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Dietrich A, Joshi K, Sayed C. Infestations in the Geriatric Patient. CURRENT GERIATRICS REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13670-018-0255-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Engelman D, Steer AC. Control Strategies for Scabies. Trop Med Infect Dis 2018; 3:E98. [PMID: 30274494 PMCID: PMC6160909 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed3030098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Scabies is a neglected tropical disease of the skin, causing severe itching and stigmatizing skin lesions. Further, scabies leads to impetigo, severe bacterial infections, and post-infectious complications. Around 200 million people are affected, particularly among disadvantaged populations living in crowded conditions in tropical areas. After almost 50 years, research into scabies control has shown great promise, particularly in highly-endemic island settings, but these findings have not been widely adopted. Newer approaches, utilizing ivermectin-based mass drug administration, appear feasible and highly effective. Inclusion of scabies in the WHO portfolio of neglected tropical diseases in 2017 may facilitate renewed opportunities and momentum toward global control. However, further operational research is needed to develop evidence-based strategies for control in a range of settings, and monitor their impact. Several enabling factors are required for successful implementation, including availability of affordable drug supply. Integration with existing health programs may provide a cost-effective approach to control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Engelman
- Tropical Diseases, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia.
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia.
- Department of General Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia.
- International Alliance for the Control of Scabies, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia.
| | - Andrew C Steer
- Tropical Diseases, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia.
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia.
- Department of General Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia.
- International Alliance for the Control of Scabies, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia.
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Efficacy and Pharmacokinetics Evaluation of a Single Oral Dose of Afoxolaner against Sarcoptes scabiei in the Porcine Scabies Model for Human Infestation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.02334-17. [PMID: 29914951 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02334-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Scabies is a major and potentially growing public health problem worldwide with an unmet need for acaricidal agents with greater efficacy and improved pharmacological properties for its treatment. The objective of the present study was to assess the efficacy and describe the pharmacokinetics profile of a novel acaricide, afoxolaner (AFX), in a relevant experimental porcine model. Twelve pigs were experimentally infested and either treated with 2.5 mg/kg single dose oral AFX (n = 4) or 0.2 mg/kg, two doses 8 days apart, oral ivermectin ([IVM] n = 4) or not treated for scabies (n = 4). The response to treatment was assessed by the reduction of mite counts in skin scrapings as well as clinical and pruritus scores over time. Plasma and skin pharmacokinetics profiles for both AFX and IVM were evaluated. AFX efficacy was 100% at days 8 and 14 posttreatment and remained unchanged until the study end (day 45). IVM efficacy was 86% and 97% on days 8 and 14, respectively, with a few mites recovered at the study end. Clinical and pruritus scores decreased in both treated groups and remained constant in the control group. Plasma mean residence times (MRT) were 7.1 ± 2.4 and 1.1 ± 0.2 days for AFX and IVM, respectively. Skin MRT values were 16.2 ± 16.9 and 2.7 ± 0.5 days for AFX and IVM, respectively. Overall, a single oral dose of AFX was efficacious for the treatment of scabies in experimentally infested pigs and showed remarkably long MRTs in plasma and, notably, in the skin.
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Nwufoh OC, Sadiq NA, Emikpe BO. Establishment of infestivity model for Sarcoptes scabiei var canis in Nigerian dogs. J Parasit Dis 2018; 42:519-526. [PMID: 30538349 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-018-1028-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental transmission patterns involved with the establishment of mange in dogs were studied to ascertain the effective means of infestation model for mange experiments in dogs. A total of eighteen (18) dogs were used out of which three (3) were naturally infested with Sarcoptes scabie var canis. Five (5) healthy dogs were co-mingled with the three (3) donor dogs for direct contact transmission. Another five (5) mange free dogs were aggregated in a kennel recently vacated by mange infested dogs for environmental and formite transmission while the last five (5) healthy dogs had scrapings from a proximate area of mange lesion sites transferred into the pinnae of each dog for experimental and indirect contact transmission. Successful mite transmission with associated clinical features of pruritus, alopecia, erythema, papules and crusts was achieved with co-mingling of mange naïve and mange infested dogs. These clinical features also differed (p < 0.05) from dogs experimentally infested as this method of transmission was largely unsuccessful. Following the success of the direct contact model closely is the environmental and formite transmission model. Here, healthy dogs were housed in recently vacated mange infested kennels. The direct contact model only differed from the environmental model (p < 0.05) in the expression of erythema and papules in dogs. Although comingling infested and mange naïve dogs guarantees successful direct contact transmission, exposure of healthy dogs to infested facility would also lead to infestation. This study showed that comingling remain an effective means of infestation model for mange experiments in dogs.
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105
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Sweileh WM. Global output of research on epidermal parasitic skin diseases from 1967 to 2017. Infect Dis Poverty 2018; 7:74. [PMID: 30078380 PMCID: PMC6091169 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-018-0456-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epidermal parasitic skin diseases (EPSD) occur in most countries and cause a considerable health and economic burden, particularly in the tropics and subtropics. The aim of this study was to assess and analyse peer-reviewed literature on EPSD in humans. The results of this study serve as an indicator of the extent the scientific community, health authorities, and international health agencies interact with EPSD as a health problem that is commonly associated with poverty and poor hygiene. Methods A bibliometric analysis methodology was used. The Scopus database was used to retrieve documents about EPSD for the study period (1967–2017). The study focused on scabies, tungiasis, pediculosis, hookworm-related cutaneous larva migrans (HrCLM), myiasis, and cutaneous strongyloidiasis. Documents that specifically and explicitly discuss EPSD in animals, aquatic organisms, and birds were excluded. Results In total, 4186 documents were retrieved. A fluctuated growth of publications on EPSD in the past five decades was found. The retrieved documents received 43 301 citations, an average of 10.3 citations per article and an h-index of 74. The keywords “scabies” and was the most commonly encountered keyword followed by the keywords “head lice” and “pediculosis”. The most active journal involved in publishing articles on EPSD was the International Journal of Dermatology (164; 3.9%). Researchers from 93 different countries published the retrieved articles. The USA led with 735 (17.6%) documents, followed by the UK (274; 6.5%), and Germany (259; 6.2%). In terms of institutions, the Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin in Germany was the most active in this field with 78 (1.9%) publications, followed by the Universidade Federal do Ceará in Brazil with 52 (1.2%) publications. Conclusions Research on scabies and pediculosis dominated the field of EPSD research to the expense of tungiasis, HrCLM, myiasis, and cutaneous strongyloidiasis. There was an underrepresentation of literature from the tropics and subtropics despite EPSD being common in these areas. This could possibly be explained by the presence of limited number of non-English journals in the Scopus database. International research collaborations and research networking should be strengthened to help advance and prioritize research on EPSD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40249-018-0456-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed M Sweileh
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology/Toxicology, Division of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.
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Chosidow O, Bernigaud C, Do-Pham G. High-dose ivermectin in malaria and other parasitic diseases: a new step in the development of a neglected drug. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 25:33. [PMID: 30016258 PMCID: PMC6050034 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2018039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We highlight the absence of high-level evidence from dose-ranging studies regarding the use of oral ivermectin in susceptible parasitic diseases. We provide published data supporting the use of a higher dosage regimen of ivermectin in malaria and difficult-to-treat head lice, and announce an ongoing randomized clinical trial in severe scabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Chosidow
- Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Henri-Mondor, AP-HP, Créteil, France - Research group EpiDermE (Epidémiologie en Dermatologie et Evaluation des Thérapeutiques) EA 7379, Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne, Créteil, France - French Satellite of the Cochrane Skin Group, Créteil, France
| | - Charlotte Bernigaud
- Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Henri-Mondor, AP-HP, Créteil, France - Research Group Dynamyc, EA7380, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Giao Do-Pham
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil, Créteil, France
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Abdel-Latif AA, Elshahed AR, Salama OA, Mohamed L. E. Comparing the diagnostic properties of skin scraping, adhesive tape, and dermoscopy in diagnosing scabies. ACTA DERMATOVENEROLOGICA ALPINA PANNONICA ET ADRIATICA 2018. [PMID: 29945263 DOI: 10.15570/actaapa.2018.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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109
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Cassell JA, Middleton J, Nalabanda A, Lanza S, Head MG, Bostock J, Hewitt K, Jones CI, Darley C, Karir S, Walker SL. Scabies outbreaks in ten care homes for elderly people: a prospective study of clinical features, epidemiology, and treatment outcomes. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2018; 18:894-902. [PMID: 30068499 PMCID: PMC6060176 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(18)30347-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Background Scabies outbreaks in residential and nursing care homes for elderly people are common, subject to diagnostic delay, and hard to control. We studied clinical features, epidemiology, and outcomes of outbreaks in the UK between 2014 and 2015. Methods We did a prospective observational study in residential care homes for elderly people in southeast England that reported scabies outbreaks to Public Health England health protection teams. An outbreak was defined as two or more cases of scabies (in either residents or staff) at a single care home. All patients who provided informed consent were included; patients with dementia were included if a personal or nominated consultee (ie, a family member or nominated staff member) endorsed participation. Dermatology-trained physicians examined residents at initial clinical visits, which were followed by two mass treatments with topical scabicide as per local health protection team guidance. Follow-up clinical visits were held 6 weeks after initial visits. Scabies was diagnosed through pre-defined case definitions as definite, probable, or possible with dermatoscopy and microscopy as appropriate. Findings 230 residents were examined in ten outbreaks between Jan 23, 2014, and April 13, 2015. Median age was 86·9 years (IQR 81·5–92·3), 174 (76%) were female, and 157 (68%) had dementia. 61 (27%) residents were diagnosed with definite, probable, or possible scabies, of whom three had crusted scabies. Physical signs differed substantially from classic presentations. 31 (51%) of the 61 people diagnosed with scabies were asymptomatic, and only 25 (41%) had burrows. Mites were visualised with dermatoscopy in seven (11%) patients, and further confirmed by microscopy in three (5%). 35 (57%) cases had signs of scabies only on areas of the body that would normally be covered. Dementia was the only risk factor for a scabies diagnosis that we identified (odds ratio 2·37 [95% CI 1·38–4·07]). At clinical follow-up, 50 people who were initially diagnosed with scabies were examined. No new cases of scabies were detected, but infestation persisted in ten people. Interpretation Clinical presentation of scabies in elderly residents of care homes differs from classic descriptions familiar to clinicians. This difference probably contributes to delayed recognition and suboptimal management in this vulnerable group. Dermatoscopy and microscopy were of little value. Health-care workers should be aware of the different presentation of scabies in elderly people, and should do thorough examinations, particularly in people with dementia. Funding Public Health England and British Skin Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackie A Cassell
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, UK; Public Health England South East, Horsham, UK
| | - Jo Middleton
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, UK; School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Ananth Nalabanda
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, UK
| | - Stefania Lanza
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, UK
| | - Michael G Head
- Faculty of Medicine and Global Health Research Institute, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Jennifer Bostock
- Division of Health and Social Care Research, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Christopher Iain Jones
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, UK
| | - Charles Darley
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, UK
| | - Simran Karir
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, UK
| | - Stephen L Walker
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
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Scabies Outbreak Investigation and Risk Factors in East Badewacho District, Southern Ethiopia: Unmatched Case Control Study. Dermatol Res Pract 2018; 2018:7276938. [PMID: 30046302 PMCID: PMC6038489 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7276938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Scabies is one of the common public health problem but neglected parasitic diseases caused by Sarcoptes scabiei var. Methods A community-based unmatched case control (1 : 2 ratios) study was conducted in East Badewacho District, using collected scabies line listed data and face-to-face interview to assess risk factors during October 23-30, 2016. The data were collected using structured questionnaire, and then the data were coded, entered, cleaned, and analyzed using SPSS statistical software, whereas, line listed data was entered into Microsoft excel for descriptive analyses. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were computed to determine associated factors. Results A total of 4,532 scabies cases line listed with overall attack rate of 110/1,000 population. The mean age was 12 years, and most affected age group was 5-14 years. Independent risk factors found to be statistically associated with scabies infestation were age less than 15 years (AOR = 2.62, 95% CI: 1.31-5.22), family size greater than 5 members (AOR = 2.63, 95% CI: 1.10-6.27), bed sharing with scabies cases (AOR = 12.47, 95% CI: 3.05-50.94), and home being affected by flooding (AOR = 22.32, 95% CI: 8.46-58.90). Conclusion Outbreak of scabies occurred in East Badewacho District. Age less than 15 years, family size greater than five members, sleeping with others, and home being affected by flooding are the risk factors. Providing risk factors related health education on prevention and controls especially, at community level and schools, is recommended.
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Scabies in Resource-Poor Communities in Nasarawa State, Nigeria: Epidemiology, Clinical Features and Factors Associated with Infestation. Trop Med Infect Dis 2018; 3:tropicalmed3020059. [PMID: 30274455 PMCID: PMC6073861 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed3020059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiology and clinical features of scabies remain largely unknown in Nigeria’s rural communities. To fill this gap, we performed a cross-sectional study in three rural communities in north central Nigeria. A total of 500 individuals were included and examined for scabies infestation; a questionnaire was applied to collect socio-demographic and behavioral data. Scabies was diagnosed in 325 (65.0%) participants. Excoriations (68.6%), vesicles (61.8%), and papules (58.8%) were common skin lesions. Itching was the most common symptom (77.5%); 64% complained of sleep disturbances. Lymphadenopathy was identified in 48.3%. Lesions were most commonly encountered on the abdomen (35.5%), inguinal area (19.1%), and interdigital spaces (14.2%). Poverty-related variables, such as illiteracy (OR: 7.15; 95% CI: 3.71–13.95), low household income (7.25; 1.19–88.59), absence of a solid floor inside house (12.17; 2.83–52.34), and overcrowding (1.98; 1.08–2.81) were significantly associated with infestation. Individual behavior, such as sharing of beds/pillows (2.11; 1.42–3.14) and sharing of clothes (2.51; 1.57–3.99), was also highly significantly associated with scabies. Regular bathing habits (0.37; 0.24–0.56) and regular use of bathing soap (0.36; 0.21–0.53) were protective factors. Scabies is extremely common in the communities under study and is associated with considerable morbidity. The disease is intrinsically linked with extreme poverty.
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Thomas J, Davey R, Peterson GM, Carson C, Walton SF, Spelman T, Calma T, Dettwiller P, Tobin J, McMillan F, Collis P, Naunton M, Kosari S, Christenson JK, Bartholomaeus A, McEwen J, Fitzpatrick P, Baby KE. Treatment of scabies using a tea tree oil-based gel formulation in Australian Aboriginal children: protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e018507. [PMID: 29858405 PMCID: PMC5988111 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In remote Aboriginal communities in Australia, scabies affects 7 out of 10 children before their first birthday. This is more than six times the rate seen in the rest of the developed world. Scabies infestation is frequently complicated by bacterial infection, leading to the development of skin sores and other more serious consequences, such as septicaemia and chronic heart and kidney diseases. Tea tree oil (TTO) has been used as an antimicrobial agent for several decades with proven clinical efficacy. Preclinical investigations have demonstrated superior scabicidal properties of TTO compared with widely used scabicidal agents, such as permethrin 5% cream and ivermectin. However, current data are insufficient to warrant a broad recommendation for its use for the management of scabies because previous studies were small or limited to in vitro observations. METHODS AND ANALYSIS A pragmatic first trial will examine the clinical efficacy of a simple and low-cost TTO treatment against paediatric scabies and the prevention of associated secondary bacterial infections, with 1:1 randomisation of 200 participants (Aboriginal children, aged 5-16 years and living in remote Australia) into active control (permethrin 5% cream) and treatment (5% TTO gel) groups. The primary outcome for the study is clinical cure (complete resolution). Secondary outcome measures will include relief of symptoms, recurrence rate, adverse effects, adherence to treatment regimen and patient acceptability. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The project has received approvals from the University of Canberra Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC 16-133), Wurli-Wurlinjang Health Service Indigenous subcommittee and the Aboriginal Medical Services Alliance Northern Territory reference group. The results of this study will be published in core scientific publications, with extensive knowledge exchange activities with non-academic audiences throughout the duration of the project. TRIAL REGISTRATION ACTRN12617000902392; Pre-results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson Thomas
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Rachel Davey
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | | | - Christine Carson
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Translational Renal Research Group, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, Australia
| | - Shelley F Walton
- Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Australia
| | - Tim Spelman
- Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tom Calma
- University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Pascale Dettwiller
- Flinders University Rural Clinic School, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jacinta Tobin
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, Mackay Hospital and Health Service, West Mackay, Australia
| | - Faye McMillan
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Indigenous Health, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, Australia
| | - Paul Collis
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Mark Naunton
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Sam Kosari
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | | | | | - John McEwen
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
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Fernando DD, Reynolds SL, Zakrzewski M, Mofiz E, Papenfuss AT, Holt D, Fischer K. Phylogenetic relationships, stage-specific expression and localisation of a unique family of inactive cysteine proteases in Sarcoptes scabiei. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:301. [PMID: 29769145 PMCID: PMC5956821 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2862-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Scabies is worldwide one of the most common, yet neglected, parasitic skin infections, affecting a wide range of mammals including humans. Limited treatment options and evidence of emerging mite resistance against the currently used drugs drive our research to explore new therapeutic candidates. Previously, we discovered a multicopy family of genes encoding cysteine proteases with their catalytic sites inactivated by mutation (SMIPP-Cs). This protein family is unique in parasitic scabies mites and is absent in related non-burrowing mites. We postulated that the SMIPP-Cs have evolved as an adaptation to the parasitic lifestyle of the scabies mite. To formulate testable hypotheses for their functions and to propose possible strategies for translational research we investigated whether the SMIPP-Cs are common to all scabies mite varieties and where within the mite body as well as when throughout the parasitic life-cycle they are expressed. Results SMIPP-C sequences from human, pig and dog mites were analysed bioinformatically and the phylogenetic relationships between the SMIPP-C multi-copy gene families of human, pig and dog mites were established. Results suggest that amplification of the SMIPP-C genes occurred in a common ancestor and individual genes evolved independently in the different mite varieties. Recombinant human mite SMIPP-C proteins were produced and used for murine polyclonal antibody production. Immunohistology on skin sections from human patients localised the SMIPP-Cs in the mite gut and in mite faeces within in the epidermal skin burrows. SMIPP-C transcription into mRNA in different life stages was assessed in human and pig mites by reverse transcription followed by droplet digital PCR (ddPCR). High transcription levels of SMIPP-C genes were detected in the adult female life stage in comparison to all other life stages. Conclusions The fact that the SMIPP-Cs are unique to three Sarcoptes varieties, present in all burrowing life stages and highly expressed in the digestive system of the infective adult female life stage may highlight an essential role in parasitism. As they are excreted from the gut in scybala they presumably are able to interact or interfere with host proteins present in the epidermis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-2862-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepani D Fernando
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Infectious Diseases Program, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia.,School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, 4343, Australia.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Simone L Reynolds
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Infectious Diseases Program, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Martha Zakrzewski
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Infectious Diseases Program, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Ehtesham Mofiz
- Bioinformatics Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Anthony T Papenfuss
- Bioinformatics Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.,Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Melbourne, 3000, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Deborah Holt
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Katja Fischer
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Infectious Diseases Program, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia.
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Abstract
A variety of arthropods, protozoa, and helminths infect the skin and subcutaneous tissues and may be identified by anatomic pathologists in standard cytology and histology preparations. The specific organisms seen vary greatly with the patient's exposure history, including travel to or residence in endemic countries. Arthropods are the most commonly encountered parasites in the skin and subcutaneous tissues and include Sarcoptes scabei, Demodex species, Tunga penetrans, and myiasis-causing fly larvae. Protozoal parasites such as Leishmania may also be common in some settings. Helminths are less often seen, and include round worms (eg, Dirofilaria spp.), tapeworms (eg, Taenia solium, Spirometra spp.), and flukes (eg, Schistosoma spp.). This review covers the epidemiologic and histopathologic features of common parasitic infections of the skin and subcutaneous tissues.
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Schmidt-Guerre A, Aranda-Hulin B, Maumy-Bertrand M, Aubin F. Description des pratiques des médecins généralistes dans le diagnostic et la prise en charge de la gale commune. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2018; 145:89-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2017.09.591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Liu JM, Lin CY, Chang FW, Liu YP, Liang CP, Hsu RJ. Increased risk of psoriasis following scabies infection: A nationwide population-based matched-cohort study. J Dermatol 2018; 45:302-308. [PMID: 29356052 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.14221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Both scabies and psoriasis are pruritic inflammatory skin diseases. The clinical manifestations are similar and provocation of psoriasis by mite bite was reported. The association between scabies and psoriasis was not investigated before. We conducted this nationwide population-based matched-cohort study to describe if patients with a diagnosis of scabies have a different risk of developing new psoriasis. From the National Health Insurance Research Database of Taiwan, patients with scabies (n = 5137) were identified and matched for age and sex with non-scabies controls (n = 19 142). We tracked them for a 7-year period to identify the incidence of psoriasis. One hundred and ninety (0.8%) patients with newly diagnosed psoriasis were identified; 91 (1.8%) from the scabies group and 99 (0.5%) from the control group. Patients with scabies had a higher risk of subsequent psoriasis, with a crude hazard ratio of 3.45 and an adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of 3.03 (95% confidence interval, 2.24-4.11). An increased risk for psoriasis among patients with scabies was observed (aHR, 3.03). Immunopathology involving the T-helper 17 cell-mediated inflammatory pathway may contribute to this association. Physicians may consider implementing assessments of psoriatic symptoms in patients with scabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Ming Liu
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yu Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Hsinchu MacKay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu City, Taiwan.,Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Fung-Wei Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Ping Liu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Pin Liang
- Dermatology Department, Cheng Ching General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ren-Jun Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Biobank Management Center of the Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology and Graduate Institute of Pathology and Parasitology, the Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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117
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Abstract
Scabies, a mite infestation caused by 'Sarcoptes scabiei', most commonly presents as pruritic linear burrows where the mite has invaded the skin. Scabies variant such as bullous, crusted, hidden, incognito, nodular and scalp-mimic the other conditions. In addition, atypical presentations of scabies can masquerade as dermatitis herpetiformis, ecchymosis, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, urticaria, and urticaria pigmentosa. A 59-year-old male presented with non-pruritic papulosquamous plaques on his chest, abdomen, and back resembling lesions of pityriasis rosea in morphology and distribution. The complete cutaneous examination also demonstrated burrows on his finger webs. A mineral oil preparation of skin scrapings showed scabies mites, ova, and scybala. His infestation resolved after the treatment with topical permethrin 5% cream and oral ivermectin 15 mg on days one and eight. In conclusion, scabies surrepticius is a term that has recently been established to unify not only the numerous variants but also the atypical presentations of scabies. The inaccurate diagnosis of scabies infestation can lead to increased medical costs and the side effects of unnecessary tests and the treatment. Pityriasis rosea-like scabies can be added to the list of atypical presentations that are included under the unifying designation scabies surrepticius.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philip R Cohen
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego
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118
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Scratching the itch: is scabies a truly neglected disease? THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2017; 17:1220-1221. [DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(17)30469-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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119
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Abstract
Scabies is an infestation of the skin by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei. It manifests with pruritic erythematous papules and excoriations, in addition to the pathognomonic burrows. Multiple drugs can be used for treatment, but resistance to conventional therapy is increasing throughout the years. This paper will review the mechanisms of resistance proposed in the literature and some of the potential solutions to this problem.
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120
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Abstract
The clinical manifestations of scabies infestation vary according to age, making the diagnosis challenging, particularly for primary care providers and dermatologists who do not routinely care for young children. We present seven cases of newborns and infants who developed inflammatory burrows and nodules early in the course, which is not typical of the eruption seen in older children and adults. We review the cutaneous features, differential diagnosis, and treatment recommendations for scabies in different age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taryn A Hill
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL.,Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins Children's Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Bernard Cohen
- Division of Pediatric Dermatology, Johns Hopkins Children's Center, Baltimore, MD
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121
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Lin CY, Chang FW, Yang JJ, Chang CH, Yeh CL, Lei WT, Huang CF, Liu JM, Hsu RJ. Increased risk of bipolar disorder in patients with scabies: A nationwide population-based matched-cohort study. Psychiatry Res 2017; 257:14-20. [PMID: 28709117 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Both scabies and bipolar disorder (BD) are common and troublesome disorders. There are several similarities in both diseases: pruritus, a higher prevalence in crowded environments, and cytokine-mediated inflammatory processes in the pathophysiology. We conducted this nationwide population-based study to investigate the possible relationship between scabies and BD. Based on the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) of Taiwan, a total of 7096 patients with scabies were identified as a study group and 28,375 matched patients as a control. We tracked the patients in both groups for a 7-year period to identify those newly diagnosed with BD. The demographic characteristics and comorbidities of the patients were analyzed, and Cox proportional hazard regressions were performed to calculate the hazard ratio (HR) of BD. Of the 35,471 patients in this study, 183 (0.5%) patients with newly diagnosed BD were identified, with 58 (0.8%) from the scabies group and 125 (0.4%) from the control group. The patients with scabies had a higher risk of subsequent BD, with a crude hazard ratio of 1.86 and an adjusted hazard ratio of 1.55 (95% confidence interval: 1.12-2.09, P < 0.05). This study shows there is an increased risk for BD among patients with scabies. Immunopathology may contribute to this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Yu Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Hsinchu MacKay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, the University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
| | - Fung-Wei Chang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Jing-Jung Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Cardinal Tien Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Hung Chang
- Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Lun Yeh
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Te Lei
- Department of Pediatrics, Hsinchu MacKay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Fa Huang
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Nursing, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Jui-Ming Liu
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Ren-Jun Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Biobank Management Center of the Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pathology and Graduate Institute of Pathology and Parasitology, the Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
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122
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Karimkhani C, Colombara DV, Drucker AM, Norton SA, Hay R, Engelman D, Steer A, Whitfeld M, Naghavi M, Dellavalle RP. The global burden of scabies: a cross-sectional analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2017; 17:1247-1254. [PMID: 28941561 PMCID: PMC5700804 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(17)30483-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous population-based studies have documented high prevalence of scabies in overcrowded settings, particularly among children and in tropical regions. We provide an estimate of the global burden of scabies using data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2015. METHODS We identified scabies epidemiological data sources from an extensive literature search and hospital insurance data and analysed data sources with a Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2·1, to yield prevalence estimates. We combined prevalence estimates with a disability weight, measuring disfigurement, itch, and pain caused by scabies, to produce years lived with disability (YLDs). With an assumed zero mortality from scabies, YLDs were equivalent to disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). We estimated DALYs for 195 countries divided into 21 world regions, in both sexes and 20 age groups, between 1990 and 2015. FINDINGS Scabies was responsible for 0·21% of DALYs from all conditions studied by GBD 2015 worldwide. The world regions of east Asia (age-standardised DALYs 136·32), southeast Asia (134·57), Oceania (120·34), tropical Latin America (99·94), and south Asia (69·41) had the greatest burden of DALYs from scabies. Mean percent change of DALY rate from 1990 to 2015 was less than 8% in all world regions, except North America, which had a 23·9% increase. The five individual countries with greatest scabies burden were Indonesia (age-standardised DALYs 153·86), China (138·25), Timor-Leste (136·67), Vanuatu (131·59), and Fiji (130·91). The largest standard deviations of age-standardised DALYs between the 20 age groups were observed in southeast Asia (60·1), Oceania (58·3), and east Asia (56·5), with the greatest DALY burdens in children, adolescents, and the elderly. INTERPRETATION The burden of scabies is greater in tropical regions, especially in children, adolescents, and elderly people. As a worldwide epidemiological assessment, GBD 2015 provides broad and frequently updated measures of scabies burden in terms of skin effects. These global data might help guide research protocols and prioritisation efforts and focus scabies treatment and control measures. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chante Karimkhani
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Danny V Colombara
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Aaron M Drucker
- Department of Dermatology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Scott A Norton
- Department of Dermatology, Children's National Medical Center, NW Washington DC, USA
| | - Roderick Hay
- Department of Dermatology, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, UK
| | - Daniel Engelman
- Centre for International Child Health and Murdoch Children's Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew Steer
- Centre for International Child Health and Murdoch Children's Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Margot Whitfeld
- Department of Dermatology, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mohsen Naghavi
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Robert P Dellavalle
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA; Dermatology Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Eastern Colorado Health System, Denver, CO, USA
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123
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Liu JM, Hsu RJ, Chang FW, Chiu FH, Yeh CL, Huang CF, Chang ST, Lee HC, Chi H, Lin CY. Increased risk of pernicious anemia following scabies: a nationwide population-based matched-cohort study. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2017; 13:1205-1211. [PMID: 29066901 PMCID: PMC5605127 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s137662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Scabies is a common and annoying disorder. Pernicious anemia (PA) is a serious disease which, when untreated, leads to death. Mounting evidence suggests that immune-mediated inflammatory processes play a role in the pathophysiology of both diseases. The relationship between these two diseases has not been investigated. We conducted this study to explore the potential relationship between scabies and PA. Materials and methods This nationwide, population-based study was conducted using the National Health Insurance Research Database of Taiwan. In total, 5,407 patients with scabies were identified as a study group and 20,089 matched patients were randomly selected as a control group. We tracked patients in both groups for a 7-year period to identify the incidence of PA. The demographic characteristics and comorbidities of the patients were analyzed, and Cox proportional hazards regression was used to calculate the hazard ratios for PA. Results Of the 25,496 patients in this study, 183 (0.7%) patients with newly diagnosed PA were identified during the 7-year follow-up period; 71 of 5,407 (1.3%) from the scabies group and 112 of 20,089 (0.6%) from the control group. Patients with scabies had a higher risk of subsequent PA, with a crude hazard ratio of 2.368. After adjusting for covariates, the adjusted hazard ratio was 1.51 (95% confidence interval: 1.09–2.08). Conclusion This study demonstrated an increased risk of PA (adjusted hazard ratio 1.51) among patients with scabies. Immune-mediated inflammatory processes may contribute to this association. Further studies are warranted to investigate the entire pathological mechanisms between these two diseases. Physicians should pay attention to patients with history of scabies presented with anemia. Further confirmative tests of PA may contribute to correct diagnosis and initiation of vitamin B12 supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Ming Liu
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan.,Department of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University.,Graduate Institute of Life Sciences
| | - Ren-Jun Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences.,Department of Pathology and Graduate Institute of Pathology and Parasitology, the Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center.,Biobank Management Center of the Tri-Service General Hospital
| | - Fung-Wei Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei
| | - Feng-Hsiang Chiu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Superintendent office, Lihuili Eastern Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chia-Lun Yeh
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan
| | - Chun-Fa Huang
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University.,Department of Nursing, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung City
| | - Shu-Ting Chang
- Department of Gastroenterology, BinKun Women's and Children's Hospital, Taoyuan City
| | - Hung-Chang Lee
- Department of Infectious Disease, MacKay Children's Hospital, Taipei
| | - Hsin Chi
- Department of Infectious Disease, MacKay Children's Hospital, Taipei.,Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei city
| | - Chien-Yu Lin
- Department of Pediatrics and Infectious Disease, Hsinchu MacKay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu City, Taiwan.,Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
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124
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The association between scabies and myasthenia gravis: A nationwide population-based cohort study. J Clin Neurosci 2017; 45:115-120. [PMID: 28890037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Scabies is an infectious inflammatory pruritic skin disease. Cytokine-mediated inflammatory processes contribute to the pathologic mechanism in scabies. Myasthenia gravis (MG) is also an autoimmune disease that is mediated by cytokines. The study aimed to investigate the association between scabies and myasthenia gravis. We conducted a nationwide population-based cohort study utilized data from the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) of Taiwan. Patients with scabies (n=5429) and control subjects without scabies (n=20,176) were enrolled. We tracked the subjects in both groups for a 7-year period to identify new onset MG. Cox regression analysis was performed to calculate the hazard ratio (HR) for MG. A total of 25,605 patients were enrolled in the study, including 5429 patients in the scabies group and 20,176 in the control group. There were 40 (0.7%) patients from the scabies group and 84 (0.4%) subjects from the control group who were newly diagnosed with MG during the 7-year follow-up period. The scabies patients had a significantly increased risk of MG, with an adjusted HR of 1.27 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01-1.89). As such, prompt diagnosis and treatment of scabies may decrease the risk of subsequent MG.
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125
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Wang D, Li L, Wei L, Liu Y, Sun S. Acute postinfectious glomerulonephritis associated with scabies in the elderly: A case report. Parasitol Int 2017; 66:802-805. [PMID: 28851633 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Acute postinfectious glomerulonephritis (GN) secondary to scabies were mainly documented as early as in 1980s, and in all these published cases no histopathological evidence of renal biopsy were reported regarding scabies and renal damage. The delay in scabies treatment can result in a greater risk of secondary bacterial infections that can become invasive and/or lead to severe post-infective complications such as post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. In diagnostic procedures, the clinical presentation of scabies is often atypical especially in elderly people patients. However, early diagnosis is necessary to prevent disease progression. Here, we present a case of acute glomerulonephritis caused by scabies in a 79-year-old male patient who presented with papular rash, asthma, haematuria, proteinuria, hypertension and variable azotaemia. The aim is to provide more details of the clinical features and the histopathologic characteristics, and to increase the vigilance among physicians in patients with acute GN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lei Wei
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yingying Liu
- Institute of Neurosciences, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shiren Sun
- Department of Nephrology, Xijing Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
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126
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Abstract
Scabies, a parasitic infestation caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei, is diagnosed by observing either the mite, its ova, or its excrement. The mite tracts, known as burrows and a characteristic presentation of the pruritic condition, are typically found on the web spaces between the fingers. Other cutaneous lesions include excoriated papules, pustules, and vesicles. However, atypical clinical variants of scabies, such as bullous, crusted, hidden, incognito, nodular, and scalp forms of the parasitic infestation, mimic the morphologic features of other non-parasitic dermatoses. A 76-year-old man presented with pruritic blisters and urticarial plaques that demonstrated not only pathology changes, but direct immunofluorescence also showed findings of bullous pemphigoid. His condition improved, but did not resolve, with topical corticosteroid cream for the management of the primary autoimmune blistering disorder. When other family members subsequently developed scabies, the correct diagnosis for his condition, bullous scabies, was established by demonstrating mites, ova, and scybala on a mineral oil preparation from a skin scraping of a newly appearing burrow. Bullous scabies can masquerade not only clinically, but also both pathologically and immunologically as bullous pemphigoid. Scabies serrupticius is introduced as a unifying term to designate all of the non-classic presentations of S. scabiei mite infestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip R Cohen
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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127
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Chavez-Alvarez S, Villarreal-Martinez A, Argenziano G, Ancer-Arellano J, Ocampo-Candiani J. Noodle pattern: a new dermoscopic pattern for crusted scabies (Norwegian scabies). J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2017; 32:e46-e47. [PMID: 28758268 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.14498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Chavez-Alvarez
- Dermatology Department, School of Medicine, Hospital Universitario 'Dr. Jose Eleuterio Gonzalez', Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - A Villarreal-Martinez
- Dermatology Department, School of Medicine, Hospital Universitario 'Dr. Jose Eleuterio Gonzalez', Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - G Argenziano
- Dermatology Unit, University of Campania, Naples, Italy
| | - J Ancer-Arellano
- Dermatology Department, School of Medicine, Hospital Universitario 'Dr. Jose Eleuterio Gonzalez', Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - J Ocampo-Candiani
- Dermatology Department, School of Medicine, Hospital Universitario 'Dr. Jose Eleuterio Gonzalez', Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
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128
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Romani L, Whitfeld MJ, Koroivueta J, Kama M, Wand H, Tikoduadua L, Tuicakau M, Koroi A, Ritova R, Andrews R, Kaldor JM, Steer AC. The Epidemiology of Scabies and Impetigo in Relation to Demographic and Residential Characteristics: Baseline Findings from the Skin Health Intervention Fiji Trial. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 97:845-850. [PMID: 28722612 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Scabies and associated impetigo are under-recognized causes of morbidity in many developing countries. To strengthen the evidence base for scabies control we undertook a trial of mass treatment for scabies. We report on the occurrence and predictors of scabies and impetigo in participants at baseline. Participants were recruited in six island communities and were examined for the presence of scabies and impetigo. In addition to descriptive analyses, logistic regression models were fit to assess the association between demographic variables and outcome of interest. The study enrolled 2051 participants. Scabies prevalence was 36.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] 34.3-38.5), highest in children 5-9 years (55.7%). Impetigo prevalence was 23.4% (95% CI 21.5-25.2) highest in children aged 10-14 (39.0%). People with scabies were 2.8× more likely to have impetigo. The population attributable risk of scabies as a cause of impetigo was 36.3% and 71.0% in children aged less than five years. Households with four or more people sharing the same room were more likely to have scabies and impetigo (odds ratios [OR] 1.6, 95% CI 1.2-2.2 and OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.6-3.2 respectively) compared to households with rooms occupied by a single individual. This study confirms the high burden of scabies and impetigo in Fiji and the association between these two conditions, particularly in young children. Overcrowding, young age, and clinical distribution of lesion are important risk factors for scabies and impetigo. Further studies are needed to investigate whether the decline of endemic scabies would translate into a definite reduction of the burden of associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Romani
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Margot J Whitfeld
- Department of Dermatology, St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | - Handan Wand
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Ross Andrews
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
| | - John M Kaldor
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Andrew C Steer
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Centre for International Child Health, University of Melbourne, Australia
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129
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Salavastru CM, Chosidow O, Boffa MJ, Janier M, Tiplica GS. European guideline for the management of scabies. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2017. [PMID: 28639722 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.14351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Scabies is caused by Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis. The disease can be sexually transmitted. Patients' main complaint is nocturnal itch. Disseminated, excoriated, erythematous papules are usually seen on the anterior trunk and limbs. Crusted scabies occurs in immunocompromised hosts and may be associated with reduced or absent pruritus. Recommended treatments are permethrin 5% cream, oral ivermectin and benzyl benzoate 25% lotion. Alternative treatments are malathion 0.5% aqueous lotion, ivermectin 1% lotion and sulphur 6-33% cream, ointment or lotion. Crusted scabies therapy requires a topical scabicide and oral ivermectin. Mass treatment of large populations with endemic disease can be performed with a single dose of ivermectin (200 micrograms/kg of bodyweight). Partner management needs a look-back period of 2 months. Screening for other STI is recommended. Patients and close contacts should avoid sexual contact until completion of treatment and should strictly observe personal hygiene rules when living in crowded spaces. Written information should be provided to suspected cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Salavastru
- Department of Dermato-Pediatry, Colentina Clinical Hospital, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - O Chosidow
- Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Henri Mondor AP-HP, Créteil, France
| | - M J Boffa
- Department of Dermatology, Sir Paul Boffa Hospital, Floriana, Malta
| | - M Janier
- STD Clinic, Hôpital Saint-Louis AP-HP, and Head of Dermatology Department, Hôpital Saint-Joseph, Paris, France
| | - G S Tiplica
- Department of Dermatology II, Colentina Clinical Hospital, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
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130
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Fernando DD, Marr EJ, Zakrzewski M, Reynolds SL, Burgess STG, Fischer K. Gene silencing by RNA interference in Sarcoptes scabiei: a molecular tool to identify novel therapeutic targets. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:289. [PMID: 28601087 PMCID: PMC5466799 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2226-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scabies is one of the most common and widespread parasitic skin infections globally, affecting a large range of mammals including humans, yet the molecular biology of Sarcoptes scabiei is astonishingly understudied. Research has been hampered primarily due to the difficulty of sampling or culturing these obligatory parasitic mites. A further and major impediment to identify and functionally analyse potential therapeutic targets from the recently emerging molecular databases is the lack of appropriate molecular tools. METHODS We performed standard BLAST based searches of the existing S. scabiei genome databases using sequences of genes described to be involved in RNA interference in Drosophila and the mite model organism Tetranychus urticae. Experimenting with the S. scabiei mu-class glutathione S-transferase (SsGST-mu1) as a candidate gene we explored the feasibility of gene knockdown in S. scabiei by double-stranded RNA-interference (dsRNAi). RESULTS We provide here an analysis of the existing S. scabiei draft genomes, confirming the presence of a double stranded RNA (dsRNA) - mediated silencing machinery. We report for the first time experimental gene silencing by RNA interference (RNAi) in S. scabiei. Non-invasive immersion of S. scabiei in dsRNA encoding an S. scabiei glutathione S-transferase mu-class 1 enzyme (SsGST-mu1) resulted in a 35% reduction in the transcription of the target gene compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS A series of experiments identified the optimal conditions allowing systemic experimental RNAi without detrimental side effects on mite viability. This technique can now be used to address the key questions on the fundamental aspects of mite biology and pathogenesis, and to assess the potential therapeutic benefits of silencing S. scabiei target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepani D. Fernando
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Infectious Diseases Department, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Brisbane, 4006 Australia
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343 Australia
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Edward J. Marr
- Parasitology Division, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland EH26 0PZ UK
| | - Martha Zakrzewski
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Infectious Diseases Department, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Brisbane, 4006 Australia
| | - Simone L. Reynolds
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Infectious Diseases Department, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Brisbane, 4006 Australia
| | - Stewart T. G. Burgess
- Parasitology Division, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland EH26 0PZ UK
| | - Katja Fischer
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Infectious Diseases Department, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Brisbane, 4006 Australia
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131
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Liu JM, Hsu RJ, Chang FW, Yeh CL, Huang CF, Chang ST, Chiu NC, Chang HY, Chi H, Lin CY. Increase the risk of intellectual disability in children with scabies: A nationwide population-based cohort study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e7108. [PMID: 28591057 PMCID: PMC5466235 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000007108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Scabies is a common and distressing disease caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis. Psychiatric disorder in childhood is an important disease and easily neglected. There are several similarities in scabies and psychiatric disorders in childhood (PDC). Both of them may present with pruritus. They are relatively common in patients with lower socioeconomic status and crowded environment. Furthermore, immune-mediated inflammatory processes play a role in the pathophysiology in both diseases. An association between scabies and psychiatric disorders may exist. This nationwide population-based cohort study utilized data from the National Health Insurance Research Database to investigate the relationship between scabies and PDC. A total of 2137 children with scabies were identified as the study group and 8548 age- and sex-matched children were selected as the control group. A total of 607 (5.68%) children developed PDC during the 7-year follow-up period. The overall incidences of PDC are similar but patients with scabies had a higher risk of developing intellectual disability (ID) (scabies group vs control group: 1.3% vs 0.6%, adjusted hazard ratio: 2.04 and 95% confidence interval: 1.25-3.32). The immune-mediated inflammatory processes of both diseases were reviewed and may contribute to the 104% increased risk of interleukin in patients with scabies. We suggest a more comprehensive management in treating patients with scabies or ID. Early and comprehensive treatment of scabies and other risk factors may decrease the risk of subsequent ID. When we approach patients with ID, concurrent evaluation of scabies and other risk factors may contribute to successful management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Ming Liu
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan
- Department of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences
| | - Ren-Jun Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences
- Biobank Management Center of the Tri-Service General Hospital
- Department of Pathology and Graduate Institute of Pathology and Parasitology
| | - Fung-Wei Chang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center
| | - Chia-Lun Yeh
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan
- Institute of Bioinformatics and System Biology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu
| | - Chun-Fa Huang
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University
- Department of Nursing, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University
| | - Shu-Ting Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, BinKun Women's and Children's Hospital, Taoyuan
| | - Nan-Chang Chiu
- Department of Pediatrics, MacKay Children's Hospital, Taipei
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City
| | - Hung-Yang Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, MacKay Children's Hospital, Taipei
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City
| | - Hsin Chi
- Department of Pediatrics, MacKay Children's Hospital, Taipei
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City
| | - Chien-Yu Lin
- Department of Pediatrics and Infectious Disease, Hsinchu MacKay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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132
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Guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of scabies in Japan (third edition). J Dermatol 2017; 44:991-1014. [DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.13896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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133
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Liu JM, Chiu FH, Lin CY, Chang FW, Hsu RJ. Incidence of autoimmune diseases in patients with scabies: a nationwide population-based study in Taiwan. Rheumatol Int 2017; 37:1125-1134. [PMID: 28421357 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-017-3717-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Scabies is a commonly occurring infectious immune-mediated inflammatory skin disease. Immune-mediated inflammatory processes are also observed in autoimmune diseases. There have been very few previous studies; however, that have investigated the possible association between scabies and autoimmune diseases. To address this research gap, we conducted a nationwide population-based cohort study that included a total of 4481 scabies patients and 16,559 control subjects matched by gender, age, insured region, urbanization and income. We tracked both cohorts for a 7-year period to identify the incidence of autoimmune diseases in both groups during that follow-up period. Relatedly, a Cox regression analysis was performed to calculate and compare the hazard ratio (HR) for autoimmune diseases of both groups. An overall increased risk for 19 autoimmune diseases was observed in the scabies patients, with an adjusted HR (aHR) of 1.14 (95% CI 1.04-1.25). Compared with the control group, the scabies patients exhibited increased risks of hypersensitivity vasculitis (aHR 5.44, 95% CI 1.64-18.07), dermatomyositis (aHR 4.91, 95% CI 1.80-13.38), polyarteritis nodosa (aHR 2.89, 95% CI 1.46-5.73), systemic lupus erythematosus (aHR 2.73, 95% CI 1.33-5.64), psoriasis (aHR 2.31, 95% CI 1.85-2.88), myasthenia gravis (aHR 2.01, 95% CI 1.31-3.12), type 1 diabetes mellitus (aHR 1.93, 95% CI 1.53-2.44), pernicious anemia (aHR 1.92, 95% CI 1.42-2.61), and rheumatoid arthritis (aHR 1.43, 95% CI 1.12-1.83). In conclusion, the associations between scabies and a variety of autoimmune diseases may exist. Further studies are needed to clarify the shared etiologies and relationships between scabies and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Ming Liu
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, No. 1492, Chung-Shan Road, Taoyuan District, Taoyuan, 330, Taiwan.,Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Sec. 6, Minquan E. Road, Neihu District, Taipei, 114, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Hsiang Chiu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 235, Taiwan.,Superintendent Office, Ningbo Medical Center, Lihuili Eastern Hospital, Ningbo City, 315000, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Chien-Yu Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Hsinchu MacKay Memorial Hospital, No. 690, Sec. 2, Guangfu Road, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Fung-Wei Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ren-Jun Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Sec. 6, Minquan E. Road, Neihu District, Taipei, 114, Taiwan. .,Department of Pathology and Graduate Institute of Pathology and Parasitology, The Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Biobank Management Center of The Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
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134
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Kanitakis J, Morelon E. Scabies in a bilateral hand allograft recipient: An additional mimicker of acute skin rejection in vascularized composite allotransplantation. Transpl Infect Dis 2017; 19. [PMID: 28211139 DOI: 10.1111/tid.12683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Vascularized composite tissue allografts include skin, which frequently undergoes, in the early post-graft period, acute rejections. The diagnosis of acute rejection may be difficult as it can be mimicked by several dermatoses. We present a bilateral hand allograft recipient who developed, 16.5 years post-graft, cutaneous lesions raising suspicion about rejection. Physical examination and skin biopsy were diagnostic of scabies. This ectoparasitosis should be added in the list of dermatoses that can mimic allograft rejection in vascular composite allografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Kanitakis
- Department of Dermatology, Edouard Herriot Hospital Group, Lyon, France
| | - Emmanuel Morelon
- Department of Nephrology, Edouard Herriot Hospital Group, Lyon, France
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135
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Tempark T, Lekwuttikarn R, Chatproedprai S, Wananukul S. Nail Scabies: An Unusual Presentation Often Overlooked and Mistreated. J Trop Pediatr 2017; 63:155-159. [PMID: 27613759 DOI: 10.1093/tropej/fmw058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Nail scabies is an interesting clinical presentation of scabies. Although it is usually found concomitant with characteristic dermatologic manifestations, it may present as an isolated finding in the immunocompromised host. This condition is commonly mistaken with other diseases such as nail dystrophy, nail psoriasis and onychomycosis. We report two cases of unusual nail presentations that provide clues to diagnosis. Also, literature on unusual nail and dermatologic presentations was reviewed to recognize dermatologist consideration for appropriate treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therdpong Tempark
- Division of Ambulatory Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ramrada Lekwuttikarn
- Division of Pediatric Dermatology, Department of Pediatrics Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Susheera Chatproedprai
- Division of Pediatric Dermatology, Department of Pediatrics Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Siriwan Wananukul
- Division of Pediatric Dermatology, Department of Pediatrics Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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136
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Kandi V. Laboratory Diagnosis of Scabies Using a Simple Saline Mount: A Clinical Microbiologist's Report. Cureus 2017; 9:e1102. [PMID: 28435762 PMCID: PMC5398661 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.1102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Scabies is a skin condition caused by infestation of the mite Sarcoptes scabiei. Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis is an arthropod member belonging to the order Acarina. Scabies is present throughout the world and is prevalent in all age groups, mostly involving people frequently in contact with animals, children, women, and elderly people. Predisposing factors for scabies include individuals with immunosuppressive conditions and people residing under low socioeconomic conditions. Skin lesions that occur during mite infestation closely resemble dermatological disorders caused by microbes, including fungi, parasites, and viruses. Laboratory diagnosis of scabies greatly relies on an accurate clinical suspicion and the demonstration of mites in the skin scrapings could be used for confirmation. It should be noted that a greater understanding between a clinician or a dermatologist and a clinical microbiologist is required to successfully diagnose scabies. This report details an easily performed, cost-effective method, the simple saline mount, that a clinical microbiology laboratory should follow to successfully identify mites in skin scrapings.
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137
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Adler N, Tay J, McLellan S, Klintworth G, Cheng A, Aung A. Nosocomial crusted scabies outbreak: Important infection prevention lessons learned from a small case series. Infect Dis Health 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idh.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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138
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Berenger JM, Parola P. Arthropod Vectors of Medical Importance. Infect Dis (Lond) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-6285-8.00012-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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139
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Liu JM, Wang HW, Chang FW, Liu YP, Chiu FH, Lin YC, Cheng KC, Hsu RJ. The effects of climate factors on scabies. A 14-year population-based study in Taiwan. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 23:54. [PMID: 27905271 PMCID: PMC5134670 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2016065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Scabies is a common infectious disease and can cause severe outbreaks if not controlled quickly. Besides personal contact history, environmental factors are also important. This study analyzed the effects of environmental climate factors on the incidence of scabies in Taiwan. We conducted a 14-year nationwide population-based study: a total of 14,883 patients with scabies infestation were enrolled. Monthly climate data were collected from Taiwan’s Central Weather Bureau, including data on temperature, relative humidity, total rainfall, total rain days, and total sunshine hours. The linear relationships between these climate factors and scabies infestations or other risk factors were examined by Pearson’s correlation analysis. Overall, the incidence of scabies was negatively correlated with temperature (γ = −0.152, p < 0.001), while being positively correlated with humidity (γ = 0.192, p < 0.001). This useful information may provide evidence for lowering humidity at nursing facilities, hospitals, and military camps with scabies infestations, which may help to reduce its spread and prevent outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Ming Liu
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, 330 Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Wei Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 110 Tapei, Taiwan - Division of Infection Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, 235 Tapei, Taiwan
| | - Fung-Wei Chang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, 114 Tapei, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Ping Liu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, 100 Tapei, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Hsiang Chiu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, 235 Tapei, Taiwan - Superintendent Office, Ningbo Medical Center, Lihuili Eastern Hospital, Ningbo City, 315000 Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Yi-Chun Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lo-Hsu Medical Foundation, Lotung Poh-Ai Hospital, 265 Luodong, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Chen Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, 106 Tapei, Taiwan - Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, 106 Tapei, Taiwan
| | - Ren-Jun Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, 114 Tapei, Taiwan - Department of Pathology and Graduate Institute of Pathology and Parasitology, the Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, 114 Tapei, Taiwan - Biobank Management Center of the Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, 114 Tapei, Taiwan
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140
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Furuya K, Nakajima H, Sasaki Y, Ishiko A, Urita Y. A scabies outbreak in a diabetic and collagen disease ward: Management and prevention. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:3711-3715. [PMID: 28105102 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Scabies is an infection caused by Sarcoptes scabiei. In developed countries, scabies remains an important public health problem in hospitals and care facilities among elderly or immunocompromised patients. There are a number of medical providers who have not experienced scabies and there has been confusion surrounding its management and prevention. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to identify the optimal approach for the management and prevention of scabies. A scabies outbreak occurred between June 2014 and October 2014 in the Toho University School of Medicine, Omori Hospital (Tokyo, Japan), and the current study investigates factors concerning the outbreak, such as disease recognition, diagnostic strategy, medical staff experience and correspondence after the outbreak occurred. Six patients were newly diagnosed with scabies including patients, medical staff and family of the medical staff. An infection control committee was implemented and required a follow-up survey of 181 people (144 patients and 37 medical staff). It took ~4 months to resolve the outbreak. Scabies is highly infectious, and sufficient knowledge is required to care for the patients and prevent the infection of healthy people. In this example, the spread of infection was controlled by prompt action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Furuya
- Department of General Medicine and Emergency Care, Toho University School of Medicine, Omori Hospital, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8541, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Nakajima
- Department of General Medicine and Emergency Care, Toho University School of Medicine, Omori Hospital, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8541, Japan
| | - Yousuke Sasaki
- Department of General Medicine and Emergency Care, Toho University School of Medicine, Omori Hospital, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8541, Japan
| | - Akira Ishiko
- Department of Dermatology, Toho University School of Medicine, Omori Hospital, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8541, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Urita
- Department of General Medicine and Emergency Care, Toho University School of Medicine, Omori Hospital, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8541, Japan
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141
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Bernigaud C, Fang F, Fischer K, Lespine A, Aho LS, Dreau D, Kelly A, Sutra JF, Moreau F, Lilin T, Botterel F, Guillot J, Chosidow O. Preclinical Study of Single-Dose Moxidectin, a New Oral Treatment for Scabies: Efficacy, Safety, and Pharmacokinetics Compared to Two-Dose Ivermectin in a Porcine Model. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0005030. [PMID: 27732588 PMCID: PMC5061321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Scabies is one of the commonest dermatological conditions globally; however it is a largely underexplored and truly neglected infectious disease. Foremost, improvement in the management of this public health burden is imperative. Current treatments with topical agents and/or oral ivermectin (IVM) are insufficient and drug resistance is emerging. Moxidectin (MOX), with more advantageous pharmacological profiles may be a promising alternative. Methodology/Principal Findings Using a porcine scabies model, 12 pigs were randomly assigned to receive orally either MOX (0.3 mg/kg once), IVM (0.2 mg/kg twice) or no treatment. We evaluated treatment efficacies by assessing mite count, clinical lesions, pruritus and ELISA-determined anti-S. scabiei IgG antibodies reductions. Plasma and skin pharmacokinetic profiles were determined. At day 14 post-treatment, all four MOX-treated but only two IVM-treated pigs were mite-free. MOX efficacy was 100% and remained unchanged until study-end (D47), compared to 62% (range 26–100%) for IVM, with one IVM-treated pig remaining infected until D47. Clinical scabies lesions, pruritus and anti-S. scabiei IgG antibodies had completely disappeared in all MOX-treated but only 75% of IVM-treated pigs. MOX persisted ~9 times longer than IVM in plasma and skin, thereby covering the mite’s entire life cycle and enabling long-lasting efficacy. Conclusions/Significance Our data demonstrate that oral single-dose MOX was more effective than two consecutive IVM-doses, supporting MOX as potential therapeutic approach for scabies. Scabies caused by the Sarcoptes scabiei mite affects many people worldwide and has been recently recognized by the WHO as a truly neglected tropical disease. Currently available treatments are insufficient to overcome this insidious disease and its co-morbidities for example impetigo, rheumatic heart disease and post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. Treatment management is a major issue, as problems with compliance as well as mite resistance to current drugs are reported. Data have accumulated indicating that moxidectin could be a genuine new candidate drug for sustainable scabies control. To provide proof of concept, we utilized an experimental scabies pig model that closely resembles the human route of scabies infection. We demonstrated that a single moxidectin dose, when compared with the currently recommended two-doses ivermectin treatment routine, achieved a better and faster acaricidal efficacy. Importantly, the skin half-life of moxidectin is longer, potentially covering the entire mite life cycle. Our baseline data demonstrate in principle the potential and feasibility of moxidectin treatment for scabies, thereby enabling the move into larger high-powered efficacy and dose ranging studies in human populations. Moxidectin could indeed play a game-changing role in scabies control and has the potential to accelerate the steps towards elimination of this insidious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Bernigaud
- Research Group Dynamyc, EA 7380, EnvA, Université Paris-Est (UPE), Maisons-Alfort & Créteil, France
- APHP, Hôpital Henri-Mondor, Department of Dermatology, UPEC, Créteil, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Fang Fang
- Research Group Dynamyc, EA 7380, EnvA, Université Paris-Est (UPE), Maisons-Alfort & Créteil, France
- Department of Parasitology, College of Animal Science and Technology, University of Guangxi, Nanning, China
| | - Katja Fischer
- Infections Diseases Department, Scabies Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anne Lespine
- Toxalim, INRA, INP-ENVT, INP-EI-Purpan, Université de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Ludwig Serge Aho
- Epidemiology and Infection Control Unit, University Hospital of Dijon, Dijon, France
| | | | - Andrew Kelly
- Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Queensland Animal Science Precinct, University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jean-François Sutra
- Toxalim, INRA, INP-ENVT, INP-EI-Purpan, Université de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Francis Moreau
- Centre de Recherche BioMédicale (CRBM), EnvA, UPE, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Thomas Lilin
- Centre de Recherche BioMédicale (CRBM), EnvA, UPE, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Françoise Botterel
- Research Group Dynamyc, EA 7380, EnvA, Université Paris-Est (UPE), Maisons-Alfort & Créteil, France
- APHP, Hôpital Henri-Mondor, Parasitology and Mycology, Department of Microbiology, DHU VIC, UPEC, Créteil, France
| | - Jacques Guillot
- Research Group Dynamyc, EA 7380, EnvA, Université Paris-Est (UPE), Maisons-Alfort & Créteil, France
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Biopôle d'Alfort, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, UPE, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Olivier Chosidow
- APHP, Hôpital Henri-Mondor, Department of Dermatology, UPEC, Créteil, France
- EA EpiDermE (Epidémiologie en Dermatologie et Evaluation des Thérapeutiques) and INSERM, CIC 1430, UPE, Créteil, France
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142
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Chen JY, Liu JM, Chang FW, Chang H, Cheng KC, Yeh CL, Wei YF, Hsu RJ. Scabies increased the risk and severity of COPD: a nationwide population-based study. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2016; 11:2171-2178. [PMID: 27672322 PMCID: PMC5025009 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s114256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Scabies is a common parasitic infectious disease, and COPD is a major pulmonary disease. However, there have been no previous studies that have investigated the relationship between scabies and COPD. Materials and methods This nationwide population-based study included a total of 3,568 patients with scabies as the study group and 14,255 patients as a control group. We followed up patients in both groups for a 5-year period to identify any new diagnoses of COPD. We then followed them up for an additional 2-year period to determine the severity of any newly diagnosed cases of COPD as indicated by acute respiratory events. Cox proportional hazard regression analyses were performed to calculate the hazard ratio (HR) of COPD during the 5-year follow-up period and COPD complication during the additional 2-year follow-up period. Results Of the 17,823 patients in the study, 2,765 (15.5%) were newly diagnosed with COPD during the 5-year follow-up period; 904 (32.7%) were from the scabies group; and 1,861 (67.3%) were from the control group. Compared to the patients without scabies, the adjusted HR (aHR) for COPD for the subjects with scabies was 1.72 (95% CI: 1.59–1.87) during the 5-year follow-up period. For those newly diagnosed with COPD, the aHR for COPD with acute exacerbation was 1.85 (95% CI: 1.67–2.06), the aHR for COPD with pneumonia was 3.29 (95% CI: 2.77–3.92), the aHR for COPD with acute respiratory failure was 4.00 (95% CI: 3.08–5.19), and the aHR for COPD with cardiopulmonary arrest was 3.95 (95% CI: 2.25–6.95) during the additional 2-year follow-up period. Conclusion The results of this study indicate a 72% increased risk for COPD among patients with scabies. The results also reveal an increased risk of severe COPD complications such as acute respiratory failure, cardiopulmonary arrest, pneumonia, and acute exacerbation among patients with scabies. This useful information may help physicians in treating scabies and remaining alert to the potential development of COPD and its severe complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Yueh Chen
- Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, E-DA Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung
| | - Jui-Ming Liu
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan
| | - Fung-Wei Chang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei
| | - Hung Chang
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taichung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taichung; Department of Physiology, National Defense Medical Center
| | - Kuan-Chen Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University; Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University
| | - Chia-Lun Yeh
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan
| | - Yu-Feng Wei
- Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, E-DA Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung
| | - Ren-Jun Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center; Department of Pathology, Graduate Institute of Pathology and Parasitology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center; Biobank Management Center, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Parasites are an important cause of human disease worldwide. The clinical severity and outcome of parasitic disease is often dependent on the immune status of the host. Specific parasitic diseases discussed in this chapter are amebiasis, giardiasis, cryptosporidiosis, cyclosporiasis, cystoisosporiasis, microsporidosis, granulomatous amebic encephalitis, toxoplasmosis, leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, malaria, babesiosis, strongyloidiasis, and scabies.
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Abstract
Cutaneous parasitic skin diseases are frequent in human pathology. There are few reliable epidemiological data on the prevalence and/or incidence of such diseases. Skin parasites are cosmopolitan but their global distribution is heterogenous; prevalence is especially high in subtropical and tropical countries. They are mainly due to arthropods (insects and mites). Many species of parasites are involved, explaining the diversity of their clinical signs. The most common are caused by ectoparasites such as scabies or pediculosis (head lice, body lice and pubic lice). Clinical signs may be related to the penetration of the parasite under the skin, its development, the inoculation of venom or allergic symptoms. Diagnosis can be easy when clinical signs are pathognomonic (e.g. burrows in the interdigital web spaces in scabies) or sometimes more difficult. Some epidemiological characteristics (diurnal or nocturnal bite, seasonality) and specific clinical presentation (single or multiple bites, linear or grouped lesions) can be a great diagnostic help. Modern non-invasive tools (dermoscopy or confocal microscopy) will play an important role in the future but the eye and experience of the specialist (dermatologist, parasitologist, infectious disease specialist or entomologist) remains for the time the best way to guide or establish a diagnosis. For most skin parasites, therapeutic proposals are rarely based on studies of high level of evidence or randomized trials but more on expert recommendations or personal experience.
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145
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Mason DS, Marks M, Sokana O, Solomon AW, Mabey DC, Romani L, Kaldor J, Steer AC, Engelman D. The Prevalence of Scabies and Impetigo in the Solomon Islands: A Population-Based Survey. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004803. [PMID: 27348119 PMCID: PMC4922659 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Scabies and impetigo are common, important and treatable skin conditions. Reports from several Pacific island countries show extremely high prevalence of these two conditions, but for many countries, including the Solomon Islands, there is a paucity of epidemiological data. Methodology Ten rural villages in the Western Province of the Solomon Islands were included in the study, chosen so that data collection could be integrated with an existing project investigating clinical and serological markers of yaws. All residents were eligible to participate, and 1908 people were enrolled. Participants were interviewed and examined by a paediatric registrar, who recorded relevant demographic information, and made a clinical diagnosis of scabies and/or impetigo, severity and distribution. Principal Findings The total unweighted prevalence of scabies was 19.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] 17.5–21.0), and age and gender weighted prevalence 19.2% (95%CI 16.7–21.9). The adult prevalence of scabies was 10.4% (95%CI 8.2–13.2), and the highest prevalence was found in infants < 1 year of age (34.1%, adjusted odds ratio [AOR] compared with adults: 3.6, 95%CI 2.2–6.0) and children aged 1–4 years (25.7%, AOR 2.6, 95%CI 1.7–3.9). Scabies affected two or more body regions in 80.9% of participants, and 4.4% of scabies cases were classified as severe. The total unweighted prevalence of active impetigo was 32.7% (95%CI 30.6–34.8), and age and gender weighted prevalence 26.7% (95%CI 24.2–29.5). The highest prevalence was found in children aged 1–4 years (42.6%, AOR compared with adults: 4.1, 95%CI 2.9–5.8). Scabies infestation was associated with active impetigo infection (AOR 2.0, 95%CI 1.6–2.6); with 41.1% of active impetigo cases also having scabies. Conclusions and Significance Scabies and impetigo are very common in the rural Western Province of the Solomon Islands. Scabies infestation is strongly associated with impetigo. Community control strategies for scabies may reduce the burden of both conditions and their downstream complications. Scabies, a parasitic infection, and impetigo, a superficial bacterial infection, are treatable skin conditions found most commonly in resource-limited settings. Scabies is strongly associated with impetigo. Complications of impetigo include sepsis and invasive infections, and post-infective complications such as acute post streptococcal glomerulonephritis and acute rheumatic fever. Good data on scabies and impetigo prevalence are lacking for most countries, but existing evidence suggests the Pacific region has among the highest prevalence of these conditions in the world. Our study aimed to establish the prevalence of scabies and impetigo in the Western Province of the Solomon Islands, a South Pacific nation made up of over 900 islands and over 500,000 inhabitants. We assessed over 1900 people of all ages, and found a very high burden of skin infections, with scabies affecting one in five people, and active impetigo in one in three. Infants and children were affected more than adults. Scabies infestation was strongly associated with impetigo, supporting the hypothesis that community control strategies for scabies may be successful in reducing the burden of impetigo and its sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S. Mason
- Centre for International Child Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael Marks
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Anthony W. Solomon
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David C. Mabey
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lucia Romani
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - John Kaldor
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Andrew C. Steer
- Centre for International Child Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Group A Streptococcal Research Group, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Daniel Engelman
- Centre for International Child Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Group A Streptococcal Research Group, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Abd El-Aal AA, Hassan MA, Gawdat HI, Ali MA, Barakat M. Immunomodulatory impression of anti and pro-inflammatory cytokines in relation to humoral immunity in human scabies. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2016; 29:188-94. [PMID: 26813861 PMCID: PMC5806719 DOI: 10.1177/0394632015627464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The chief manifestations of scabies are mediated through hypersensitivity-like reactions and immune responses which are so far not well understood and remain poorly characterized. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of inflammatory cytokines in relation to humoral immunity in patients with scabies. Serum levels of total IgE, specific IgG, IL-10, IL-6, INF-γ, and TNF-α were investigated in a cross-sectional study including 37 patients with manifestations suggestive of scabies and serologically positive for anti-Sarcoptes IgG, in addition to 20 healthy controls. The median value of total IgE was 209 (range, 17-1219 IU/mL), reflecting its wide range within cases. IL-10 showed significant higher levels (287 ±: 139) in cases than in controls (17.4 ± 11.32). A positive correlation was reported between total IgE and severity of manifestations (r = 0.429, P <0.005). A significant positive correlation was observed between total IgE and both IgG and IL-6. On the contrary, a negative correlation was recorded between IL-6 and TNF-α which makes us suggested anti-inflammatory rather than pro-inflammatory effect of IL-6. Moreover, a negative correlation was noticed between the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and severity of manifestations, specific IgG, total IgE, and INF-γ. Therefore, the current study theorized a regulatory role of IL-10 in inflammatory responses of scabietic patients suggesting further future analysis of its therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marwa Adel Hassan
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | | | - Meran Ahmed Ali
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Manal Barakat
- Clinical pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
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148
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Abdel-Raheem TA, Méabed EMH, Nasef GA, Abdel Wahed WY, Rohaim RMA. Efficacy, acceptability and cost effectiveness of four therapeutic agents for treatment of scabies. J DERMATOL TREAT 2016; 27:473-9. [DOI: 10.3109/09546634.2016.1151855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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149
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Andriantsoanirina V, Fang F, Ariey F, Izri A, Foulet F, Botterel F, Bernigaud C, Chosidow O, Huang W, Guillot J, Durand R. Are humans the initial source of canine mange? Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:177. [PMID: 27015813 PMCID: PMC4807552 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1456-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Scabies, or mange as it is called in animals, is an ectoparasitic contagious infestation caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei. Sarcoptic mange is an important veterinary disease leading to significant morbidity and mortality in wild and domestic animals. A widely accepted hypothesis, though never substantiated by factual data, suggests that humans were the initial source of the animal contamination. In this study we performed phylogenetic analyses of populations of S. scabiei from humans and from canids to validate or not the hypothesis of a human origin of the mites infecting domestic dogs. Methods Mites from dogs and foxes were obtained from three French sites and from other countries. A part of cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene was amplified and directly sequenced. Other sequences corresponding to mites from humans, raccoon dogs, foxes, jackal and dogs from various geographical areas were retrieved from GenBank. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using the Otodectes cynotis cox1 sequence as outgroup. Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference analysis approaches were used. To visualize the relationship between the haplotypes, a median joining haplotype network was constructed using Network v4.6 according to host. Results Twenty-one haplotypes were observed among mites collected from five different host species, including humans and canids from nine geographical areas. The phylogenetic trees based on Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference analyses showed similar topologies with few differences in node support values. The results were not consistent with a human origin of S. scabiei mites in dogs and, on the contrary, did not exclude the opposite hypothesis of a host switch from dogs to humans. Conclusions Phylogenetic relatedness may have an impact in terms of epidemiological control strategy. Our results and other recent studies suggest to re-evaluate the level of transmission between domestic dogs and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fang Fang
- Parasitology Department, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China.,Research group Dynamyc, EnvA, UPEC, Maisons-Alfort & Créteil, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Ariey
- Parasitology- Mycology Department, Cochin Hospital, AP-HP, Inserm U1016, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Arezki Izri
- Parasitology- Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, Bobigny, France.,UMR 190, Unité des virus émergents, Université Aix-Marseille, Faculté de Médecine-Timone, Marseille, France.,UFR SMBH, Université Paris 13, Bobigny, France
| | - Françoise Foulet
- Research group Dynamyc, EnvA, UPEC, Maisons-Alfort & Créteil, Paris, France.,Parasitology- Mycology Department, Henri Mondor Hospital, AP-HP, Créteil, France
| | - Françoise Botterel
- Research group Dynamyc, EnvA, UPEC, Maisons-Alfort & Créteil, Paris, France.,Parasitology- Mycology Department, Henri Mondor Hospital, AP-HP, Créteil, France
| | | | - Olivier Chosidow
- Dermatology Department, Henri Mondor Hospital, AP-HP, UPEC, Créteil, France
| | - Weiyi Huang
- Parasitology Department, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Jacques Guillot
- Research group Dynamyc, EnvA, UPEC, Maisons-Alfort & Créteil, Paris, France
| | - Rémy Durand
- Parasitology- Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, Bobigny, France. .,UFR SMBH, Université Paris 13, Bobigny, France. .,UMR216, Mère et enfant face aux infections tropicales, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.
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150
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Mounsey KE, Bernigaud C, Chosidow O, McCarthy JS. Prospects for Moxidectin as a New Oral Treatment for Human Scabies. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004389. [PMID: 26985995 PMCID: PMC4795782 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kate E. Mounsey
- Inflammation & Healing Research Cluster, School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia
- Infectious Diseases & Immunology Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Olivier Chosidow
- Dermatology Department, Henri Mondor Hospital, AP-HP, UPEC, Créteil, France
- Université Paris-est Créteil Val de Marne, Créteil, France
| | - James S. McCarthy
- Infectious Diseases & Immunology Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
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