101
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Lyra ML, Haddad CFB, de Azeredo-Espin AML. Meeting the challenge of DNA barcoding Neotropical amphibians: polymerase chain reaction optimization and new COI primers. Mol Ecol Resour 2017; 17:966-980. [PMID: 28029226 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Amphibians are one of the most threatened vertebrate classes, yet at the same time new species are being described every year, demonstrating that the number of existing species is grossly underestimated. In groups such as amphibians, with high extinction rates and poorly known species boundaries, DNA barcoding is a tool that can rapidly assess genetic diversity and estimate species richness for prioritizing conservation decisions. However, reliable recovery of the 5' region of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene is critical for the ongoing effort to gather DNA barcodes for all amphibian species. Here, we provide new PCR conditions and tested new primers that increase the efficiency of barcode recovery in amphibians. We found that a low extension temperature for PCR cycles significantly improves the efficiency of amplification for all combinations of primers. Combining low PCR extension temperature and primers AnF1 + AnR1, we were able to recover COI sequences for 100% of the species analysed (N = 161), encompassing ~15% of the species known from Brazil (representing 77 genera and 23 families), which is an important improvement over previous studies. The preliminary assessment of species diversity suggested that number of species might be underestimated by about 25%. We conclude that DNA barcoding is an efficient, simple, and standardized protocol for identifying cryptic diversity in amphibians and advocate for its use in biodiversity inventories and across widespread populations within known species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana L Lyra
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Campus Rio Claro, Av. 24 A, No. 1515, Bela Vista, CEP 13506-970, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Célio F B Haddad
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Campus Rio Claro, Av. 24 A, No. 1515, Bela Vista, CEP 13506-970, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria L de Azeredo-Espin
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética and Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Cândido Rondon No. 400, CEP 13083-875, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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102
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Stark T, Laurijssens C, Weterings M, Martel A, Köhler G, Pasmans F. Prevalence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in a Nicaraguan, micro-endemic Neotropical salamander, Bolitoglossa mombachoensis. AMPHIBIA-REPTILIA 2017. [DOI: 10.1163/15685381-00003077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Amphibians are the most threatened terrestrial vertebrates on the planet and are iconic in the global biodiversity crisis. Their global decline caused by the fungal agentBatrachochytrium dendrobatidis(Bd) is well known. Declines of Mesoamerican salamanders of the family Plethodontidae, mainly affecting high elevation species, have equally been attributed toBd. Here we report the prevalence ofBdin a population of a high elevationBolitoglossaspecies in Nicaragua, since its description in 1999 until 2011 in the absence of any obvious population declines. Our findings show a low prevalence in an environmental context where pathogen driven declines would be expected to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Stark
- Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences, Agora 1, 8934 CJ Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Carlijn Laurijssens
- Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences, Agora 1, 8934 CJ Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Weterings
- Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences, Agora 1, 8934 CJ Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
- Wageningen University and Research Center, Resource Ecology Group, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - An Martel
- Ghent University, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Gunther Köhler
- Senckenberg, Forschungsinstitute und Naturmuseen, Senckenberganlag 25, Frankfurt a.M., Germany
| | - Frank Pasmans
- Ghent University, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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103
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DiRenzo GV, Che-Castaldo C, Rugenski A, Brenes R, Whiles MR, Pringle CM, Kilham SS, Lips KR. Disassembly of a tadpole community by a multi-host fungal pathogen with limited evidence of recovery. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2017; 27:309-320. [PMID: 28052493 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases can cause host community disassembly, but the mechanisms driving the order of species declines and extirpations following a disease outbreak are unclear. We documented the community disassembly of a Neotropical tadpole community during a chytridiomycosis outbreak, triggered by the generalist fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Within the first 11 months of Bd arrival, tadpole density and occupancy rapidly declined. Species rarity, in terms of tadpole occupancy and adult relative abundance, did not predict the odds of tadpole occupancy declines. But species losses were taxonomically selective, with glassfrogs (Family: Centrolenidae) disappearing the fastest and tree frogs (Family: Hylidae) and dart-poison frogs (Family: Dendrobatidae) remaining the longest. We detected biotic homogenization of tadpole communities, with post-decline communities resembling one another more strongly than pre-decline communities. The entire tadpole community was extirpated within 22 months following Bd arrival, and we found limited signs of recovery within 10 years post-outbreak. Because of imperfect species detection inherent to sampling species-rich tropical communities and the difficulty of devising a single study design protocol to sample physically complex tropical habitats, we used simulations to provide recommendations for future surveys to adequately sample diverse Neotropical communities. Our unique data set on tadpole community composition before and after Bd arrival is a valuable baseline for assessing amphibian recovery. Our results are of direct relevance to conservation managers and community ecologists interested in understanding the timing, magnitude, and consequences of disease outbreaks as emerging infectious diseases spread globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziella V DiRenzo
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20744, USA
| | | | - Amanda Rugenski
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, 85281, USA
| | - Roberto Brenes
- Department of Biology, Carroll University, Waukesha, Wisconsin, 53186, USA
| | - Matt R Whiles
- Department of Zoology and Center for Ecology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, 62901, USA
| | | | - Susan S Kilham
- Department of Biodiversity, Earth and Environmental Science, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
| | - Karen R Lips
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20744, USA
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104
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Estupiñán RA, Ferrari SF, Gonçalves EC, Barbosa MSR, Vallinoto M, Schneider MPC. Evaluating the diversity of Neotropical anurans using DNA barcodes. Zookeys 2016; 637:89-106. [PMID: 28138277 PMCID: PMC5240124 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.637.8637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study tested the effectiveness of COI barcodes for the discrimination of anuran species from the Amazon basin and other Neotropical regions. Barcodes were determined for a total of 59 species, with a further 58 species being included from GenBank. In most cases, distinguishing species using the barcodes was straightforward. Each species had a distinct COI barcode or codes, with intraspecific distances ranging from 0% to 9.9%. However, relatively high intraspecific divergence (11.4-19.4%) was observed in some species, such as Ranitomeya ventrimaculata, Craugastor fitzingeri, Hypsiboas leptolineatus, Scinax fuscomarginatus and Leptodactylus knudseni, which may reflect errors of identification or the presence of a species complex. Intraspecific distances recorded in species for which samples were obtained from GenBank (Engystomops pustulosus, Atelopus varius, Craugastor podiciferus, and Dendropsophus labialis) were greater than those between many pairs of species. Interspecific distances ranged between 11-39%. Overall, the clear differences observed between most intra- and inter-specific distances indicate that the COI barcode is an effective tool for the identification of Neotropical species in most of the cases analyzed in the present study.
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105
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Costa S, Lopes I, Proença DN, Ribeiro R, Morais PV. Diversity of cutaneous microbiome of Pelophylax perezi populations inhabiting different environments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 572:995-1004. [PMID: 27522290 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Potential synergetic interaction between chemicals, climate change and the emergence of opportunistic diseases is of utmost concern within the amphibian decline scenario. Understand the structure and dynamic of this microbiome and how environmental stressors act on this community is a priority. The present study aimed to: i) characterize the skin microbiome of Pelophylax perezi frog by looking for variations between populations in reference and under stress conditions (one metal contaminated and another with salinity fluctuations) and ii) evaluate the tolerance of skin-isolated bacteria to chemical contamination. Skin swabs were collected from frog populations inhabiting three reference sites (LB, VA and AM), one metal-rich contaminated (TP) and one brackish lentic aquatic system (SL). The frogs' skin microbiome was characterized by culture independent method (DGGE) and by cultivation methods. DGGE showed a characteristic profile in frogs from TP population. Results of recovered communities revealed low morphotype diversity and density (Colony Forming Units per frog) on individuals from TP population, comparatively to the other sampled populations. Isolated bacteria identified based on 16S rRNA gene sequence belong mainly to the classes Actinobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria. Ecotoxicological assays with acid-metal contaminated effluent (ETP) showed that the percentage of tolerant strains was higher in frogs from TP population than in SL and LB populations. In conclusion, results suggest that: a) environmental specific characteristics, as the presence of chemical contaminants, influence the composition of amphibian microbiome, comparing with sites without such contaminants; b) there are differences in microbiome composition between populations; and c) bacteria historically exposed to effluent may evolve tolerance to this kind of contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Costa
- Department of Biology and CESAM, Campus of Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Isabel Lopes
- Department of Biology and CESAM, Campus of Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Diogo Neves Proença
- Department of Biology and CESAM, Campus of Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Department of Life Sciences and CEMUC, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui Ribeiro
- Department of Life Sciences and CEMUC, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula V Morais
- Department of Life Sciences and CEMUC, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal.
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106
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Benkman CW. The Natural History of the South Hills Crossbill in Relation to Its Impending Extinction. Am Nat 2016; 188:589-601. [PMID: 27860509 DOI: 10.1086/688904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Increasingly, the species that we discover will be uncommon, area restricted, and vulnerable to extinction. I describe the natural history of a newly discovered seed-eating finch from the Rocky Mountain region, the South Hills crossbill (Loxia curvirostra complex). It relies on seeds in the closed cones of the fire-adapted Rocky Mountain lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta latifolia) and is found only in the higher elevations of two small mountain ranges in southern Idaho. Here crossbills and pine are engaged in a coevolutionary arms race. Although most of the seeds remain secured within the cones for decades until the heat of a stand-replacing fire causes the cone scales to separate, seeds become accessible to crossbills slowly as cones weather and gaps form between some of the scales. However, hot days (≥32°C), especially four or more hot days, seem to mimic the effect of fire, apparently causing the immediate release of a fraction of the seeds. Such events caused a 20% annual decline in crossbills that lasted up to 4 years and an 80% decline in the population between 2003 and 2011. This is an example of a novel trophic mismatch between a consumer and its resource caused by a shift in the phenology of the resource arising from climate change. Not only do these phenological shifts have the potential to cause seed consumers to decline, these shifts are also likely to cause reduced recruitment of the plants. The South Hills crossbill is especially vulnerable and will likely go extinct this century before lodgepole pine is extirpated from the South Hills.
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107
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Large-scale recovery of an endangered amphibian despite ongoing exposure to multiple stressors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:11889-11894. [PMID: 27698128 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1600983113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphibians are one of the most threatened animal groups, with 32% of species at risk for extinction. Given this imperiled status, is the disappearance of a large fraction of the Earth's amphibians inevitable, or are some declining species more resilient than is generally assumed? We address this question in a species that is emblematic of many declining amphibians, the endangered Sierra Nevada yellow-legged frog (Rana sierrae). Based on >7,000 frog surveys conducted across Yosemite National Park over a 20-y period, we show that, after decades of decline and despite ongoing exposure to multiple stressors, including introduced fish, the recently emerged disease chytridiomycosis, and pesticides, R. sierrae abundance increased sevenfold during the study and at a rate of 11% per year. These increases occurred in hundreds of populations throughout Yosemite, providing a rare example of amphibian recovery at an ecologically relevant spatial scale. Results from a laboratory experiment indicate that these increases may be in part because of reduced frog susceptibility to chytridiomycosis. The disappearance of nonnative fish from numerous water bodies after cessation of stocking also contributed to the recovery. The large-scale increases in R. sierrae abundance that we document suggest that, when habitats are relatively intact and stressors are reduced in their importance by active management or species' adaptive responses, declines of some amphibians may be partially reversible, at least at a regional scale. Other studies conducted over similarly large temporal and spatial scales are critically needed to provide insight and generality about the reversibility of amphibian declines at a global scale.
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108
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Batista A, Köhler G, Mebert K, Hertz A, Veselý M. An integrative approach to reveal speciation and species richness in the genusDiasporus(Amphibia: Anura: Eleutherodactylidae) in eastern Panama. Zool J Linn Soc 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abel Batista
- Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Frankfurt; Senckenberganlage 25 60325 Frankfurt am Main Germany
- Institute for Ecology, Evolution & Diversity; Biologicum; Goethe-University; Building C, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Gunther Köhler
- Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Frankfurt; Senckenberganlage 25 60325 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Konrad Mebert
- Department of Environmental Sciences; Section of Conservation Biology; University of Basel; St. Johanns-Vorstadt 10 CH-4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Andreas Hertz
- Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Frankfurt; Senckenberganlage 25 60325 Frankfurt am Main Germany
- Institute for Ecology, Evolution & Diversity; Biologicum; Goethe-University; Building C, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Milan Veselý
- Department of Zoology; Faculty of Natural Sciences; Palacký University; 17. Listopadu 50 77146 Olomouc Czech Republic
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109
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Del-Prado R, Divakar PK, Lumbsch HT, Crespo AM. Hidden Genetic Diversity in an Asexually Reproducing Lichen Forming Fungal Group. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161031. [PMID: 27513649 PMCID: PMC4981466 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Asexual species with vegetative propagation of both symbiont partners (soredia) in lichens may harbor lower species diversity because they may indeed represent evolutionary dead ends or clones. In this study we aim to critically examine species boundaries in the sorediate lichen forming fungi Parmotrema reticulatum–Parmotrema pseudoreticulatum complex applying coalescent-based approaches and other recently developed DNA-based methods. To this end, we gathered 180 samples from Africa, Asia, Australasia, Europe, North and South America and generated sequences of internal transcribed spacer of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS) and DNA replication licensing factor MCM7 (MCM7). The dataset was analysed using different approaches such as traditional phylogeny–maximum likelihood and Bayesian–genetic distances, automatic barcode gap discovery and coalescent-based methods–PTP, GMYC, spedeSTEM and *Beast–in order to test congruence among results. Additionally, the divergence times were also estimated to elucidate diversification events. Delimitations inferred from the different analyses are comparable with only minor differences, and following a conservative approach we propose that the sampled specimens of the P. reticulatum–P. pseudoreticulatum complex belong to at least eight distinct species-level lineages. Seven are currently classified under P. reticulatum and one as P. pseudoreticulatum. In this work we discuss one of only few examples of cryptic species that have so far been found in sorediate reproducing lichen forming fungi. Additionally our estimates suggest a recent origin of the species complex–during the Miocene. Consequently, the wide distribution of several of the cryptic species has to be explained by intercontinental long-distance dispersal events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Del-Prado
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Pradeep Kumar Divakar
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - H. Thorsten Lumbsch
- Science and Education, Field Museum, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ana M. Crespo
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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110
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Holmes MW, Hammond TT, Wogan GOU, Walsh RE, LaBarbera K, Wommack EA, Martins FM, Crawford JC, Mack KL, Bloch LM, Nachman MW. Natural history collections as windows on evolutionary processes. Mol Ecol 2016; 25:864-81. [PMID: 26757135 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Natural history collections provide an immense record of biodiversity on Earth. These repositories have traditionally been used to address fundamental questions in biogeography, systematics and conservation. However, they also hold the potential for studying evolution directly. While some of the best direct observations of evolution have come from long-term field studies or from experimental studies in the laboratory, natural history collections are providing new insights into evolutionary change in natural populations. By comparing phenotypic and genotypic changes in populations through time, natural history collections provide a window into evolutionary processes. Recent studies utilizing this approach have revealed some dramatic instances of phenotypic change over short timescales in response to presumably strong selective pressures. In some instances, evolutionary change can be paired with environmental change, providing a context for potential selective forces. Moreover, in a few cases, the genetic basis of phenotypic change is well understood, allowing for insight into adaptive change at multiple levels. These kinds of studies open the door to a wide range of previously intractable questions by enabling the study of evolution through time, analogous to experimental studies in the laboratory, but amenable to a diversity of species over longer timescales in natural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Holmes
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 97420-3140, USA.,Department of Biology, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, SC, 29528, USA
| | - Talisin T Hammond
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 97420-3140, USA
| | - Guinevere O U Wogan
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 97420-3140, USA
| | - Rachel E Walsh
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 97420-3140, USA
| | - Katie LaBarbera
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 97420-3140, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Wommack
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 97420-3140, USA.,Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming Museum of Vertebrates, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Felipe M Martins
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 97420-3140, USA
| | - Jeremy C Crawford
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 97420-3140, USA
| | - Katya L Mack
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 97420-3140, USA
| | - Luke M Bloch
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 97420-3140, USA
| | - Michael W Nachman
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 97420-3140, USA
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111
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Nelson MB, Chase AB, Martiny JBH, Stocker R, Nguyen J, Lloyd K, Oshiro RT, Kearns DB, Schneider JP, Ringel PD, Basler M, Olson CA, Vuong HE, Hsiao EY, Roller BRK, Ackermann M, Smillie C, Chien D, Alm E, Jermy AJ. The Microbial Olympics 2016. Nat Microbiol 2016; 1:16122. [PMID: 27573121 PMCID: PMC6961809 DOI: 10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Following the success of the inaugural games, the Microbial Olympics return with a new series of events and microbial competitors. The games may have moved to a new hosting venue, but the dedication to training, fitness, competition (and yes, education and humour) lives on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaeline B Nelson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Alexander B Chase
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Jennifer B H Martiny
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Roman Stocker
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jen Nguyen
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karen Lloyd
- Department of Microbiology, M409 Walters Life Sciences, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - Reid T Oshiro
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Daniel B Kearns
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Johannes P Schneider
- Focal Area Infection Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter D Ringel
- Focal Area Infection Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marek Basler
- Focal Area Infection Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christine A Olson
- Department of Integrative Biology &Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Helen E Vuong
- Department of Integrative Biology &Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Elaine Y Hsiao
- Department of Integrative Biology &Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Benjamin R K Roller
- ETH Zurich, Department of Environmental Systems Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland and Eawag, Department of Environmental Microbiology, Dubendorf, Switzerland. B.R.K.R. is also at ETH Zurich, Center for Adaptation to a Changing Environment, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Ackermann
- ETH Zurich, Department of Environmental Systems Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland and Eawag, Department of Environmental Microbiology, Dubendorf, Switzerland. B.R.K.R. is also at ETH Zurich, Center for Adaptation to a Changing Environment, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chris Smillie
- Center for Microbiome Informatics and Therapeutics, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Diana Chien
- Center for Microbiome Informatics and Therapeutics, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eric Alm
- Nature Microbiology, 4 Crinan Street, London N1 9XW, UK
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112
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Insights From Genomics Into Spatial and Temporal Variation in Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2016. [PMID: 27571698 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Advances in genetics and genomics have provided new tools for the study of emerging infectious diseases. Researchers can now move quickly from simple hypotheses to complex explanations for pathogen origin, spread, and mechanisms of virulence. Here we focus on the application of genomics to understanding the biology of the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), a novel and deadly pathogen of amphibians. We provide a brief history of the system, then focus on key insights into Bd variation garnered from genomics approaches, and finally, highlight new frontiers for future discoveries. Genomic tools have revealed unexpected complexity and variation in the Bd system suggesting that the history and biology of emerging pathogens may not be as simple as they initially seem.
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113
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Brown GP, Shine R. Frogs in the spotlight: a 16-year survey of native frogs and invasive toads on a floodplain in tropical Australia. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:4445-57. [PMID: 27386087 PMCID: PMC4930992 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although widespread declines in anuran populations have attracted considerable concern, the stochastic demographics of these animals make it difficult to detect consistent trends against a background of spatial and temporal variation. To identify long‐term trends, we need datasets gathered over long time periods, especially from tropical areas where anuran biodiversity is highest. We conducted road surveys of four anurans in the Australian wet–dry tropics on 4637 nights over a 16‐year period. Our surveys spanned the arrival of invasive cane toads (Rhinella marina), allowing us to assess the invader's impact on native anuran populations. Our counts demonstrate abrupt and asynchronous shifts in abundance and species composition from one year to the next, not clearly linked to rainfall patterns. Typically, periods of decline in numbers of a species were limited to 1–2 years and were followed by 1‐ to 2‐year periods of increase. No taxa showed consistent declines over time, although trajectories for some species showed significant perturbations coincident with the arrival of toads. None of the four focal frog species was less common at the end of the study than at the beginning, and three of the species reached peak abundances after toad arrival. Survey counts of cane toads increased rapidly during the initial stage of invasion but have subsequently declined and fluctuated. Distinguishing consistent declines versus stochastic fluctuations in anuran populations requires extensive time‐series analysis, coupled with an understanding of the shifts expected under local climatic conditions. This is especially pertinent when assessing impacts of specific perturbations such as invasive species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory P Brown
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, A08 University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales 2006 Australia
| | - Richard Shine
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, A08 University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales 2006 Australia
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114
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Whitfield SM, Lips KR, Donnelly MA. Amphibian Decline and Conservation in Central America. COPEIA 2016. [DOI: 10.1643/ch-15-300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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115
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Smith TC, Knapp RA, Briggs CJ. Declines and extinctions of mountain yellow‐legged frogs have small effects on benthic macroinvertebrate communities. Ecosphere 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C. Smith
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine BiologyUniversity of California Santa Barbara California 93106 USA
| | - Roland A. Knapp
- Sierra Nevada Aquatic Research LaboratoryUniversity of California 1016 Mount Morrison Road Mammoth Lakes California 93546 USA
| | - Cheryl J. Briggs
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine BiologyUniversity of California Santa Barbara California 93106 USA
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116
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Clulow J, Clulow S. Cryopreservation and other assisted reproductive technologies for the conservation of threatened amphibians and reptiles: bringing the ARTs up to speed. Reprod Fertil Dev 2016; 28:RD15466. [PMID: 27246622 DOI: 10.1071/rd15466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphibians and reptiles are experiencing serious declines, with the number of threatened species and extinctions growing rapidly as the modern biodiversity crisis unfolds. For amphibians, the panzootic of chytridiomycosis is a major driver. For reptiles, habitat loss and harvesting from the wild are key threats. Cryopreservation and other assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) could play a role in slowing the loss of amphibian and reptile biodiversity and managing threatened populations through genome storage and the production of live animals from stored material. These vertebrate classes are at different stages of development in cryopreservation and other ARTs, and each class faces different technical challenges arising from the separate evolutionary end-points of their reproductive biology. For amphibians, the generation of live offspring from cryopreserved spermatozoa has been achieved, but the cryopreservation of oocytes and embryos remains elusive. With reptiles, spermatozoa have been cryopreserved in a few species, but no offspring from cryopreserved spermatozoa have been reported, and the generation of live young from AI has only occurred in a small number of species. Cryopreservation and ARTs are more developed and advanced for amphibians than reptiles. Future work on both groups needs to concentrate on achieving proof of concept examples that demonstrate the use of genome storage and ARTs in successfully recovering threatened species to increase awareness and support for this approach to conservation.
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117
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Maguire C, DiRenzo GV, Tunstall TS, Muletz CR, Zamudio KR, Lips KR. Dead or alive? Viability of chytrid zoospores shed from live amphibian hosts. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2016; 119:179-187. [PMID: 27225201 DOI: 10.3354/dao02991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens vary in virulence and rates of transmission because of many differences in the host, the pathogen, and their environment. The amphibian chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), affects amphibian hosts differently, causing extinction and population declines in some species but having limited effects on others. Phenotypic differences in zoospore production rates among Bd lineages likely contribute to some of the variation observed among host responses, although no studies have quantified the viability of zoospores shed from live animals. We compared host survivorship, infection intensity, shedding rates, and zoospore viability between 2 species of endangered tropical frogs, Hylomantis lemur and Atelopus zeteki, when exposed to a highly virulent lineage of Bd (JEL 423). We applied a dye to zoospores 30 to 60 min following animal soaks, to estimate shedding rate and proportion of live zoospores shed by different species. The average infection intensity for A. zeteki was nearly 17 times higher (31,455 ± 10,103 zoospore genomic equivalents [ZGEs]) than that of H. lemur (1832 ± 1086 ZGEs), and A. zeteki died earlier than H. lemur. The proportion of viable zoospores was ~80% in both species throughout the experiment, although A. zeteki produced many more zoospores, suggesting it may play a disproportionate role in spreading disease in communities where it occurs, because the large number of viable zoospores they produce might increase infection in other species where they are reintroduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Maguire
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61820, USA
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118
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Hirschfeld M, Blackburn DC, Doherty-Bone TM, Gonwouo LN, Ghose S, Rödel MO. Dramatic Declines of Montane Frogs in a Central African Biodiversity Hotspot. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155129. [PMID: 27149624 PMCID: PMC4858272 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphibian populations are vanishing worldwide. Declines and extinctions of many populations have been attributed to chytridiomycosis, a disease induced by the pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). In Africa, however, changes in amphibian assemblages were typically attributed to habitat change. We conducted a retrospective study utilizing field surveys from 2004–2012 of the anuran faunas on two mountains in western Cameroon, a hotspot of African amphibian diversity. The number of species detected was negatively influenced by year, habitat degradation, and elevation, and we detected a decline of certain species. Because another study in this region revealed an emergence of Bd in 2008, we screened additional recent field-collected samples and also pre-decline preserved museum specimens for the presence of Bd supporting emergence before 2008. When comparing the years before and after Bd detection, we found significantly diminished frog species richness and abundance on both mountains after Bd emergence. Our analyses suggest that this may be the first disease-driven community-level decline in anuran biodiversity in Central Africa. The disappearance of several species known to tolerate habitat degradation, and a trend of stronger declines at higher elevations, are consistent with Bd-induced declines in other regions. Not all species decreased; populations of some species remained constant, and others increased after the emergence of Bd. This variation might be explained by species-specific differences in infection probability. Increased habitat protection and Bd-mitigation strategies are needed for sustaining diverse amphibian communities such as those on Mt. Manengouba, which contains nearly half of Cameroon’s frog diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Hirschfeld
- Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstraße 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - David C. Blackburn
- Department of Herpetology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California 94118, United States of America
| | - Thomas M. Doherty-Bone
- Conservation Research & Action for Amphibians of Cameroon, Royal Zoological Society of Scotland, Edinburgh Zoo, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - LeGrand Nono Gonwouo
- Cameroon Herpetology-Conservation Biology Foundation (CAMHERP-CBF), PO Box 8218, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Sonia Ghose
- Department of Herpetology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California 94118, United States of America
| | - Mark-Oliver Rödel
- Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstraße 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany
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119
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Sea Star Wasting Disease in the Keystone Predator Pisaster ochraceus in Oregon: Insights into Differential Population Impacts, Recovery, Predation Rate, and Temperature Effects from Long-Term Research. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153994. [PMID: 27144391 PMCID: PMC4856327 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sea star wasting disease (SSWD) first appeared in Oregon in April 2014, and by June had spread to most of the coast. Although delayed compared to areas to the north and south, SSWD was initially most intense in north and central Oregon and spread southward. Up to 90% of individuals showed signs of disease from June-August 2014. In rocky intertidal habitats, populations of the dominant sea star Pisaster ochraceus were rapidly depleted, with magnitudes of decline in density among sites ranging from -2x to -9x (59 to 84%) and of biomass from -2.6x to -15.8x (60 to 90%) by September 2014. The frequency of symptomatic individuals declined over winter and persisted at a low rate through the spring and summer 2015 (~5-15%, at most sites) and into fall 2015. Disease expression included six symptoms: initially with twisting arms, then deflation and/or lesions, lost arms, losing grip on substrate, and final disintegration. SSWD was disproportionally higher in orange individuals, and higher in tidepools. Although historically P. ochraceus recruitment has been low, from fall 2014 to spring 2015 an unprecedented surge of sea star recruitment occurred at all sites, ranging from ~7x to 300x greater than in 2014. The loss of adult and juvenile individuals in 2014 led to a dramatic decline in predation rate on mussels compared to the previous two decades. A proximate cause of wasting was likely the "Sea Star associated Densovirus" (SSaDV), but the ultimate factors triggering the epidemic, if any, remain unclear. Although warm temperature has been proposed as a possible trigger, SSWD in Oregon populations increased with cool temperatures. Since P. ochraceus is a keystone predator that can strongly influence the biodiversity and community structure of the intertidal community, major community-level responses to the disease are expected. However, predicting the specific impacts and time course of change across west coast meta-communities is difficult, suggesting the need for detailed coast-wide investigation of the effects of this outbreak.
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120
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Chambers EA, Hebert PDN. Assessing DNA Barcodes for Species Identification in North American Reptiles and Amphibians in Natural History Collections. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154363. [PMID: 27116180 PMCID: PMC4846166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High rates of species discovery and loss have led to the urgent need for more rapid assessment of species diversity in the herpetofauna. DNA barcoding allows for the preliminary identification of species based on sequence divergence. Prior DNA barcoding work on reptiles and amphibians has revealed higher biodiversity counts than previously estimated due to cases of cryptic and undiscovered species. Past studies have provided DNA barcodes for just 14% of the North American herpetofauna, revealing the need for expanded coverage. Methodology/Principal Findings This study extends the DNA barcode reference library for North American herpetofauna, assesses the utility of this approach in aiding species delimitation, and examines the correspondence between current species boundaries and sequence clusters designated by the BIN system. Sequences were obtained from 730 specimens, representing 274 species (43%) from the North American herpetofauna. Mean intraspecific divergences were 1% and 3%, while average congeneric sequence divergences were 16% and 14% in amphibians and reptiles, respectively. BIN assignments corresponded with current species boundaries in 79% of amphibians, 100% of turtles, and 60% of squamates. Deep divergences (>2%) were noted in 35% of squamate and 16% of amphibian species, and low divergences (<2%) occurred in 12% of reptiles and 23% of amphibians, patterns reflected in BIN assignments. Sequence recovery declined with specimen age, and variation in recovery success was noted among collections. Within collections, barcodes effectively flagged seven mislabeled tissues, and barcode fragments were recovered from five formalin-fixed specimens. Conclusions/Significance This study demonstrates that DNA barcodes can effectively flag errors in museum collections, while BIN splits and merges reveal taxa belonging to deeply diverged or hybridizing lineages. This study is the first effort to compile a reference library of DNA barcodes for herpetofauna on a continental scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Anne Chambers
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Paul D. N. Hebert
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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121
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Direct and Indirect Horizontal Transmission of the Antifungal Probiotic Bacterium Janthinobacterium lividum on Green Frog (Lithobates clamitans) Tadpoles. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:2457-2466. [PMID: 26873311 DOI: 10.1128/aem.04147-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Amphibian populations worldwide are being threatened by the disease chytridiomycosis, which is caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis To mitigate the effects of B. dendrobatidis, bioaugmentation of antifungal bacteria has been shown to be a promising strategy. One way to implement bioaugmentation is through indirect horizontal transmission, defined as the transfer of bacteria from a host to the environment and to another host. In addition, direct horizontal transmission among individuals can facilitate the spread of a probiotic in a population. In this study, we tested whether the antifungal bacterium Janthinobacterium lividum could be horizontally transferred, directly or indirectly, in a laboratory experiment using Lithobates clamitans tadpoles. We evaluated the ability of J. lividumto colonize the tadpoles' skin and to persist through time using culture-dependent and culture-independent techniques. We also tested whether the addition of J. lividum affected the skin community in L. clamitans tadpoles. We found that transmission occurred rapidly by direct and indirect horizontal transmission, but indirect transmission that included a potential substrate was more effective. Even though J. lividum colonized the skin, its relative abundance on the tadpole skin decreased over time. The inoculation of J. lividum did not significantly alter the skin bacterial diversity of L. clamitans tadpoles, which was dominated by Pseudomonas Our results show that indirect horizontal transmission can be an effective bioaugmentation method. Future research is needed to determine the best conditions, including the presence of substrates, under which a probiotic can persist on the skin so that bioaugmentation becomes a successful strategy to mitigate chytridiomycosis.
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122
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Méndez-Narváez J, Bolívar-G W. Complementary Ecological Approaches to Understand Decreases in Frog Diversity in Altered Andean Ecosystems. SOUTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HERPETOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.2994/sajh-d-15-00015.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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123
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Susceptibility to disease varies with ontogeny and immunocompetence in a threatened amphibian. Oecologia 2016; 181:997-1009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-016-3607-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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124
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Eisenlord ME, Groner ML, Yoshioka RM, Elliott J, Maynard J, Fradkin S, Turner M, Pyne K, Rivlin N, van Hooidonk R, Harvell CD. Ochre star mortality during the 2014 wasting disease epizootic: role of population size structure and temperature. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:20150212. [PMID: 26880844 PMCID: PMC4760142 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 20 species of asteroids were devastated by a sea star wasting disease (SSWD) epizootic, linked to a densovirus, from Mexico to Alaska in 2013 and 2014. For Pisaster ochraceus from the San Juan Islands, South Puget Sound and Washington outer coast, time-series monitoring showed rapid disease spread, high mortality rates in 2014, and continuing levels of wasting in the survivors in 2015. Peak prevalence of disease at 16 sites ranged to 100%, with an overall mean of 61%. Analysis of longitudinal data showed disease risk was correlated with both size and temperature and resulted in shifts in population size structure; adult populations fell to one quarter of pre-outbreak abundances. In laboratory experiments, time between development of disease signs and death was influenced by temperature in adults but not juveniles and adult mortality was 18% higher in the 19 °C treatment compared to the lower temperature treatments. While larger ochre stars developed disease signs sooner than juveniles, diseased juveniles died more quickly than diseased adults. Unusual 2-3 °C warm temperature anomalies were coincident with the summer 2014 mortalities. We suggest these warm waters could have increased the disease progression and mortality rates of SSWD in Washington State.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan E Eisenlord
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Maya L Groner
- Department of Health Management, University of Prince Edward Island, Atlantic Veterinary College, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - Reyn M Yoshioka
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Joel Elliott
- Department of Biology, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, WA 98416, USA
| | - Jeffrey Maynard
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA Laboratoire d'Excellence «CORAIL» USR 3278 CNRS-EPHE, CRIOBE, Papetoai, Moorea, Polynésie Française
| | - Steven Fradkin
- Lake Crescent Laboratory, Olympic National Park, Port Angeles, WA 98362, USA
| | - Margaret Turner
- Marine Science Center, Northeastern University, Nahant, MA 01908, USA
| | - Katie Pyne
- Department of Biology, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, WA 98416, USA
| | - Natalie Rivlin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Ruben van Hooidonk
- Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, NOAA, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA
| | - C Drew Harvell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
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Rojas RR, Chaparro JC, Carvalho VTD, Ávila RW, Farias IP, Hrbek T, Gordo M. Uncovering the diversity in the Amazophrynella minuta complex: integrative taxonomy reveals a new species of Amazophrynella (Anura, Bufonidae) from southern Peru. Zookeys 2016; 563:43-71. [PMID: 27047239 PMCID: PMC4797212 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.563.6084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A new species of the genus Amazophrynella (Anura, Bufonidae) is described from the departments of Madre de Dios, Cusco and Junin in Peru. An integrative taxonomy approach is used. A morphological diagnosis, morphometrics comparisons, description of the advertisement call, and the phylogenetic relationships of the new species are provided. Amazophrynella javierbustamantei sp. n. differs from other species of Amazophrynella by: intermediate body-size (snout-vent length 14.9 mm in males, n = 26 and 19.6 mm in females, n = 20), tuberculate skin texture of body, greatest hand length of the Amazophrynella spp. (3.6 mm in males, n = 26 and 4.6 mm in females, n = 20), venter coloration yellowish, tiny rounded black points covering the venter, and thirteen molecular autapomorphies in the 16S RNA gene. Its distribution varies from 215 to 708 m a.s.l. This discovery highlights the importance of the remnant forest in preserving the biodiversity in Peru, and increase in seven the species formally described in the genus Amazophrynella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rommel R. Rojas
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia-INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Manaus, Brazil
- Laboratório de Genética e Evolução Animal, Departamento de Genética, ICB, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Av. Gen. Rodrigo Octávio Jordão Ramos, 3000, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Juan C. Chaparro
- Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Peru
| | - Vinícius Tadeu De Carvalho
- Laboratório de Genética e Evolução Animal, Departamento de Genética, ICB, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Av. Gen. Rodrigo Octávio Jordão Ramos, 3000, Manaus, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia, Av. Gen. Rodrigo Octávio Jordão Ramos, 3000, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Robson W. Ávila
- Universidade Regional do Cariri, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Campus do Pimenta, Rua Cel. Antônio Luiz, 1161, Bairro do Pimenta, Crato, Brazil
| | - Izeni Pires Farias
- Laboratório de Genética e Evolução Animal, Departamento de Genética, ICB, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Av. Gen. Rodrigo Octávio Jordão Ramos, 3000, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Tomas Hrbek
- Laboratório de Genética e Evolução Animal, Departamento de Genética, ICB, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Av. Gen. Rodrigo Octávio Jordão Ramos, 3000, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Gordo
- Departamento de Biologia, ICB, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Av. Gen. Rodrigo Octávio Jordão Ramos, 3000, Manaus, Brazil
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De Busschere C, Courant J, Herrel A, Rebelo R, Rödder D, Measey GJ, Backeljau T. Unequal contribution of native South African phylogeographic lineages to the invasion of the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, in Europe. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1659. [PMID: 26855879 PMCID: PMC4741087 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to both deliberate and accidental introductions, invasive African Clawed Frog (Xenopus laevis) populations have become established worldwide. In this study, we investigate the geographic origins of invasive X. laevis populations in France and Portugal using the phylogeographic structure of X. laevis in its native South African range. In total, 80 individuals from the whole area known to be invaded in France and Portugal were analysed for two mitochondrial and three nuclear genes, allowing a comparison with 185 specimens from the native range. Our results show that native phylogeographic lineages have contributed differently to invasive European X. laevis populations. In Portugal, genetic and historical data suggest a single colonization event involving a small number of individuals from the south-western Cape region in South Africa. In contrast, French invasive X. laevis encompass two distinct native phylogeographic lineages, i.e., one from the south-western Cape region and one from the northern regions of South Africa. The French X. laevis population is the first example of a X. laevis invasion involving multiple lineages. Moreover, the lack of population structure based on nuclear DNA suggests a potential role for admixture within the invasive French population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte De Busschere
- Operational Direction Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julien Courant
- UMR7179, Département d’Ecologie et de Gestion de la Biodiversité, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Paris, France
| | - Anthony Herrel
- UMR7179, Département d’Ecologie et de Gestion de la Biodiversité, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Paris, France
| | - Rui Rebelo
- Departamento de Biologia Animal/ Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Dennis Rödder
- Herpetology Department, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany
| | - G. John Measey
- Centre of Invasive Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South-Africa
| | - Thierry Backeljau
- Operational Direction Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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127
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Stream noise, habitat filtering, and the phenotypic and phylogenetic structure of Neotropical anuran assemblages. Evol Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-016-9817-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2022]
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128
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Rebollar EA, Hughey MC, Medina D, Harris RN, Ibáñez R, Belden LK. Skin bacterial diversity of Panamanian frogs is associated with host susceptibility and presence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. ISME JOURNAL 2016; 10:1682-95. [PMID: 26744810 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2015.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Symbiotic bacteria on amphibian skin can inhibit growth of the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) that has caused dramatic population declines and extinctions of amphibians in the Neotropics. It remains unclear how the amphibians' skin microbiota is influenced by environmental bacterial reservoirs, host-associated factors such as susceptibility to pathogens, and pathogen presence in tropical amphibians. We sampled skin bacteria from five co-occurring frog species that differ in Bd susceptibility at one Bd-naive site, and sampled one of the non-susceptible species from Bd-endemic and Bd-naive sites in Panama. We hypothesized that skin bacterial communities (1) would be distinct from the surrounding environment regardless of the host habitat, (2) would differ between Bd susceptible and non-susceptible species and (3) would differ on hosts in Bd-naive and Bd-endemic sites. We found that skin bacterial communities were enriched in bacterial taxa that had low relative abundances in the environment. Non-susceptible species had very similar skin bacterial communities that were enriched in particular taxa such as the genera Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter. Bacterial communities of Craugastor fitzingeri in Bd-endemic sites were less diverse than in the naive site, and differences in community structure across sites were explained by changes in relative abundance of specific bacterial taxa. Our results indicate that skin microbial structure was associated with host susceptibility to Bd and might be associated to the history of Bd presence at different sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eria A Rebollar
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, USA
| | - Myra C Hughey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Daniel Medina
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Reid N Harris
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, USA
| | - Roberto Ibáñez
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | - Lisa K Belden
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
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129
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Gratwicke B, Ross H, Batista A, Chaves G, Crawford AJ, Elizondo L, Estrada A, Evans M, Garelle D, Guerrel J, Hertz A, Hughey M, Jaramillo CA, Klocke B, Mandica M, Medina D, Richards‐Zawacki CL, Ryan MJ, Sosa‐Bartuano A, Voyles J, Walker B, Woodhams DC, Ibáñez R. Evaluating the probability of avoiding disease‐related extinctions of Panamanian amphibians through captive breeding programs. Anim Conserv 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Gratwicke
- Center for Species Survival Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute National Zoological Park Washington DC USA
| | - H. Ross
- Panama Amphibian Rescue and Conservation Project El Valle Amphibian Conservation Center Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Panama Republic of Panama
| | - A. Batista
- Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Frankfurt Frankfurt Germany
| | - G. Chaves
- Escuela de Biología Universidad de Costa Rica San José Costa Rica
| | - A. J. Crawford
- Department of Biological Sciences Universidad de los Andes Bogotá Colombia
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Panama Republic of Panama
- Círculo Herpetológico de Panamá Panama Republic of Panama
| | - L. Elizondo
- Programa de Maestría en Ciencias Biológicas Universidad de Panamá Panama Republic of Panama
| | - A. Estrada
- Department of Biological Sciences Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA USA
| | - M. Evans
- Reptile Discovery Center Smithsonian's National Zoological Park Washington DC USA
| | - D. Garelle
- Cheyenne Mountain Zoo Colorado Springs CO USA
| | - J. Guerrel
- Panama Amphibian Rescue and Conservation Project Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Panama Republic of Panama
| | - A. Hertz
- Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Frankfurt Frankfurt Germany
- Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity Biologicum Goethe‐University Frankfurt Germany
| | - M. Hughey
- Department of Biological Sciences Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA USA
| | - C. A. Jaramillo
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Panama Republic of Panama
- Círculo Herpetológico de Panamá Panama Republic of Panama
- Departamento de Histología y Neuroanatomía Humana Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Panamá Panama Republic of Panama
- Biodiversity Consultant Group Panama Republic of Panama
| | - B. Klocke
- Department of Biology George Mason University Fairfax VA USA
| | - M. Mandica
- Department of Research and Conservation Atlanta Botanical Garden Atlanta GA USA
| | - D. Medina
- Department of Biological Sciences Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA USA
| | - C. L. Richards‐Zawacki
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Panama Republic of Panama
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Tulane University New Orleans LA USA
| | - M. J. Ryan
- Department of Biology and Museum of Southwestern Biology University of New Mexico Albuquerque NM USA
| | | | | | - B. Walker
- Biodiversity Consultant Group Panama Republic of Panama
| | - D. C. Woodhams
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Panama Republic of Panama
- Department of Biology University of Massachusetts Boston Boston MA USA
| | - R. Ibáñez
- Círculo Herpetológico de Panamá Panama Republic of Panama
- Panama Amphibian Rescue and Conservation Project Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Panama Republic of Panama
- Departamento de Zoología Universidad de Panamá Panama Republic of Panama
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130
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Warne RW, LaBumbard B, LaGrange S, Vredenburg VT, Catenazzi A. Co-Infection by Chytrid Fungus and Ranaviruses in Wild and Harvested Frogs in the Tropical Andes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0145864. [PMID: 26726999 PMCID: PMC4701007 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
While global amphibian declines are associated with the spread of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), undetected concurrent co-infection by other pathogens may be little recognized threats to amphibians. Emerging viruses in the genus Ranavirus (Rv) also cause die-offs of amphibians and other ectotherms, but the extent of their distribution globally, or how co-infections with Bd impact amphibians are poorly understood. We provide the first report of Bd and Rv co-infection in South America, and the first report of Rv infections in the amphibian biodiversity hotspot of the Peruvian Andes, where Bd is associated with extinctions. Using these data, we tested the hypothesis that Bd or Rv parasites facilitate co-infection, as assessed by parasite abundance or infection intensity within individual adult frogs. Co-infection occurred in 30% of stream-dwelling frogs; 65% were infected by Bd and 40% by Rv. Among terrestrial, direct-developing Pristimantis frogs 40% were infected by Bd, 35% by Rv, and 20% co-infected. In Telmatobius frogs harvested for the live-trade 49% were co-infected, 92% were infected by Bd, and 53% by Rv. Median Bd and Rv loads were similar in both wild (Bd = 101.2 Ze, Rv = 102.3 viral copies) and harvested frogs (Bd = 103.1 Ze, Rv = 102.7 viral copies). While neither parasite abundance nor infection intensity were associated with co-infection patterns in adults, these data did not include the most susceptible larval and metamorphic life stages. These findings suggest Rv distribution is global and that co-infection among these parasites may be common. These results raise conservation concerns, but greater testing is necessary to determine if parasite interactions increase amphibian vulnerability to secondary infections across differing life stages, and constitute a previously undetected threat to declining populations. Greater surveillance of parasite interactions may increase our capacity to contain and mitigate the impacts of these and other wildlife diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin W. Warne
- Southern Illinois University, Department of Zoology, 1125 Lincoln Dr., MC6501, Carbondale, IL, 62901, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Brandon LaBumbard
- Southern Illinois University, Department of Zoology, 1125 Lincoln Dr., MC6501, Carbondale, IL, 62901, United States of America
| | - Seth LaGrange
- Southern Illinois University, Department of Zoology, 1125 Lincoln Dr., MC6501, Carbondale, IL, 62901, United States of America
| | - Vance T. Vredenburg
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, 94132, United States of America
| | - Alessandro Catenazzi
- Southern Illinois University, Department of Zoology, 1125 Lincoln Dr., MC6501, Carbondale, IL, 62901, United States of America
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131
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Belden LK, Hughey MC, Rebollar EA, Umile TP, Loftus SC, Burzynski EA, Minbiole KPC, House LL, Jensen RV, Becker MH, Walke JB, Medina D, Ibáñez R, Harris RN. Panamanian frog species host unique skin bacterial communities. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1171. [PMID: 26579083 PMCID: PMC4621460 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Vertebrates, including amphibians, host diverse symbiotic microbes that contribute to host disease resistance. Globally, and especially in montane tropical systems, many amphibian species are threatened by a chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), that causes a lethal skin disease. Bd therefore may be a strong selective agent on the diversity and function of the microbial communities inhabiting amphibian skin. In Panamá, amphibian population declines and the spread of Bd have been tracked. In 2012, we completed a field survey in Panamá to examine frog skin microbiota in the context of Bd infection. We focused on three frog species and collected two skin swabs per frog from a total of 136 frogs across four sites that varied from west to east in the time since Bd arrival. One swab was used to assess bacterial community structure using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and to determine Bd infection status, and one was used to assess metabolite diversity, as the bacterial production of anti-fungal metabolites is an important disease resistance function. The skin microbiota of the three Panamanian frog species differed in OTU (operational taxonomic unit, ~bacterial species) community composition and metabolite profiles, although the pattern was less strong for the metabolites. Comparisons between frog skin bacterial communities from Panamá and the US suggest broad similarities at the phylum level, but key differences at lower taxonomic levels. In our field survey in Panamá, across all four sites, only 35 individuals (~26%) were Bd infected. There was no clustering of OTUs or metabolite profiles based on Bd infection status and no clear pattern of west-east changes in OTUs or metabolite profiles across the four sites. Overall, our field survey data suggest that different bacterial communities might be producing broadly similar sets of metabolites across frog hosts and sites. Community structure and function may not be as tightly coupled in these skin symbiont microbial systems as it is in many macro-systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K Belden
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech Blacksburg, VA, USA ; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panamá
| | - Myra C Hughey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Eria A Rebollar
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panamá
| | - Thomas P Umile
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University Villanova, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Leanna L House
- Department of Statistics, Virginia Tech Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Roderick V Jensen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Matthew H Becker
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Jenifer B Walke
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Daniel Medina
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Roberto Ibáñez
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panamá
| | - Reid N Harris
- Department of Biology, James Madison University Harrisonburg, VA, USA
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132
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Veron S, Davies TJ, Cadotte MW, Clergeau P, Pavoine S. Predicting loss of evolutionary history: Where are we? Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2015; 92:271-291. [PMID: 26467982 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The Earth's evolutionary history is threatened by species loss in the current sixth mass extinction event in Earth's history. Such extinction events not only eliminate species but also their unique evolutionary histories. Here we review the expected loss of Earth's evolutionary history quantified by phylogenetic diversity (PD) and evolutionary distinctiveness (ED) at risk. Due to the general paucity of data, global evolutionary history losses have been predicted for only a few groups, such as mammals, birds, amphibians, plants, corals and fishes. Among these groups, there is now empirical support that extinction threats are clustered on the phylogeny; however this is not always a sufficient condition to cause higher loss of phylogenetic diversity in comparison to a scenario of random extinctions. Extinctions of the most evolutionarily distinct species and the shape of phylogenetic trees are additional factors that can elevate losses of evolutionary history. Consequently, impacts of species extinctions differ among groups and regions, and even if global losses are low within large groups, losses can be high among subgroups or within some regions. Further, we show that PD and ED are poorly protected by current conservation practices. While evolutionary history can be indirectly protected by current conservation schemes, optimizing its preservation requires integrating phylogenetic indices with those that capture rarity and extinction risk. Measures based on PD and ED could bring solutions to conservation issues, however they are still rarely used in practice, probably because the reasons to protect evolutionary history are not clear for practitioners or due to a lack of data. However, important advances have been made in the availability of phylogenetic trees and methods for their construction, as well as assessments of extinction risk. Some challenges remain, and looking forward, research should prioritize the assessment of expected PD and ED loss for more taxonomic groups and test the assumption that preserving ED and PD also protects rare species and ecosystem services. Such research will be useful to inform and guide the conservation of Earth's biodiversity and the services it provides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Veron
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR7204), Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, CNRS, UPMC, CP51, 55-61 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - T Jonathan Davies
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 ave Docteur Penfield, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1B1, Canada.,African Centre for DNA Barcoding, University of Johannesburg, APK Campus, PO Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Marc W Cadotte
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Philippe Clergeau
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR7204), Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, CNRS, UPMC, CP51, 55-61 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Pavoine
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR7204), Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, CNRS, UPMC, CP51, 55-61 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France.,Mathematical Ecology Research Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, U.K
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133
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James TY, Toledo LF, Rödder D, da Silva Leite D, Belasen AM, Betancourt-Román CM, Jenkinson TS, Soto-Azat C, Lambertini C, Longo AV, Ruggeri J, Collins JP, Burrowes PA, Lips KR, Zamudio KR, Longcore JE. Disentangling host, pathogen, and environmental determinants of a recently emerged wildlife disease: lessons from the first 15 years of amphibian chytridiomycosis research. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:4079-97. [PMID: 26445660 PMCID: PMC4588650 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The amphibian fungal disease chytridiomycosis, which affects species across all continents, recently emerged as one of the greatest threats to biodiversity. Yet, many aspects of the basic biology and epidemiology of the pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), are still unknown, such as when and from where did Bd emerge and what is its true ecological niche? Here, we review the ecology and evolution of Bd in the Americas and highlight controversies that make this disease so enigmatic. We explore factors associated with variance in severity of epizootics focusing on the disease triangle of host susceptibility, pathogen virulence, and environment. Reevaluating the causes of the panzootic is timely given the wealth of data on Bd prevalence across hosts and communities and the recent discoveries suggesting co-evolutionary potential of hosts and Bd. We generate a new species distribution model for Bd in the Americas based on over 30,000 records and suggest a novel future research agenda. Instead of focusing on pathogen "hot spots," we need to identify pathogen "cold spots" so that we can better understand what limits the pathogen's distribution. Finally, we introduce the concept of "the Ghost of Epizootics Past" to discuss expected patterns in postepizootic host communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Y James
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan 48109
| | - L Felipe Toledo
- Laboratório de História Natural de Anfíbios Brasileiros (LaHNAB) Departamento de Biologia Animal Instituto de Biologia Universidade Estadual de Campinas Caixa Postal 6109 Campinas São Paulo CEP 13083-863 Brazil
| | - Dennis Rödder
- Section of Herpetology Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig Adenauerallee 160 53113 Bonn Germany
| | - Domingos da Silva Leite
- Laboratório de Antígenos Bacterianos II Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes Instituto de Biologia Universidade Estadual de Campinas Caixa Postal 6109 Campinas São Paulo CEP 13083-862 Brazil
| | - Anat M Belasen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan 48109
| | | | - Thomas S Jenkinson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan 48109
| | - Claudio Soto-Azat
- Centro de Investigación para la Sustentabilidad Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andres Bello Santiago Chile
| | - Carolina Lambertini
- Laboratório de História Natural de Anfíbios Brasileiros (LaHNAB) Departamento de Biologia Animal Instituto de Biologia Universidade Estadual de Campinas Caixa Postal 6109 Campinas São Paulo CEP 13083-863 Brazil
| | - Ana V Longo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Cornell University Ithaca New York 14853
| | - Joice Ruggeri
- Departamento de Zoologia Laboratório de Anfíbios e Répteis Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia Ilha do Fundão, Caixa postal: 68044 Rio de Janeiro RJ CEP 21941-590 Brazil
| | - James P Collins
- School of Life Sciences Arizona State University PO Box 874501 Tempe Arizona 85287-4501
| | | | - Karen R Lips
- Department of Biology University of Maryland College Park Maryland 20901
| | - Kelly R Zamudio
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Cornell University Ithaca New York 14853
| | - Joyce E Longcore
- School of Biology and Ecology University of Maine Orono Maine 04469-5722
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134
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Effects of Density on Spatial Aggregation and Habitat Associations of the Glass FrogEspadarana (Centrolene) prosoblepon. J HERPETOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1670/13-110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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135
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Refsnider JM, Poorten TJ, Langhammer PF, Burrowes PA, Rosenblum EB. Genomic Correlates of Virulence Attenuation in the Deadly Amphibian Chytrid Fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2015; 5:2291-8. [PMID: 26333840 PMCID: PMC4632049 DOI: 10.1534/g3.115.021808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseasespose a significant threat to global health, but predicting disease outcomes for particular species can be complicated when pathogen virulence varies across space, time, or hosts. The pathogenic chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) has caused worldwide declines in frog populations. Not only do Bd isolates from wild populations vary in virulence, but virulence shifts can occur over short timescales when Bd is maintained in the laboratory. We leveraged changes in Bd virulence over multiple generations of passage to better understand mechanisms of pathogen virulence. We conducted whole-genome resequencing of two samples of the same Bd isolate, differing only in passage history, to identify genomic processes associated with virulence attenuation. The isolate with shorter passage history (and greater virulence) had greater chromosome copy numbers than the isolate maintained in culture for longer, suggesting that virulence attenuation may be associated with loss of chromosome copies. Our results suggest that genomic processes proposed as mechanisms for rapid evolution in Bd are correlated with virulence attenuation in laboratory culture within a single lineage of Bd. Moreover, these genomic processes can occur over extremely short timescales. On a practical level, our results underscore the importance of immediately cryo-archiving new Bd isolates and using fresh isolates, rather than samples cultured in the laboratory for long periods, for laboratory infection experiments. Finally, when attempting to predict disease outcomes for this ecologically important pathogen, it is critical to consider existing variation in virulence among isolates and the potential for shifts in virulence over short timescales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanine M Refsnider
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-3114
| | - Thomas J Poorten
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-3114
| | | | - Patricia A Burrowes
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931-3360
| | - Erica Bree Rosenblum
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-3114
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136
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Guayasamin JM, Rivera-Correa M, Arteaga A, Culebras J, Bustamante L, Pyron RA, Peñafiel N, Morochz C, Hutter CR. Molecular phylogeny of stream treefrogs (Hylidae:Hyloscirtus bogotensisGroup), with a new species from the Andes of Ecuador. NEOTROPICAL BIODIVERSITY 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/23766808.2015.1074407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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137
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Cryptic infection of a broad taxonomic and geographic diversity of tadpoles by Perkinsea protists. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E4743-51. [PMID: 26261337 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1500163112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The decline of amphibian populations, particularly frogs, is often cited as an example in support of the claim that Earth is undergoing its sixth mass extinction event. Amphibians seem to be particularly sensitive to emerging diseases (e.g., fungal and viral pathogens), yet the diversity and geographic distribution of infectious agents are only starting to be investigated. Recent work has linked a previously undescribed protist with mass-mortality events in the United States, in which infected frog tadpoles have an abnormally enlarged yellowish liver filled with protist cells of a presumed parasite. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that this infectious agent was affiliated with the Perkinsea: a parasitic group within the alveolates exemplified by Perkinsus sp., a "marine" protist responsible for mass-mortality events in commercial shellfish populations. Using small subunit (SSU) ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequencing, we developed a targeted PCR protocol for preferentially sampling a clade of the Perkinsea. We tested this protocol on freshwater environmental DNA, revealing a wide diversity of Perkinsea lineages in these environments. Then, we used the same protocol to test for Perkinsea-like lineages in livers of 182 tadpoles from multiple families of frogs. We identified a distinct Perkinsea clade, encompassing a low level of SSU rDNA variation different from the lineage previously associated with tadpole mass-mortality events. Members of this clade were present in 38 tadpoles sampled from 14 distinct genera/phylogroups, from five countries across three continents. These data provide, to our knowledge, the first evidence that Perkinsea-like protists infect tadpoles across a wide taxonomic range of frogs in tropical and temperate environments, including oceanic islands.
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138
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Paz A, Ibáñez R, Lips KR, Crawford AJ. Testing the role of ecology and life history in structuring genetic variation across a landscape: a trait-based phylogeographic approach. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:3723-37. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Paz
- Department of Biological Sciences; Universidad de los Andes; A.A. 4976 Bogotá Colombia
| | - Roberto Ibáñez
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Apartado 0843-03092 Panama City Republic of Panama
- Círculo Herpetológico de Panamá; Apartado 0824-00122 Panama City Republic of Panama
| | - Karen R. Lips
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Apartado 0843-03092 Panama City Republic of Panama
- Department of Biology; University of Maryland; College Park MD 20742-4415 USA
| | - Andrew J. Crawford
- Department of Biological Sciences; Universidad de los Andes; A.A. 4976 Bogotá Colombia
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Apartado 0843-03092 Panama City Republic of Panama
- Círculo Herpetológico de Panamá; Apartado 0824-00122 Panama City Republic of Panama
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139
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Ruggeri J, Longo AV, Gaiarsa MP, Alencar LRV, Lambertini C, Leite DS, Carvalho-e-Silva SP, Zamudio KR, Toledo LF, Martins M. Seasonal Variation in Population Abundance and Chytrid Infection in Stream-Dwelling Frogs of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130554. [PMID: 26161777 PMCID: PMC4498819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Enigmatic amphibian declines were first reported in southern and southeastern Brazil in the late 1980s and included several species of stream-dwelling anurans (families Hylodidae and Cycloramphidae). At that time, we were unaware of the amphibian-killing fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd); therefore, pollution, habitat loss, fragmentation and unusual climatic events were hypothesized as primary causes of these declines. We now know that multiple lineages of Bd have infected amphibians of the Brazilian Atlantic forest for over a century, yet declines have not been associated specifically with Bd outbreaks. Because stream-dwelling anurans occupy an environmental hotspot ideal for disease transmission, we investigated temporal variation in population and infection dynamics of three stream-adapted species (Hylodes asper, H. phyllodes, and Cycloramphus boraceiensis) on the northern coast of São Paulo state, Brazil. We surveyed standardized transects along streams for four years, and show that fluctuations in the number of frogs correlate with specific climatic variables that also increase the likelihood of Bd infections. In addition, we found that Bd infection probability in C. boraceiensis, a nocturnal species, was significantly higher than in Hylodes spp., which are diurnal, suggesting that the nocturnal activity may either facilitate Bd zoospore transmission or increase susceptibility of hosts. Our findings indicate that, despite long-term persistence of Bd in Brazil, some hosts persist with seasonally variable infections, and thus future persistence in the face of climate change will depend on the relative effect of those changes on frog recruitment and pathogen proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joice Ruggeri
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana V. Longo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Marília P. Gaiarsa
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Laura R. V. Alencar
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Lambertini
- Laboratório de História Natural de Anfíbios Brasileiros (LaHNAB), Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Domingos S. Leite
- Laboratório de Antígenos Bacterianos, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Kelly R. Zamudio
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Luís Felipe Toledo
- Laboratório de História Natural de Anfíbios Brasileiros (LaHNAB), Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcio Martins
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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140
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McCaffery R, Richards-Zawacki CL, Lips KR. The demography of Atelopus decline: Harlequin frog survival and abundance in central Panama prior to and during a disease outbreak. Glob Ecol Conserv 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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141
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Bresciano JC, Salvador CA, Paz-Y-Miño C, Parody-Merino AM, Bosch J, Woodhams DC. Variation in the Presence of Anti-Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Bacteria of Amphibians Across Life Stages and Elevations in Ecuador. ECOHEALTH 2015; 12:310-319. [PMID: 25669915 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-015-1010-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Amphibian populations are decreasing worldwide due to a variety of factors. In South America, the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) is linked to many population declines. The pathogenic effect of Bd on amphibians can be inhibited by specific bacteria present on host skin. This symbiotic association allows some amphibians to resist the development of the disease chytridiomycosis. Here, we aimed (1) to determine for the first time if specific anti-Bd bacteria are present on amphibians in the Andes of Ecuador, (2) to monitor anti-Bd bacteria across developmental stages in a focal amphibian, the Andean marsupial tree frog, Gastrotheca riobambae, that deposits larvae in aquatic habitats, and (3) to compare the Bd presence associated with host assemblages including 10 species at sites ranging in biogeography from Amazonian rainforest (450 masl) to Andes montane rainforest (3200 masl). We sampled and identified skin-associated bacteria of frogs in the field using swabs and a novel methodology of aerobic counting plates, and a combination of morphological, biochemical, and molecular identification techniques. The following anti-Bd bacteria were identified and found to be shared among several hosts at high-elevation sites where Bd was present at a prevalence of 32.5%: Janthinobacterium lividum, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Serratia sp. Bd were detected in Gastrotheca spp. and not detected in the lowlands (sites below 1000 masl). In G. riobambae, recognized Bd-resistant bacteria start to be present at the metamorphic stage. Overall bacterial abundance was significantly higher post-metamorphosis and on species sampled at lower elevations. Further metagenomic studies are needed to evaluate the roles of host identity, life-history stage, and biogeography of the microbiota and their function in disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Bresciano
- Universidad Internacional Menendez Pelayo - Spain, Calle Arjona número 10 escalera 6 piso 4 puerta 4, Seville, Spain.
| | - C A Salvador
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de las Américas (UDLA), Quito, Ecuador
- Centro Universitario de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, Universidad Técnica del Norte (UTN), Ibarra, Ecuador
| | - C Paz-Y-Miño
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de las Américas (UDLA), Quito, Ecuador
| | - A M Parody-Merino
- Universidad Internacional Menendez Pelayo - Spain, Calle Arjona número 10 escalera 6 piso 4 puerta 4, Seville, Spain
| | - J Bosch
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - D C Woodhams
- Department of Biology, University of Massachussets, Boston, Boston, MA, 02125, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Panama, Republic of Panama
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142
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Múrria C, Rugenski AT, Whiles MR, Vogler AP. Long-term isolation and endemicity of Neotropical aquatic insects limit the community responses to recent amphibian decline. DIVERS DISTRIB 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cesc Múrria
- Department of Life Sciences; Natural History Museum; London SW7 5BD UK
- Department of Life Sciences; Imperial College London; Silwood Park Campus Ascot SL5 7PY UK
| | - Amanda T. Rugenski
- Department of Zoology and Center for Ecology; Southern Illinois University; Carbondale IL USA
| | - Matt R. Whiles
- Department of Zoology and Center for Ecology; Southern Illinois University; Carbondale IL USA
| | - Alfried P. Vogler
- Department of Life Sciences; Natural History Museum; London SW7 5BD UK
- Department of Life Sciences; Imperial College London; Silwood Park Campus Ascot SL5 7PY UK
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143
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Rowley JJL, Tran DTA, Frankham GJ, Dekker AH, Le DTT, Nguyen TQ, Dau VQ, Hoang HD. Undiagnosed cryptic diversity in small, microendemic frogs (Leptolalax) from the Central Highlands of Vietnam. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128382. [PMID: 26020250 PMCID: PMC4447284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A major obstacle in prioritizing species or habitats for conservation is the degree of unrecognized diversity hidden within complexes of morphologically similar, "cryptic" species. Given that amphibians are one of the most threatened groups of organisms on the planet, our inability to diagnose their true diversity is likely to have significant conservation consequences. This is particularly true in areas undergoing rapid deforestation, such as Southeast Asia. The Southeast Asian genus Leptolalax is a group of small-bodied, morphologically conserved frogs that inhabit the forest-floor. We examined a particularly small-bodied and morphologically conserved subset, the Leptolalax applebyi group, using a combination of molecular, morphometric, and acoustic data to identify previously unknown diversity within. In order to predict the geographic distribution of the group, estimate the effects of habitat loss and assess the degree of habitat protection, we used our locality data to perform ecological niche modelling using MaxEnt. Molecular (mtDNA and nuDNA), acoustic and subtle morphometric differences revealed a significant underestimation of diversity in the L. applebyi group; at least two-thirds of the diversity may be unrecognised. Patterns of diversification and microendemism in the group appear driven by limited dispersal, likely due to their small body size, with several lineages restricted to watershed basins. The L. applebyi group is predicted to have historically occurred over a large area of the Central Highlands of Vietnam, a considerable portion of which has already been deforested. Less than a quarter of the remaining forest predicted to be suitable for the group falls within current protected areas. The predicted distribution of the L. applebyi group extends into unsurveyed watershed basins, each potentially containing unsampled diversity, some of which may have already been lost due to deforestation. Current estimates of amphibian diversity based on morphology alone are misleading, and accurate alpha taxonomy is essential to accurately prioritize conservation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi J. L. Rowley
- Australian Museum Research Institute, Australian Museum, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dao T. A. Tran
- Faculty of Biology, University of Science-Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Greta J. Frankham
- Australian Museum Research Institute, Australian Museum, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Duong T. T. Le
- Faculty of Biology, University of Science-Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Truong Q. Nguyen
- Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Vinh Q. Dau
- Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Huy D. Hoang
- Faculty of Biology, University of Science-Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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144
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Valencia-Aguilar A, Ruano-Fajardo G, Lambertini C, da Silva Leite D, Toledo LF, Mott T. Chytrid fungus acts as a generalist pathogen infecting species-rich amphibian families in Brazilian rainforests. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2015; 114:61-67. [PMID: 25958806 DOI: 10.3354/dao02845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) is among the main causes of declines in amphibian populations. This fungus is considered a generalist pathogen because it infects several species and spreads rapidly in the wild. To date, Bd has been detected in more than 100 anuran species in Brazil, mostly in the southern portion of the Atlantic forest. Here, we report survey data from some poorly explored regions; these data considerably extend current information on the distribution of Bd in the northern Atlantic forest region. In addition, we tested the hypothesis that Bd is a generalist pathogen in this biome. We also report the first positive record for Bd in an anuran caught in the wild in Amazonia. In total, we screened 90 individuals (from 27 species), of which 39 individuals (from 22 species) were Bd-positive. All samples collected in Bahia (2 individuals), Pernambuco (3 individuals), Pará (1 individual), and Minas Gerais (1 individual) showed positive results for Bd. We found a positive correlation between anuran richness per family and the number of infected species in the Atlantic forest, supporting previous observations that Bd lacks strong host specificity; of 38% of the anuran species in the Atlantic forest that were tested for Bd infection, 25% showed positive results. The results of our study exemplify the pandemic and widespread nature of Bd infection in amphibians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anyelet Valencia-Aguilar
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Diversidade Biológica e Conservação nos Trópicos, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Av. Lourival Melo Mota, s/n, Tabuleiro, 57052-970, Maceió, AL, Brazil
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145
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Beyer SE, Phillips CA, Schooley RL. Canopy cover and drought influence the landscape epidemiology of an amphibian chytrid fungus. Ecosphere 2015. [DOI: 10.1890/es14-00263.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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146
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Kolby JE, Ramirez SD, Berger L, Richards-Hrdlicka KL, Jocque M, Skerratt LF. Terrestrial Dispersal and Potential Environmental Transmission of the Amphibian Chytrid Fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125386. [PMID: 25927835 PMCID: PMC4415912 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Dispersal and exposure to amphibian chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, Bd) is not confined to the aquatic habitat, but little is known about pathways that facilitate exposure to wild terrestrial amphibians that do not typically enter bodies of water. We explored the possible spread of Bd from an aquatic reservoir to terrestrial substrates by the emergence of recently metamorphosed infected amphibians and potential deposition of Bd-positive residue on riparian vegetation in Cusuco National Park, Honduras (CNP). Amphibians and their respective leaf perches were both sampled for Bd presence and the pathogen was detected on 76.1% (35/46) of leaves where a Bd-positive frog had rested. Although the viability of Bd detected on these leaves cannot be discerned from our quantitative PCR results, the cool air temperature, closed canopy, and high humidity of this cloud forest environment in CNP is expected to encourage pathogen persistence. High prevalence of infection (88.5%) detected in the recently metamorphosed amphibians and frequent shedding of Bd-positive residue on foliage demonstrates a pathway of Bd dispersal between aquatic and terrestrial habitats. This pathway provides the opportunity for environmental transmission of Bd among and between amphibian species without direct physical contact or exposure to an aquatic habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E. Kolby
- One Health Research Group, College of Public Health, Medical, and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Operation Wallacea, Wallacea House, Old Bolingbroke, Lincolnshire, PE23 4EX United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Sara D. Ramirez
- Operation Wallacea, Wallacea House, Old Bolingbroke, Lincolnshire, PE23 4EX United Kingdom
- Sustainability Studies Program, Ramapo College of New Jersey, Mahwah, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Lee Berger
- One Health Research Group, College of Public Health, Medical, and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Merlijn Jocque
- Operation Wallacea, Wallacea House, Old Bolingbroke, Lincolnshire, PE23 4EX United Kingdom
- Royal Belgian Institute for Natural Sciences, Vautierstraat 29, Brussels, 1000 Belgium
| | - Lee F. Skerratt
- One Health Research Group, College of Public Health, Medical, and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
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147
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Bletz MC, Rosa GM, Andreone F, Courtois EA, Schmeller DS, Rabibisoa NHC, Rabemananjara FCE, Raharivololoniaina L, Vences M, Weldon C, Edmonds D, Raxworthy CJ, Harris RN, Fisher MC, Crottini A. Widespread presence of the pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in wild amphibian communities in Madagascar. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8633. [PMID: 25719857 PMCID: PMC4341422 DOI: 10.1038/srep08633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Amphibian chytridiomycosis, an emerging infectious disease caused by the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), has been a significant driver of amphibian declines. While globally widespread, Bd had not yet been reported from within Madagascar. We document surveys conducted across the country between 2005 and 2014, showing Bd's first record in 2010. Subsequently, Bd was detected in multiple areas, with prevalence reaching up to 100%. Detection of Bd appears to be associated with mid to high elevation sites and to have a seasonal pattern, with greater detectability during the dry season. Lineage-based PCR was performed on a subset of samples. While some did not amplify with any lineage probe, when a positive signal was observed, samples were most similar to the Global Panzootic Lineage (BdGPL). These results may suggest that Bd arrived recently, but do not exclude the existence of a previously undetected endemic Bd genotype. Representatives of all native anuran families have tested Bd-positive, and exposure trials confirm infection by Bd is possible. Bd's presence could pose significant threats to Madagascar's unique "megadiverse" amphibians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly C Bletz
- 1] Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA [2] Technische Universität Braunschweig, Division of Evolutionary Biology, Zoological Institute, Mendelssohnstr. 4, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Gonçalo M Rosa
- 1] Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NR, UK [2] Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK [3] Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (CE3C), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Bloco 2, Piso 5, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Franco Andreone
- 1] Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Via G. Giolitti, 36, I-10123, Torino, Italy [2] IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group-Madagascar, 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Elodie A Courtois
- 1] CNRS-Guyane, USR 3456, 2 avenue Gustave Charlery, 97300 Cayenne, Guyane Française [2] Station d'écologie expérimentale du CNRS à Moulis, USR 2936, 2 route du CNRS, 09200 Moulis, France
| | - Dirk S Schmeller
- 1] UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Conservation Biology, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany [2] EcoLab (Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement), CNRS/Université de Toulouse; UPS, INPT; 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Nirhy H C Rabibisoa
- 1] IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group-Madagascar, 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar [2] Département de Biologie Animale et Ecologie, Faculté des Sciences, University of Mahajanga, Ambondrona, B.P. 652, Mahajanga 401, Madagascar
| | - Falitiana C E Rabemananjara
- 1] IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group-Madagascar, 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar [2] University of Antananarivo, BP 906, Antananarivo 101, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | | | - Miguel Vences
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Division of Evolutionary Biology, Zoological Institute, Mendelssohnstr. 4, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ché Weldon
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Devin Edmonds
- Association Mitsinjo, Lot 104 A Andasibe Gare, Andasibe 514, Madagascar
| | - Christopher J Raxworthy
- Department of Herpetology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th St. New York, NY 10024, USA
| | - Reid N Harris
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
| | - Matthew C Fisher
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Angelica Crottini
- CIBIO Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBIO, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, N° 7, 4485-661 Vairão, Vila do Conde, Portugal
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148
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Addis BR, Lowe WH, Hossack BR, Allendorf FW. Population genetic structure and disease in montane boreal toads: more heterozygous individuals are more likely to be infected with amphibian chytrid. CONSERV GENET 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-015-0704-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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149
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Bletz MC, Rebollar EA, Harris RN. Differential efficiency among DNA extraction methods influences detection of the amphibian pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2015; 113:1-8. [PMID: 25667331 DOI: 10.3354/dao02822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Chytridiomycosis, caused by the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), is responsible for massive declines and extinctions of amphibians worldwide. The most common method for detecting Bd is quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). qPCR is a highly sensitive detection technique, but its ability to determine the presence and accurately quantify the amount of Bd is also contingent on the efficiency of the DNA extraction method used prior to PCR. Using qPCR, we compared the extraction efficiency of 3 different extraction methods commonly used for Bd detection across a range of zoospore quantities: PrepMan Ultra Reagent, Qiagen DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit, and Mobio PowerSoil DNA Isolation Kit. We show that not all extraction methods led to successful detection of Bd for the low zoospore quantities and that there was variation in the estimated zoospore equivalents among the methods, which demonstrates that these methods have different extraction efficiencies. These results highlight the importance of considering the extraction method when comparing across studies. The Qiagen DNeasy kit had the highest efficiency. We also show that replicated estimates of less than 1 zoospore can result from known zoospore concentrations; therefore, such results should be considered when obtained from field data. Additionally, we discuss the implications of our findings for interpreting previous studies and for conducting future Bd surveys. It is imperative to use the most efficient DNA extraction method in tandem with the highly sensitive qPCR technique in order to accurately diagnose the presence of Bd as well as other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Bletz
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, 951 Carrier Drive, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
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150
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Dunn AM, Hatcher MJ. Parasites and biological invasions: parallels, interactions, and control. Trends Parasitol 2015; 31:189-99. [PMID: 25613560 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Species distributions are changing at an unprecedented rate owing to human activity. We examine how two key processes of redistribution - biological invasion and disease emergence - are interlinked. There are many parallels between invasion and emergence processes, and invasions can drive the spread of new diseases to wildlife. We examine the potential impacts of invasion and disease emergence, and discuss how these threats can be countered, focusing on biosecurity. In contrast with international policy on emerging diseases of humans and managed species, policy on invasive species and parasites of wildlife is fragmented, and the lack of international cooperation encourages individual parties to minimize their input into control. We call for international policy that acknowledges the strong links between emerging diseases and invasion risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M Dunn
- School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Melanie J Hatcher
- School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, UK
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