against Cytotoxicity Caused by Lead and Quinolinic Acid in Cultured Rat Embryonic Hippocampal Cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:1134-1143. [PMID: 30950269 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Quinolinic acid (QA) is an excitotoxic metabolite of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism produced in response to inflammation and oxidative stress. Lead (Pb) causes oxidative stress and thus may produce neurotoxicity by increasing QA production. We investigated the in vitro cytotoxic effects of Pb and QA and the protective effects of the NMDA receptor antagonist memantine. Primary cultures of embryonic hippocampal cells from Wistar rats were treated with different concentrations of Pb, QA, and Pb + QA with and without memantine. Cell viability was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT). Apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry after Annexin-V/propidium iodide staining. The numbers of immunostained neurons (with β3-Tubulin; Tuj1) and astrocytes (with glial fibrillary acidic protein) were counted. Pb at 20 μg/dL (0.97 μM) and QA at 500 nM concentrations showed significant cytotoxic effects, as evidenced by decreased cell viability, increased apoptosis, and a decrease in the number of both astrocytes and neurons. The combination of Pb and QA showed significant synergistic apoptotic effects at lower doses. Memantine (500 nM) was largely protective against the cytotoxic effects of both Pb and QA, suggesting that Pb's and QA's cytotoxicity involves NMDA receptor activation. Whereas the neuroprotection by memantine from QA-induced toxicity has been previously reported, this is the first study reporting the protection by memantine against Pb-induced cytotoxicity in cultured hippocampal cells. Protection by memantine against these neurotoxicants in vivo needs to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdur Rahman
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Life Sciences , Kuwait University , 13060 Kuwait City , Kuwait
| | - Sara Al-Qenaie
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Life Sciences , Kuwait University , 13060 Kuwait City , Kuwait.,Kuwait Oil Company Hospital , 61008 Ahmadi , Kuwait
| | - Muddanna S Rao
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine , Kuwait University , 13060 Kuwait City , Kuwait
| | - Khalid M Khan
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine , Kuwait University , 13060 Kuwait City , Kuwait
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Neuroinflammation Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , Macquarie University , Macquarie Park , New South Wales 2109 , Australia
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126
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The ‘Yin’ and the ‘Yang’ of the kynurenine pathway: excitotoxicity and neuroprotection imbalance in stress-induced disorders. Behav Pharmacol 2019; 30:163-186. [DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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127
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Sade D, Shaham-Niv S, Arnon ZA, Tavassoly O, Gazit E. Seeding of proteins into amyloid structures by metabolite assemblies may clarify certain unexplained epidemiological associations. Open Biol 2019; 8:rsob.170229. [PMID: 29367352 PMCID: PMC5795054 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.170229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of various metabolites appears to be associated with diverse human diseases. However, the aetiological link between metabolic alteration and the observed diseases is still elusive. This includes the correlation between the abnormally high levels of homocysteine and quinolinic acid in Alzheimer's disease, as well as the accumulation of oncometabolites in malignant processes. Here, we suggest and discuss a possible mechanistic insight into metabolite accumulation in conditions such as neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Our hypothesis is based on the demonstrated ability of metabolites to form amyloid-like structures in inborn error of metabolism disorders and the potential of such metabolite amyloids to promote protein aggregation. This notion can provide a new paradigm for neurodegeneration and cancer, as both conditions were linked to loss of function due to protein aggregation. Similar to the well-established observation of amyloid formation in many degenerative disorders, the formation of amyloids by tumour-suppressor proteins, including p53, was demonstrated in malignant states. Moreover, this new paradigm could fill the gap in understanding the high occurrence of specific types of cancer among genetic error of metabolism patients. This hypothesis offers a fresh view on the aetiology of some of the most abundant human maladies and may redirect the efforts towards new therapeutic developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorin Sade
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Shira Shaham-Niv
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Zohar A Arnon
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Omid Tavassoly
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - Ehud Gazit
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel .,Sagol Interdisciplinary School of Neurosciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel.,Blavatnik Center for Drug Discovery, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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128
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Zádori D, Veres G, Szalárdy L, Klivényi P, Vécsei L. Alzheimer's Disease: Recent Concepts on the Relation of Mitochondrial Disturbances, Excitotoxicity, Neuroinflammation, and Kynurenines. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 62:523-547. [PMID: 29480191 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The pathomechanism of Alzheimer's disease (AD) certainly involves mitochondrial disturbances, glutamate excitotoxicity, and neuroinflammation. The three main aspects of mitochondrial dysfunction in AD, i.e., the defects in dynamics, altered bioenergetics, and the deficient transport, act synergistically. In addition, glutamatergic neurotransmission is affected in several ways. The balance between synaptic and extrasynaptic glutamatergic transmission is shifted toward the extrasynaptic site contributing to glutamate excitotoxicity, a phenomenon augmented by increased glutamate release and decreased glutamate uptake. Neuroinflammation in AD is predominantly linked to central players of the innate immune system, with central nervous system (CNS)-resident microglia, astroglia, and perivascular macrophages having been implicated at the cellular level. Several abnormalities have been described regarding the activation of certain steps of the kynurenine (KYN) pathway of tryptophan metabolism in AD. First of all, the activation of indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase, the first and rate-limiting step of the pathway, is well-demonstrated. 3-Hydroxy-L-KYN and its metabolite, 3-hydroxy-anthranilic acid have pro-oxidant, antioxidant, and potent immunomodulatory features, giving relevance to their alterations in AD. Another metabolite, quinolinic acid, has been demonstrated to be neurotoxic, promoting glutamate excitotoxicity, reactive oxygen species production, lipid peroxidation, and microglial neuroinflammation, and its abundant presence in AD pathologies has been demonstrated. Finally, the neuroprotective metabolite, kynurenic acid, has been associated with antagonistic effects at glutamate receptors, free radical scavenging, and immunomodulation, giving rise to potential therapeutic implications. This review presents the multiple connections of KYN pathway-related alterations to three main domains of AD pathomechanism, such as mitochondrial dysfunction, excitotoxicity, and neuroinflammation, implicating possible therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dénes Zádori
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Veres
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Levente Szalárdy
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Klivényi
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Vécsei
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Szeged, Hungary
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129
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Małkiewicz MA, Szarmach A, Sabisz A, Cubała WJ, Szurowska E, Winklewski PJ. Blood-brain barrier permeability and physical exercise. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:15. [PMID: 30678702 PMCID: PMC6345022 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1403-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this narrative review, a theoretical framework on the crosstalk between physical exercise and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability is presented. We discuss the influence of physical activity on the factors affecting BBB permeability such as systemic inflammation, the brain renin-angiotensin and noradrenergic systems, central autonomic function and the kynurenine pathway. The positive role of exercise in multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease is described. Finally, the potential role of conditioning as well as the effect of exercise on BBB tight junctions is outlined. There is a body of evidence that regular physical exercise diminishes BBB permeability as it reinforces antioxidative capacity, reduces oxidative stress and has anti-inflammatory effects. It improves endothelial function and might increase the density of brain capillaries. Thus, physical training can be emphasised as a component of prevention programs developed for patients to minimise the risk of the onset of neuroinflammatory diseases as well as an augmentation of existing treatment. Unfortunately, despite a sound theoretical background, it remains unclear as to whether exercise training is effective in modulating BBB permeability in several specific diseases. Further research is needed as the impact of exercise is yet to be fully elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta A Małkiewicz
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, Tuwima Str. 15, 80-210, Gdansk, Poland.,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Szarmach
- 2-nd Department of Radiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Sabisz
- 2-nd Department of Radiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Wiesław J Cubała
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Edyta Szurowska
- 2-nd Department of Radiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Paweł J Winklewski
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, Tuwima Str. 15, 80-210, Gdansk, Poland. .,2-nd Department of Radiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland. .,Department of Clinical Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian University of Slupsk, Slupsk, Poland.
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130
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Jesus LB, Santos AB, Jesus EEV, Santos RGD, Grangeiro MS, Bispo-da-Silva A, Arruda MR, Argolo DS, Pinheiro AM, El-Bachá RS, Costa SL, Costa MFD. IDO, COX and iNOS have an important role in the proliferation of Neospora caninum in neuron/glia co-cultures. Vet Parasitol 2019; 266:96-102. [PMID: 30736955 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) is the main site for encystment of Neospora caninum in different animal species. In this tissue, glial cells (astrocytes and microglia) modulate responses to aggression in order to preserve homeostasis and neuronal function. Previous data showed that when primary cultures of glial cells are infected with N. caninum, they develop gliosis and the immune response is characterized by the release of TNF and IL-10, followed by the control of parasite proliferation. In order to elucidate this control, three enzymatic systems involved in parasite-versus-host interactions were observed on a model of neuron/glia co/cultures obtained from rat brains. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) responsible for the catabolism of tryptophan and arginine, respectively, and cycloxigenase (COX) were studied comparing their modulation by respective inhibitors with the number of tachyzoites or the immune response measured by the release of IL-10 and TNF. Cells were treated with the inhibitors of iNOS (1.5 mM L-NAME), IDO (1 mM 1-methyl tryptophan), COX-1 (1 μM indomethacin) and COX-2 (1 μM nimesulide) before infection with tachyzoites of N. caninum (1:1 cell: parasite). After 72 h of infection, immunocytochemistry showed astrogliosis and a significant increase in the number and length of neurites, compared with uninfected co-cultures, while an increase of IL-10 and TNF was verified. N. caninum did not change iNOS activity, but the inhibition of the basal levels of this enzyme stimulated parasite proliferation. Additionally, a significant increase of about 40% was verified in the IDO activity, whose inhibition caused 1.2-fold increase in parasitic growth. For COX-2 activity, infection of cultures stimulated a significant increase in release of PGE2 and its inhibition by nimesulide allowed the parasitic growth. These data indicate that iNOS, IDO and COX-2 control the proliferation of N. caninum in this in vitro model. On the other hand, the release of IL-10 by glia besides modulating the inflammation also allow the continuity of parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Jesus
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon s/n, Vale do Canela, CEP 41100-100, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - A B Santos
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon s/n, Vale do Canela, CEP 41100-100, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - E E V Jesus
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon s/n, Vale do Canela, CEP 41100-100, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - R G D Santos
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon s/n, Vale do Canela, CEP 41100-100, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - M S Grangeiro
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon s/n, Vale do Canela, CEP 41100-100, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - A Bispo-da-Silva
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon s/n, Vale do Canela, CEP 41100-100, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - M R Arruda
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon s/n, Vale do Canela, CEP 41100-100, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - D S Argolo
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon s/n, Vale do Canela, CEP 41100-100, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - A M Pinheiro
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon s/n, Vale do Canela, CEP 41100-100, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Centro de Ciências Agrárias Ambientais e Biológica, Universidade do Recôncavo da Bahia - URBA, R. Ruy Barbosa 710 Centro, CEP 44380-000, Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brazil
| | - R S El-Bachá
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon s/n, Vale do Canela, CEP 41100-100, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; INCT de Neurociência Translacional (INNT)- CNPq, Brazil
| | - S L Costa
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon s/n, Vale do Canela, CEP 41100-100, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; INCT de Neurociência Translacional (INNT)- CNPq, Brazil.
| | - M F D Costa
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon s/n, Vale do Canela, CEP 41100-100, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; INCT de Neurociência Translacional (INNT)- CNPq, Brazil.
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131
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de Oliveira FR, Fantucci MZ, Adriano L, Valim V, Cunha TM, Louzada-Junior P, Rocha EM. Neurological and Inflammatory Manifestations in Sjögren's Syndrome: The Role of the Kynurenine Metabolic Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123953. [PMID: 30544839 PMCID: PMC6321004 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, neurological, psychological, and cognitive alterations, as well as other glandular manifestations (EGM), have been described and are being considered to be part of Sjögren's syndrome (SS). Dry eye and dry mouth are major findings in SS. The lacrimal glands (LG), ocular surface (OS), and salivary glands (SG) are linked to the central nervous system (CNS) at the brainstem and hippocampus. Once compromised, these CNS sites may be responsible for autonomic and functional disturbances that are related to major and EGM in SS. Recent studies have confirmed that the kynurenine metabolic pathway (KP) can be stimulated by interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and other cytokines, activating indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in SS. This pathway interferes with serotonergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission, mostly in the hippocampus and other structures of the CNS. Therefore, it is plausible that KP induces neurological manifestations and contributes to the discrepancy between symptoms and signs, including manifestations of hyperalgesia and depression in SS patients with weaker signs of sicca, for example. Observations from clinical studies in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), graft-versus-host disease, and lupus, as well as from experimental studies, support this hypothesis. However, the obtained results for SS are controversial, as discussed in this study. Therapeutic strategies have been reexamined and new options designed and tested to regulate the KP. In the future, the confirmation and application of this concept may help to elucidate the mosaic of SS manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabíola Reis de Oliveira
- Ribeirao Preto Medical School, Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP 14049-900 Brazil.
| | - Marina Zilio Fantucci
- Ribeirao Preto Medical School, Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP 14049-900 Brazil.
| | - Leidiane Adriano
- Ribeirao Preto Medical School, Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP 14049-900 Brazil.
| | - Valéria Valim
- Espírito Santo Federal University, Vitoria, ES 29075-910, Brazil.
| | - Thiago Mattar Cunha
- Ribeirao Preto Medical School, Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP 14049-900 Brazil.
| | - Paulo Louzada-Junior
- Ribeirao Preto Medical School, Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP 14049-900 Brazil.
| | - Eduardo Melani Rocha
- Ribeirao Preto Medical School, Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP 14049-900 Brazil.
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132
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Qin Y, Wang N, Zhang X, Han X, Zhai X, Lu Y. IDO and TDO as a potential therapeutic target in different types of depression. Metab Brain Dis 2018; 33:1787-1800. [PMID: 30014175 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-018-0290-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Depression is highly prevalent worldwide and a leading cause of disabilty. However, the medications currently available to treat depression fail to adequately relieve depressive symptoms for a large number of patients. Research into the aberrant overactivation of the kynurenine pathway and the production of various active metabolites has brought new insight into the progression of depression. IDO and TDO are the first and rate-limiting enzymes in the kynurenine pathway and regulate the production of active metabolites. There is substantial evidence that TDO and IDO enzyme are activated during depression, and therefore, IDO and TDO inhibitors have been identified as ideal therapeutic targets for depressive disorder. Hence, this review will focus on the kynurenine branch of tryptophan metabolism and describe the role of IDO and TDO in the pathology of depression. In addition, this review will compare the relative imbalance between KYNA and neurotoxic kynurenine metabolites in different psychiatric disorders. Finally, this review is also directed toward assessing whether IDO and TDO are potential therapeutic target in depression associated with other diseases such as diabetes and/or cancer, as well as the development of potent IDO and TDO inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Qin
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Nanxi Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xinlin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xuemei Han
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xuejia Zhai
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Yongning Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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133
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Boros FA, Klivényi P, Toldi J, Vécsei L. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase as a novel therapeutic target for Huntington’s disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2018; 23:39-51. [DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2019.1549231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fanni A. Boros
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Klivényi
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - József Toldi
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and the University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Vécsei
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and the University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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134
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Mangas A, Heredia M, Riolobos A, De la Fuente A, Criado JM, Yajeya J, Geffard M, Coveñas R. Overexpression of kynurenic acid and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid after rat traumatic brain injury. Eur J Histochem 2018; 62:2985. [PMID: 30426733 PMCID: PMC6275464 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2018.2985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Using an immunohistochemical technique, we have studied the distribution of kynuneric acid (KYNA) and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3-HAA) in a rat brain injury model (trauma). The study was carried out inducing a cerebral ablation of the frontal motor cortex. Two mouse monoclonal specific antibodies previously developed by our group directed against KYNA and 3-HAA were used. In control animals (sham-operated), the expression of both KYNA and 3-HAA was not observed. In animals in which the ablation was performed, the highest number of immunoreactive cells containing KYNA or 3-HAA was observed in the region surrounding the lesion and the number of these cells decreased moving away from the lesion. KYNA and 3-HAA were also observed in the white matter (ipsilateral side) located close to the injured region and in some cells placed in the white matter of the contralateral side. The distribution of KYNA and 3-HAA perfectly matched with the peripheral injured regions. The results found were identical independently of the perfusion date of animals (17, 30 or 54 days after brain injury). For the first time, the presence of KYNA and 3-HAA has been described in a rat trauma model. Moreover, by using a double immunocytochemistry protocol, it has been demonstrated that both metabolites were located in astrocytes. The findings observed suggest that, in cerebral trauma, KYNA and 3-HAA are involved in tissue damage and that these compounds could act, respectively, as a neuroprotector and a neurotoxic. This means that, in trauma, a counterbalance occurs and that a regulation of the indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) pathway could be required after a brain injury in order to decrease the deleterious effects of ending metabolites (the neurotoxic picolinic acid). Moreover, the localization of KYNA and 3-HAA in the contralateral side of the lesion suggests that the IDO pathway is also involved in the sprouting and pathfinding that follows a traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Mangas
- Gemacbio, France; University of Salamanca, Laboratory of Neuroanatomy of the Peptidergic Systems, Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León.
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135
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Van Horn MR, Ruthazer ES. Glial regulation of synapse maturation and stabilization in the developing nervous system. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2018; 54:113-119. [PMID: 30347385 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic interaction between neurons and glia is a fundamental aspect of developmental neurobiology. Astrocytic processes are extremely complex and can physically surround neuronal synapses where they are involved in regulating neuronal activity and synaptic plasticity. This review describes important roles glial cells play in synapse maturation and stabilization in the developing central nervous system. We highlight recent evidence showing that the motility of astrocytic and radial glial processes is modulated by neuronal signals and is important for normal synapse maturation and function. Examples of glia-derived molecules that influence synapse maturation and stabilization are presented. We close by touching on recent and future trends in neuron-glia research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion R Van Horn
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Edward S Ruthazer
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada.
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136
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Fukuyama K, Okada M. Effects of levetiracetam on astroglial release of kynurenine-pathway metabolites. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:4253-4265. [PMID: 30153331 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Several preclinical studies have demonstrated the unique profiles of levetiracetam (LEV), inhibits spontaneous absence epilepsy models but does not affect traditional convulsion models; however, the detailed pharmacological mechanisms of action of LEV remain to be clarified. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We determined the interaction between LEV and IFNγ regarding astroglial release of anti-convulsive (kynurenic acid and xanthurenic acid), pro-convulsive (quinolinic acid) and anti-convulsive but pro-absence (cinnabarinic acid) kynurenine-pathway metabolites from rat cortical primary cultured astrocytes using ultra-HPLC equipped with MS. KEY RESULTS IFNγ increased basal astroglial release of cinnabarinic acid and quinolinic acid but decreased that of kynurenic acid and xanthurenic acid. IFNγ enhanced inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3 ) receptor agonist (adenophostin A, AdA)-induced astroglial release of kynurenine-pathway metabolites, without affecting AMPA-induced release. LEV increased basal astroglial release of kynurenic acid and xanthurenic acid without affecting cinnabarinic acid or quinolinic acid. Chronic and acute LEV administration inhibited AMPA- and AdA-induced kynurenine-pathway metabolite release. Upon chronic administration, LEV enhanced stimulatory effects of IFNγ on kynurenic acid and xanthurenic acid, and reduced its stimulatory effects on cinnabarinic acid and quinolinic acid. Furthermore, LEV inhibited stimulatory effects of chronic IFNγ on AdA-induced release of kynurenine-pathway metabolites. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS This study demonstrated several mechanisms of LEV: (i) inhibition of AMPA- and AdA-induced astroglial release, (ii) inhibition of IFNγ-induced IP3 receptor activation and (iii) inhibition of release of cinnabarinic acid and quinolinic acid with activation of that of kynurenic acid induced by IFNγ. These combined actions of LEV may contribute to its unique profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouji Fukuyama
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Division of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Motohiro Okada
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Division of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Mie, Japan
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137
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Quinolinic Acid Amyloid-like Fibrillar Assemblies Seed α-Synuclein Aggregation. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:3847-3862. [PMID: 30098337 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Quinolinic acid (QA), a downstream neurometabolite in the kynurenine pathway, the biosynthetic pathway of tryptophan, is associated with neurodegenerative diseases pathology. Mutations in genes encoding kynurenine pathway enzymes, which control the level of QA production, are linked with elevated risk of developing Parkinson's disease. Recent findings have revealed the accumulation and deposition of QA in post-mortem samples, as well as in cellular models of Alzheimer's disease and related disorders. Furthermore, intrastriatal inoculation of mice with QA results in increased levels of phosphorylated α-synuclein and neurodegenerative pathological and behavioral characteristics. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the involvement of QA accumulation in protein aggregation and neurodegeneration remain elusive. We recently established that self-assembled ordered structures are formed by various metabolites and hypothesized that these "metabolite amyloids" may seed amyloidogenic proteins. Here we demonstrate the formation of QA amyloid-like fibrillar assemblies and seeding of α-synuclein aggregation by these nanostructures both in vitro and in cell culture. Notably, α-synuclein aggregation kinetics was accelerated by an order of magnitude. Additional amyloid-like properties of QA assemblies were demonstrated using thioflavin T assay, powder X-ray diffraction and cell apoptosis analysis. Moreover, fluorescently labeled QA assemblies were internalized by neuronal cells and co-localized with α-synuclein aggregates. In addition, we observed cell-to-cell propagation of fluorescently labeled QA assemblies in a co-culture of treated and untreated cells. Our findings suggest that excess QA levels, due to mutations in the kynurenine pathway, for example, may lead to the formation of metabolite assemblies that seed α-synuclein aggregation, resulting in neuronal toxicity and induction of Parkinson's disease.
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138
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Garrison AM, Parrott JM, Tuñon A, Delgado J, Redus L, O'Connor JC. Kynurenine pathway metabolic balance influences microglia activity: Targeting kynurenine monooxygenase to dampen neuroinflammation. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 94:1-10. [PMID: 29734055 PMCID: PMC5995655 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic stress or inflammation increases tryptophan metabolism along the kynurenine pathway (KP), and the generation of neuroactive kynurenine metabolites contributes to subsequent depressive-like behaviors. Microglia regulate KP balance by preferentially producing oxidative metabolites, including quinolinic acid. Research has focused on the interplay between cytokines and HPA axis-derived corticosteroids in regulating microglial activity and effects of KP metabolites directly on neurons; however, the potential role that KP metabolites have directly on microglial activity is unknown. Here, murine microglia were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide(LPS). After 6 h, mRNA expression of interleukin(IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α and inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS) was dose-dependently increased along with the rate-limiting enzymes for oxidative KP metabolism, indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase(IDO)-1 and kynurenine 3-monooxygenase(KMO). By 24 h post-LPS, kynurenine and quinolinic acid in the media was elevated. Inhibiting KMO with Ro 61-8048 during LPS challenge attenuated extracellular nitrite accumulation and expression of KMO and TNF-α in response to LPS. Similarly, primary microglia isolated from KMO-/- mice exhibited a significantly reduced pro-inflammatory response to LPS compared to WT controls. To determine whether the substrate (kynurenine) or end product (quinolinic acid) of KMO-dependent metabolism modulates the LPS response, microglia were treated with increasing concentrations of L-kynurenine or quinolinic acid in combination with LPS or saline. Interestingly, quinolinic acid did not impact the microglial LPS response. However, L-kynurenine had dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the LPS response. These data are the first to show an anti-inflammatory effect of KMO inhibition on microglia during immune challenge and suggest that KP metabolic balance may play a direct role in regulating microglia activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M. Garrison
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
| | - Jennifer M. Parrott
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
| | - Arnulfo Tuñon
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
| | - Jennifer Delgado
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
| | - Laney Redus
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
| | - Jason C. O'Connor
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio,The Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio,Audie L. Murphy VA Hospital, South Texas Veterans Health System, San Antonio, Texas
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139
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Wang B, Lian YJ, Su WJ, Peng W, Dong X, Liu LL, Gong H, Zhang T, Jiang CL, Wang YX. HMGB1 mediates depressive behavior induced by chronic stress through activating the kynurenine pathway. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 72:51-60. [PMID: 29195782 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous study has reported that the proactive secretion and role of central high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) in lipopolysaccharide-induced depressive behavior. Here, the potential mechanism of HMGB1 mediating chronic-stress-induced depression through the kynurenine pathway (KP) was further explored both in vivo and in vitro. Depression model was established with the 4-week chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). Sucrose preference and Barnes maze test were performed to reflect depressive behaviors. The ratio of kynurenine (KYN)/tryptophan (Trp) represented the enzyme activity of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). Gene transcription and protein expression were assayed by real-time RT-PCR and western-blot or ELISA kit respectively. Along with depressive behaviors, HMGB1 concentrations in the hippocampus and serum substantially increased post 4-week CUMS exposure. Concurrent with the upregulated HMGB1 protein, the regulator of translocation of HMGB1, sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) concentration in the hippocampus remarkably increased. In addition to HMGB1 and SIRT1, IDO, the rate limiting enzyme of KP, was upregulated at the level of mRNA expression and enzyme activity in stressed hippocampi and LPS/HMGB1-treated hippocampal slices. The gene transcription of kynurenine monooxygenase (KMO) and kynureninase (KYNU) in the downstream of KP also increased both in vivo and in vitro. Mice treated with ethyl pyruvate (EP), the inhibitor of HMGB1 releasing, were observed with lower tendency of developing depressive behaviors and reduced activation of enzymes in KP. All of these experiments demonstrate that the role of HMGB1 on the induction of depressive behavior is mediated by KP activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Lab of Stress Medicine, Department of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Yong-Jie Lian
- Lab of Stress Medicine, Department of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Wen-Jun Su
- Lab of Stress Medicine, Department of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Wei Peng
- Lab of Stress Medicine, Department of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China; Department of Psychiatry, The 92nd Hospital of PLA, Nanping 353000, PR China
| | - Xin Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Lin-Lin Liu
- Lab of Stress Medicine, Department of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China; Department of Nursing, The 474th Hospital of PLA, Urumqi 830012, PR China
| | - Hong Gong
- Lab of Stress Medicine, Department of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Navy Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Chun-Lei Jiang
- Lab of Stress Medicine, Department of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Yun-Xia Wang
- Lab of Stress Medicine, Department of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China.
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140
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Tufvesson-Alm M, Schwieler L, Schwarcz R, Goiny M, Erhardt S, Engberg G. Importance of kynurenine 3-monooxygenase for spontaneous firing and pharmacological responses of midbrain dopamine neurons: Relevance for schizophrenia. Neuropharmacology 2018; 138:130-139. [PMID: 29879409 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO) is an essential enzyme of the kynurenine pathway, converting kynurenine into 3-hydroxykynurenine. Inhibition of KMO increases kynurenine, resulting in elevated levels of kynurenic acid (KYNA), an endogenous N-methyl-d-aspartate and α*7-nicotinic receptor antagonist. The concentration of KYNA is elevated in the brain of patients with schizophrenia, possibly as a result of a reduced KMO activity. In the present study, using in vivo single cell recording techniques, we investigated the electrophysiological characteristics of ventral tegmental area dopamine (VTA DA) neurons and their response to antipsychotic drugs in a KMO knock-out (K/O) mouse model. KMO K/O mice exhibited a marked increase in spontaneous VTA DA neuron activity as compared to wild-type (WT) mice. Furthermore, VTA DA neurons showed clear-cut, yet qualitatively opposite, responses to the antipsychotic drugs haloperidol and clozapine in the two genotypes. The anti-inflammatory drug parecoxib successfully lowered the firing activity of VTA DA neurons in KMO K/O, but not in WT mice. Minocycline, an antibiotic and anti-inflammatory drug, produced no effect in this regard. Taken together, the present data further support the usefulness of KMO K/O mice for studying distinct aspects of the pathophysiology and pharmacological treatment of psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lilly Schwieler
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert Schwarcz
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michel Goiny
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sophie Erhardt
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Göran Engberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Biomedicum 5C, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
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141
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Wigner P, Czarny P, Synowiec E, Bijak M, Talarowska M, Galecki P, Szemraj J, Sliwinski T. Variation of genes encoding KAT1, AADAT and IDO1 as a potential risk of depression development. Eur Psychiatry 2018; 52:95-103. [PMID: 29777939 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous data suggests that the disorders of tryptophan catabolites (TRYCATs) pathway, including a decreased level of tryptophan or evaluated concentration of harmful TRYCATs -kynurenine, quinolinic acid, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, 3-hydroxytryptophan - may cause the occurrence of DD symptoms. In this work, we assessed the relationship between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of KAT1, KAT2 and IDO1 gene encoding, and the risk of depression development. Our study was performed on the DNA isolated from peripheral blood of 281 depressed patients and 236 controls. We genotyped, by using TaqMan probes, four polymorphisms: c.*456G > A of KAT1 (rs10988134), c.975-7T > C of AADAT (rs1480544), c.-1849C > A (rs3824259) and c.-1493G > C(rs10089084)of IDO1. We found that only the A/A genotype of c.*456G > A - KAT1 (rs10988134) increased the risk of depression occurrence. Interestingly, when we stratified the study group according to gender, this relationship was present only in male population. However, a gene-gene analysis revealed a link between the T/T-C/C genotype of c.975-7T > C - AADAT (rs1480544)or c.-1493G > C - IDO1 (rs10089084) and C/C-C/A genotype of c.975-7T > C - AADAT (rs1480544)and c. -1849C > A - IDO1 (rs3824259) and the disease. Moreover, we found, that the c.975-7T > C - AADAT and c. *456G > A KAT1 (rs10988134) polymorphisms may modulate the effectiveness of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors therapy. Concluding, our results confirm the hypothesis formulated in our recently published article that the SNPs of genes involved in TRYCATs pathway may modulate the risk of depression. This provides some further evidence that the pathway plays the crucial role in development of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Wigner
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Piotr Czarny
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewelina Synowiec
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Michał Bijak
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Monika Talarowska
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Piotr Galecki
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Janusz Szemraj
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Sliwinski
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
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142
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Chatterjee P, Goozee K, Lim CK, James I, Shen K, Jacobs KR, Sohrabi HR, Shah T, Asih PR, Dave P, ManYan C, Taddei K, Lovejoy DB, Chung R, Guillemin GJ, Martins RN. Alterations in serum kynurenine pathway metabolites in individuals with high neocortical amyloid-β load: A pilot study. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8008. [PMID: 29789640 PMCID: PMC5964182 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25968-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The kynurenine pathway (KP) is dysregulated in neuroinflammatory diseases including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), however has not been investigated in preclinical AD characterized by high neocortical amyloid-β load (NAL), prior to cognitive impairment. Serum KP metabolites were measured in the cognitively normal KARVIAH cohort. Participants, aged 65–90 y, were categorised into NAL+ (n = 35) and NAL− (n = 65) using a standard uptake value ratio cut-off = 1.35. Employing linear models adjusting for age and APOEε4, higher kynurenine and anthranilic acid (AA) in NAL+ versus NAL− participants were observed in females (kynurenine, p = 0.004; AA, p = 0.001) but not males (NALxGender, p = 0.001, 0.038, respectively). To evaluate the predictive potential of kynurenine or/and AA for NAL+ in females, logistic regressions with NAL+/− as outcome were carried out. After age and APOEε4 adjustment, kynurenine and AA were individually and jointly significant predictors (p = 0.007, 0.005, 0.0004, respectively). Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves were 0.794 using age and APOEε4 as predictors, and 0.844, 0.866 and 0.871 when kynurenine, AA and both were added. Findings from the current study exhibit increased KP activation in NAL+ females and highlight the predictive potential of KP metabolites, AA and kynurenine, for NAL+. Additionally, the current study also provides insight into he influence of gender in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratishtha Chatterjee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia.,School of Medical Health and Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Kathryn Goozee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia.,School of Medical Health and Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,KaRa Institute of Neurological Disease, Sydney, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia.,Clinical Research Department, Anglicare, Sydney, Castle Hill, NSW, Australia.,School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.,The Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Carlton South, Vic, Australia
| | - Chai K Lim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | - Ian James
- Institute for Immunology & Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Kaikai Shen
- Australian eHealth Research Centre, CSIRO, Floreat, WA, Australia
| | - Kelly R Jacobs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | - Hamid R Sohrabi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia.,School of Medical Health and Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.,Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Tejal Shah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia.,School of Medical Health and Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Prita R Asih
- KaRa Institute of Neurological Disease, Sydney, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Preeti Dave
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia.,Clinical Research Department, Anglicare, Sydney, Castle Hill, NSW, Australia
| | - Candice ManYan
- Clinical Research Department, Anglicare, Sydney, Castle Hill, NSW, Australia
| | - Kevin Taddei
- School of Medical Health and Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - David B Lovejoy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | - Roger Chung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | - Ralph N Martins
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia. .,School of Medical Health and Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia. .,KaRa Institute of Neurological Disease, Sydney, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia. .,School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia. .,Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Nedlands, WA, Australia. .,The Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Carlton South, Vic, Australia.
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143
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Jayawickrama GS, Nematollahi A, Sun G, Church WB. Improvement of kynurenine aminotransferase-II inhibitors guided by mimicking sulfate esters. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196404. [PMID: 29689093 PMCID: PMC5915280 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian kynurenine aminotransferase (KAT) enzymes are a family of related isoforms that are pyridoxal 5’-phosphate-dependent, responsible for the irreversible transamination of kynurenine to kynurenic acid. Kynurenic acid is implicated in human diseases such as schizophrenia where it is found in elevated levels and consequently KAT-II, as the isoform predominantly responsible for kynurenic acid production in the brain, has been targeted for the development of specific inhibitors. One class of compounds that have also shown inhibitory activity towards the KAT enzymes are estrogens and their sulfate esters. Estradiol disulfate in particular is very strongly inhibitory and it appears that the 17-sulfate makes a significant contribution to its potency. The work here demonstrates that the effect of this moiety can be mirrored in existing KAT-II inhibitors, from the development of two novel inhibitors, JN-01 and JN-02. Both inhibitors were based on NS-1502 (IC50: 315 μM), but the deliberate placement of a sulfonamide group significantly improved the potency of JN-01 (IC50: 73.8 μM) and JN-02 (IC50: 112.8 μM) in comparison to the parent compound. This 3–4 fold increase in potency shows the potential of these moieties to be accommodated in the KAT-II active site and the effect they can have on improving inhibitors, and the environments in the KAT-II have been suitably modelled using docking calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayan S. Jayawickrama
- Group in Biomolecular Structure and Informatics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alireza Nematollahi
- Group in Biomolecular Structure and Informatics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Guanchen Sun
- Group in Biomolecular Structure and Informatics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - William Bret Church
- Group in Biomolecular Structure and Informatics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
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144
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Giménez-Gómez P, Pérez-Hernández M, Gutiérrez-López MD, Vidal R, Abuin-Martínez C, O'Shea E, Colado MI. Increasing kynurenine brain levels reduces ethanol consumption in mice by inhibiting dopamine release in nucleus accumbens. Neuropharmacology 2018; 135:581-591. [PMID: 29705534 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent research suggests that ethanol (EtOH) consumption behaviour can be regulated by modifying the kynurenine (KYN) pathway, although the mechanisms involved have not yet been well elucidated. To further explore the implication of the kynurenine pathway in EtOH consumption we inhibited kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO) activity with Ro 61-8048 (100 mg/kg, i.p.), which shifts the KYN metabolic pathway towards kynurenic acid (KYNA) production. KMO inhibition decreases voluntary binge EtOH consumption and EtOH preference in mice subjected to "drinking in the dark" (DID) and "two-bottle choice" paradigms, respectively. This effect seems to be a consequence of increased KYN concentration, since systemic KYN administration (100 mg/kg, i.p.) similarly deters binge EtOH consumption in the DID model. Despite KYN and KYNA being well-established ligands of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), administration of AhR antagonists (TMF 5 mg/kg and CH-223191 20 mg/kg, i.p.) and of an agonist (TCDD 50 μg/kg, intragastric) demonstrates that signalling through this receptor is not involved in EtOH consumption behaviour. Ro 61-8048 did not alter plasma acetaldehyde concentration, but prevented EtOH-induced dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens shell. These results point to a critical involvement of the reward circuitry in the reduction of EtOH consumption induced by KYN and KYNA increments. PNU-120596 (3 mg/kg, i.p.), a positive allosteric modulator of α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, partially prevented the Ro 61-8048-induced decrease in EtOH consumption. Overall, our results highlight the usefulness of manipulating the KYN pathway as a pharmacological tool for modifying EtOH consumption and point to a possible modulator of alcohol drinking behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Giménez-Gómez
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre, 28041, Madrid, Spain; Red de Trastornos Adictivos del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Pérez-Hernández
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre, 28041, Madrid, Spain; Red de Trastornos Adictivos del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Dolores Gutiérrez-López
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre, 28041, Madrid, Spain; Red de Trastornos Adictivos del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rebeca Vidal
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre, 28041, Madrid, Spain; Red de Trastornos Adictivos del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Abuin-Martínez
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre, 28041, Madrid, Spain; Red de Trastornos Adictivos del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther O'Shea
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre, 28041, Madrid, Spain; Red de Trastornos Adictivos del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - María Isabel Colado
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre, 28041, Madrid, Spain; Red de Trastornos Adictivos del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
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145
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Tryptophan catabolites along the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase pathway as a biological link between depression and cancer. Behav Pharmacol 2018. [DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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146
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Réus GZ, Becker IRT, Scaini G, Petronilho F, Oses JP, Kaddurah-Daouk R, Ceretta LB, Zugno AI, Dal-Pizzol F, Quevedo J, Barichello T. The inhibition of the kynurenine pathway prevents behavioral disturbances and oxidative stress in the brain of adult rats subjected to an animal model of schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 81:55-63. [PMID: 29030243 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Evidence has shown that the kynurenine pathway (KP) plays a role in the onset of oxidative stress and also in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. The aim of this study was to use a pharmacological animal model of schizophrenia induced by ketamine to investigate if KP inhibitors could protect the brains of Wistar rats against oxidative stress and behavioral changes. Ketamine, injected at the dose of 25mg/kg, increased spontaneous locomotor activity. However, the inhibitors of tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO), indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and kynurenine-3-monooxygenase (KMO) were able to reverse these changes. In addition, the IDO inhibitor prevented lipid peroxidation, and decreased the levels of protein carbonyl in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus and striatum. It also increased the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the hippocampus, as well as increasing the levels of catalase activity in the PFC and hippocampus. The TDO inhibitor prevented lipid damage in the striatum and reduced the levels of protein carbonyl in the hippocampus and striatum. Also, the TDO inhibitor increased the levels of SOD activity in the striatum and CAT activity in the hippocampus of ketamine-induced pro-oxidant effects. Lipid damage was not reversed by the KMO inhibitor. The KMO inhibitor increased the levels of SOD activity in the hippocampus, and reduced the levels of protein carbonyl while elevating the levels of CAT activity in the striatum of rats that had been injected with ketamine. Our findings revealed that the KP pathway could be a potential mechanism by which a schizophrenia animal model induced by ketamine could cause interference by producing behavioral disturbance and inducing oxidative stress in the brain, suggesting that the inhibition of the KP pathway could be a potential target in treating schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gislaine Z Réus
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
| | - Indianara R T Becker
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Giselli Scaini
- Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA; Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fabricia Petronilho
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathophysiology, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Jean P Oses
- Translational Science on Brain Disorders, Department of Health and Behavior, Catholic University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Rima Kaddurah-Daouk
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Luciane B Ceretta
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alexandra I Zugno
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Felipe Dal-Pizzol
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - João Quevedo
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil; Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil; Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tatiana Barichello
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil; Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA; Laboratory of Experimental Microbiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
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147
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Wang B, Lian YJ, Dong X, Peng W, Liu LL, Su WJ, Gong H, Zhang T, Jiang CL, Li JS, Wang YX. Glycyrrhizic acid ameliorates the kynurenine pathway in association with its antidepressant effect. Behav Brain Res 2018; 353:250-257. [PMID: 29366745 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study implied the role of central high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced depressive-like behaviors that could partially abrogate by glycyrrhizic acid (GZA). Here, we considered the potential mechanism underlying GZA ameliorating chronic stress-induced depression both in vivo and in vitro. Depression model was established with the 4-week chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) mice. Sucrose preference test, tail suspension test and open field test were performed to reflect depressive-like behaviors. Enzyme activity of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) was recorded with the ratio of kynurenine (KYN) / tryptophan (Trp). Transcription of gene was evaluated by RT-PCR. Along with depressive-like behaviors, IDO, the rate-limiting enzyme of the kynurenine pathway (KP), was upregulated at the level of mRNA expression, and enzyme activity was also elevated in stressed hippocampi and LPS/HMGB1-treated hippocampus slices. Treatment of mice with GZA, the inhibitor of HMGB1, prevented the activated enzymes in KP and the development of depressive-like behaviors. These experiments demonstrate that GZA may restrain HMGB1 thus improving chronic stress-induced depressive behavior through regulating KP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Lab of Stress Medicine, Department of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yong-Jie Lian
- Lab of Stress Medicine, Department of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Neurology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xin Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wei Peng
- Lab of Stress Medicine, Department of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Psychiatry, The 92nd Hospital of PLA, Nanping 353000, China
| | - Lin-Lin Liu
- Lab of Stress Medicine, Department of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Nursing, The 474th Hospital of PLA, Urumqi 830012, China
| | - Wen-Jun Su
- Lab of Stress Medicine, Department of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hong Gong
- Lab of Stress Medicine, Department of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Navy Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chun-Lei Jiang
- Lab of Stress Medicine, Department of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jia-Si Li
- Department of Neurology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Yun-Xia Wang
- Lab of Stress Medicine, Department of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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148
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Wirthgen E, Hoeflich A, Rebl A, Günther J. Kynurenic Acid: The Janus-Faced Role of an Immunomodulatory Tryptophan Metabolite and Its Link to Pathological Conditions. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1957. [PMID: 29379504 PMCID: PMC5770815 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan metabolites are known to participate in the regulation of many cells of the immune system and are involved in various immune-mediated diseases and disorders. Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is a product of one branch of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism. The influence of KYNA on important neurophysiological and neuropathological processes has been comprehensively documented. In recent years, the link of KYNA to the immune system, inflammation, and cancer has become more apparent. Given this connection, the anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive functions of KYNA are of particular interest. These characteristics might allow KYNA to act as a "double-edged sword." The metabolite contributes to both the resolution of inflammation and the establishment of an immunosuppressive environment, which, for instance, allows for tumor immune escape. Our review provides a comprehensive update of the significant biological functions of KYNA and focuses on its immunomodulatory properties by signaling via G-protein-coupled receptor 35 (GPR35)- and aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated pathways. Furthermore, we discuss the role of KYNA-GPR35 interaction and microbiota associated KYNA metabolism for gut homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Wirthgen
- Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Andreas Hoeflich
- Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Alexander Rebl
- Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Juliane Günther
- Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
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149
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Chaves Filho AJM, Lima CNC, Vasconcelos SMM, de Lucena DF, Maes M, Macedo D. IDO chronic immune activation and tryptophan metabolic pathway: A potential pathophysiological link between depression and obesity. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 80:234-249. [PMID: 28595944 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and depression are among the most pressing health problems in the contemporary world. Obesity and depression share a bidirectional relationship, whereby each condition increases the risk of the other. By inference, shared pathways may underpin the comorbidity between obesity and depression. Activation of cell-mediated immunity (CMI) is a key factor in the pathophysiology of depression. CMI cytokines, including IFN-γ, TNFα and IL-1β, induce the catabolism of tryptophan (TRY) by stimulating indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) resulting in the synthesis of kynurenine (KYN) and other tryptophan catabolites (TRYCATs). In the CNS, TRYCATs have been related to oxidative damage, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, cytotoxicity, excitotoxicity, neurotoxicity and lowered neuroplasticity. The pathophysiology of obesity is also associated with a state of aberrant inflammation that activates aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), a pathway involved in the detection of intracellular or environmental changes as well as with increases in the production of TRYCATs, being KYN an agonists of AHR. Both AHR and TRYCATS are involved in obesity and related metabolic disorders. These changes in the TRYCAT pathway may contribute to the onset of neuropsychiatric symptoms in obesity. This paper reviews the role of immune activation, IDO stimulation and increased TRYCAT production in the pathophysiology of depression and obesity. Here we suggest that increased synthesis of detrimental TRYCATs is implicated in comorbid obesity and depression and is a new drug target to treat both diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano José Maia Chaves Filho
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Camila Nayane Carvalho Lima
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Silvânia Maria Mendes Vasconcelos
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - David Freitas de Lucena
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Michael Maes
- Impact Strategic Research Center, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Health Sciences Graduate Program, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Danielle Macedo
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
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150
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Palanimuthu D, Wu Z, Jansson PJ, Braidy N, Bernhardt PV, Richardson DR, Kalinowski DS. Novel chelators based on adamantane-derived semicarbazones and hydrazones that target multiple hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:7190-7205. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt01099d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
Novel adamantane-derived semicarbazones and hydrazones show multi-functional activity as potential therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duraippandi Palanimuthu
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program
- Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute
- The University of Sydney
- Sydney
- New South Wales
| | - Zhixuan Wu
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program
- Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute
- The University of Sydney
- Sydney
- New South Wales
| | - Patric J. Jansson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program
- Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute
- The University of Sydney
- Sydney
- New South Wales
| | - Nady Braidy
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing
- School of Psychiatry
- University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Paul V. Bernhardt
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences
- University of Queensland
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Des R. Richardson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program
- Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute
- The University of Sydney
- Sydney
- New South Wales
| | - Danuta S. Kalinowski
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program
- Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute
- The University of Sydney
- Sydney
- New South Wales
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