101
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Yin T, Xin H, Yu J, Teng F. The role of exosomes in tumour immunity under radiotherapy: eliciting abscopal effects? Biomark Res 2021; 9:22. [PMID: 33789758 PMCID: PMC8011088 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-021-00277-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As a curative treatment of localized tumours or as palliative control, radiotherapy (RT) has long been known to kill tumour cells and trigger the release of proinflammatory factors and immune cells to elicit an immunological response to cancer. As a crucial part of the tumour microenvironment (TME), exosomes, which are double-layered nanometre-sized vesicles, can convey molecules, present antigens, and mediate cell signalling to regulate tumour immunity via their contents. Different contents result in different effects of exosomes. The abscopal effect is a systemic antitumour effect that occurs outside of the irradiated field and is associated with tumour regression. This effect is mediated through the immune system, mainly via cell-mediated immunity, and results from a combination of inflammatory cytokine cascades and immune effector cell activation. Although the abscopal effect has been observed in various malignancies for many years, it is still a rarely identified clinical event. Researchers have indicated that exosomes can potentiate abscopal effects to enhance the effects of radiation, but the specific mechanisms are still unclear. In addition, radiation can affect exosome release and composition, and irradiated cells release exosomes with specific contents that change the cellular immune status. Hence, fully understanding how radiation affects tumour immunity and the interaction between specific exosomal contents and radiation may be a potential strategy to maximize the efficacy of cancer therapy. The optimal application of exosomes as novel immune stimulators is under active investigation and is described in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianwen Yin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117, China
| | - Huixian Xin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Jinming Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117, China
| | - Feifei Teng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117, China.
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102
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Sakemura R, Cox MJ, Hefazi M, Siegler EL, Kenderian SS. Resistance to CART cell therapy: lessons learned from the treatment of hematological malignancies. Leuk Lymphoma 2021; 62:2052-2063. [PMID: 33682608 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2021.1894648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T (CART) cell immunotherapy has yielded significant clinical success in treating certain hematological malignancies. However, despite high initial response rates, most patients eventually relapse. Resistance to CART cell therapy can stem from tumor cell mutations, T cell defects, and tumor microenvironment (TME) immunosuppression. Tumor cells can downregulate target antigen expression to evade CART cell detection or mutate death receptor pathways to resist CART cell cytotoxicity. Patient T cells can be intrinsically defective, and CART cells often undergo exhaustion. The TME is abundant with immunosuppressive cells and factors which contribute to suboptimal CART cell activity. Collectively, issues originating in tumor cells, T cells, and the TME present significant hurdles to long-term remission after CART cell therapy. Various strategies to combat CART cell resistance have shown promise in preclinical studies and early clinical trials and are crucial to achieving durable responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reona Sakemura
- T Cell Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Michelle J Cox
- T Cell Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Mehrdad Hefazi
- T Cell Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Elizabeth L Siegler
- T Cell Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Saad S Kenderian
- T Cell Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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103
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Qambrani A, Rehman FU, Tanziela T, Shaikh S, Semcheddine F, Du T, Liu W, Jiang H, Wang X. Biocompatible exosomes nanodrug cargo for cancer cell bioimaging and drug delivery. Biomed Mater 2021; 16:025026. [PMID: 32726764 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/abaaa2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Therapy against cancer remains a daunting issue for human health, despite remarkable innovations in many areas of pathology. In situ biosynthesized nanoclusters bestow a novel remedy for carcinogenic cell imaging. Exosomes have received special attention as an efficient tool for the diagnosis of various diseases, including cancers. All types of cells (healthy or diseased) generate exosomes, making them significantly unique for relevant disease diagnosis and treatment. In this contribution, we exploit the possibility of utilizing the exosomes to facilitate chemotherapeutics, viz. the combination of doxorubicin (Dox) and biosynthesized silver nanoclusters in cancer cells. Our study showed a new facile way for bioimaging of cancer cells using biosynthesized silver-DNA nanoclusters, and thus further targeting cancer cells using the relevant cancer exosomes as drug delivery cargo. After isolating exosomes from neoplastic cells, i.e. HeLa, loaded with the drug, and treating other neoplastic cells with cargo-loaded isolated exosomes, we found that cargo-loaded isolated exosomes can readily enter into the targeted cancer cells and efficiently kill these neoplastic cells. This raises the possibility of acting as a novel facile modality for target cancer theranostics with high efficiency and biocompability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aqsa Qambrani
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096 China. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to
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104
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Wise PM, Neviani P, Riwaldt S, Corydon TJ, Wehland M, Braun M, Krüger M, Infanger M, Grimm D. Changes in Exosome Release in Thyroid Cancer Cells after Prolonged Exposure to Real Microgravity in Space. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042132. [PMID: 33669943 PMCID: PMC7924847 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Space travel has always been the man’s ultimate destination. With the ability of spaceflight though, came the realization that exposure to microgravity has lasting effects on the human body. To counteract these, many studies were and are undertaken, on multiple levels. Changes in cell growth, gene, and protein expression have been described in different models on Earth and in space. Extracellular vesicles, and in particular exosomes, are important cell-cell communicators, being secreted from almost all the cells and therefore, are a perfect target to further investigate the underlying reasons of the organism’s adaptations to microgravity. Here, we studied supernatants harvested from the CellBox-1 experiment, which featured human thyroid cancer cells flown to the International Space Station during the SpaceX CRS-3 cargo mission. The initial results show differences in the number of secreted exosomes, as well as in the distribution of subpopulations in regards to their surface protein expression. Notably, alteration of their population regarding the tetraspanin surface expression was observed. This is a promising step into a new area of microgravity research and will potentially lead to the discovery of new biomarkers and pathways of cellular cross-talk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra M. Wise
- The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, 4650 Sunset Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (P.M.W.); (P.N.)
| | - Paolo Neviani
- The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, 4650 Sunset Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; (P.M.W.); (P.N.)
| | - Stefan Riwaldt
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (S.R.); (M.W.); (M.K.); (M.I.)
| | - Thomas Juhl Corydon
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 4, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark;
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Blvd. 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Markus Wehland
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (S.R.); (M.W.); (M.K.); (M.I.)
- Research Group "Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen" (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Markus Braun
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Raumfahrtmanagement Bonn-Oberkassel, 53227 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Marcus Krüger
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (S.R.); (M.W.); (M.K.); (M.I.)
- Research Group "Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen" (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Infanger
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (S.R.); (M.W.); (M.K.); (M.I.)
- Research Group "Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen" (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Grimm
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (S.R.); (M.W.); (M.K.); (M.I.)
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 4, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark;
- Research Group "Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen" (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-21379702
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105
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Papademetrio DL, Garcia MN, Grasso D, Alvarez É. Autophagy-Mediated Exosomes as Immunomodulators of Natural Killer Cells in Pancreatic Cancer Microenvironment. Front Oncol 2021; 10:622956. [PMID: 33680945 PMCID: PMC7933474 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.622956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreas ductal adenocarcinoma is a highly aggressive cancer with an incredible poor lifespan. Different chemotherapeutic agents' schemes have been tested along the years without significant success. Furthermore, immunotherapy also fails to cope with the disease, even in combination with other standard approaches. Autophagy stands out as a chemoresistance mechanism and is also becoming relevant as responsible for the inefficacy of immunotherapy. In this complex scenario, exosomes have emerged as a new key player in tumor environment. Exosomes act as messengers among tumor cells, including tumor microenvironment immune cells. For instance, tumor-derived exosomes are capable of generating a tolerogenic microenvironment, which in turns conditions the immune system behavior. But also, immune cells-derived exosomes, under non-tolerogenic conditions, induce tumor suppression, although they are able to promote chemoresistance. In that way, NK cells are well known key regulators of carcinogenesis and the inhibition of their function is detrimental for tumor suppression. Additionally, increasing evidence suggests a crosstalk between exosome biogenesis and the autophagy pathway. This mini review has the intention to summarize the available data in the complex relationships between the autophagy pathway and the broad spectrum of exosomes subpopulations in pancreatic cancer, with focus on the NK cells response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela L. Papademetrio
- Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET, Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Noé Garcia
- Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET, Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel Grasso
- CONICET, Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Élida Alvarez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET, Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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106
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Fontana F, Carollo E, Melling GE, Carter DRF. Extracellular Vesicles: Emerging Modulators of Cancer Drug Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:749. [PMID: 33670185 PMCID: PMC7916933 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have recently emerged as crucial modulators of cancer drug resistance. Indeed, it has been shown that they can directly sequester anti-tumor drugs, decreasing their effective concentration at target sites. Moreover, they facilitate the horizontal transfer of specific bioactive cargoes able to regulate proliferative, apoptotic, and stemness programs in recipient cells, potentially conferring a resistant phenotype to drug-sensitive cancer cells. Finally, EVs can mediate the communication between the tumor and both stromal and immune cells within the microenvironment, promoting treatment escape. In this context, clarifying the EV-driven resistance mechanisms might improve not only tumor diagnosis and prognosis but also therapeutic outcomes. Detailed cellular and molecular events occurring during the development of EV-mediated cancer drug resistance are described in this review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Fontana
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuela Carollo
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK; (E.C.); (G.E.M.)
| | - Genevieve E. Melling
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK; (E.C.); (G.E.M.)
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - David R. F. Carter
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK; (E.C.); (G.E.M.)
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107
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Extracellular vesicles (EVs): What we know of the mesmerizing roles of these tiny vesicles in hematological malignancies? Life Sci 2021; 271:119177. [PMID: 33577843 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a complex disease in which a bidirectional collaboration between malignant cells and surrounding microenvironment creates an appropriate platform which ultimately facilitates the progression of the disease. The discovery of extracellular vesicles (EVs) was a turning point in the modern era of cancer biology, as their importance in human malignancies has set the stage to widen research interest in the field of cell-to-cell communication. The implication in short- and long-distance interaction via horizontally transfer of cellular components, ranging from non-coding RNAs to functional proteins, as well as stimulating target cells receptors by the means of ligands anchored on their membrane endows these "tiny vesicles with giant impacts" with incredible potential to re-educate normal tissues, and thus, to re-shape the surrounding niche. In this review, we highlight the pathogenic roles of EVs in human cancers, with an extensive focus on the recent advances in hematological malignancies.
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108
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Tarasov VV, Svistunov AA, Chubarev VN, Dostdar SA, Sokolov AV, Brzecka A, Sukocheva O, Neganova ME, Klochkov SG, Somasundaram SG, Kirkland CE, Aliev G. Extracellular vesicles in cancer nanomedicine. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 69:212-225. [PMID: 31421263 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To date, a lot of nanotechnological optitions are available for targeted drug delivery. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane structures that cells use for storage, transport, communication, and signaling. Recent research has focused on EVs as natural nanoparticles for drug delivery. This review sheds light on the application of EVs in cancer therapy, such as targeted chemotherapy, gene therapy, and vaccine development. Aspects of biogenesis, isolation, targeting, and loading of EVs are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim V Tarasov
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Andrey A Svistunov
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Vladimir N Chubarev
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Samira A Dostdar
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander V Sokolov
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Anna Brzecka
- Department of Pulmonology and Lung Cancer, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Olga Sukocheva
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Margarita E Neganova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432, Russia
| | - Sergey G Klochkov
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432, Russia
| | | | - Cecil E Kirkland
- Department of Biological Sciences, Salem University, Salem, WV, USA
| | - Gjumrakch Aliev
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8-2 Trubetskaya St., Moscow 119991, Russia; Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432, Russia; GALLY International Research Institute, 7733 Louis Pasteur Drive, #330, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
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109
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Ferguson Bennit HR, Gonda A, Kabagwira J, Oppegard L, Chi D, Licero Campbell J, De Leon M, Wall NR. Natural Killer Cell Phenotype and Functionality Affected by Exposure to Extracellular Survivin and Lymphoma-Derived Exosomes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1255. [PMID: 33513976 PMCID: PMC7865330 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The inherent abilities of natural killer (NK) cells to recognize and kill target cells place them among the first cells with the ability to recognize and destroy infected or transformed cells. Cancer cells, however, have mechanisms by which they can inhibit the surveillance and cytotoxic abilities of NK cells with one believed mechanism for this: their ability to release exosomes. Exosomes are vesicles that are found in abundance in the tumor microenvironment that can modulate intercellular communication and thus enhance tumor malignancy. Recently, our lab has found cancer cell exosomes to contain the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) protein survivin to be associated with decreased immune response in lymphocytes and cellular death. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of survivin and lymphoma-derived survivin-containing exosomes on the immune functions of NK cells. NK cells were obtained from the peripheral blood of healthy donors and treated with pure survivin protein or exosomes from two lymphoma cell lines, DLCL2 and FSCCL. RNA was isolated from NK cell samples for measurement by PCR, and intracellular flow cytometry was used to determine protein expression. Degranulation capacity, cytotoxicity, and natural killer group 2D receptor (NKG2D) levels were also assessed. Lymphoma exosomes were examined for size and protein content. This study established that these lymphoma exosomes contained survivin and FasL but were negative for MHC class I-related chains (MIC)/B (MICA/B) and TGF-β. Treatment with exosomes did not significantly alter NK cell functionality, but extracellular survivin was seen to decrease natural killer group 2D receptor (NKG2D) levels and the intracellular protein levels of perforin, granzyme B, TNF-α, and IFN-γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather R. Ferguson Bennit
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (H.R.F.B.); (A.G.); (J.K.); (L.O.); (D.C.)
- Center for Health Disparities & Molecular Medicine, Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11085 Campus Street, Mortensen Hall 160, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (J.L.C.); (M.D.L.)
| | - Amber Gonda
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (H.R.F.B.); (A.G.); (J.K.); (L.O.); (D.C.)
- Center for Health Disparities & Molecular Medicine, Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11085 Campus Street, Mortensen Hall 160, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (J.L.C.); (M.D.L.)
| | - Janviere Kabagwira
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (H.R.F.B.); (A.G.); (J.K.); (L.O.); (D.C.)
- Center for Health Disparities & Molecular Medicine, Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11085 Campus Street, Mortensen Hall 160, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (J.L.C.); (M.D.L.)
| | - Laura Oppegard
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (H.R.F.B.); (A.G.); (J.K.); (L.O.); (D.C.)
| | - David Chi
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (H.R.F.B.); (A.G.); (J.K.); (L.O.); (D.C.)
| | - Jenniffer Licero Campbell
- Center for Health Disparities & Molecular Medicine, Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11085 Campus Street, Mortensen Hall 160, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (J.L.C.); (M.D.L.)
- Division of Physiology, Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Marino De Leon
- Center for Health Disparities & Molecular Medicine, Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11085 Campus Street, Mortensen Hall 160, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (J.L.C.); (M.D.L.)
- Division of Physiology, Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Nathan R. Wall
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (H.R.F.B.); (A.G.); (J.K.); (L.O.); (D.C.)
- Center for Health Disparities & Molecular Medicine, Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11085 Campus Street, Mortensen Hall 160, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (J.L.C.); (M.D.L.)
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Ahmadi M, Jafari R, Mahmoodi M, Rezaie J. The tumorigenic and therapeutic functions of exosomes in colorectal cancer: Opportunity and challenges. Cell Biochem Funct 2021; 39:468-477. [PMID: 33491214 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Most cells release extracellular vesicles (EVs) mediating intercellular communication via transferring various biomolecules including proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. A subset of EVs is exosomes that promote tumorigenesis. Different tumour cells such as colorectal cancer (CRC) cells produce exosomes that participate in the progression of CRC. Exosomes cargo including proteins and miRNAs not only support proliferation and metastasis of tumour cells but also mediate chemoresistance, immunomodulation and angiogenesis. In addition, as exosomes are present in most body fluids, they can hold the great capacity for clinical usage in early diagnosis and prognosis of CRC. Exosomes from CRC (CRC-Exo) differentially contain proteins and miRNAs that make them a promising candidate for CRC diagnosis by a simple liquid-biopsy. Despite hopeful results, some challanges about exosomes terminology and definition remains to be clarified in further experiments. In addition, there are little clinical trials regarding the application of exosomes in CRC treatment, therefore additional studies are essential focusing on exosome biology and translation of preclinical findings into the clinic. The present study discusses the key role of exosomes in CRC progression and diagnosis. Furthermore, it describes the opportunity and challenges associated with using exosomes as tumour markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Ahmadi
- Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Jafari
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Monireh Mahmoodi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Arak University, Arak, Iran
| | - Jafar Rezaie
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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111
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Elliott RO, He M. Unlocking the Power of Exosomes for Crossing Biological Barriers in Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13010122. [PMID: 33477972 PMCID: PMC7835896 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13010122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the 2013 Nobel Prize was awarded for the discovery of vesicle trafficking, a subgroup of nanovesicles called exosomes has been driving the research field to a new regime for understanding cellular communication. This exosome-dominated traffic control system has increased understanding of many diseases, including cancer metastasis, diabetes, and HIV. In addition to the important diagnostic role, exosomes are particularly attractive for drug delivery, due to their distinctive properties in cellular information transfer and uptake. Compared to viral and non-viral synthetic systems, the natural, cell-derived exosomes exhibit intrinsic payload and bioavailability. Most importantly, exosomes easily cross biological barriers, obstacles that continue to challenge other drug delivery nanoparticle systems. Recent emerging studies have shown numerous critical roles of exosomes in many biological barriers, including the blood–brain barrier (BBB), blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB), blood–lymph barrier (BlyB), blood–air barrier (BAB), stromal barrier (SB), blood–labyrinth barrier (BLaB), blood–retinal barrier (BRB), and placental barrier (PB), which opens exciting new possibilities for using exosomes as the delivery platform. However, the systematic reviews summarizing such discoveries are still limited. This review covers state-of-the-art exosome research on crossing several important biological barriers with a focus on the current, accepted models used to explain the mechanisms of barrier crossing, including tight junctions. The potential to design and engineer exosomes to enhance delivery efficacy, leading to future applications in precision medicine and immunotherapy, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah Omarkhail Elliott
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Bioengineering Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA;
| | - Mei He
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Bioengineering Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA;
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Correspondence:
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112
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Extracellular Vesicles in Viral Pathogenesis: A Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11010045. [PMID: 33450847 PMCID: PMC7828316 DOI: 10.3390/life11010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is a fundamental property of living cells. EVs are known to transfer biological signals between cells and thus regulate the functional state of recipient cells. Such vesicles mediate the intercellular transport of many biologically active molecules (proteins, nucleic acids, specific lipids) and participate in regulation of key physiological processes. In addition, EVs are involved in the pathogenesis of multiple diseases: infectious, neurodegenerative, and oncological. The current EV classification into microvesicles, apoptotic bodies, and exosomes is based on their size, pathways of cellular biogenesis, and molecular composition. This review is focused on analysis of the role of EVs (mainly exosomes) in the pathogenesis of viral infection. We briefly characterize the biogenesis and molecular composition of various EV types. Then, we consider EV-mediated pro- and anti-viral mechanisms. EV secretion by infected cells can be an important factor of virus spread in target cell populations, or a protective factor limiting viral invasion. The data discussed in this review, on the effect of EV secretion by infected cells on processes in neighboring cells and on immune cells, are of high significance in the search for new therapeutic approaches and for design of new generations of vaccines.
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113
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Mostafazadeh M, Samadi N, Kahroba H, Baradaran B, Haiaty S, Nouri M. Potential roles and prognostic significance of exosomes in cancer drug resistance. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:1. [PMID: 33407894 PMCID: PMC7789218 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-020-00515-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance is a major impediment in cancer therapy which strongly reduces the efficiency of anti-cancer drugs. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles with cup or spherical shape with a size range of 40-150 nm released by eukaryotic cells that contain genetic materials, proteins, and lipids which mediate a specific cell-to-cell communication. The potential roles of exosomes in intrinsic and acquired drug resistance have been reported in several studies. Furthermore, a line of evidence suggested that the content of exosomes released from tumor cells in biological samples may be associated with the clinical outcomes of cancer patients. In this review, we highlighted the recent studies regarding the potential roles of exosomes in tumor initiation, progression, and chemoresistance. This study suggests the possible role of exosomes for drug delivery and their contents in prognosis and resistance to chemotherapy in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Mostafazadeh
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nasser Samadi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Houman Kahroba
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sanya Haiaty
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nouri
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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114
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Zhao T, Li W, Chen J, Qin W. Genomic variants in Fas-mediated apoptosis pathway predict a poor response to Platinum-based Chemotherapy for Chinese Gastric Cancer Patients. J Cancer 2021; 12:849-859. [PMID: 33403042 PMCID: PMC7778532 DOI: 10.7150/jca.48120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Platinum-based adjuvant chemotherapy is very common for gastric cancer (GC) patients, but the chemotherapy sensitivity is very heterogeneous. The genomic variants and the gene-gene interactions involved in Fas-mediated apoptosis pathway including Fas (FAS 1377 G > A and 670 A > G), FasL (FASL 844 C > T) and caspase-8 (CASP8 -652 6N ins > del or I > D), may paly vital roles in the response to platinum-based treatment. In our investigation, 662 stage II-III postoperative GC patients were enrolled between 1998 and 2006. 261 patients accepted platinum-based regimens and the remaining 401 were not. The log rank tests, Kaplan Meier plots, Pearson chi-square tests, Student t-tests and Cox regression analyses were performed. For the chemotherapy cohort, FAS 1377 G > A or FAS 670 A > G variants alone was related with inferior survival, and a greater than additive effect was identified when patients simultaneously carrying FAS 1377 GA and FAS 670 GA genotypes. But the poor response was neutralized when patients simultaneously carrying FASL 844 C > T or CASP8 -652 6N ins > del mutations. Our study suggested that FAS 1377 G > A and FAS 670 A > G variants may serve as potential biomarkers to predict the response to platinum-based adjuvant chemotherapy, and the gene-gene interactions involved in Fas-mediated apoptosis pathway may enhance or neutralize the chemosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhao
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, 21000, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Gynecology, Zhenjiang Maternity and Childcare Hospital, Zhenjiang, 212000, China
| | - Jinfei Chen
- Cancer Center, Taikang Xianlin Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, 21000, China
| | - Weisong Qin
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, 21000, China
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Villa A, Garofalo M, Crescenti D, Rizzi N, Brunialti E, Vingiani A, Belotti P, Sposito C, Franzè S, Cilurzo F, Pruneri G, Recordati C, Giudice C, Giordano A, Tortoreto M, Beretta G, Stefanello D, Manenti G, Zaffaroni N, Mazzaferro V, Ciana P. Transplantation of autologous extracellular vesicles for cancer-specific targeting. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:2034-2047. [PMID: 33500707 PMCID: PMC7797692 DOI: 10.7150/thno.51344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nano- and microsized extracellular vesicles (EVs) are naturally occurring cargo-bearing packages of regulatory macromolecules, and recent studies are increasingly showing that EVs are responsible for physiological intercellular communication. Nanoparticles encapsulating anti-tumor theranostics represent an attractive “exosome-interfering” strategy for cancer therapy. Methods: Herein, by labeling plasma-derived EVs with indocyanine green (ICG) and following their biodistribution by in vivo and ex vivo imaging, we demonstrate the existence of nanoparticles with a highly selective cancer tropism in the blood of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients but not in that of healthy volunteers. Results: In CRC patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mouse models, we show that transplanted EVs recognize tumors from the cognate nanoparticle-generating individual, suggesting the theranostic potential of autologous EVs encapsulating tumor-interfering molecules. In large canine breeds bearing spontaneous malignant skin and breast tumors, the same autologous EV transplantation protocol shows comparable safety and efficacy profiles. Conclusions: Our data show the existence of an untapped resource of intercellular communication present in the blood of cancer patients, which represents an efficient and highly biocompatible way to deliver molecules directly to the tumor with great precision. The novel EV-interfering approach proposed by our study may become a new research direction in the complex interplay of modern personalized cancer therapy.
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116
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He X, Zhong X, Hu Z, Zhao S, Wei P, Li D. An insight into small extracellular vesicles: Their roles in colorectal cancer progression and potential clinical applications. Clin Transl Med 2020; 10:e249. [PMID: 33377655 PMCID: PMC7733319 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers and a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are nano-sized extracellular vesicles containing a variety of bioactive molecules, such as nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and metabolites. Recent evidence from CRC has revealed that sEVs contribute to tumorigenesis, progression, and drug resistance, and serve as a tool for "liquid biopsy" and a drug delivery system for therapy. In this review, we summarize information about the roles of sEVs in the proliferation, invasion, migration, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, formation of the premetastatic niche, and drug resistance to elucidate the mechanisms governing sEVs in CRC and to identify novel targets for therapy and prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng He
- Department of Colorectal SurgeryFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghaiChina
- Department of OncologyShanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xinyang Zhong
- Department of Colorectal SurgeryFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghaiChina
- Department of OncologyShanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Zijuan Hu
- Department of PathologyFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghaiChina
- Cancer InstituteFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghaiChina
- Institute of PathologyFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Department of OncologyShanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Senlin Zhao
- Department of Colorectal SurgeryFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghaiChina
- Department of OncologyShanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Ping Wei
- Department of PathologyFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghaiChina
- Cancer InstituteFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghaiChina
- Institute of PathologyFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Department of OncologyShanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Dawei Li
- Department of Colorectal SurgeryFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghaiChina
- Department of OncologyShanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
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Tavakkoli S, Sotoodehnejadnematalahi F, Fathollahi A, Bandehpour M, Haji Molla Hoseini M, Yeganeh F. EL4-derived Exosomes Carry Functional TNF-related Apoptosis-inducing Ligand that are Able to Induce Apoptosis and Necrosis in the Target Cells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MEDICINE 2020; 9:207-215. [PMID: 33274183 PMCID: PMC7703661 DOI: 10.22088/ijmcm.bums.9.3.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes released by tumor cells play critical roles in tumor progression, immune cell suppression, and cancer metastasis. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the exosomes released by EL4 cells carry a functional TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) molecule. Exosomes were harvested from the supernatants of EL4 cell culture, and the shape, size, and identity of EL4-derived exosomes were evaluated by utilizing scanning electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and dot-blot method. The expression of mRNA and TRAIL protein in EL4 cells and EL4-exosomes were investigated using real-time PCR method and dot-blot analysis. Moreover, the effects of EL4-derived exosomes on cell death in a TRAIL-sensitive cell line (4T1) were studied by using flow cytometry (annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) staining) and fluorescent microscopy analyses (acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining). The results showed that EL4 cells continuously and without the need for stimulation, produce exosomes that carry TRAIL protein. In addition, EL4-derived exosomes were capable to induce apoptosis as well as necrosis in 4T1 cells. It was ultimately revealed that EL4 cells express TRAIL protein and release exosomes containing functional TRAIL. Moreover, the released exosomes were able to induce apoptosis and necrosis in a TRAIL-sensitive cell line. Further studies are needed to reveal the potential roles of tumor-derived exosomes in the pathogenesis of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Tavakkoli
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Anwar Fathollahi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mojgan Bandehpour
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mostafa Haji Molla Hoseini
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Farshid Yeganeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Scholl JN, Dias CK, Muller L, Battastini AMO, Figueiró F. Extracellular vesicles in cancer progression: are they part of the problem or part of the solution? Nanomedicine (Lond) 2020; 15:2625-2641. [PMID: 33094653 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2020-0256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released especially by cancer cells. They modulate the tumor microenvironment by interacting with immune cells while carrying immunosuppressive or immunostimulatory molecules. In this review, we will explore some conflicting reports regarding the immunological outcomes of EVs in cancer progression, in which they might initiate an antitumor immune response or an immunosuppressive response. Concerning immunosuppression, the role of tumor-derived EVs' in the adenosinergic system is underexplored. The enhancement of adenosine (ADO) levels in the tumor microenvironment impairs T-cell function and cytokine release. However, some tumor-derived EVs may deliver immunostimulatory factors, promoting immunogenic activity, even with ADO production. The modulatory role of ADO over the tumor progression represents a piece in an intricate microenvironment with anti and pro tumoral seesaw-like mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliete Nathali Scholl
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Camila Kehl Dias
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Laurent Muller
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, University of Basel, Basel, 4031, Switzerland
| | - Ana Maria Oliveira Battastini
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Figueiró
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003, Brazil.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003, Brazil
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119
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Role of extracellular vesicles in tumour microenvironment. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:163. [PMID: 33081785 PMCID: PMC7574205 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00643-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, it has been demonstrated that extracellular vesicles (EVs) can be released by almost all cell types, and detected in most body fluids. In the tumour microenvironment (TME), EVs serve as a transport medium for lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. EVs participate in various steps involved in the development and progression of malignant tumours by initiating or suppressing various signalling pathways in recipient cells. Although tumour-derived EVs (T-EVs) are known for orchestrating tumour progression via systemic pathways, EVs from non-malignant cells (nmEVs) also contribute substantially to malignant tumour development. Tumour cells and non-malignant cells typically communicate with each other, both determining the progress of the disease. In this review, we summarise the features of both T-EVs and nmEVs, tumour progression, metastasis, and EV-mediated chemoresistance in the TME. The physiological and pathological effects involved include but are not limited to angiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling, and immune escape. We discuss potential future directions of the clinical application of EVs, including diagnosis (as non-invasive biomarkers via liquid biopsy) and therapeutic treatment. This may include disrupting EV biogenesis and function, thus utilising the features of EVs to repurpose them as a therapeutic tool in immunotherapy and drug delivery systems. We also discuss the overall findings of current studies, identify some outstanding issues requiring resolution, and propose some potential directions for future research. Video abstract.
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Słomka A, Mocan T, Wang B, Nenu I, Urban SK, Gonzalez-Carmona MA, Schmidt-Wolf IGH, Lukacs-Kornek V, Strassburg CP, Spârchez Z, Kornek M. EVs as Potential New Therapeutic Tool/Target in Gastrointestinal Cancer and HCC. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3019. [PMID: 33080904 PMCID: PMC7603109 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12103019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
For more than a decade, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been in focus of science. Once thought to be an efficient way to eliminate undesirable cell content, EVs are now well-accepted as being an important alternative to cytokines and chemokines in cell-to-cell communication route. With their cargos, mainly consisting of functional proteins, lipids and nucleic acids, they can activate signalling cascades and thus change the phenotype of recipient cells at local and systemic levels. Their substantial role as modulators of various physiological and pathological processes is acknowledged. Importantly, more and more evidence arises that EVs play a pivotal role in many stages of carcinogenesis. Via EV-mediated communication, tumour cells can manipulate cells from host immune system or from the tumour microenvironment, and, ultimately, they promote tumour progression and modulate host immunity towards tumour's favour. Additionally, the role of EVs in modulating resistance to pharmacological and radiological therapy of many cancer types has become evident lately. Our understanding of EV biology and their role in cancer promotion and drug resistance has evolved considerably in recent years. In this review, we specifically discuss the current knowledge on the association between EVs and gastrointestinal (GI) and liver cancers, including their potential for diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Słomka
- Department of Pathophysiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Tudor Mocan
- Octavian Fodor Institute for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Iuliu Haţieganu, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400162 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (T.M.); (I.N.); (Z.S.)
| | - Bingduo Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (B.W.); (S.K.U.); (M.G.-C.); (C.P.S.)
| | - Iuliana Nenu
- Octavian Fodor Institute for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Iuliu Haţieganu, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400162 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (T.M.); (I.N.); (Z.S.)
| | - Sabine K. Urban
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (B.W.); (S.K.U.); (M.G.-C.); (C.P.S.)
| | - Maria A. Gonzalez-Carmona
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (B.W.); (S.K.U.); (M.G.-C.); (C.P.S.)
| | - Ingo G. H. Schmidt-Wolf
- Department of Integrated Oncology, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), University Hospital of the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, 53127 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Veronika Lukacs-Kornek
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University Hospital of the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, 53127 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Christian P. Strassburg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (B.W.); (S.K.U.); (M.G.-C.); (C.P.S.)
| | - Zeno Spârchez
- Octavian Fodor Institute for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Iuliu Haţieganu, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400162 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (T.M.); (I.N.); (Z.S.)
| | - Miroslaw Kornek
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (B.W.); (S.K.U.); (M.G.-C.); (C.P.S.)
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Jurj A, Pop-Bica C, Slaby O, Ştefan CD, Cho WC, Korban SS, Berindan-Neagoe I. Tiny Actors in the Big Cellular World: Extracellular Vesicles Playing Critical Roles in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207688. [PMID: 33080788 PMCID: PMC7589964 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Communications among cells can be achieved either via direct interactions or via secretion of soluble factors. The emergence of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as entities that play key roles in cell-to-cell communication offer opportunities in exploring their features for use in therapeutics; i.e., management and treatment of various pathologies, such as those used for cancer. The potential use of EVs as therapeutic agents is attributed not only for their cell membrane-bound components, but also for their cargos, mostly bioactive molecules, wherein the former regulate interactions with a recipient cell while the latter trigger cellular functions/molecular mechanisms of a recipient cell. In this article, we highlight the involvement of EVs in hallmarks of a cancer cell, particularly focusing on those molecular processes that are influenced by EV cargos. Moreover, we explored the roles of RNA species and proteins carried by EVs in eliciting drug resistance phenotypes. Interestingly, engineered EVs have been investigated and proposed as therapeutic agents in various in vivo and in vitro studies, as well as in several clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ancuta Jurj
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.J.); (C.P.-B.)
| | - Cecilia Pop-Bica
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.J.); (C.P.-B.)
| | - Ondrej Slaby
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic;
- Department of Pathology, Faculty Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Cristina D. Ştefan
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Global Health Institute, Singapore 169857, Singapore;
| | - William C. Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Schuyler S. Korban
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
| | - Ioana Berindan-Neagoe
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.J.); (C.P.-B.)
- Department of Functional Genomics and Experimental Pathology, “Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta” Oncology Institute, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence:
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122
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Drug Delivery Systems of Natural Products in Oncology. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25194560. [PMID: 33036240 PMCID: PMC7582809 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, increasing interest in the use of natural products in anticancer therapy field has been observed, mainly due to unsolved drug-resistance problems. The antitumoral effect of natural compounds involving different signaling pathways and cellular mechanisms has been largely demonstrated in in vitro and in vivo studies. The encapsulation of natural products into different delivery systems may lead to a significant enhancement of their anticancer efficacy by increasing in vivo stability and bioavailability, reducing side adverse effects and improving target-specific activity. This review will focus on research studies related to nanostructured systems containing natural compounds for new drug delivery tools in anticancer therapies.
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Kugeratski FG, Kalluri R. Exosomes as mediators of immune regulation and immunotherapy in cancer. FEBS J 2020; 288:10-35. [PMID: 32910536 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are nanosized extracellular vesicles of endosomal origin that enclose a multitude of functional biomolecules. Exosomes have emerged as key players of intercellular communication in physiological and pathological conditions. In cancer, depending on the context, exosomes can oppose or potentiate the development of an aggressive tumor microenvironment, thereby impacting tumor progression and clinical outcome. Increasing evidence has established exosomes as important mediators of immune regulation in cancer, as they deliver a plethora of signals that can either support or restrain immunosuppression of lymphoid and myeloid cell populations in tumors. Here, we review the current knowledge related to exosome-mediated regulation of lymphoid (T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and NK cells) and myeloid (macrophages, dendritic cells, monocytes, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and neutrophils) cell populations in cancer. We also discuss the translational potential of engineered exosomes as immunomodulatory agents for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda G Kugeratski
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Raghu Kalluri
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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124
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Nabariya DK, Pallu R, Yenuganti VR. Exosomes: The protagonists in the tale of colorectal cancer? Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1874:188426. [PMID: 32956762 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes, which facilitate intercellular communication, antigen presentation and shuttling of biological agents, were initially thought as the cell's garbage cargo but today, after about 40 years of their discovery, we are now beginning to understand their potential role in diagnosis and therapy of several diseases including cancers. Various studies over the decades have signified the role of exosomes in different stages of cancer. Exosomes play a key role in colorectal cancer initiation (CRC), promotion of anti- apoptotic signaling pathways, regulating tumor microenvironment, enhancing tumorigenicity, promotion of angiogenesis, stem cell proliferation and endothelial cell migration, establishment of immune suppressive environment, formation of pre- metastatic niche and metastasis. Exosomes also elicits drug resistance. Since, they have the ability to cross the biological barrier, exosomes are now being explored as an efficient target specific drug delivery system that facilitates the shipping of different biomolecules and therapeutic drugs. However, cautious and strong investigative approaches are required before approving exosomes as therapeutics or drug delivery systems. In this review, we summarize the role of exosomes in different stages of CRC and also elaborate on the applications of exosomes in diagnosis and therapy with respect to CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Kailash Nabariya
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Reddanna Pallu
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Vengala Rao Yenuganti
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
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125
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Logozzi M, Mizzoni D, Di Raimo R, Fais S. Exosomes: A Source for New and Old Biomarkers in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2566. [PMID: 32916840 PMCID: PMC7565506 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical oncology needs reliable tumor biomarkers to allow a follow-up of tumor patients who do not necessarily need invasive approaches. To date, the existing biomarkers are not sufficiently reliable, and many of them have generated more problems than facilitating the commitment of clinical oncologists. Over the last decades, a broad family of extracellular vesicles, with size ranging between micro to nano, has been raised as a new hope for potential sources of new tumor biomarkers. However, while knowledge in the field is increasing, we do not currently have definitive information allowing a clinical use of extracellular vesicles in cancer clinics. Recent evidence provides new perspective in clinical oncology, based on data showing that circulating nanovesicles called exosomes may represent a valuable source of tumor biomarkers. In this review, we discuss the existing clinical data supporting a key role of exosomes as a source of tumor biomarkers, including proteins and miRNAs, but also discuss the importance of the expression of known tumor biomarkers when expressed on exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stefano Fais
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.L.); (D.M.); (R.D.R.)
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126
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Biolato AM, Filali L, Wurzer H, Hoffmann C, Gargiulo E, Valitutti S, Thomas C. Actin remodeling and vesicular trafficking at the tumor cell side of the immunological synapse direct evasion from cytotoxic lymphocytes. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 356:99-130. [PMID: 33066877 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Michela Biolato
- Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg; Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Liza Filali
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM, Toulouse, France
| | - Hannah Wurzer
- Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg; Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Céline Hoffmann
- Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Ernesto Gargiulo
- Tumor-Stroma Interactions, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Salvatore Valitutti
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM, Toulouse, France; Department of Pathology, Institut Universitaire du Cancer-Oncopole, Toulouse, France.
| | - Clément Thomas
- Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.
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127
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Barenholz-Cohen T, Merkher Y, Haj J, Shechter D, Kirchmeier D, Shaked Y, Weihs D. Lung mechanics modifications facilitating metastasis are mediated in part by breast cancer-derived extracellular vesicles. Int J Cancer 2020; 147:2924-2933. [PMID: 32700789 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment-mechanics greatly affect tumor-cell characteristics such as invasion and proliferation. We and others have previously shown that after chemotherapy, tumor cells shed more extracellular vesicles (EVs), leading to tumor growth and even spread, via angiogenesis and the mobilization of specific bone-marrow-derived cells contributing to metastasis. However, physical, mechanobiological and mechanostructural changes at premetastatic sites that may support tumor cell seeding, have yet to be determined. Here, we collected tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (tEV) from breast carcinoma cells exposed to paclitaxel chemotherapy, and tested their effects on tissue mechanics (eg, elasticity and stiffness) of likely metastatic organs in cancer-free mice, using shear rheometry. Cancer-free mice were injected with saline or with tEVs from untreated cells and lung tissue demonstrated widely variable, viscoelastic mechanics, being more elastic than viscous. Contrastingly, tEVs from chemotherapy-exposed cells induced more uniform, viscoelastic lung mechanics, with lower stiffness and viscosity; interestingly, livers were significantly stiffer than both controls. We observe statistically significant differences in softening of lung samples from all three groups under increasing strain-amplitudes and in their stiffening under increasing strain-frequencies; the groups reach similar values at high strain amplitudes and frequencies, indicating local changes in tissue microstructure. Evaluation of genes associated with the extracellular matrix and fibronectin protein-expression revealed potential compositional changes underlying the altered mechanics. Thus, we propose that tEVs, even without cancer cells, contribute to metastasis by changing microstructures at distant organs. This is done partially by altering the composition and mechanostructure of tissues to support tumor cell invasion and seeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Barenholz-Cohen
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yulia Merkher
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Jozafina Haj
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Integrated Cancer Center, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Dvir Shechter
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Integrated Cancer Center, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Daniela Kirchmeier
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.,Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, IMC University of Applied Sciences Krems, Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Yuval Shaked
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Integrated Cancer Center, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Daphne Weihs
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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128
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Noulsri E. Effects of Cell-Derived Microparticles on Immune Cells and Potential Implications in Clinical Medicine. Lab Med 2020; 52:122-135. [PMID: 32816040 DOI: 10.1093/labmed/lmaa043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past few years, interest has increased in cell-derived microparticles (MPs), which are defined by their size of from 0.1 to 1 μm, and can be derived from various cell types, including endothelial cells, leukocytes, red blood cells (RBCs), and platelets. These MPs carry negatively charged phosphatidylserine (PS) on their surfaces and proteins packaged from numerous cellular components. MPs that have been shed by the body can play important roles in the pathophysiology of diseases and can affect various biological systems. Among these systems, the immune components have been shown to be modulated by MPs. Therefore, understanding the roles of MPs in the immune system is crucial to developing alternative therapeutic treatments for diseases. This review describes the effects of MPs on various immune cells and provides plausible potential applications of the immune-modulating properties of MPs in clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egarit Noulsri
- Research Division, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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129
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Shimada S, Kawasaki H, Diao Y, Ren HY, Li WH, Tang MQ. Epstein-Barr virus is a promoter of lymphoma cell metastasis. Pathology 2020; 52:676-685. [PMID: 32768248 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
It is well-known that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the promoter of cell tumourigenesis. We found that EBV is also a promoter of lymphoma cell dissemination, because we found the typical morphopathological phenomenon of cell adhesion, which confirmed that the adhesion of tumour cells was higher than that of normal cells. We also observed that tumour cells disrupted the dynamic pathological changes of vascular endothelial cells, and this made it clear that the rate of tumour cell metastasis was directly proportional to the degree of EBV infection. Furthermore, when we discovered exosomes, it was considered that this was associated with cancer stem cells, suggesting the formation of a microenvironment before tumour cell metastasis. In addition, competitive inhibition was found in cell adhesion, indicating the breakthrough point of preventing tumour cell metastasis, which has clinical reference value for tumour immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Shimada
- School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China.
| | | | - Yong Diao
- School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
| | - Hong-Yun Ren
- Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Science, Xiamen, China
| | - Wen-Hua Li
- School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ming-Qing Tang
- School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
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130
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Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles: Regulators of tumor microenvironment and the enlightenment in tumor therapy. Pharmacol Res 2020; 159:105041. [PMID: 32580030 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been proven to establish an important bridge of communication between cells or cells and their microenvironment. It is well known that EVs play crucial roles in many human diseases, especially in tumors. Tumor-derived EVs (TEVs) are not only involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition and extracellular matrix remodeling to promote the invasion and metastasis, but also contribute to the suppression of antitumor immune responses by carrying different inhibitory molecules. In this review, we mainly discuss the effects of TEVs on the remodeling of tumor microenvironment through immune and non-immune associated mechanisms. We summarize the latest studies about utilizing EVs in clinical diagnosis and therapeutic drug delivery as well. In addition, the perspective of tumor therapy by targeting EVs is discussed in this review.
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131
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Ebnoether E, Muller L. Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications of Exosomes in Cancer with a Special Focus on Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC). Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124344. [PMID: 32570802 PMCID: PMC7352611 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nanovesicles part of a recently described intercellular communication system. Their properties seem promising as a biomarker in cancer research, where more sensitive monitoring and therapeutic applications are desperately needed. In the case of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), overall survival often remains poor, although huge technological advancements in the treatment of this disease have been made. In the following review, diagnostic and therapeutic properties are highlighted and summarised. Impressive first results have been obtained but more research is needed to implement these innovative techniques into daily clinical routines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliane Ebnoether
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland;
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Basel, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Muller
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland;
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Basel, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
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132
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Wang M, Yu F, Li P, Wang K. Emerging Function and Clinical Significance of Exosomal circRNAs in Cancer. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 21:367-383. [PMID: 32650235 PMCID: PMC7340966 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are a type of extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by almost all cells, with a diameter range of 30-150 nm and a lipid bilayer membrane. Exosomes are now considered as vital mediators of intercellular communication and participate in multiple cellular processes, such as signal transduction and antigen presentation. Recently, circular RNAs (circRNAs), a novel class of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), have been found to be abundant and stable in exosomes. Increasing evidence indicates that exosome-derived circRNAs act as signaling molecules to regulate cancer growth, angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis, and sensitivity to chemotherapy. Moreover, circulating exosomal circRNAs can reflect the progression and malignant characteristics of cancer, implying their great potential as promising, non-invasive biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. In this review, we summarize the recent progress on the functional roles of exosomal circRNAs in cancer progression, discussing their potential as promising biomarkers and therapeutic targets in cancer. Comprehensive elucidation of molecular mechanisms relevant to the implications of exosomal circRNAs in cancer progression will be conducive to the development of innovative diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Wang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China.
| | - Fei Yu
- Institute for Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Peifeng Li
- Institute for Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China.
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133
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Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play an important role in intercellular communication in normal cellular process and pathological conditions by facilitating the transport of cellular content from one cell to another. EVs as conveyors of various biological molecules with their ability to redirect effects on a target cell physiological function in cell type-specific manner makes EVs an excellent candidate for drug delivery vehicle in disease therapy. Moreover, unique characteristics and contents of EVs which differ depends on cellular origin and physiological state make them a valuable source of diagnostic biomarker. Herein, we review the current progress in extracellular vesicle (EV) analysis, its transition from biomedical research to advancing therapy, and recent pioneered approaches to characterize and quantify EVs' subclasses with an emphasis on the integration of advanced technologies for both qualitative and quantitative analysis of EVs in different clinical tissue/body fluid samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arada Vinaiphat
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Siu Kwan Sze
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
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134
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The Role of Extracellular Vesicles in the Hallmarks of Cancer and Drug Resistance. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051141. [PMID: 32384712 PMCID: PMC7290603 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) mediate intercellular signaling and communication, allowing the intercellular exchange of proteins, lipids, and genetic material. Their recognized role in the maintenance of the physiological balance and homeostasis seems to be severely disturbed throughout the carcinogenesis process. Indeed, the modus operandi of cancer implies the highjack of the EV signaling network to support tumor progression in many (if not all) human tumor malignancies. We have reviewed the current evidence for the role of EVs in affecting cancer hallmark traits by: (i) promoting cell proliferation and escape from apoptosis, (ii) sustaining angiogenesis, (iii) contributing to cancer cell invasion and metastasis, (iv) reprogramming energy metabolism, (v) transferring mutations, and (vi) modulating the tumor microenvironment (TME) by evading immune response and promoting inflammation. Special emphasis was given to the role of EVs in the transfer of drug resistant traits and to the EV cargo responsible for this transfer, both between cancer cells or between the microenvironment and tumor cells. Finally, we reviewed evidence for the increased release of EVs by drug resistant cells. A timely and comprehensive understanding of how tumor EVs facilitate tumor initiation, progression, metastasis and drug resistance is instrumental for the development of innovative EV-based therapeutic approaches for cancer.
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135
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Shen T, Huang Z, Shi C, Pu X, Xu X, Wu Z, Ding G, Cao L. Pancreatic cancer-derived exosomes induce apoptosis of T lymphocytes through the p38 MAPK-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress. FASEB J 2020; 34:8442-8458. [PMID: 32350913 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902186r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is the fourth most lethal malignancy and is characterized by poor immunogenicity. Pancreatic cancer cells have various strategies to suppress host immune response, evade immune defenses, and facilitate tumor growth and development. As a mode of long-range intercellular communication, cancer-derived exosomes contribute to impairment of the immune system. However, the mechanisms that induce changes in the activities of signal transduction pathways in immune cells, which are influenced by tumor-derived exosomes, are poorly understood. We (1) treated peripheral T lymphocytes with pancreatic cancer-derived exosomes, tagged CD63 with tdTomato, to trace exosome transfer from pancreatic cancer cells to T lymphocytes; (2) carried out a cytotoxicity assay of exosome-treated T lymphocytes using the Real Time Cellular Analysis system; (3) performed RNA sequencing and gene set enrichment analysis to explore the pivotal signaling pathway that mediates apoptosis in exosome-treated T lymphocytes; and (4) demonstrated the role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in exosome-induced T-lymphocyte apoptosis. In conclusion, these results indicate that pancreatic cancer cells secrete exosomes, which are taken up by T lymphocytes to activate p38 MAPK, and then induce ER stress-mediated apoptosis, ultimately causing immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Shen
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zihang Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chengfei Shi
- Department of General Surgery, Wenling Hospital, School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenling, China
| | - Xiaofan Pu
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhengrong Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guoping Ding
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liping Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Innovation Center for Minimally Invasive Technique and Device, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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136
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Louzada RA, Bouviere J, Matta LP, Werneck-de-Castro JP, Dupuy C, Carvalho DP, Fortunato RS. Redox Signaling in Widespread Health Benefits of Exercise. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 33:745-760. [PMID: 32174127 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Exercise-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production activates multiple intracellular signaling pathways through genomic and nongenomic mechanisms that are responsible for the beneficial effects of exercise in muscle. Beyond the positive effect of exercise on skeletal muscle cells, other tissues such as white and brown adipose, liver, central nervous system, endothelial, heart, and endocrine organ tissues are also responsive to exercise. Recent Advances: Crosstalk between different cells is essential to achieve homeostasis and to promote the benefits of exercise through paracrine or endocrine signaling. This crosstalk can be mediated by different effectors that include the secretion of metabolites of muscle contraction, myokines, and exosomes. During the past 20 years, it has been demonstrated that contracting muscle cells produce and secrete different classes of myokines, which functionally link muscle with nearly all other cell types. Critical Issues: The redox signaling behind this exercise-induced crosstalk is now being decoded. Many of these widespread beneficial effects of exercise require not only a complex ROS-dependent intramuscular signaling cascade but simultaneously, an integrated network with many remote tissues. Future Directions: Strong evidence suggests that the powerful beneficial effect of regular physical activity for preventing (or treating) a large range of disorders might also rely on ROS-mediated signaling. Within a contracting muscle, ROS signaling may control exosomes and myokines secretion. In remote tissues, exercise generates regular and synchronized ROS waves, creating a transient pro-oxidative environment in many cells. These new concepts integrate exercise, ROS-mediated signaling, and the widespread health benefits of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruy A Louzada
- Institut of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, UMR 8200 CNRS and Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Jessica Bouviere
- Institut of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonardo P Matta
- Institut of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Joao Pedro Werneck-de-Castro
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Corinne Dupuy
- Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, UMR 8200 CNRS and Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Denise P Carvalho
- Institut of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo S Fortunato
- Institut of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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137
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A Novel Model of Cancer Drug Resistance: Oncosomal Release of Cytotoxic and Antibody-Based Drugs. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9030047. [PMID: 32150875 PMCID: PMC7150871 DOI: 10.3390/biology9030047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), such as exosomes or oncosomes, often carry oncogenic molecules derived from tumor cells. In addition, accumulating evidence indicates that tumor cells can eject anti-cancer drugs such as chemotherapeutics and targeted drugs within EVs, a novel mechanism of drug resistance. The EV-releasing drug resistance phenotype is often coupled with cellular dedifferentiation and transformation in cells undergoing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and the adoption of a cancer stem cell phenotype. The release of EVs is also involved in immunosuppression. Herein, we address different aspects by which EVs modulate the tumor microenvironment to become resistant to anticancer and antibody-based drugs, as well as the concept of the resistance-associated secretory phenotype (RASP).
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138
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Baassiri A, Nassar F, Mukherji D, Shamseddine A, Nasr R, Temraz S. Exosomal Non Coding RNA in LIQUID Biopsies as a Promising Biomarker for Colorectal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041398. [PMID: 32092975 PMCID: PMC7073025 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide, with a high mortality rate, especially in those that are diagnosed in late stages of the disease. The current screening blood-based markers, such as carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9), have low sensitivity and specificity. Meanwhile, other modalities are either expensive or invasive. Therefore, recent research has shifted towards a minimally invasive test, namely, liquid biopsy. Exosomes are favorable molecules sought in blood samples, since they are abundant, stable in circulation, and harbor genetic information and other biomolecules that could serve as biomarkers or even therapeutic targets. Furthermore, exosomal noncoding RNAs, such as miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs, have demonstrated the diagnostic potential to detect CRC at an early stage with a higher sensitivity and specificity than CEA and CA19-9 alone. Moreover, they have prognostic potential that is TNM stage specific and could serve as predictive biomarkers for the most common chemotherapeutic drug and combination regimen in CRC, which are 5-FU and FOLFOX, respectively. Therefore, in this review, we focus on the role of these exosomal noncoding RNAs as diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers. In addition, we discuss the advantages and challenges of exosomes as a liquid biopsy target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amro Baassiri
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107, Lebanon;
| | - Farah Nassar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology/Oncology division, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107, Lebanon; (F.N.); (D.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Deborah Mukherji
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology/Oncology division, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107, Lebanon; (F.N.); (D.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Ali Shamseddine
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology/Oncology division, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107, Lebanon; (F.N.); (D.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Rihab Nasr
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107, Lebanon;
- Correspondence: (R.N.); (S.T.); Tel.: +96-1135-000 (ext. 4812) (R.N.); +96-1137-4374 (S.T.)
| | - Sally Temraz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology/Oncology division, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107, Lebanon; (F.N.); (D.M.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence: (R.N.); (S.T.); Tel.: +96-1135-000 (ext. 4812) (R.N.); +96-1137-4374 (S.T.)
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139
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Logozzi M, Spugnini E, Mizzoni D, Di Raimo R, Fais S. Extracellular acidity and increased exosome release as key phenotypes of malignant tumors. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2020; 38:93-101. [PMID: 30715644 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-019-09783-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The tumor milieu is characteristically acidic as a consequence of the fermentative metabolism of glucose that results in massive accumulation of lactic acid within the cytoplasm. Tumor cells get rid of excessive protons through exchangers that are responsible for the extracellular acidification that selects cellular clones that are more apt at surviving in this challenging and culling environment. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are vesicles with diameters ranging from nm to μm that are released from the cells to deliver nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids to adjacent or distant cells. EVs are involved in a plethora of biological events that promote tumor progression including unrestricted proliferation, angiogenesis, migration, local invasion, preparation of the metastatic niche, metastasis, downregulation or hijacking of the immune system, and drug resistance. There is evidence that the release of specific exosomes is increased many folds in cancer patients, as shown by many techniques aimed at evaluating "liquid biopsies". The quality of the exosomal contents has been shown to vary at the different moments of tumor life such as local invasion or metastasis. In vitro studies have recently pointed out that cancer acidity is a major determinant in inducing increased exosome release by human cancer cells, by showing that exosomal release was increased as the pH moved from 7.4 pH to the typical pH of cancer that is 6.5. In this review, we emphasize the recent evidence that tumor acidity and exosomes levels are strictly related and strongly contribute to the malignant tumor phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariantonia Logozzi
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Spugnini
- SAFU Department, Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 51, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Mizzoni
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Di Raimo
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Fais
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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140
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The role of exosomes in colorectal cancer disease progression and response to therapy. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 51:84-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2019.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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141
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Daßler-Plenker J, Küttner V, Egeblad M. Communication in tiny packages: Exosomes as means of tumor-stroma communication. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1873:188340. [PMID: 31926290 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-derived exosomes are nano-sized vesicles acting as multi-signal devices influencing tumor growth at local and distant sites. Exosomes are derived from the endolysosomal compartment and can shuttle diverse biomolecules like nucleic acids (microRNAs and DNA fragments), lipids, proteins, and even pharmacological compounds from a donor cell to recipient cells. The transfer of cargo to recipient cells enables tumor-derived exosomes to influence diverse cellular functions like proliferation, cell survival, and migration in recipient cells, highlighting tumor-derived exosomes as important players in communication within the tumor microenvironment and at distant sites. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms associated with exosome biogenesis and cargo sorting. In addition, we highlight the communication of tumor-derived exosomes in the tumor microenvironment during different phases of tumor development, focusing on angiogenesis, immune escape mechanisms, drug resistance, and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Victoria Küttner
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Mikala Egeblad
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
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142
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Logozzi M, Di Raimo R, Mizzoni D, Fais S. Immunocapture-based ELISA to characterize and quantify exosomes in both cell culture supernatants and body fluids. Methods Enzymol 2020; 645:155-180. [PMID: 33565970 PMCID: PMC7346819 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2020.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The immunocapture-based ELISA for extracellular vesicles (EVs)/exosomes, originally described in 2009 by Logozzi and colleagues, allows to capture, detect, characterize and quantify extracellular vesicles in both human body fluids and cell culture supernatants. It is based on the use of two antibodies directed one against a typical exosomal housekeeping protein and the second against either another exosomal housekeeping protein or a potential disease marker: the first antibody is used for the capture of exosomes, the second for the quantification and characterization of the captured vesicles. In fact, with this method it is possible both to characterize and count exosomes and to detect the presence of disease, including tumor, biomarkers. This needs of course to preliminary obtain an EVs purification from the clinical sample; the most agreed method to get to an EVs purification is the repeated rounds of ultracentrifugation, that, while far to be perfect, is the methodological approach allowing to not exclude EVs subpopulation from the separation procedure and to analyze a full range of EVs from both qualitative and quantitative point of view. The immunocapture-based approach has proven to be highly useful in screening, diagnosis and prognosis of tumors, in plasma samples. One amazing information provided by this method is that cancer patients have always significantly higher levels of EVs, in particular of exosomes, independently from the histological nature of the tumor. One microenvironmental factor that is fully involved in the increased exosome release by tumors is the extracellular acidity. However, few pre-clinical data suggest that plasmatic levels of exosomes may correlate with the tumor mass. Some recent clinical reports suggest also that circulating exosomes represent the real delivery system for some known tumor markers that are presently on trial (e.g., PSA). Here we review the pros and cons of the immunocapture-based technique in quantitative and qualitative evaluation of EVs in both health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariantonia Logozzi
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Di Raimo
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Mizzoni
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Fais
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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143
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Exosomes in Cancer: Circulating Immune-Related Biomarkers. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:1628029. [PMID: 31915681 PMCID: PMC6935444 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1628029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes, the smallest vesicles (30–100 nm) among multivesicular bodies, are released by all body cells including tumor cells. The cargo they transfer plays an important role in intercellular communication. Tumor-derived exosomes (TEXs) maintain interactions between cancer cells and the microenvironment. Emerging evidence suggests that tumor cells release a large number of exosomes, which may not only influence proximal tumor cells and stromal cells in the local microenvironment but can also exert systemic effects as they are circulating in the blood. TEXs have been shown to boost tumor growth promote progression and metastatic spread via suppression or modification of the immune response towards cancer cells, regulation of tumor neo-angiogenesis, pre-metastatic niche formation, and therapy resistance. In addition, recent studies in patients with cancer suggest that TEXs could serve as tumor biomarker reflecting partially the genetic and molecular content of the parent cancer cell (i.e., as a so-called “liquid biopsy”). Furthermore, recent studies have demonstrated that exosomes may have immunotherapeutic applications, or can act as a drug delivery system for targeted therapies with drugs and biomolecules.
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144
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Wang X, Li Y, Li J, Li L, Zhu H, Chen H, Kong R, Wang G, Wang Y, Hu J, Sun B. Cell-in-Cell Phenomenon and Its Relationship With Tumor Microenvironment and Tumor Progression: A Review. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:311. [PMID: 31850347 PMCID: PMC6901391 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The term cell-in-cell, morphologically, refers to the presence of one cell within another. This phenomenon can occur in tumors but also among non-tumor cells. The cell-in-cell phenomenon was first observed 100 years ago, and it has since been found in a variety of tumor types. Recently, increasing attention has been paid to this phenomenon and the underlying mechanism has gradually been elucidated. There are three main related process: cannibalism, emperipolesis, and entosis. These processes are affected by many factors, including the tumor microenvironment, mitosis, and genetic factors. There is considerable evidence to suggest that the cell-in-cell phenomenon is associated with the prognosis of cancers, and it promotes tumor progression in most situations. Notably, in pancreatic cancer, the cell-in-cell phenomenon is associated with reduced metastasis, which is the opposite of what happens in other tumor types. Thus, it can also inhibit tumor progression. Studies show that cell-in-cell structure formation is affected by the tumor microenvironment, and that it may lead to changes in cellular characteristics. In this review, we summarize the different cell-in-cell processes and discuss their role in tumor progression and how they are regulated by different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlong Wang
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yilong Li
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiating Li
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Le Li
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hua Chen
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Rui Kong
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yongwei Wang
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jisheng Hu
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Bei Sun
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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145
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Herrera M, Galindo-Pumariño C, García-Barberán V, Peña C. A Snapshot of The Tumor Microenvironment in Colorectal Cancer: The Liquid Biopsy. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20236016. [PMID: 31795332 PMCID: PMC6929174 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20236016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular profile of liquid biopsies is emerging as an alternative to tissue biopsies in the clinical management of malignant diseases. In colorectal cancer, significant liquid biopsy-based biomarkers have demonstrated an ability to discriminate between asymptomatic cancer patients and healthy controls. Furthermore, this non-invasive approach appears to provide relevant information regarding the stratification of tumors with different prognoses and the monitoring of treatment responses. This review focuses on the tumor microenvironment components which are detected in blood samples of colorectal cancer patients and might represent potential biomarkers. Exosomes released by tumor and stromal cells play a major role in the modulation of cancer progression in the primary tumor microenvironment and in the formation of an inflammatory pre-metastatic niche. Stromal cells-derived exosomes are involved in driving mechanisms that promote tumor growth, migration, metastasis, and drug resistance, therefore representing substantial signaling mediators in the tumor-stroma interaction. Besides, recent findings of specifically packaged exosome cargo in Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts of colorectal cancer patients identify novel exosomal biomarkers with potential clinical applicability. Furthermore, additional different signals emitted from the tumor microenvironment and also detectable in the blood, such as soluble factors and non-tumoral circulating cells, arise as novel promising biomarkers for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment response prediction. The therapeutic potential of these factors is still limited, and studies are in their infancy. However, innovative strategies aiming at the inhibition of tumor progression by systemic exosome depletion, exosome-mediated circulating tumor cell capturing, and exosome-drug delivery systems are currently being studied and may provide considerable advantages in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Herrera
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Cristina Galindo-Pumariño
- Medical Oncology Department, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Alcalá University, 28034 Madrid, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cancer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vanesa García-Barberán
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cancer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (V.G.-B.); (C.P.)
| | - Cristina Peña
- Medical Oncology Department, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Alcalá University, 28034 Madrid, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cancer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (V.G.-B.); (C.P.)
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146
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Fabbri M. Natural Killer Cell-Derived Vesicular miRNAs: A New Anticancer Approach? Cancer Res 2019; 80:17-22. [PMID: 31672842 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-1450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic lymphocytes targeting virus-infected cells and cancer cells. Specific pro- and antikilling signals modulate the overall ability of NK cells to kill cancer cells, however, several immune-escape mechanisms can be enacted by cancer cells to avoid NK-mediated killing. Recently, increasing evidence has shown that extracellular vesicles (EV) released by NK cells carry proteins and miRNAs able to exert an antitumoral effect, even within a highly immune-suppressive tumor microenvironment. These recent findings suggest a possible use of NK-derived EVs as anticancer agents and propel the development of new strategies to enrich EVs with the most effective anticancer cargo as a promising new anticancer approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muller Fabbri
- University of Hawai'i Cancer Center, Cancer Biology Program, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii.
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147
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Kim H, Kim DW, Cho JY. Exploring the key communicator role of exosomes in cancer microenvironment through proteomics. Proteome Sci 2019; 17:5. [PMID: 31686989 PMCID: PMC6820930 DOI: 10.1186/s12953-019-0154-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been many attempts to fully understand the mechanism of cancer behavior. Yet, how cancers develop and metastasize still remain elusive. Emerging concepts of cancer biology in recent years have focused on the communication of cancer with its microenvironment, since cancer cannot grow and live alone. Cancer needs to communicate with other cells for survival, and thus they secrete various messengers, including exosomes that contain many proteins, miRNAs, mRNAs, etc., for construction of the tumor microenvironment. Moreover, these intercellular communications between cancer and its microenvironment, including stromal cells or distant cells, can promote tumor growth, metastasis, and escape from immune surveillance. In this review, we summarized the role of proteins in the exosome as communicators between cancer and its microenvironment. Consequently, we present cancer specific exosome proteins and their unique roles in the interaction between cancer and its microenvironment. Clinically, these exosomes might provide useful biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and therapeutic tools for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- HuiSu Kim
- 1Department of Biochemistry, BK21 Plus and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong Wook Kim
- 1Department of Biochemistry, BK21 Plus and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Je-Yoel Cho
- 1Department of Biochemistry, BK21 Plus and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,2Department of Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826 Korea
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148
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Sheehan C, D'Souza-Schorey C. Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles: molecular parcels that enable regulation of the immune response in cancer. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:132/20/jcs235085. [PMID: 31615844 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.235085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous collection of membrane-bound vesicles released by cells that contain bioactive cargoes including proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Multiple subpopulations of EVs have now been recognized and these include exosomes and microvesicles. EVs have been thought to facilitate intercellular and distal communication to bring about various processes that enable tumor progression and metastases. Here, we describe the current knowledge of the functional cargo contained within EVs, with a focus on tumor microvesicles, and review the emerging theory of how EVs support immune suppression in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Sheehan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556-0369, USA
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149
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Sag D, Ayyildiz ZO, Gunalp S, Wingender G. The Role of TRAIL/DRs in the Modulation of Immune Cells and Responses. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101469. [PMID: 31574961 PMCID: PMC6826877 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis–inducing ligand) by immune cells can lead to the induction of apoptosis in tumor cells. However, it becomes increasingly clear that the interaction of TRAIL and its death receptors (DRs) can also directly impact immune cells and influence immune responses. Here, we review what is known about the role of TRAIL/DRs in immune cells and immune responses in general and in the tumor microenvironment in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Sag
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), 35340 Balcova/Izmir, Turkey.
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340 Balcova/Izmir, Turkey.
- Department of Genome Sciences and Molecular Biotechnology, Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340 Balcova/Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Zeynep Ozge Ayyildiz
- Department of Genome Sciences and Molecular Biotechnology, Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340 Balcova/Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Sinem Gunalp
- Department of Genome Sciences and Molecular Biotechnology, Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340 Balcova/Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Gerhard Wingender
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), 35340 Balcova/Izmir, Turkey.
- Department of Biomedicine and Health Technologies, Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340 Balcova/Izmir, Turkey.
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150
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Lv Y, Tan J, Miao Y, Zhang Q. The role of microvesicles and its active molecules in regulating cellular biology. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:7894-7904. [PMID: 31559684 PMCID: PMC6850934 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell‐derived microvesicles are membrane vesicles produced by the outward budding of the plasma membrane and released by almost all types of cells. These have been considered as another mechanism of intercellular communication, because they carry active molecules, such as proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Furthermore, these are present in circulating fluids, such as blood and urine, and are closely correlated to the progression of pathophysiological conditions in many diseases. Recent studies have revealed that microvesicles have a dual effect of damage and protection of receptor cells. However, the nature of the active molecules involved in this effect remains unclear. The present study mainly emphasized the mechanism of microvesicles and the active molecules mediating the different biological effects of receptor cells by affecting autophagy, apoptosis and inflammation pathways. The effective ways of blocking microvesicles and its active molecules in mediating cell damage when microvesicles exert harmful effects were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- YingMei Lv
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jin Tan
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | | | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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