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Kumarasiri M, Teo T, Yu M, Philip S, Basnet SKC, Albrecht H, Sykes MJ, Wang P, Wang S. In Search of Novel CDK8 Inhibitors by Virtual Screening. J Chem Inf Model 2017; 57:413-416. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.6b00711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Malika Kumarasiri
- Centre
for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research,
Centre for Cancer Biology, and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Theodosia Teo
- Centre
for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research,
Centre for Cancer Biology, and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Mingfeng Yu
- Centre
for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research,
Centre for Cancer Biology, and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Stephen Philip
- Centre
for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research,
Centre for Cancer Biology, and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Sunita K. C. Basnet
- Centre
for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research,
Centre for Cancer Biology, and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Hugo Albrecht
- Centre
for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research,
Centre for Cancer Biology, and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Matthew J. Sykes
- Centre
for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research,
Centre for Cancer Biology, and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Peng Wang
- Yabao Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, China, 215123
| | - Shudong Wang
- Centre
for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research,
Centre for Cancer Biology, and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
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102
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Qi J, Yu Y, Akilli Öztürk Ö, Holland JD, Besser D, Fritzmann J, Wulf-Goldenberg A, Eckert K, Fichtner I, Birchmeier W. New Wnt/β-catenin target genes promote experimental metastasis and migration of colorectal cancer cells through different signals. Gut 2016; 65:1690-701. [PMID: 26156959 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-307900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We have previously identified a 115-gene signature that characterises the metastatic potential of human primary colon cancers. The signature included the canonical Wnt target gene BAMBI, which promoted experimental metastasis in mice. Here, we identified three new direct Wnt target genes from the signature, and studied their functions in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), cell migration and experimental metastasis. DESIGN We examined experimental liver metastases following injection of selected tumour cells into spleens of NOD/SCID mice. Molecular and cellular techniques were used to identify direct transcription target genes of Wnt/β-catenin signals. Microarray analyses and experiments that interfered with cell migration through inhibitors were performed to characterise downstream signalling systems. RESULTS Three new genes from the colorectal cancer (CRC) metastasis signature, BOP1, CKS2 and NFIL3, were identified as direct transcription targets of β-catenin/TCF4. Overexpression and knocking down of these genes in CRC cells promoted and inhibited, respectively, experimental metastasis in mice, EMT and cell motility in culture. Cell migration was repressed by interfering with distinct signalling systems through inhibitors of PI3K, JNK, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and/or mTOR. Gene expression profiling identified a series of migration-promoting genes, which were induced by BOP1, CKS2 and NFIL3, and could be repressed by inhibitors that are specific to these pathways. CONCLUSIONS We identified new direct Wnt/β-catenin target genes, BOP1, CKS2 and NFIL3, which induced EMT, cell migration and experimental metastasis of CRC cells. These genes crosstalk with different downstream signalling systems, and activate migration-promoting genes. These pathways and downstream genes may serve as therapeutic targets in the treatment of CRC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Qi
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Yong Yu
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Jane D Holland
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Besser
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Fritzmann
- Klinik für Viszeral-, Thorax- und Gefäßchirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus an der TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Klaus Eckert
- Experimental Pharmacology & Oncology (EPO), Berlin, Germany
| | - Iduna Fichtner
- Experimental Pharmacology & Oncology (EPO), Berlin, Germany
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103
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Al-Attas A, Assidi M, Al-Maghrabi J, Dallol A, Schulten HJ, Abu-Elmagd M, Chaudhary A, Abuzenadah A, Budowle B, Buhmeida A, Al-Qahtani M. Enhancement of Pathologist's Routine Practice: Reuse of DNA Extracted from Immunostained Formalin-fixed Paraffin-embedded (FFPE) Slides in Downstream Molecular Analysis of Cancer. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2016; 13:399-406. [PMID: 27566658 PMCID: PMC5070629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM To date, the conventional formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) technique is the gold-standard for preserving histomorphology. Once FFPE tissues are stained, slides are routinely archived along with their blocks at biobanks/hospitals. However, the reuse of fixed and stained biospecimens as DNA source is not a common routine practice worldwide and, thus, indicates the need of studies to investigate the feasibility of extracting DNA from already immunohistochemistry (IHC) FFPE-stained slides and its possible reuse in subsequent downstream molecular analyses. MATERIALS AND METHODS FFPE IHC slides from colorectal cancer (CRC) patients were prepared and stored in the CEGMR Biobank. The workflow consists of digitalization of IHC stained slide's image, removing the slide cover-slip, crude dissection and DNA extraction. Following DNA quality assessment, mutation analysis of CTNNB1 and methylation profile of CDH1 were performed. RESULTS High-quality DNA was obtained allowing 60% concordance between CDH1 methylation and membranous E-cadherin expression pattern. Clean CTNNB1 DNA chromatograms with evenly-spaced peaks were observed. CONCLUSION This study is a proof of concept to recycle and reuse DNA from IHC stained slides with suitable concentration and integrity for further downstream molecular applications. These findings will enhance the pathologists' knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) towards the use of these biospecimens and support the implementation of this approach in clinical pathology practice. Therefore, the scientific community will benefit from the largest comprehensive database of human fully annotated FFPE biospecimens already available at their disposal in order to demystify the complexity and the heterogeneity of many challenging diseases and foster the transition towards precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Al-Attas
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mourad Assidi
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia KACST Technology Innovation Center in Personalized Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jaudah Al-Maghrabi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashraf Dallol
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia KACST Technology Innovation Center in Personalized Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hans-Juergen Schulten
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Abu-Elmagd
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Adeel Chaudhary
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel Abuzenadah
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia KACST Technology Innovation Center in Personalized Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Bruce Budowle
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Institute of Applied Genetics, Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, U.S.A
| | - Abdelbaset Buhmeida
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Al-Qahtani
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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104
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Di Cecilia S, Zhang F, Sancho A, Li S, Aguiló F, Sun Y, Rengasamy M, Zhang W, Del Vecchio L, Salvatore F, Walsh MJ. RBM5-AS1 Is Critical for Self-Renewal of Colon Cancer Stem-like Cells. Cancer Res 2016; 76:5615-5627. [PMID: 27520449 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-1824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cancer-initiating cells (CIC) undergo asymmetric growth patterns that increase phenotypic diversity and drive selection for chemotherapeutic resistance and tumor relapse. WNT signaling is a hallmark of colon CIC, often caused by APC mutations, which enable activation of β-catenin and MYC Accumulating evidence indicates that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNA) contribute to the stem-like character of colon cancer cells. In this study, we report enrichment of the lncRNA RBM5-AS1/LUST during sphere formation of colon CIC. Its silencing impaired WNT signaling, whereas its overexpression enforced WNT signaling, cell growth, and survival in serum-free media. RBM5-AS1 has been little characterized previously, and we determined it to be a nuclear-retained transcript that selectively interacted with β-catenin. Mechanistic investigations showed that silencing or overexpression of RBM5-AS1 caused a respective loss or retention of β-catenin from TCF4 complexes bound to the WNT target genes SGK1, YAP1, and MYC Our work suggests that RBM5-AS1 activity is critical for the functional enablement of colon cancer stem-like cells. Furthermore, it defines the mechanism of action of RBM5-AS1 in the WNT pathway via physical interactions with β-catenin, helping organize transcriptional complexes that sustain colon CIC function. Cancer Res; 76(19); 5615-27. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Di Cecilia
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York. Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York. Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York. SEMM, European School of Molecular Medicine, Naples, Italy
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Bioinformatics Laboratory, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York
| | - Ana Sancho
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York. Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York. Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York
| | - SiDe Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York
| | - Francesca Aguiló
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York. Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York. Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York
| | - Yifei Sun
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York. Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York. Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York
| | - Madhumitha Rengasamy
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York. Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York. Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York
| | - Weijia Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Bioinformatics Laboratory, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York
| | - Luigi Del Vecchio
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie avanzate, Università degli Studi di Napoli-Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Salvatore
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie avanzate, Università degli Studi di Napoli-Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Martin J Walsh
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York. Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York. Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York.
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105
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Pajari AM, Päivärinta E, Paavolainen L, Vaara E, Koivumäki T, Garg R, Heiman-Lindh A, Mutanen M, Marjomäki V, Ridley AJ. Ellagitannin-rich cloudberry inhibits hepatocyte growth factor induced cell migration and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT activation in colon carcinoma cells and tumors in Min mice. Oncotarget 2016; 7:43907-43923. [PMID: 27270323 PMCID: PMC5190067 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Berries have been found to inhibit colon carcinogenesis in animal models, and thus represent a potential source of compounds for prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer. The mechanistic basis for their effects is not well understood. We used human colon carcinoma cells and Min mice to investigate the effects of ellagitannin-rich cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus) extract on cancer cell migration and underlying cell signaling. Intrinsic and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) -induced cell motility in human HT29 and HCA7 colon carcinoma cells was assessed carrying out cell scattering and scratch wound healing assays using time-lapse microscopy. Activation of Met, AKT, and ERK in cell lines and tumors of cloudberry-fed Min mice were determined using immunoprecipitation, Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses. Cloudberry extract significantly inhibited particularly HGF-induced cancer cell migration in both cell lines. Cloudberry extract inhibited the Met receptor tyrosine phosphorylation by HGF and strongly suppressed HGF-induced AKT and ERK activation in both HT29 and HCA7 cells. Consistently, cloudberry feeding (10% w/w freeze-dried berries in diet for 10 weeks) reduced the level of active AKT and prevented phosphoMet localization at the edges in tumors of Min mice. These results indicate that cloudberry reduces tumor growth and cancer cell motility by inhibiting Met signaling and consequent activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT in vitro and in tumors in vivo. As the Met receptor is recognized to be a major target in cancer treatment, our results suggest that dietary phytochemicals may have therapeutic value in reducing cancer progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Maria Pajari
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, Division of Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- University College London, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Essi Päivärinta
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, Division of Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lassi Paavolainen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science / Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Elina Vaara
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, Division of Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuuli Koivumäki
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, Division of Food Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ritu Garg
- Randall Division of Cell & Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London, UK
| | - Anu Heiman-Lindh
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, Division of Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marja Mutanen
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, Division of Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Varpu Marjomäki
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science / Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Anne J. Ridley
- University College London, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, London, UK
- Randall Division of Cell & Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London, UK
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106
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Moffa G, Erdmann G, Voloshanenko O, Hundsrucker C, Sadeh MJ, Boutros M, Spang R. Refining Pathways: A Model Comparison Approach. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155999. [PMID: 27248690 PMCID: PMC4889067 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular signalling pathways consolidate multiple molecular interactions into working models of signal propagation, amplification, and modulation. They are described and visualized as networks. Adjusting network topologies to experimental data is a key goal of systems biology. While network reconstruction algorithms like nested effects models are well established tools of computational biology, their data requirements can be prohibitive for their practical use. In this paper we suggest focussing on well defined aspects of a pathway and develop the computational tools to do so. We adapt the framework of nested effect models to focus on a specific aspect of activated Wnt signalling in HCT116 colon cancer cells: Does the activation of Wnt target genes depend on the secretion of Wnt ligands or do mutations in the signalling molecule β-catenin make this activation independent from them? We framed this question into two competing classes of models: Models that depend on Wnt ligands secretion versus those that do not. The model classes translate into restrictions of the pathways in the network topology. Wnt dependent models are more flexible than Wnt independent models. Bayes factors are the standard Bayesian tool to compare different models fairly on the data evidence. In our analysis, the Bayes factors depend on the number of potential Wnt signalling target genes included in the models. Stability analysis with respect to this number showed that the data strongly favours Wnt ligands dependent models for all realistic numbers of target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giusi Moffa
- Department of Statistical Bioinformatics, Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gerrit Erdmann
- Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oksana Voloshanenko
- Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Hundsrucker
- Department of Statistical Bioinformatics, Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Mohammad J. Sadeh
- Department of Statistical Bioinformatics, Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Boutros
- Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rainer Spang
- Department of Statistical Bioinformatics, Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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107
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Interaction between APC and Fen1 during breast carcinogenesis. DNA Repair (Amst) 2016; 41:54-62. [PMID: 27088617 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant DNA base excision repair (BER) contributes to malignant transformation. However, inter-individual variations in DNA repair capacity plays a key role in modifying breast cancer risk. We review here emerging evidence that two proteins involved in BER - adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) and flap endonuclease 1 (Fen1) - promote the development of breast cancer through novel mechanisms. APC and Fen1 expression and interaction is increased in breast tumors versus normal cells, APC interacts with and blocks Fen1 activity in Pol-β-directed LP-BER, and abrogation of LP-BER is linked with cigarette smoke condensate-induced transformation of normal breast epithelial cells. Carcinogens increase expression of APC and Fen1 in spontaneously immortalized human breast epithelial cells, human colon cancer cells, and mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Since APC and Fen1 are tumor suppressors, an increase in their levels could protect against carcinogenesis; however, this does not seem to be the case. Elevated Fen1 levels in breast and lung cancer cells may reflect the enhanced proliferation of cancer cells or increased DNA damage in cancer cells compared to normal cells. Inactivation of the tumor suppressor functions of APC and Fen1 is due to their interaction, which may act as a susceptibility factor for breast cancer. The increased interaction of APC and Fen1 may occur due to polypmorphic and/or mutational variation in these genes. Screening of APC and Fen1 polymorphic and/or mutational variations and APC/Fen1 interaction may permit assessment of individual DNA repair capability and the risk for breast cancer development. Such individuals might lower their breast cancer risk by reducing exposure to carcinogens. Stratifying individuals according to susceptibility would greatly assist epidemiologic studies of the impact of suspected environmental carcinogens. Additionally, a mechanistic understanding of the interaction of APC and Fen1 may provide the basis for developing new and effective targeted chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agents.
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108
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Pramanik KC, Fofaria NM, Gupta P, Ranjan A, Kim SH, Srivastava SK. Inhibition of β-catenin signaling suppresses pancreatic tumor growth by disrupting nuclear β-catenin/TCF-1 complex: critical role of STAT-3. Oncotarget 2016; 6:11561-74. [PMID: 25869100 PMCID: PMC4484476 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of β-catenin/TCF signaling is related to the invasiveness of pancreatic cancer. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of capsaicin on β-catenin/TCF signaling. In a concentration and time-dependent study, we observed that capsaicin treatment inhibits the activation of dishevelled (Dsh) protein DvI-1 in L3.6PL, PanC-1 and MiaPaCa-2 pancreatic cancer cells. Capsaicin treatment induced GSK-3β by inhibiting its phosphorylation and further activated APC and Axin multicomplex, leading to the proteasomal degradation of β-catenin. Expression of TCF-1 and β-catenin-responsive proteins, c-Myc and cyclin D1 also decreased in response to capsaicin treatment. Pre-treatment of cells with MG-132 blocked capsaicin-mediated proteasomal degradation of β-catenin. To establish the involvement of β-catenin in capsaicin-induced apoptosis, cells were treated with LiCl or SB415286, inhibitors of GSK-3β. Our results reveal that capsaicin treatment suppressed LiCl or SB415286-mediated activation of β-catenin signaling. Our results further showed that capsaicin blocked nuclear translocation of β-catenin, TCF-1 and p-STAT-3 (Tyr705). The immunoprecipitation results indicated that capsaicin treatment reduced the interaction of β-catenin and TCF-1 in the nucleus. Moreover, capsaicin treatment significantly decreased the phosphorylation of STAT-3 at Tyr705. Interestingly, STAT-3 over expression or STAT-3 activation by IL-6, significantly increased the levels of β-catenin and attenuated the effects of capsaicin in inhibiting β-catenin signaling. Finally, capsaicin mediated inhibition of orthotopic tumor growth was associated with inhibition of β-catenin/TCF-1 signaling. Taken together, our results suggest that capsaicin-induced apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells was associated with inhibition of β-catenin signaling due to the dissociation of β-catenin/TCF-1 complex and the process was orchestrated by STAT-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartick C Pramanik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Cancer Biology Center, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Neel M Fofaria
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Cancer Biology Center, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Parul Gupta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Cancer Biology Center, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Alok Ranjan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Cancer Biology Center, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Sung-Hoon Kim
- Cancer Preventive Material Development Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Department of Pathology, Kyunghee University, Dongdaemun-ku, Seoul 131-701, South Korea
| | - Sanjay K Srivastava
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Cancer Biology Center, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.,Cancer Preventive Material Development Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Department of Pathology, Kyunghee University, Dongdaemun-ku, Seoul 131-701, South Korea
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109
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Selmin OI, Fang C, Lyon AM, Doetschman TC, Thompson PA, Martinez JD, Smith JW, Lance PM, Romagnolo DF. Inactivation of Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Reduces Bile Acid/Farnesoid X Receptor Expression through Fxr gene CpG Methylation in Mouse Colon Tumors and Human Colon Cancer Cells. J Nutr 2016; 146:236-42. [PMID: 26609171 PMCID: PMC6636391 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.216580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) regulates bile acid (BA) metabolism and possesses tumor suppressor functions. FXR expression is reduced in colorectal tumors of subjects carrying inactivated adenomatous polyposis coli (APC). Identifying the mechanisms responsible for this reduction may offer new molecular targets for colon cancer prevention. OBJECTIVE We investigated how APC inactivation influences the regulation of FXR expression in colonic mucosal cells. We hypothesized that APC inactivation would epigenetically repress nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group H, member 4 (FXR gene name) expression through increased CpG methylation. METHODS Normal proximal colonic mucosa and normal-appearing adjacent colonic mucosa and colon tumors were collected from wild-type C57BL/6J and Apc-deficient (Apc(Min) (/+)) male mice, respectively. The expression of Fxr, ileal bile acid-binding protein (Ibabp), small heterodimer partner (Shp), and cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. In both normal and adjacent colonic mucosa and colon tumors, we measured CpG methylation of Fxr in bisulfonated genomic DNA. In vitro, we measured the impact of APC inactivation and deoxycholic acid (DCA) treatment on FXR expression in human colon cancer HCT-116 cells transfected with silencing RNA for APC and HT-29 cells carrying inactivated APC. RESULTS In Apc(Min) (/+) mice, constitutive CpG methylation of the Fxrα3/4 promoter was linked to reduced (60-90%) baseline Fxr, Ibabp, and Shp and increased Cox-2 expression in apparently normal adjacent mucosa and colon tumors. Apc knockdown in HCT-116 cells increased cellular myelocytomatosis (c-MYC) and lowered (∼50%) FXR expression, which was further reduced (∼80%) by DCA. In human HCT-116 but not HT-29 colon cancer cells, DCA induced FXR expression and lowered CpG methylation of FXR. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the loss of APC function favors the silencing of FXR expression through CpG hypermethylation in mouse colonic mucosa and human colon cells, leading to reduced expression of downstream targets (SHP, IBABP) involved in BA homeostasis while increasing the expression of factors (COX-2, c-MYC) that contribute to inflammation and colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornella I Selmin
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ,University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Changming Fang
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Adam M Lyon
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Tom C Doetschman
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | | | - Jesse D Martinez
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Jeffrey W Smith
- Sanford/Burnham Medical Research Institute, Cancer Center Division, La
Jolla, CA
| | - Peter M Lance
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Donato F Romagnolo
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; and
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Arafa MA, Farhat K. Colorectal Cancer in the Arab World - Screening Practices and Future Prospects. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 16:7425-30. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.17.7425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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111
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Shah M, Rennoll SA, Raup-Konsavage WM, Yochum GS. A dynamic exchange of TCF3 and TCF4 transcription factors controls MYC expression in colorectal cancer cells. Cell Cycle 2015; 14:323-32. [PMID: 25659031 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2014.980643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Deregulated Wnt/β-catenin signaling promotes colorectal cancer (CRC) by activating expression of the c-MYC proto-oncogene (MYC). In the nucleus, the β-catenin transcriptional co-activator binds T-cell factor (TCF) transcription factors, and together TCF/β-catenin complexes activate MYC expression through Wnt responsive DNA regulatory elements (WREs). The MYC 3' WRE maps 1.4-kb downstream from the MYC transcription stop site and binds TCF4/β-catenin transcription complexes to activate MYC. However, the underlying mechanisms for how this element operates are not fully understood. Here, we report that the TCF family member, TCF3, plays an important role in regulating MYC expression in CRCs. We demonstrate that TCF3 binds the MYC 3' WRE to repress MYC. When TCF3 is depleted using shRNAs, the MYC 3' WRE is more available to bind TCF4/β-catenin complexes. Stimulating downstream Wnt/β-catenin signaling by inhibiting GSK3β causes an exchange of TCF3 with TCF4/β-catenin complexes to activate MYC. Finally, this transcription factor switch at the MYC 3' WRE controls MYC expression as quiescent cells re-enter the cell cycle and progress to S phase. These results indicate that a dynamic interplay of TCF transcription factors governs MYC gene expression in CRCs.
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Key Words
- APC, adenomatous polyposis coli
- CRC, colorectal cancer
- ChIP, chromatin immunoprecipitation
- GSK3β, glycogen synthase kinase 3 β
- HDAC, histone deacetylase
- Lef, Lymphoid enhancer-binding factor
- LiCl, lithium chloride
- MYC
- MYC, myelocytomatosis
- RT, reverse transcription
- TCF, T-cell factor
- TCF3
- TCF4
- TLE, Transducin-like enhancer of split
- WRE
- WRE, Wnt responsive DNA element
- colorectal cancer
- qPCR, quantitative PCR
- transcription
- β-catenin
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Affiliation(s)
- Meera Shah
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ; The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine ; Hershey , PA USA
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Li X, Bai B, Liu L, Ma P, Kong L, Yan J, Zhang J, Ye Z, Zhou H, Mao B, Zhu H, Li Y. Novel β-carbolines against colorectal cancer cell growth via inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Cell Death Discov 2015; 1:15033. [PMID: 27551464 PMCID: PMC4979417 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2015.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling pathway is aberrantly activated in a variety of cancers, especially in colorectal cancer (CRC), because of mutations in the genes encoding adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), β-catenin and Axin. Small-molecule antagonists of Wnt/β-catenin signaling are attractive candidates for developing effective therapeutics for CRC. In this study, we have identified a novel Wnt signaling inhibitor, isopropyl 9-ethyl-1- (naphthalen-1-yl)-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole-3- carboxylate (Z86). Z86 inhibited Wnt reporter activities and the expression of endogenous Wnt signaling target genes in mammalian cells and antagonized the second axis formation of Xenopus embryos induced by Wnt8. We showed that Z86 treatment inhibits GSK3β (Ser9) phosphorylation, leading to its overactivation and promoting the phosphorylation and degradation of β-catenin. In vitro, Z86 selectively inhibited the growth of CRC cells with constitutive Wnt signaling and caused obvious G1-phase arrest of the cell cycle. Notably, in a nude mouse model, Z86 inhibited dramatically the xenografted tumor growth of CRC. Daily intraperitoneal injection of Z86 at 5 mg/kg resulted in >70% reduction in the tumor weight of HCT116 cell origin that was associated with decreased GSK3β (Ser9) phosphorylation and increased β-catenin phosphorylation. Taken together, our findings provide a novel promising chemotype for CRC therapeutics development targeting the canonical Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - B Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - L Liu
- Chinese Center for Chirality, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics of Education Committee of China, Hebei University , Baoding 071002, People's Republic of China
| | - P Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - L Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - J Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - J Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Z Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - H Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - B Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - H Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China; Chinese Center for Chirality, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics of Education Committee of China, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, People's Republic of China
| | - Y Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
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113
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Diarylheptanoids from lesser galangal suppress human colon cancer cell growth through modulating Wnt/β-catenin pathway. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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114
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LPA Induces Colon Cancer Cell Proliferation through a Cooperation between the ROCK and STAT-3 Pathways. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139094. [PMID: 26418031 PMCID: PMC4587977 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) plays a critical role in the proliferation and migration of colon cancer cells; however, the downstream signaling events underlying these processes remain poorly characterized. The aim of this study was to investigate the signaling pathways triggered by LPA to regulate the mechanisms involved in the progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). We have used three cell line models of CRC, and initially analyzed the expression profile of LPA receptors (LPAR). Then, we treated the cells with LPA and events related to their tumorigenic potential, such as migration, invasion, anchorage-independent growth, proliferation as well as apoptosis and cell cycle were evaluated. We used the Chip array technique to analyze the global gene expression profiling that occurs after LPA treatment, and we identified cell signaling pathways related to the cell cycle. The inhibition of these pathways verified the conclusions of the transcriptomic analysis. We found that the cell lines expressed LPAR1, -2 and -3 in a differential manner and that 10 μM LPA did not affect cell migration, invasion and anchorage-independent growth, but it did induce proliferation and cell cycle progression in HCT-116 cells. Although LPA in this concentration did not induce transcriptional activity of β-catenin, it promoted the activation of Rho and STAT-3. Moreover, ROCK and STAT-3 inhibitors prevented LPA-induced proliferation, but ROCK inhibition did not prevent STAT-3 activation. Finally, we observed that LPA regulates the expression of genes related to the cell cycle and that the combined inhibition of ROCK and STAT-3 prevented cell cycle progression and increased the LPA-induced expression of cyclins E1, A2 and B1 to a greater degree than either inhibitor alone. Overall, these results demonstrate that LPA increases the proliferative potential of colon adenocarcinoma HCT-116 cells through a mechanism involving cooperation between the Rho-ROCK and STAT3 pathways involved in cell cycle control.
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115
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Anwar M, Kochhar R, Singh R, Bhatia A, Vaiphei K, Mahmood A, Mahmood S. Frequent activation of the β-catenin gene in sporadic colorectal carcinomas: A mutational & expression analysis. Mol Carcinog 2015; 55:1627-1638. [PMID: 26373808 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
β-catenin (CTNNB1), an oncogene/onco-protein and an adhesion molecule is a key effector in colorectal cancer (CRC). Its activation, and subsequent up-regulation of Wnt-signaling, is an important event in the development of certain human cancers including CRC. Mutations in the β-catenin gene in the region of serine-threonine glycogen kinase (GSK)-3β phosphorylation target sites have been identified in colorectal cancer in humans. In the current study, we investigated 60 sporadic colorectal adenocarcinomas along with adjoining and normal mucosa cases in humans for β-catenin mutations. Thirteen of sixty colorectal tumors from humans had point mutations with a frequency of 21.66% at codons 24, 26, 27, 32, 34, 35, 41, 42,43, 46, 49, 54, 55, or 67 sites which are mutated in colorectal cancer and some of these sites in other cancers. Thus, there appears to be a key involvement of β-catenin activation in human colorectal carcinogenesis. mRNA expression analysis using q-Real Time PCR showed 21.5-fold up-regulation of β-catenin mRNA in tumor tissue compared to normal and adjoining mucosa. Protein expression analysis using immunohistochemistry, confocal microscopy, and Western blot confirmed aberrant accumulation of β-catenin protein along the nucleus and cytoplasm following mutation. The observed mutations and up-regulation of mRNA in tumors, and the increased expression of β-catenin protein in CRC suggest that these alterations are early and prognostic events in sporadic colorectal carcinogenesis in humans. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mumtaz Anwar
- Department of Gastroenterology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India.,Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Rakesh Kochhar
- Department of Gastroenterology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Rajinder Singh
- Department of General Surgery, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Alka Bhatia
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Kim Vaiphei
- Department of Histopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Akhtar Mahmood
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Safrun Mahmood
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
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116
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Ohishi K, Toume K, Arai MA, Sadhu SK, Ahmed F, Ishibashi M. Coronaridine, an iboga type alkaloid from Tabernaemontana divaricata, inhibits the Wnt signaling pathway by decreasing β-catenin mRNA expression. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:3937-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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117
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Abstract
In this overview of my research, I have aimed to give the background as to how I came to be involved in my various areas of interest, with an emphasis on the early phases of my career, which largely determined my future directions. I had the enormous good fortune to have worked under two of the most outstanding scientists of the twentieth century, R.A. Fisher and Joshua Lederberg. From mathematics and statistics, I went to population genetics and the early use of computers for modeling and simulation. Molecular biology took me into the laboratory and eventually to somatic cell genetics and human gene mapping. One chance encounter led me into the HLA field and another led me into research on cancer, especially colorectal cancer. On the way, I became a champion of the Human Genome Project and of the need for scientists to help promote the public understanding of science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Bodmer
- Cancer and Immunogenetics Laboratory, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
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118
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Farias N, Ho N, Butler S, Delaney L, Morrison J, Shahrzad S, Coomber BL. The effects of folic acid on global DNA methylation and colonosphere formation in colon cancer cell lines. J Nutr Biochem 2015; 26:818-26. [PMID: 25804133 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Folate and its synthetic form, folic acid (FA), are essential vitamins for the regeneration of S-adenosyl methionine molecules, thereby maintaining adequate cellular methylation. The deregulation of DNA methylation is a contributing factor to carcinogenesis, as alterations in genetic methylation may contribute to stem cell reprogramming and dedifferentiation processes that lead to a cancer stem cell (CSC) phenotype. Here, we investigate the potential effects of FA exposure on DNA methylation and colonosphere formation in cultured human colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines. We show for the first time that HCT116, LS174T, and SW480 cells grown without adequate FA demonstrate significantly impaired colonosphere forming ability with limited changes in CD133, CD166, and EpCAM surface expression. These differences were accompanied by concomitant changes to DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) enzyme expression and DNA methylation levels, which varied depending on cell line. Taken together, these results demonstrate an interaction between FA metabolism and CSC phenotype in vitro and help elucidate a connection between supplemental FA intake and CRC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Farias
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1.
| | - Nelson Ho
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1.
| | - Stacey Butler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1.
| | - Leanne Delaney
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1.
| | - Jodi Morrison
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1.
| | | | - Brenda L Coomber
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1.
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119
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Catrow JL, Zhang Y, Zhang M, Ji H. Discovery of Selective Small-Molecule Inhibitors for the β-Catenin/T-Cell Factor Protein-Protein Interaction through the Optimization of the Acyl Hydrazone Moiety. J Med Chem 2015; 58:4678-92. [PMID: 25985283 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Acyl hydrazone is an important functional group for the discovery of bioactive small molecules. This functional group is also recognized as a pan assay interference structure. In this study, a new small-molecule inhibitor for the β-catenin/Tcf protein-protein interaction (PPI), ZINC02092166, was identified through AlphaScreen and FP assays. This compound contains an acyl hydrazone group and exhibits higher inhibitory activities in cell-based assays than biochemical assays. Inhibitor optimization resulted in chemically stable derivatives that disrupt the β-catenin/Tcf PPI. The binding mode of new inhibitors was characterized by site-directed mutagenesis and structure-activity relationship studies. This series of inhibitors with a new scaffold exhibits dual selectivity for β-catenin/Tcf over β-catenin/cadherin and β-catenin/APC PPIs. One derivative of this series suppresses canonical Wnt signaling, downregulates the expression of Wnt target genes, and inhibits the growth of cancer cells. This compound represents a solid starting point for the development of potent and selective β-catenin/Tcf inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Leon Catrow
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Cell and Genome Science, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, United States
| | - Yongqiang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Cell and Genome Science, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, United States
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Cell and Genome Science, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, United States
| | - Haitao Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Cell and Genome Science, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, United States
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120
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Ohishi K, Toume K, Arai MA, Koyano T, Kowithayakorn T, Mizoguchi T, Itoh M, Ishibashi M. 9-Hydroxycanthin-6-one, a β-Carboline Alkaloid from Eurycoma longifolia, Is the First Wnt Signal Inhibitor through Activation of Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β without Depending on Casein Kinase 1α. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2015; 78:1139-1146. [PMID: 25905468 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Wnt signaling regulates various processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and embryo development. However, numerous diseases have been attributed to the aberrant transduction of Wnt signaling. We screened a plant extract library targeting TCF/β-catenin transcriptional modulating activity with a cell-based luciferase assay. Activity-guided fractionation of the MeOH extract of the E. longifolia root led to the isolation of 9-hydroxycanthin-6-one (1). Compound 1 exhibited TCF/β-catenin inhibitory activity. Compound 1 decreased the expression of Wnt signal target genes, mitf and zic2a, in zebrafish embryos. Treatment of SW480 cells with 1 decreased β-catenin and increased phosphorylated β-catenin (Ser 33, 37, Tyr 41) protein levels. The degradation of β-catenin by 1 was suppressed by GSK3β-siRNA, while compound 1 decreased β-catenin even in the presence of CK1α-siRNA. These results suggest that 1 inhibits Wnt signaling through the activation of GSK3β independent of CK1α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Ohishi
- †Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Toume
- †Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Midori A Arai
- †Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Takashi Koyano
- ‡Temko Corporation, 4-27-4 Honcho, Nakano, Tokyo 164-0012, Japan
| | | | - Takamasa Mizoguchi
- †Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Motoyuki Itoh
- †Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Masami Ishibashi
- †Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
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121
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Saamarthy K, Björner S, Johansson M, Landberg G, Massoumi R, Jirström K, Masoumi KC. Early diagnostic value of Bcl-3 localization in colorectal cancer. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:341. [PMID: 25929479 PMCID: PMC4434567 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1342-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background B-cell leukemia 3 (Bcl-3) is a member of the inhibitor of κB family, which regulates a wide range of biological processes by functioning as a transcriptional activator or as a repressor of target genes. Elevated expression, sustained nuclear accumulation, and uncontrolled activation of Bcl-3 causes increased cellular proliferation or survival, dependent on the tissue and type of stimuli. Methods We retrospectively reviewed patients who were diagnosed with colorectal cancer at Skåne University Hospital in Malmö between 1st of January 1990 and 31st of December 1991. Bcl-3 localization in colorectal cancer was assessed by immunohistochemistry on tissue microarray and freshly isolated colon from patients. Correlation between Bcl-3 localization and clinicopathological parameters of the cohort were evaluated using the Spearman rank-order correlation coefficient. In addition, Bcl-3 expression and localization in colon adenocarcinoma cells were analysed by western blot, immunohistochemistry and subcellular fractionation separately. Results We found that Bcl-3 was mainly localized in the cytoplasm in the tumour tissue isolated from colon cancer patients. Normal colon samples from the same patients showed Bcl-3 localization in the nucleus. In three out of six colon cancer cell lines, we detected elevated levels of Bcl-3. In these cell lines Bcl-3 was accumulated in the cytosol. We confirmed these findings by analysing Bcl-3 localization in a colon tissue micro array consisting of 270 cases. In these samples Bcl-3 localization correlated with the proliferation marker Ki-67, but not with the apoptotic marker Caspase 3. Conclusion These findings indicate that analysis of the subcellular localization of Bcl-3 could be a potential-early diagnostic marker in colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karunakar Saamarthy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Translational Cancer Research, Division of Molecular Tumour Pathology, Lund University, Medicon Village, Building 404:A3, 223 83, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Sofie Björner
- Center for Molecular Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Skåne University Hospital, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Martin Johansson
- Center for Molecular Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Skåne University Hospital, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Göran Landberg
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Centre, University of Gothenburg, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Ramin Massoumi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Translational Cancer Research, Division of Molecular Tumour Pathology, Lund University, Medicon Village, Building 404:A3, 223 83, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Karin Jirström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, 221 85, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Katarzyna Chmielarska Masoumi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Translational Cancer Research, Division of Molecular Tumour Pathology, Lund University, Medicon Village, Building 404:A3, 223 83, Lund, Sweden.
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122
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Kim HJ, Yun E, Song GY, Oh S. CGK-211, a Novel Carbazole Derivative, Suppresses Canonical Wnt Signaling by Promoting β-Catenin Degradation. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.10214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Jin Kim
- Department of Bio and Fermentation Convergence Technology; Kookmin University; Seoul 136-702 Republic of Korea
| | - Eunju Yun
- College of Pharmacy; Chungnam National University; Daejeon 305-764 Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu-Yong Song
- College of Pharmacy; Chungnam National University; Daejeon 305-764 Republic of Korea
| | - Sangtaek Oh
- Department of Bio and Fermentation Convergence Technology; Kookmin University; Seoul 136-702 Republic of Korea
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123
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Traenkle B, Emele F, Anton R, Poetz O, Haeussler RS, Maier J, Kaiser PD, Scholz AM, Nueske S, Buchfellner A, Romer T, Rothbauer U. Monitoring interactions and dynamics of endogenous beta-catenin with intracellular nanobodies in living cells. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 14:707-23. [PMID: 25595278 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.044016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
β-catenin is the key component of the canonical Wnt pathway and plays a crucial role in a multitude of developmental and homeostatic processes. The different tasks of β-catenin are orchestrated by its subcellular localization and participation in multiprotein complexes. To gain a better understanding of β-catenin's role in living cells we have generated a new set of single domain antibodies, referred to as nanobodies, derived from heavy chain antibodies of camelids. We selected nanobodies recognizing the N-terminal, core or C-terminal domain of β-catenin and applied these new high-affinity binders as capture molecules in sandwich immunoassays and co-immunoprecipitations of endogenous β-catenin complexes. In addition, we engineered intracellularly functional anti-β-catenin chromobodies by combining the binding moieties of the nanobodies with fluorescent proteins. For the first time, we were able to visualize the subcellular localization and nuclear translocation of endogenous β-catenin in living cells using these chromobodies. Moreover, the chromobody signal allowed us to trace the accumulation of diffusible, hypo-phosphorylated β-catenin in response to compound treatment in real time using High Content Imaging. The anti-β-catenin nanobodies and chromobodies characterized in this study are versatile tools that enable a novel and unique approach to monitor the dynamics of subcellular β-catenin in biochemical and cell biological assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjoern Traenkle
- From the ‡Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Eberhard-Karls University Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Felix Emele
- From the ‡Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Eberhard-Karls University Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Roman Anton
- From the ‡Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Eberhard-Karls University Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Poetz
- §Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tuebingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Ragna S Haeussler
- §Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tuebingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Julia Maier
- From the ‡Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Eberhard-Karls University Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Philipp D Kaiser
- From the ‡Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Eberhard-Karls University Tuebingen, Germany; §Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tuebingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Armin M Scholz
- ¶Livestock Center of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Stefan Nueske
- ¶Livestock Center of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | | | - Tina Romer
- ‖ChromoTek GmbH, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ulrich Rothbauer
- From the ‡Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Eberhard-Karls University Tuebingen, Germany; §Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tuebingen, Reutlingen, Germany;
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Xiang S, Fang J, Wang S, Deng B, Zhu L. MicroRNA‑135b regulates the stability of PTEN and promotes glycolysis by targeting USP13 in human colorectal cancers. Oncol Rep 2014; 33:1342-8. [PMID: 25571954 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of microRNAs has been reported to be involved in the progression of human colorectal cancers (CRCs). Loss of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene is a common initiating event in CRCs. PTEN inactivation by mutation or allelic loss also occurs in CRCs. miR‑135b was reported to be upregulated in CRCs and its overexpression was due to APC/β‑catenin and PTEN/PI3K pathway deregulation. APC was proven to be a target of miR‑135b and forms a feedback loop with miR‑135b. In the present study, we found that ubiquitin‑specific peptidase 13 (USP13) was a target of miR‑135b. miR‑135b downregulated the expression of USP13, and reduced the stability of PTEN. miR‑135b promoted cell proliferation and glycolysis that could be reversed by the overexpression of USP13 or PTEN. Moreover, knockdown of USP13 upregulated the levels of endogenous miR‑135b, but not those in CRC cells with PTEN mutation. The results showed positive feedback loops between miR‑135b and PTEN inactivation in CRCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijun Xiang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Jiaqing Fang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, P.R. China
| | - Shuyun Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Biao Deng
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
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125
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Silva AL, Dawson SN, Arends MJ, Guttula K, Hall N, Cameron EA, Huang THM, Brenton JD, Tavaré S, Bienz M, Ibrahim AEK. Boosting Wnt activity during colorectal cancer progression through selective hypermethylation of Wnt signaling antagonists. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:891. [PMID: 25432628 PMCID: PMC4265460 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is emerging evidence that Wnt pathway activity may increase during the progression from colorectal adenoma to carcinoma and that this increase is potentially an important step towards the invasive stage. Here, we investigated whether epigenetic silencing of Wnt antagonists is the biological driver for this increased Wnt activity in human tissues and how these methylation changes correlate with MSI (Microsatelite Instability) and CIMP (CpG Island Methylator Phenotype) statuses as well as known mutations in genes driving colorectal neoplasia. METHODS We conducted a systematic analysis by pyrosequencing, to determine the promoter methylation of CpG islands associated with 17 Wnt signaling component genes. Methylation levels were correlated with MSI and CIMP statuses and known mutations within the APC, BRAF and KRAS genes in 264 matched samples representing the progression from normal to pre-invasive adenoma to colorectal carcinoma. RESULTS We discovered widespread hypermethylation of the Wnt antagonists SFRP1, SFRP2, SFRP5, DKK2, WIF1 and SOX17 in the transition from normal to adenoma with only the Wnt antagonists SFRP1, SFRP2, DKK2 and WIF1 showing further significant increase in methylation from adenoma to carcinoma. We show this to be accompanied by loss of expression of these Wnt antagonists, and by an increase in nuclear Wnt pathway activity. Mixed effects models revealed that mutations in APC, BRAF and KRAS occur at the transition from normal to adenoma stages whilst the hypermethylation of the Wnt antagonists continued to accumulate during the transitions from adenoma to carcinoma stages. CONCLUSION Our study provides strong evidence for a correlation between progressive hypermethylation and silencing of several Wnt antagonists with stepping-up in Wnt pathway activity beyond the APC loss associated tumour-initiating Wnt signalling levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ashraf E K Ibrahim
- Department of Pathology, Division of Molecular Histopathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK.
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126
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Ibrahem S, Al-Ghamdi S, Baloch K, Muhammad B, Fadhil W, Jackson D, Nateri AS, Ilyas M. STAT3 paradoxically stimulates β-catenin expression but inhibits β-catenin function. Int J Exp Pathol 2014; 95:392-400. [PMID: 25348333 PMCID: PMC4285465 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt signalling and the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) are oncogenic signalling pathways which are deregulated in colorectal cancer (CRC). Here we investigated the interaction of these two pathways. Firstly, we investigated biochemical interaction by inhibiting STAT3 and β-catenin (through gene knock-down and dominant-negative TCF4 expression) in nine CRC cell lines. β-catenin inhibition did not affect STAT3 levels, whereas STAT3 knock-down resulted in reduced β-catenin mRNA and protein levels. The reduction in β-catenin protein was not prevented by proteasome inhibition, and IL6-induced STAT3 activation resulted in increased β-catenin mRNA. This suggests that STAT3 positively regulates β-catenin (at a transcriptional level) and evaluation of 44 CRCs by immunostaining supported this by showing an association between nuclear STAT3 expression and nuclear β-catenin (P = 0.022). We tested the functional interaction between STAT3 and Wnt signalling by knocking down STAT3 and β-catenin individually and in combination. Knock-down of β-catenin and STAT3 individually inhibited cell proliferation (P < 0. 001 for each) through G1 arrest. However, simultaneous knock-down of STAT3 and β-catenin had a significantly weaker effect than knock-down of β-catenin alone (P < 0.01). Knock-down of STAT3 and β-catenin, individually and together, inhibited cell motility (P < 0.001) without evidence of interaction. We conclude that STAT3 regulates β-catenin but β-catenin does not regulate STAT3. The STAT3/β-catenin interaction is complex but may reduce the proliferative activity of β-catenin possibly by taking β-catenin protein beyond the optimal level. This may indicate biological differences in tumours where both STAT3 and β-catenin are activated compared to those where only one is activated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salih Ibrahem
- Academic Unit of Molecular Pathology, Nottingham University, Nottingham, UK
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127
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Wang H, Ke F, Zheng J. Hedgehog-glioma-associated oncogene homolog-1 signaling in colon cancer cells and its role in the celecoxib-mediated anti-cancer effect. Oncol Lett 2014; 8:2203-2208. [PMID: 25295109 PMCID: PMC4186616 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.2439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is activated in numerous malignant tumors, but its role in human colorectal cancer remains uncertain. Celecoxib, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, has been shown to exhibit chemoprevention in colorectal cancer, however, the effects of celecoxib on Hh signaling remain unknown. The current study presents an evaluation of Hh signaling in colon cancer cell lines and the effects of celecoxib in vitro. Active Hh signaling was observed in LoVo and HT-29 cells, with particularly high levels in the LoVo cells. However, Hh signaling activity was absent in HCT-116 cells. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction indicated that the expression of Hh receptor patched homolog 1 (PTCH1) was absent in the LoVo cells, but that they exhibited high levels of glioma-associated oncogene homolog-1 (GLI1) expression, while high expression levels of PTCH1 and low expression levels of smoothened (SMO) and GLI1 were observed in the HCT-116 cells. The HCT-116 cells were extremely sensitive to celecoxib, whereas the LoVo cells were resistant to the anticancer effect of the drug. Celecoxib downregulated the expression of GLI1 in the HCT-116 and HT-29 cells, but did not change the expression of GLI1 in the LoVo cells. The results presented in this study indicated that the anticancer effect of celecoxib is selective in colon cancer cells; celecoxib may target cancer cells via the SMO-independent modulation of GLI1 activity, and Hh signaling may be significant in maintaining the malignant state of LoVo cells. These findings may aid in improving our understanding of the carcinogenesis of colon cancer and the development of novel approaches for the targeted therapy of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Wang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Fei Ke
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
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128
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Song J, Wang Z, Ewing RM. Integrated analysis of the Wnt responsive proteome in human cells reveals diverse and cell-type specific networks. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2014; 10:45-53. [PMID: 24201312 DOI: 10.1039/c3mb70417c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Wnt signalling is a fundamentally important signalling pathway that regulates many aspects of metazoan development and is frequently dysregulated in cancer. Although many of the core components of the Wnt signalling pathway, such as β-catenin, have been extensively studied, the broad systems level responses of the mammalian cell to Wnt signalling are less well understood. In addition, the cell- or tissue-specific protein networks that modulate Wnt signalling in the diverse tissues or developmental stages in which it functions remain to be defined. To address these questions, we undertook a broad survey of the Wnt response in different human cell lines using both interaction and expression proteomics approaches. Our data reveal both similar and divergent responses of pathways and processes in the three cell-lines analyzed as well as a marked attenuation of the response to exogenous Wnt treatment in cells harbouring a stabilizing (activating) mutation of β-catenin. We also identify cell-type specific components of the Wnt signalling network and find that by integrating expression and interaction proteomics data a more complete description of the Wnt interaction network can be achieved. Finally, our results attest to the power of LC-MS/MS to reveal novel cellular responses in even relatively well studied biological pathways such as Wnt signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Song
- Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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129
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Pentheroudakis G, Kotteas EA, Kotoula V, Papadopoulou K, Charalambous E, Cervantes A, Ciuleanu T, Fountzilas G, Pavlidis N. Mutational profiling of the RAS, PI3K, MET and b-catenin pathways in cancer of unknown primary: a retrospective study of the Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group. Clin Exp Metastasis 2014; 31:761-9. [PMID: 24997156 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-014-9666-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cancer of unknown primary origin (CUP) had a poor prognosis, determined by clinico-histological characteristics, partly due to the lack of insights on its biology. We screened tumour DNA from 87 patients with CUP for CTNNB1 (coding exons 2,3,4,5), MET (coding exon 18), PIK3CA (coding exons 9,20), KRAS (coding exons 1,2), BRAF (coding exon 15) gene mutations by using dd-sequencing and evaluated their impact on prognosis. Mutated gene incidences in the 87 CUP cases were: KRAS 11 (12.6 %), BRAF 5 (5.7 %), PIK3CA 8 (9 %), MET 6 (6.7 %) and CTNNB1 18 (20.7 %). Several mutations in the KRAS gene were not the commonly encountered mutations in other solid tumours. Activating mutations were observed in 10.2 % in KRAS, 4.5 % in BRAF, 6.6 % in PIK3CA, 4.5 % in MET, and 19.5 % in CTNNB1. Activating mutations in PIK3CA coding exon 9 were inversely correlated with MET coding exon 18 activating mutations (p = 0.036). MET activating mutations were prognostic for poor Progression-Free Survival (median PFS 5 vs 9 months, p = 0.009) and Overall Survival (median OS 7 vs 20 months, p = 0.005). The complex profile of either CTNNB1 or MET mutations also had an adverse prognostic significance (median OS 11 vs 21 months, p = 0.015). No other gene mutation exhibited prognostic significance. In multivariate analysis, poor performance status, male gender, visceral disease and adenocarcinoma histology, but not gene mutations, were independently associated with poor patient outcome. CTNNB1 gene mutations are frequent, and along with MET mutations have an adverse prognostic effect in patients with CUP.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pentheroudakis
- Department of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece,
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130
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Zhang J, Kong LM, Zhan R, Ye ZN, Pu JX, Sun HD, Li Y. Two Natural ent-kauranoids as Novel Wnt Signaling Inhibitors. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2014; 4:135-140. [PMID: 24955294 PMCID: PMC4050307 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-014-0016-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Constitutively active Wnt signaling frequently occurs in most colon cancers. Therefore, inhibitors of Wnt signaling pathway could provide rational therapeutic effects for colorectal malignancy. Within this paper, we identified two inhibitors of Wnt signaling pathway, rabdoternin B and maoecrystal I from a natural ent-kauranoid library by a dual-luciferase reporter gene assay. The two compounds inhibited Wnt signaling pathway in a concentration-dependent manner and exhibited selective cytotoxicity toward a number of colon carcinoma cell lines SW480, HCT116, and HT29, with only weak cytotoxicity towards the normal colonic epithelial cell line CCD-841-CoN. Rabdoternin B and maoecrystal I treatment induced G2/M phase arrest efficiently in SW480 cells as revealed by flow cytometry analysis. A further study found that maoecrystal I decreased the expression of Wnt signaling target genes, including c-myc, cyclin D1, survivin and Axin2 in colon cancer cells. Collectively our data suggests that rabdoternin B and maoecrystal I are novel inhibitors of canonical Wnt signaling pathway and may possess potentials for colon cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Ling-Mei Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Rui Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan China
| | - Zhen-Nan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Jian-Xin Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan China
| | - Han-Dong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan China
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131
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Jumpertz S, Hennes T, Asare Y, Vervoorts J, Bernhagen J, Schütz AK. The β-catenin E3 ubiquitin ligase SIAH-1 is regulated by CSN5/JAB1 in CRC cells. Cell Signal 2014; 26:2051-9. [PMID: 24882689 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
COP9 signalosome subunit 5 (CSN5) plays a decisive role in cellular processes such as cell cycle regulation and apoptosis via promoting protein degradation, gene transcription, and nuclear export. CSN5 regulates cullin-RING-E3 ligase (CRL) activity through its deNEDDylase function. It is overexpressed in several tumor entities, but its role in colorectal cancer (CRC) is poorly understood. Wnt/β-catenin signaling is aberrant in most CRC cells, resulting in increased levels of oncogenic β-catenin and thus tumor progression. Under physiological conditions, β-catenin levels are tightly regulated by continuous proteasomal degradation. We recently showed that knockdown of CSN5 in model and CRC cells results in decreased (phospho)-β-catenin levels. Reduced β-catenin levels were associated with an attenuated proliferation rate of different CRC cell types after CSN5 knockdown. The canonical Wnt pathway involves degradation of β-catenin by a β-TrCP1-containing E3 ligase, but is mostly non-functional in CRC cells. We thus hypothesized that alternative β-catenin degradation mediated by SIAH-1 (seven in absentia homolog-1), is responsible for the effect of CSN5 on β-catenin signaling in CRC cells. We found that SIAH-1 plays an essential role in β-catenin degradation in HCT116 CRC cells and that CSN5 affects β-catenin target gene expression in these cells. Of note, CSN5 affected SIAH-1 mRNA and SIAH-1 protein levels. Moreover, β-catenin and SIAH-1 form protein complexes with CSN5 in HCT116 cells. Lastly, we demonstrate that CSN5 promotes SIAH-1 degradation in HCT116 and SW480 cells and that this is associated with its deNEDDylase activity. In conclusion, we have identified a CSN5/β-catenin/SIAH-1 interaction network that might control β-catenin degradation in CRC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Jumpertz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Thomas Hennes
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Yaw Asare
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Jörg Vervoorts
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Bernhagen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Anke K Schütz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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132
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Valeri N, Braconi C, Gasparini P, Murgia C, Lampis A, Paulus-Hock V, Hart JR, Ueno L, Grivennikov SI, Lovat F, Paone A, Cascione L, Sumani KM, Veronese A, Fabbri M, Carasi S, Alder H, Lanza G, Gafa' R, Moyer MP, Ridgway RA, Cordero J, Nuovo GJ, Frankel WL, Rugge M, Fassan M, Groden J, Vogt PK, Karin M, Sansom OJ, Croce CM. MicroRNA-135b promotes cancer progression by acting as a downstream effector of oncogenic pathways in colon cancer. Cancer Cell 2014; 25:469-83. [PMID: 24735923 PMCID: PMC3995091 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNA deregulation is frequent in human colorectal cancers (CRCs), but little is known as to whether it represents a bystander event or actually drives tumor progression in vivo. We show that miR-135b overexpression is triggered in mice and humans by APC loss, PTEN/PI3K pathway deregulation, and SRC overexpression and promotes tumor transformation and progression. We show that miR-135b upregulation is common in sporadic and inflammatory bowel disease-associated human CRCs and correlates with tumor stage and poor clinical outcome. Inhibition of miR-135b in CRC mouse models reduces tumor growth by controlling genes involved in proliferation, invasion, and apoptosis. We identify miR-135b as a key downsteam effector of oncogenic pathways and a potential target for CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Valeri
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK.
| | - Chiara Braconi
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Pierluigi Gasparini
- Human Cancer Genetics Program, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43212, USA
| | - Claudio Murgia
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Andrea Lampis
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Viola Paulus-Hock
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Jonathan R Hart
- Department of Molecular & Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lynn Ueno
- Department of Molecular & Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sergei I Grivennikov
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Francesca Lovat
- Human Cancer Genetics Program, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43212, USA
| | - Alessio Paone
- Human Cancer Genetics Program, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43212, USA
| | - Luciano Cascione
- Human Cancer Genetics Program, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43212, USA
| | - Khlea M Sumani
- Human Cancer Genetics Program, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43212, USA
| | - Angelo Veronese
- Aging Research Center, G.d'Annunzio University Foundation, Chieti 66100, Italy
| | - Muller Fabbri
- Human Cancer Genetics Program, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43212, USA
| | - Stefania Carasi
- Human Cancer Genetics Program, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43212, USA
| | - Hansjuerg Alder
- Human Cancer Genetics Program, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43212, USA
| | - Giovanni Lanza
- Department of Pathology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Roberta Gafa'
- Department of Pathology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | | | | | - Julia Cordero
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Gerard J Nuovo
- Human Cancer Genetics Program, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43212, USA
| | - Wendy L Frankel
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43212, USA
| | - Massimo Rugge
- Department of Pathology, University of Padova, Padova 35121, Italy
| | - Matteo Fassan
- Department of Pathology, University of Padova, Padova 35121, Italy
| | - Joanna Groden
- Human Cancer Genetics Program, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43212, USA
| | - Peter K Vogt
- Department of Molecular & Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michael Karin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Owen J Sansom
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Carlo M Croce
- Human Cancer Genetics Program, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43212, USA.
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133
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Strikoudis A, Guillamot M, Aifantis I. Regulation of stem cell function by protein ubiquitylation. EMBO Rep 2014; 15:365-82. [PMID: 24652853 DOI: 10.1002/embr.201338373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue homeostasis depends largely on the ability to replenish impaired or aged cells. Thus, tissue-resident stem cells need to provide functional progeny throughout the lifetime of an organism. Significant work in the past years has characterized how stem cells integrate signals from their environment to shape regulatory transcriptional networks and chromatin-regulating factors that control stem cell differentiation or maintenance. There is increasing interest in how post-translational modifications, and specifically ubiquitylation, control these crucial decisions. Ubiquitylation modulates the stability and function of important factors that regulate key processes in stem cell behavior. In this review, we analyze the role of ubiquitylation in embryonic stem cells and different adult multipotent stem cell systems and discuss the underlying mechanisms that control the balance between quiescence, self-renewal, and differentiation. We also discuss deregulated processes of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation that lead to the development of tumor-initiating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Strikoudis
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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134
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Park HY, Toume K, Arai MA, Sadhu SK, Ahmed F, Ishibashi M. Calotropin: a cardenolide from calotropis gigantea that inhibits Wnt signaling by increasing casein kinase 1α in colon cancer cells. Chembiochem 2014; 15:872-8. [PMID: 24644251 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Wnt signaling plays key roles in embryonic development and various human diseases. Activity-guided testing to isolate Wnt signaling inhibitors from the methanol extract of Calotropis gigantea (Asclepiadaceae) exudutes identified six Wnt inhibitory cardenolides (1-6), of which 1, 3, 5, and 6 exhibited potent TCF/β-catenin inhibitory activities (IC50 0.7-3.6 nM). Calotropin (1) inhibited Wnt signaling by decreasing both nuclear and cytosolic β-catenin in a dose-dependent manner, and promoted degradation of β-catenin by increasing the phosphorylation of β-catenin at Ser45 through casein kinase 1α (CK1α). Moreover, 1 significantly increased CK1α protein and mRNA levels. The results suggest that 1 inhibits the Wnt signaling pathway by increasing CK1α protein levels. To the best of our knowledge, calotropin is the first small molecule to increase CK1α levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Young Park
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675 (Japan)
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135
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Guezguez A, Paré F, Benoit YD, Basora N, Beaulieu JF. Modulation of stemness in a human normal intestinal epithelial crypt cell line by activation of the WNT signaling pathway. Exp Cell Res 2014; 322:355-64. [PMID: 24534551 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The small intestine consists of two histological compartments composed of the crypts and the villi. The function of the adult small intestinal epithelium is mediated by four different types of mature cells: enterocytes, goblet, enteroendocrine and Paneth. Undifferentiated cells reside in the crypts and produce these four types of mature cells. The niche-related Wnt and Bmp signaling pathways have been suggested to be involved in the regulation and maintenance of the stem cell microenvironment. In our laboratory, we isolated the first normal human intestinal epithelial crypt (HIEC) cell model from the human fetal intestine and in this study we investigated the expression of a panel of intestinal stem cell markers in HIEC cells under normal culture parameters as well as under conditions that mimic the stem cell microenvironment. The results showed that short term stimulation of HIEC cells with R-spondin 1 and Wnt-3a±SB-216763, a glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) inhibitor, induced β-catenin/TCF activity and expression of the WNT target genes, cyclin D2 and LGR5. Treatment of HIEC cells with noggin, an antagonist of BMP signaling, abolished SMAD2/5/8 phosphorylation. Inducing a switch from inactive WNT/active BMP toward active WNT/inactive BMP pathways was sufficient to trigger a robust intestinal primordial stem-like cell signature with predominant LGR5, PHLDA1, PROM1, SMOC2 and OLFM4 expression. These findings demonstrate that even fully established cultures of intestinal cells can be prompted toward a CBC stem cell-like phenotype. This model should be useful for studying the regulation of human intestinal stem cell self-renewal and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Guezguez
- Laboratory of Intestinal Physiopathology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1H 5N4.
| | - Fréderic Paré
- Laboratory of Intestinal Physiopathology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1H 5N4.
| | - Yannick D Benoit
- Laboratory of Intestinal Physiopathology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1H 5N4.
| | - Nuria Basora
- Laboratory of Intestinal Physiopathology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1H 5N4.
| | - Jean-François Beaulieu
- Laboratory of Intestinal Physiopathology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1H 5N4.
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136
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Comprehensive analysis of β-catenin target genes in colorectal carcinoma cell lines with deregulated Wnt/β-catenin signaling. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:74. [PMID: 24467841 PMCID: PMC3909937 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Deregulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling is a hallmark of the majority of sporadic forms of colorectal cancer and results in increased stability of the protein β-catenin. β-catenin is then shuttled into the nucleus where it activates the transcription of its target genes, including the proto-oncogenes MYC and CCND1 as well as the genes encoding the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins ASCL2 and ITF-2B. To identify genes commonly regulated by β-catenin in colorectal cancer cell lines, we analyzed β-catenin target gene expression in two non-isogenic cell lines, DLD1 and SW480, using DNA microarrays and compared these genes to β-catenin target genes published in the PubMed database and DNA microarray data presented in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Results Treatment of DLD1 and SW480 cells with β-catenin siRNA resulted in differential expression of 1501 and 2389 genes, respectively. 335 of these genes were regulated in the same direction in both cell lines. Comparison of these data with published β-catenin target genes for the colon carcinoma cell line LS174T revealed 193 genes that are regulated similarly in all three cell lines. The overlapping gene set includes confirmed β-catenin target genes like AXIN2, MYC, and ASCL2. We also identified 11 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways that are regulated similarly in DLD1 and SW480 cells and one pathway – the steroid biosynthesis pathway – was regulated in all three cell lines. Conclusions Based on the large number of potential β-catenin target genes found to be similarly regulated in DLD1, SW480 and LS174T cells as well as the large overlap with confirmed β-catenin target genes, we conclude that DLD1 and SW480 colon carcinoma cell lines are suitable model systems to study Wnt/β-catenin signaling and associated colorectal carcinogenesis. Furthermore, the confirmed and the newly identified potential β-catenin target genes are useful starting points for further studies.
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137
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Li H, Lee HJ, Ahn YH, Kwon HJ, Jang CY, Kim WY, Ryu JH. Tussilagone suppresses colon cancer cell proliferation by promoting the degradation of β-catenin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 443:132-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.11.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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138
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Puthia M, Storm P, Nadeem A, Hsiung S, Svanborg C. Prevention and treatment of colon cancer by peroral administration of HAMLET (human α-lactalbumin made lethal to tumour cells). Gut 2014; 63:131-42. [PMID: 23348960 PMCID: PMC3888589 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2012-303715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most colon cancers start with dysregulated Wnt/β-catenin signalling and remain a major therapeutic challenge. Examining whether HAMLET (human α-lactalbumin made lethal to tumour cells) may be used for colon cancer treatment is logical, based on the properties of the complex and its biological context. OBJECTIVE To investigate if HAMLET can be used for colon cancer treatment and prevention. Apc(Min)(/+) mice, which carry mutations relevant to hereditary and sporadic human colorectal tumours, were used as a model for human disease. METHOD HAMLET was given perorally in therapeutic and prophylactic regimens. Tumour burden and animal survival of HAMLET-treated and sham-fed mice were compared. Tissue analysis focused on Wnt/β-catenin signalling, proliferation markers and gene expression, using microarrays, immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry and ELISA. Confocal microscopy, reporter assay, immunoprecipitation, immunoblotting, ion flux assays and holographic imaging were used to determine effects on colon cancer cells. RESULTS Peroral HAMLET administration reduced tumour progression and mortality in Apc(Min)(/+) mice. HAMLET accumulated specifically in tumour tissue, reduced β-catenin and related tumour markers. Gene expression analysis detected inhibition of Wnt signalling and a shift to a more differentiated phenotype. In colon cancer cells with APC mutations, HAMLET altered β-catenin integrity and localisation through an ion channel-dependent pathway, defining a new mechanism for controlling β-catenin signalling. Remarkably, supplying HAMLET to the drinking water from the time of weaning also significantly prevented tumour development. CONCLUSIONS These data identify HAMLET as a new, peroral agent for colon cancer prevention and treatment, especially needed in people carrying APC mutations, where colon cancer remains a leading cause of death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Puthia
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, , Lund, Sweden
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139
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Rennoll SA, Konsavage WM, Yochum GS. Nuclear AXIN2 represses MYC gene expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 443:217-22. [PMID: 24299953 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.11.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The β-catenin transcriptional coactivator is the key mediator of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. In the absence of Wnt, β-catenin associates with a cytosolic and multi-protein destruction complex where it is phosphorylated and targeted for proteasomal degradation. In the presence of Wnt, the destruction complex is inactivated and β-catenin translocates into the nucleus. In the nucleus, β-catenin binds T-cell factor (TCF) transcription factors to activate expression of c-MYC (MYC) and Axis inhibition protein 2 (AXIN2). AXIN2 is a member of the destruction complex and, thus, serves in a negative feedback loop to control Wnt/β-catenin signaling. AXIN2 is also present in the nucleus, but its function within this compartment is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that AXIN2 localizes to the nuclei of epithelial cells within normal and colonic tumor tissues as well as colorectal cancer cell lines. In the nucleus, AXIN2 represses expression of Wnt/β-catenin-responsive luciferase reporters and forms a complex with β-catenin and TCF. We demonstrate that AXIN2 co-occupies β-catenin/TCF complexes at the MYC promoter region. When constitutively localized to the nucleus, AXIN2 alters the chromatin structure at the MYC promoter and directly represses MYC gene expression. These findings suggest that nuclear AXIN2 functions as a rheostat to control MYC expression in response to Wnt/β-catenin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherri A Rennoll
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Wesley M Konsavage
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Gregory S Yochum
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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140
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Toume K, Kamiya K, Arai MA, Mori N, Sadhu SK, Ahmed F, Ishibashi M. Xylogranin B: a potent Wnt signal inhibitory limonoid from Xylocarpus granatum. Org Lett 2013; 15:6106-9. [PMID: 24255943 DOI: 10.1021/ol4029995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Xylogranin B (2) was isolated from Xylocarpus granatum (Meliaceae) leaves, by use of a cell-based luciferase screening system targeting a Wnt signaling pathway. Compound 2 inhibited TCF/β-catenin transcriptional activity (IC50 48.9 nM) and exhibited strong cytotoxicity against colon cancer cell lines. Compound 2 significantly decreased β-catenin protein levels in nuclei but not in the cytosol. These results indicated that a decrease in β-catenin levels in nuclei by 2 resulted in the Wnt signal inhibitory effects of 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazufumi Toume
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University , 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan , Pharmacy Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University , Khulna 9208, Bangladesh , and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Dhaka , Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
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141
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Dynamic Switch Between Two Adhesion Phenotypes in Colorectal Cancer Cells. Cell Mol Bioeng 2013; 7:35-44. [PMID: 24575161 PMCID: PMC3923115 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-013-0313-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The hematogenous metastatic cascade is mediated by the interaction of cancer cells and the endothelial cell lining of blood vessels. In this work, we examine the colon cancer cell line COLO 205, which grows simultaneously in both adherent and suspended states in culture and can serve as a good model for studying tumor heterogeneity. The two subpopulations of cells have different molecular characteristics despite being from the same parent cell line. We found that the ratio of adherent to suspended cells in culture is maintained at 7:3 (equilibrium ratio). The ratio was maintained even when we separate the two populations and culture them separately. After 8 h in culture the equilibrium was achieved only from either adherent or suspended population. The adherent cells were found to express less E-selectin binding glycans and demonstrated significantly weaker interaction with E-selectin under flow than the suspended cells. Manipulation of the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers β-catenin and E-cadherin expression, either by siRNA knockdown of β-catenin or incubation with E-cadherin antibody-coated microbeads, shifted the ratio of adherent to suspended cells to 9:1. Interestingly, human plasma supplemented media shifted the ratio of adherent to suspended cells in the opposite direction to 1:9, favoring the suspended state. The dynamic COLO 205 population switch presents unique differential phenotypes of their subpopulations and could serve as a good model for studying cell heterogeneity and the EMT process in vitro.
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142
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Iliou MS, da Silva-Diz V, Carmona FJ, Ramalho-Carvalho J, Heyn H, Villanueva A, Muñoz P, Esteller M. Impaired DICER1 function promotes stemness and metastasis in colon cancer. Oncogene 2013; 33:4003-15. [PMID: 24096488 PMCID: PMC4114136 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of microRNA (miRNA) expression patterns is now being recognized as a hallmark of human cancer. The causes of these altered profiles are diverse, and, among them, we found the existence of defects in the miRNA processing machinery. However, little is known about how these alterations affect the biology of the underlying tumors. Herein, we show that colorectal cancer cells with an impairment in DICER1, a major miRNA biogenesis gene, undergo enrichment of tumor stemness features and an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. These phenotypes are associated with the downregulation of miRNAs, such as miR-34a, miR-126 and those of the miR-200 family, that target critical coding genes in these pathways. Most importantly, DICER1 impairment also induces the acquisition of a greater capacity for tumor initiation and metastasis, two properties associated with cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Iliou
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - V da Silva-Diz
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - F J Carmona
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Ramalho-Carvalho
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - H Heyn
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Villanueva
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - P Muñoz
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Esteller
- 1] Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain [2] Department of Physiological Sciences II, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain [3] Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
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143
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Abstract
Small bowel cancers account for 3% of all gastrointestinal malignancies and small bowel adenocarcinomas represent a third of all small bowel cancers. Rarity of small bowel adenocarcinomas restricts molecular understanding and presents unique diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Better cross-sectional imaging techniques and development of enteroscopy and capsule endoscopy have facilitated earlier and more-accurate diagnosis. Surgical resection remains the mainstay of therapy for locoregional disease. In the metastatic setting, fluoropyrimidine and oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy has shown clinical benefit in prospective non-randomized trials. Although frequently grouped under the same therapeutic umbrella as large bowel adenocarcinomas, small bowel adenocarcinomas are distinct clinical and molecular entities. Recent progress in molecular characterization has aided our understanding of the pathogenesis of these tumours and holds potential for prospective development of novel targeted therapies. Multi-institutional collaborative efforts directed towards cogent understanding of tumour biology and designing sensible clinical trials are essential for developing improved therapeutic strategies. In this Review, we endeavour to outline an evidence-based approach to present-day management of small bowel adenocarcinoma, describe contemporary challenges and uncover evolving paradigms in the management of these rare 'orphan' neoplasias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanwal Raghav
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Centre, Unit #426, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Kim YJ, Kang HB, Yim HS, Kim JH, Kim JW. NDRG2 positively regulates E-cadherin expression and prolongs overall survival in colon cancer patients. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:1890-8. [PMID: 23900729 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To discover the molecular mechanism of N-Myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2), a newly found differentiation-related tumor suppressor, the relationships between NDRG2 and E-cadherin were investigated in tumor cells and tissues. Positive correlations between the expression of E-cadherin and NDRG2 were shown in several colon cancer cell lines as well as in colon cancer tissues. According to the transcription assays using a reporter plasmid containing E-cadherin promoter region (-368~+51), NDRG2 introduction into colon cancer cell lines induced upregulation of E-cadherin promoter activity and its transcription. On the contrary, inhibition of NDRG2 expression by siRNA treatment caused the decrease of E-cadherin transcription. Snail, a zinc-finger transcriptional repressor, was shown to be a mediator of NDRG2-regulated E-cadherin expression. The enhancement of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) activity by NDRG2 overexpression caused proteasomal degradation of Snail transcription factor followed by transcriptional de-repression of E-cadherin. We also found that NDRG2 could mediate cell density-regulated E-cadherin expression. The increase of NDRG2 expression with cell density preceded E-cadherin expression, and the regulation of Snail activity by GSK-3β was also related to this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Jun Kim
- Medical Genomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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145
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Li X, Pu J, Jiang S, Su J, Kong L, Mao B, Sun H, Li Y. Henryin, an ent-kaurane diterpenoid, inhibits Wnt signaling through interference with β-catenin/TCF4 interaction in colorectal cancer cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68525. [PMID: 23844215 PMCID: PMC3699517 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant Wnt/β-catenin signaling has been strongly associated with the tumorigenesis of human colorectal cancer. Inhibitors of this pathway may then offer therapeutic strategies as well as chemoprevention for this malignant disease. Henryin is an ent-kaurane diterpenoid isolated from Isodonrubescens var. lushanensis, a plant long been used in folk medicine to prevent inflammation and gastrointestinal disease. In the present study, we report that henryin selectively inhibits the proliferation of human colorectal cancer cells with a GI50 value in the nano-molar range. Microarray analysis and reporter assays showed that henryin worked as a novel antagonist of Wnt signaling pathway. Henryin reduced the expression of Cyclin D1 and C-myc, and induced G1/S phase arrest in HCT116 cells. Concurrently, henryin did not affect the cytosol-nuclear distribution of soluble β-catenin, but impaired the association of β-catenin/TCF4 transcriptional complex likely through directly blocking the binding of β-catenin to TCF4. We also then analyzed the structure-activity relationship among the ent-kaurane type diterpenoids. Our data suggests that henryin, as a novel inhibitor of Wnt signaling, could be a potential candidate for further preclinical evaluation for colon cancer treatment, and as such warrants further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianxin Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Shiyou Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Su
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lingmei Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bingyu Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Handong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- * E-mail: (YL); (HS)
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- * E-mail: (YL); (HS)
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146
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Leko V, Park GJ, Lao U, Simon JA, Bedalov A. Enterocyte-specific inactivation of SIRT1 reduces tumor load in the APC(+/min) mouse model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66283. [PMID: 23799088 PMCID: PMC3682947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
SIRT1 is a mammalian NAD(+)-dependent histone deacetylase implicated in metabolism, development, aging and tumorigenesis. Prior studies that examined the effect of enterocyte-specific overexpression and global deletion of SIRT1 on polyp formation in the intestines of APC(+/min) mice, a commonly used model for intestinal tumorigenesis, yielded conflicting results, supporting either tumor-suppressive or tumor-promoting roles for SIRT1, respectively. In order to resolve the controversy emerging from these prior in vivo studies, in the present report we examined the effect of SIRT1 deficiency confined to the intestines, avoiding the systemic perturbations such as growth retardation seen with global SIRT1 deletion. We crossed APC(+/min) mice with mice bearing enterocyte-specific inactivation of SIRT1 and examined polyp development in the progeny. We found that SIRT1-inactivation reduced total polyp surface (9.3 mm(2) vs. 23.3 mm(2), p = 0.01), average polyp size (0.24 mm(2) vs. 0.51 mm(2), p = 0.005) and the number of polyps >0.5 mm in diameter (14 vs. 23, p = 0.04), indicating that SIRT1 affects both the number and size of tumors. Additionally, tumors in SIRT1-deficient mice exhibited markedly increased numbers of cells undergoing apoptosis, suggesting that SIRT1 contributes to tumor growth by enabling survival of tumor cells. Our results indicate that SIRT1 acts as a tumor promoter in the APC(+/min) mouse model of intestinal tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vid Leko
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Gemma J. Park
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Uyen Lao
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Julian A. Simon
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Antonio Bedalov
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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147
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Wu WK, Wang XJ, Cheng AS, Luo MX, Ng SS, To KF, Chan FK, Cho CH, Sung JJ, Yu J. Dysregulation and crosstalk of cellular signaling pathways in colon carcinogenesis. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2013; 86:251-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2012.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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148
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Enhanced 4-hydroxynonenal resistance in KEAP1 silenced human colon cancer cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:423965. [PMID: 23766854 PMCID: PMC3674683 DOI: 10.1155/2013/423965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is the transcription factor that regulates an array of antioxidant/detoxifying genes for cellular defense. The conformational changes of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1), a cytosolic repressor protein of NRF2, by various stimuli result in NRF2 liberation and accumulation in the nucleus. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effect of KEAP1 knockdown on NRF2 target gene expression and its toxicological implication using human colon cancer cells. The stable KEAP1-knockdown HT29 cells exhibit elevated levels of NRF2 and its target gene expressions. In particular, the mRNA levels of aldo-keto reductases (AKR1C1, 1C2, 1C3, 1B1, and 1B10) were substantially increased in KEAP1 silenced HT29 cells. These differential AKRs expressions appear to contribute to protection against oxidative stress. The KEAP1-knockdown cells were relatively more resistant to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4HNE) compared to the control cells. Accordantly, we observed accumulation of 4HNE protein adducts in H2O2- or 4HNE-treated control cells, whereas KEAP1-knockdown cells did not increase adduct formation. The treatment of KEAP1-silenced cells with AKR1C inhibitor flufenamic acid increased 4HNE-induced cellular toxicity and protein adduct formation. Taken together, these results indicate that AKRs, which are NRF2-dependent highly inducible gene clusters, play a role in NRF2-mediated cytoprotection against lipid peroxide toxicity.
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149
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Park S, Lee JH, Lee JS, Song GY, Oh S. Identification of N-[3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-1-oxo-2-propenyl]-2-hydroxybenzamide (CGK-101) as a Small Molecule Inhibitor of the Wnt/β-catenin Pathway. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2013. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2013.34.4.1286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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150
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Chuang KA, Lieu CH, Tsai WJ, Huang WH, Lee AR, Kuo YC. 3-Methoxyapigenin modulates β-catenin stability and inhibits Wnt/β-catenin signaling in Jurkat leukemic cells. Life Sci 2013; 92:677-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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