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Tarasova EO, Gaydukov AE, Balezina OP. Calcineurin and Its Role in Synaptic Transmission. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018; 83:674-689. [PMID: 30195324 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297918060056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Calcineurin (CaN) is a serine/threonine phosphatase widely expressed in different cell types and structures including neurons and synapses. The most studied role of CaN is its involvement in the functioning of postsynaptic structures of central synapses. The role of CaN in the presynaptic structures of central and peripheral synapses is less understood, although it has generated a considerable interest and is a subject of a growing number of studies. The regulatory role of CaN in synaptic vesicle endocytosis in the synapse terminals is actively studied. In recent years, new targets of CaN have been identified and its role in the regulation of enzymes and neurotransmitter secretion in peripheral neuromuscular junctions has been revealed. CaN is the only phosphatase that requires calcium and calmodulin for activation. In this review, we present details of CaN molecular structure and give a detailed description of possible mechanisms of CaN activation involving calcium, enzymes, and endogenous and exogenous inhibitors. Known and newly discovered CaN targets at pre- and postsynaptic levels are described. CaN activity in synaptic structures is discussed in terms of functional involvement of this phosphatase in synaptic transmission and neurotransmitter release.
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Affiliation(s)
- E O Tarasova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - A E Gaydukov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russia. .,Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - O P Balezina
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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102
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Wu Z, Xu Q, Qiu X, Xu L, Jiao Z, Zhang M, Zhong M. FKBP1A rs6041749 polymorphism is associated with allograft function in renal transplant patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2018; 75:33-40. [PMID: 30215102 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-018-2546-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the potential impact of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the FK506-binding protein (FKBP)-calcineurin (CaN)-nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) signaling pathway on the efficacy and safety of tacrolimus (TAC) in Chinese renal transplant patients. METHODS Seventy-seven tag SNPs were detected in 146 patients who were on TAC-based maintenance immunosuppression and who followed up for at least 2 years. The relationships of these polymorphisms with clinical outcomes such as acute rejection, acute nephrotoxicity, pneumonia, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were explored. For the FKBP1A rs6041749 polymorphism, which has a significant association with renal function over time, a preliminary functional analysis was performed using a dual-luciferase reporter gene system. RESULTS The patients with FKBP1A rs6041749 TT genotype had a more stable eGFR level than CC and CT carriers (P = 2.08 × 10-8) during the 2 years following transplantation. Dual-luciferase reporter assay results showed that the rs6041749 C variant could enhance the relative luciferase activity compared with the T variant, which indicated that the rs6041749 C allele may increase the FKBP1A gene transcription. In addition, we did not find any association between these genetic variants and the risk of acute rejection, acute nephrotoxicity, and pneumonia in renal transplant patients receiving TAC-based immunosuppression. CONCLUSIONS FKBP1A rs6041749 C allele carriers are at higher risk for eGFR deterioration. The variant might serve as a biomarker to predict allograft function in renal transplant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Urumqi Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinxia Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Urumqi Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Qiu
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Urumqi Road, Shanghai, China.
| | - Luyang Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Urumqi Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Jiao
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Urumqi Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingkang Zhong
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Urumqi Road, Shanghai, China
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Isx9 Regulates Calbindin D28K Expression in Pancreatic β Cells and Promotes β Cell Survival and Function. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092542. [PMID: 30150605 PMCID: PMC6165483 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and death contribute to the onset of diabetes, and novel strategies of β-cell function and survival under diabetogenic conditions need to be explored. We previously demonstrated that Isx9, a small molecule based on the isoxazole scaffold, drives neuroendocrine phenotypes by increasing the expression of genes required for β-cell function and improves glycemia in a model of β cell regeneration. We further investigated the role of Isx9 in β-cell survival. We find that Isx9 drives the expression of Calbindin-D28K (D28K), a key regulator of calcium homeostasis, and plays a cytoprotective role through its calcium buffering capacity in β cells. Isx9 increased the activity of the calcineurin (CN)/cytoplasmic nuclear factor of the activated T-cells (NFAT) transcription factor, a key regulator of D28K, and improved the recruitment of NFATc1, cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), and p300 to the D28K promoter. We found that nutrient stimulation increased D28K plasma membrane enrichment and modulated calcium channel activity in order to regulate glucose-induced insulin secretion. Isx9-mediated expression of D28K protected β cells against chronic stress induced by serum withdrawal or chronic inflammation by reducing caspase 3 activity. Consequently, Isx9 improved human islet function after transplantation in NOD-SCID mice in a streptozotocin-induced diabetes model. In summary, Isx9 significantly regulates expression of genes relevant to β cell survival and function, and may be an attractive therapy to treat diabetes and improve islet function post-transplantation.
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Boboridis KG, Konstas AGP. Evaluating the novel application of cyclosporine 0.1% in ocular surface disease. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2018; 19:1027-1039. [PMID: 29847195 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2018.1479742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ocular surface disease (OSD) is a highly prevalent symptomatic condition caused by dry eye disease (DED), intrinsic, environmental, or iatrogenic causes. It affects patient's visual function and quality of life. Its pathophysiology is centered on tear hyperosmolarity, inflammation, and epithelial damage. Current management is suboptimal and includes artificial tear supplementation and short-term use of topical steroids in severe cases. The recent approval of cyclosporine 0.1% has transformed management strategies of severe DED and moderate-to-severe OSD. Areas covered: This review summarizes existing information on the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of the new cyclosporine 0.1% formulation. Expert opinion: Topical cyclosporine A 0.1% represents a promising, novel medication for the management of DED, Meibomian gland dysfunction, and inflammatory OSD. It is primarily beneficial for those patients requiring topical immunomodulatory therapy. This topical formulation also has the potential to meaningfully improve the management of moderate-to-severe glaucoma therapy-related OSD. Currently there is limited published clinical data concerning the efficacy of topical cyclosporine. There are, however, theoretical advantages when comparing this cyclosporine formulation with other established commercial preparations. Future research is needed to delineate the precise role and value of this medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstadinos G Boboridis
- a 1st and 3rd University Departments of Ophthalmology , Aristotle University , Thessaloniki , Greece
| | - Anastasios G P Konstas
- a 1st and 3rd University Departments of Ophthalmology , Aristotle University , Thessaloniki , Greece
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105
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Calcineurin Regulatory Subunit Calcium-Binding Domains Differentially Contribute to Calcineurin Signaling in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 2018; 209:801-813. [PMID: 29735720 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.118.300911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein phosphatase calcineurin is central to Ca2+ signaling pathways from yeast to humans. Full activation of calcineurin requires Ca2+ binding to the regulatory subunit CNB, comprised of four Ca2+-binding EF hand domains, and recruitment of Ca2+-calmodulin. Here we report the consequences of disrupting Ca2+ binding to individual Cnb1 EF hand domains on calcineurin function in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Calcineurin activity was monitored via quantitation of the calcineurin-dependent reporter gene, CDRE-lacZ, and calcineurin-dependent growth under conditions of environmental stress. Mutation of EF2 dramatically reduced CDRE-lacZ expression and failed to support calcineurin-dependent growth. In contrast, Ca2+ binding to EF4 was largely dispensable for calcineurin function. Mutation of EF1 and EF3 exerted intermediate phenotypes. Reduced activity of EF1, EF2, or EF3 mutant calcineurin was also observed in yeast lacking functional calmodulin and could not be rescued by expression of a truncated catalytic subunit lacking the C-terminal autoinhibitory domain either alone or in conjunction with the calmodulin binding and autoinhibitory segment domains. Ca2+ binding to EF1, EF2, and EF3 in response to intracellular Ca2+ signals therefore has functions in phosphatase activation beyond calmodulin recruitment and displacement of known autoinhibitory domains. Disruption of Ca2+ binding to EF1, EF2, or EF3 reduced Ca2+ responsiveness of calcineurin, but increased the sensitivity of calcineurin to immunophilin-immunosuppressant inhibition. Mutation of EF2 also increased the susceptibility of calcineurin to hydrogen peroxide inactivation. Our observations indicate that distinct Cnb1 EF hand domains differentially affect calcineurin function in vivo, and that EF4 is not essential despite conservation across taxa.
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Wu X, Tommasi di Vignano A, Zhou Q, Michel-Dziunycz PJ, Bai F, Mi J, Qin J, Zu T, Hofbauer GFL. The ARE-binding protein Tristetraprolin (TTP) is a novel target and mediator of calcineurin tumor suppressing function in the skin. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007366. [PMID: 29723192 PMCID: PMC5953486 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
An increased incidence of skin inflammatory diseases is frequently observed in organtransplanted patients being treated with calcineurin inhibitor-based immunosuppressive agents. The mechanism of increased skin inflammation in this context has however not yet been clarified. Here we report an increased inflammation following inhibition of calcineurin signaling seen in both chemically induced mouse skin tumors and in tumors grafted from H-rasV12 expressing primary human keratinocytes (HKCs). Following UVB or TPA treatment, we specifically found that deletion of the calcineurin gene in mouse keratinocytes (MKCs) resulted in increased inflammation, and this was accompanied by the enhanced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNFα, IL-8 and CXCL1. Furthermore, expression of the RNA-binding protein, tristetraprolin (TTP) was down-regulated in response to calcineurin inhibition, wherein TTP was shown to negatively regulate the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in keratinocytes. The induction of TTP following TPA or UVB treatment was attenuated by calcineurin inhibition in keratinocytes, and correspondingly, disruption of calcineurin signaling down-regulated the amounts of TTP in both clinical and H-rasV12-transformed keratinocyte tumor models. Our results further demonstrated that calcineurin positively controls the stabilization of TTP in keratinocytes through a proteasome-dependent mechanism. Reducing the expression of TTP functionally promoted tumor growth of H-rasV12 expressing HKCs, while stabilizing TTP expression counteracted the tumor-promoting effects of calcineurin inhibition. Collectively these results suggest that calcineurin signaling, acting through TTP protein level stabilization, suppresses keratinocyte tumors by downregulating skin inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunwei Wu
- Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Regeneration and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Cutaneous Biology Research Centre, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Alice Tommasi di Vignano
- Cutaneous Biology Research Centre, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States of America
| | - Qian Zhou
- Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Regeneration and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | | | - Fuxiang Bai
- Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Regeneration and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jun Mi
- Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Regeneration and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jing Qin
- Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Regeneration and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Tingjian Zu
- Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Regeneration and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Tie K, Wu M, Deng Y, Wen Y, Dan Xu, Chen L, Wang H. Histone hypo-acetylation of Sox9 mediates nicotine-induced weak cartilage repair by suppressing BMSC chondrogenic differentiation. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:98. [PMID: 29631619 PMCID: PMC5891899 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0853-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nicotine has negative effects on tissue repair, little research concerns its effect on the cartilage repair of tissue engineering stem cells. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of nicotine on the bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells' (BMSCs) chondrogenic repair function of cartilage defects and explored the molecular mechanism. METHODS A cartilage defect model of rat was repaired by BMSC transplantation, and treated with nicotine or saline at 2.0 mg/kg/d in 12 weeks. Nicotine's effect on chondrogenic differentiation was studied by exposing BMSCs to nicotine at 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 μM, and methyllycaconitine (MLA), which is a selective α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) inhibitor and si-RNA of nuclear factor of activated T cells 2 (NFATc2), were used to verify the molecular mechanism of nicotine's effect. RESULTS Data showed that nicotine inhibited cartilage repair function by suppressing SRY-type high-mobility group box 9 (Sox9) in regenerated tissues. Further in vitro study demonstrated that nicotine enhanced intracellular Ca2+ and activity of calcineurin (CaN) through α7-nAChR, increased the nucleic expressions of NFATc2 and the bindings to SOX9 promoter, and thus reduced the acetylation of H3K9 and H3K14 in SOX9 promoter. CONCLUSIONS Findings from this study demonstrated that nicotine suppressed the chondrogenic differentiation of BMSCs in vivo and in vitro, which offers insight into the risk assessment of cartilage defect repair in a nicotine exposure population and its therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Tie
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China.,Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Diseases, 185 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Deng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China.,Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Diseases, 185 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinxian Wen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China.,Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Diseases, 185 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China.,Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Diseases, 185 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Liaobin Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China. .,Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Diseases, 185 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China.
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108
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Nanoluciferase Reporter Gene System Directed by Tandemly Repeated Pseudo-Palindromic NFAT-Response Elements Facilitates Analysis of Biological Endpoint Effects of Cellular Ca 2+ Mobilization. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020605. [PMID: 29463029 PMCID: PMC5855827 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
NFAT is a cytoplasm-localized hyper-phosphorylated transcription factor that is activated through dephosphorylation by calcineurin, a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent phosphatase. A non-palindromic NFAT-response element (RE) found in the IL2 promoter region has been commonly used for a Ca2+-response reporter gene system, but requirement of concomitant activation of AP-1 (Fos/Jun) often complicates the interpretation of obtained results. A new nanoluciferase (NanoLuc) reporter gene containing nine-tandem repeats of a pseudo-palindromic NFAT-RE located upstream of the IL8 promoter was designed to monitor Ca2+-induced transactivation activity of NFAT in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells by measuring luciferase activities of NanoLuc and co-expressed firefly luciferase for normalization. Ionomycin treatment enhanced the relative luciferase activity (RLA), which was suppressed by calcineurin inhibitors. HEK293 cells that stably express human STIM1 and Orai1, components of the store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) machinery, gave a much higher RLA by stimulation with thapsigargin, an inhibitor of sarcoplasmic/endoplamic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA). HEK293 cells deficient in a penta-EF-hand Ca2+-binding protein ALG-2 showed a higher RLA value than the parental cells by stimulation with an acetylcholine receptor agonist carbachol. The novel reporter gene system is found to be useful for applications to cell signaling research to monitor biological endpoint effects of cellular Ca2+ mobilization.
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Okazaki H, Hayashi-Takagi A, Nagaoka A, Negishi M, Ucar H, Yagishita S, Ishii K, Toyoizumi T, Fox K, Kasai H. Calcineurin knockout mice show a selective loss of small spines. Neurosci Lett 2018; 671:99-102. [PMID: 29427598 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Calcineurin is required for long-term depression and activity-dependent spine shrinkage, and calcineurin mutations have been identified in patients with schizophrenia. Moreover, mice with conditional knockout of calcineurin B (CNB-KO) exhibit behavioral abnormalities suggestive of schizophrenia. Changes in the dendritic spines of these mice, however, have not been investigated. We therefore examined the dendritic spines of CNB-KO mice, and observed a significant reduction in small spines and an increase in large spines in the prefrontal and visual cortices. The effect of CNB-KO on the spine sizes was relatively moderate, possibly due to the presence of spontaneous fluctuations (dynamics) in the dendritic spines themselves. Thus, CNB-KO mice showed a spine phenotype similar to those recently reported in patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Okazaki
- Laboratory of Structural Physiology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan; International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), UTIAS, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Hayashi-Takagi
- Laboratory of Structural Physiology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Laboratory of Medical Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi-city, Gunma, Japan; PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Akira Nagaoka
- Laboratory of Structural Physiology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makiko Negishi
- Laboratory of Structural Physiology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan; International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), UTIAS, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hasan Ucar
- Laboratory of Structural Physiology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan; International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), UTIAS, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sho Yagishita
- Laboratory of Structural Physiology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan; International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), UTIAS, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ishii
- Laboratory of Structural Physiology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan; International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), UTIAS, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taro Toyoizumi
- RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kevin Fox
- School of Bioscience, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Haruo Kasai
- Laboratory of Structural Physiology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan; International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), UTIAS, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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Purroy R, Britti E, Delaspre F, Tamarit J, Ros J. Mitochondrial pore opening and loss of Ca 2+ exchanger NCLX levels occur after frataxin depletion. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:618-631. [PMID: 29223733 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Frataxin-deficient neonatal rat cardiomyocytes and dorsal root ganglia neurons have been used as cell models of Friedreich ataxia. In previous work we show that frataxin depletion resulted in mitochondrial swelling and lipid droplet accumulation in cardiomyocytes, and compromised DRG neurons survival. Now, we show that these cells display reduced levels of the mitochondrial calcium transporter NCLX that can be restored by calcium-chelating agents and by external addition of frataxin fused to TAT peptide. Also, the transcription factor NFAT3, involved in cardiac hypertrophy and apoptosis, becomes activated by dephosphorylation in both cardiomyocytes and DRG neurons. In cardiomyocytes, frataxin depletion also results in mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening. Since the pore opening can be inhibited by cyclosporin A, we show that this treatment reduces lipid droplets and mitochondrial swelling in cardiomyocytes, restores DRG neuron survival and inhibits NFAT dephosphorylation. These results highlight the importance of calcium homeostasis and that targeting mitochondrial pore by repurposing cyclosporin A, could be envisaged as a new strategy to treat the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Purroy
- Department of Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Fac. Medicina, University of Lleida, IRB Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - E Britti
- Department of Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Fac. Medicina, University of Lleida, IRB Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - F Delaspre
- Department of Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Fac. Medicina, University of Lleida, IRB Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - J Tamarit
- Department of Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Fac. Medicina, University of Lleida, IRB Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - J Ros
- Department of Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Fac. Medicina, University of Lleida, IRB Lleida, Lleida, Spain.
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Cao JL, Yang YQ, Nabeel DM, Sun YL, Zou HYY, Kong XQ, Lu XZ. Correlation between Serum Calcineurin Activity and Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Hypertensive Patients and Its Clinical Significance. Cardiology 2018; 139:124-131. [PMID: 29332066 DOI: 10.1159/000481280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to investigate the correlation between calcineurin (CaN) and hypertension with left ventricular hypertrophy (HLVH) and to evaluate its potential clinical significance. DESIGN The study involved 160 patients diagnosed with hypertension and 42 controls. Based on the exclusion criteria, 42 were not eligible for this study. The remaining 118 hypertensive patients were categorized into 2 subgroups based on left ventricular mass index and relative ventricular wall thickness: a normal model subgroup with hypertension (HNM) and an HLVH subgroup. Serum CaN levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, while serum CaN activity was determined by malachite green colorimetric assay. RESULTS Among the HNM and HLVH subgroups, a positive correlation was demonstrated between serum CaN activity, but not serum CaN level, and HLVH. Moreover, the HLVH subgroup displayed a remarkable increase in the levels of brain natriuretic peptide, cystatin C, urinary albumin/creatinine ratio, and left atrium diameter compared to the HNM subgroup and controls. CONCLUSION There was a positive correlation between serum CaN activity and LVH in hypertensive patients. Activated CaN could play an important role in the pathophysiologic mechanism of HLVH. Serum CaN activity could be a clinically useful diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for LVH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Li Cao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Yao W, Han Q, Wang L, Niu Z. Ropivacaine relieves pain and prevents chondrocyte degradation probably through Calcineurin/NFAT1 signaling pathway in osteoarthritis rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 818:518-524. [PMID: 29157984 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Calcineurin/NFAT1 signaling pathway plays critical roles in maintaining the homeostasis of articular chondrocytes and in regulating the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). A few studies demonstrate therapeutic values of ropivacaine (Rop) in OA, but the underlying mechanisms have not been defined. Here, we determined whether Calcineurin/NFAT1 signaling pathway mediates the benefits of Rop to OA. OA rat models were established by a single intra-articular injection of monosodium iodoacetate. The pathophysiology of OA was evaluated by measuring hyperalgesia behavior and the expression of NFAT1, calcineurin, catabolic enzymes in chondrocytes, and chondrogenic markers in affected articular cartilage and primary chondrocyte cultures treated with IL-1β. ROP was applied both in vivo and in vitro to examine its effects on the pathophysiology of OA. Hyperalgesia in OA rats was improved by intra-articular injection of Rop. Moreover, Rop suppressed the overexpression of NFAT1, calcineurin, TNF-α, IL-6, MMP1 and MMP3, and reversed the diminution of collagen II and aggrecan, in affected cartilage of OA rats. Similar effects of Rop were also observed in mouse chondrocyte cultures treated with IL-1β. In in vitro preparations, either activation (by increasing extracellular Ca2+) or inhibition (by cyclosporin A) of calcineurin blocked the effects of Rop. These results suggest that Rop may have therapeutic potential for OA in three aspects: analgesia, anti-inflammation, and anti-degradation of articular cartilage, probably via down-regulating calcineurin/NFAT1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, No.16 Xinhua West Road, CangZhou City 061001, Hebei province, China.
| | - Qian Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, No.16 Xinhua West Road, CangZhou City 061001, Hebei province, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, No.16 Xinhua West Road, CangZhou City 061001, Hebei province, China
| | - Zhiqiang Niu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, No.16 Xinhua West Road, CangZhou City 061001, Hebei province, China
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113
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Binding of PICK1 PDZ domain with calcineurin B regulates osteoclast differentiation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 496:83-88. [PMID: 29305867 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.12.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The calcineurin/nuclear factor of activated T cell (NFAT) signaling pathway plays a major role in osteoclast differentiation; however, the proteins that react with the calcineurin-NFAT complex in osteoclasts to regulate osteoclastogenesis remain unclear. Here, we present evidence that PICK1 also positively regulates calcineurin B in osteoclasts to activate NFAT to promote osteoclastogenesis. mRNA and protein expression of PICK1 in murine primary bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) was significantly increased during RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation. The interaction of PICK1 with calcineurin B in BMMs was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation. An inhibitor of the PICK1 PDZ domain significantly decreased osteoclastogenesis marker gene expression and the number of TRAP-positive multinucleated cells among RAW264.7 osteoclast progenitor cells. Overexpression of PICK1 in RAW264.7 cells significantly increased the number of TRAP-positive mature osteoclasts. Increased NFAT activation with transcriptional activation of PICK1 during RAW264.7 osteoclastogenesis was also confirmed in a tetracycline-controlled PICK1 expression system. These results suggest that the PDZ domain of PICK1 directly interacts with calcineurin B in osteoclast progenitor cells and promotes osteoclast differentiation through activation of calcineurin-NFAT signaling.
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114
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Calcineurin/P-ERK/Egr-1 Pathway is Involved in Fear Memory Impairment after Isoflurane Exposure in Mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13947. [PMID: 29066839 PMCID: PMC5654981 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13975-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoflurane exposure adversely influences subsequent fear memory formation in mice. Calcineurin (CaN), a phosphatase, prevents the establishment of emotional memory by dephosphorylating substrates and inhibiting the expression of learning and memory related genes. We investigated whether isoflurane impairment of fear memory formation was associated with altered CaN activity and downstream phosphorylated-extracellular signal-regulated kinases (p-ERK) and early growth response gene-1 (Egr-1) expression in hippocampus and amygdala. We also tested whether memory performance can be rescued by the CaN inhibitor FK506. Adult C57BL/6 mice were injected FK506 or vehicle after being exposed to 1.3% isoflurane or air for 1 h. After a 1 h- recovery, mice underwent classical fear conditioning (FC) training. Fear memory were tested 30 min, 48 h and 7 days after training. The activity of CaN, and expression of p-ERK and Egr-1 in hippocampus and amygdala were analyzed. Isoflurane exposure reduced mice freezing time in contextual and tone FC tests 30 min and 48 h after training. Hippocampus and amygdala from isoflurane-exposed mice had enhanced CaN activity, reduced p-ERK/ERK and Egr-1 expression. All these changes in isoflurane-exposed mice were attenuated by FK506 treatment. These results indicate calcineurin/p-ERK/Egr-1 Pathway is involved in fear memory impairment after isoflurane exposure in mice.
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115
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Chyan CL, Irene D, Lin SM. The Recognition of Calmodulin to the Target Sequence of Calcineurin-A Novel Binding Mode. Molecules 2017; 22:E1584. [PMID: 28934144 PMCID: PMC6151454 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcineurin (CaN) is a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent Ser/Thr protein phosphatase, which plays essential roles in many cellular and developmental processes. CaN comprises two subunits, a catalytic subunit (CaN-A, 60 kDa) and a regulatory subunit (CaN-B, 19 kDa). CaN-A tightly binds to CaN-B in the presence of minimal levels of Ca2+, but the enzyme is inactive until activated by CaM. Upon binding to CaM, CaN then undergoes a conformational rearrangement, the auto inhibitory domain is displaced and thus allows for full activity. In order to elucidate the regulatory role of CaM in the activation processes of CaN, we used NMR spectroscopy to determine the structure of the complex of CaM and the target peptide of CaN (CaNp). The CaM/CaNp complex shows a compact ellipsoidal shape with 8 α-helices of CaM wrapping around the CaNp helix. The RMSD of backbone and heavy atoms of twenty lowest energy structures of CaM/CaNp complex are 0.66 and 1.14 Å, respectively. The structure of CaM/CaNp complex can be classified as a novel binding mode family 1-18 with major anchor residues Ile396 and Leu413 to allocate the largest space between two domains of CaM. The relative orientation of CaNp to CaM is similar to the CaMKK peptide in the 1-16 binding mode with N- and C-terminal hydrophobic anchors of target sequence engulfed in the hydrophobic pockets of the N- and C-domain of CaM, respectively. In the light of the structural model of CaM/CaNp complex reported here, we provide new insight in the activation processes of CaN by CaM. We propose that the hydrophobic interactions between the Ca2+-saturated C-domain and C-terminal half of the target sequence provide driving forces for the initial recognition. Subsequent folding in the target sequence and structural readjustments in CaM enhance the formation of the complex and affinity to calcium. The electrostatic repulsion between CaM/CaNp complex and AID may result in the displacement of AID from active site for full activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Lin Chyan
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 974, Taiwan.
| | - Deli Irene
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 974, Taiwan.
| | - Sin-Mao Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 974, Taiwan.
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116
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Yang Y, Yang H, Yang J, Li L, Xiang B, Wei Q. The genetically engineered drug rhCNB induces apoptosis via a mitochondrial route in tumor cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:65876-65888. [PMID: 29029479 PMCID: PMC5630379 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The calcineurin B subunit (CNB) has antitumor activity. We showed previously that recombinant human CNB (rhCNB) also had strong anti-tumor activity in vivo, and was thus a promising candidate anti-tumor drug. It appeared to kill tumor cells via immunomodulation. Here, we show that rhCNB inhibits the proliferation of human hepatoma HepG-2 cells, resulting in their apoptosis. Exogenous CNB was found to localize to mitochondria in tumor cells and activate the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway, as indicated by a decrease of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, release of cytochrome C and activation of caspase-9, which then activates caspase-3. At the same time Bcl-2 &Bcl-xL expression decreased, Bim expression increased, and Bax was activated. Interaction between rhCNB and Bcl-xL was detected, which may inhibit the function of Bcl-xL. Long-term tumor targeting was also observed in nude mice. These data deepened our understanding of the anti-tumor mechanism of rhCNB and provided guidance for its drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinju Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Benqiong Xiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Qun Wei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
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117
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Plattner H. Evolutionary Cell Biology of Proteins from Protists to Humans and Plants. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2017; 65:255-289. [PMID: 28719054 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
During evolution, the cell as a fine-tuned machine had to undergo permanent adjustments to match changes in its environment, while "closed for repair work" was not possible. Evolution from protists (protozoa and unicellular algae) to multicellular organisms may have occurred in basically two lineages, Unikonta and Bikonta, culminating in mammals and angiosperms (flowering plants), respectively. Unicellular models for unikont evolution are myxamoebae (Dictyostelium) and increasingly also choanoflagellates, whereas for bikonts, ciliates are preferred models. Information accumulating from combined molecular database search and experimental verification allows new insights into evolutionary diversification and maintenance of genes/proteins from protozoa on, eventually with orthologs in bacteria. However, proteins have rarely been followed up systematically for maintenance or change of function or intracellular localization, acquirement of new domains, partial deletion (e.g. of subunits), and refunctionalization, etc. These aspects are discussed in this review, envisaging "evolutionary cell biology." Protozoan heritage is found for most important cellular structures and functions up to humans and flowering plants. Examples discussed include refunctionalization of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels in cilia and replacement by other types during evolution. Altogether components serving Ca2+ signaling are very flexible throughout evolution, calmodulin being a most conservative example, in contrast to calcineurin whose catalytic subunit is lost in plants, whereas both subunits are maintained up to mammals for complex functions (immune defense and learning). Domain structure of R-type SNAREs differs in mono- and bikonta, as do Ca2+ -dependent protein kinases. Unprecedented selective expansion of the subunit a which connects multimeric base piece and head parts (V0, V1) of H+ -ATPase/pump may well reflect the intriguing vesicle trafficking system in ciliates, specifically in Paramecium. One of the most flexible proteins is centrin when its intracellular localization and function throughout evolution is traced. There are many more examples documenting evolutionary flexibility of translation products depending on requirements and potential for implantation within the actual cellular context at different levels of evolution. From estimates of gene and protein numbers per organism, it appears that much of the basic inventory of protozoan precursors could be transmitted to highest eukaryotic levels, with some losses and also with important additional "inventions."
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Plattner
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, P. O. Box M625, Konstanz, 78457, Germany
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118
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Lawrance IC, Baird A, Lightower D, Radford-Smith G, Andrews JM, Connor S. Efficacy of Rectal Tacrolimus for Induction Therapy in Patients With Resistant Ulcerative Proctitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 15:1248-1255. [PMID: 28286194 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2017.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Resistant ulcerative proctitis can be extremely difficult to manage. Topically administered tacrolimus, however, may be effective in difficult-to-treat proctitis. This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled induction trial of rectal tacrolimus in patients with active ulcerative colitis. METHODS Eleven patients received rectal tacrolimus (0.5 mg/mL), and 10 placebo, for 8 weeks. The primary endpoint was clinical response by using the Mayo Clinic score. RESULTS A planned interim analysis after 20 patients had completed the study demonstrated highly significant differences between the groups and the study was closed because of ethical considerations with patients already recruited allowed to complete the study. The primary endpoint was met in 8 of 11 patients receiving rectal tacrolimus and 1 of 10 patients receiving placebo (73% vs 10%; P = .004). Of the secondary endpoints, 5 patients with rectal tacrolimus achieved clinical remission compared with none receiving placebo (45% vs 0%; P = .015). Mucosal healing at Week 8 was achieved in 8 patients receiving rectal tacrolimus compared with 1 (73% vs 10%) receiving placebo (P = .004). The Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire increased ≥16 points over baseline in 5 of the tacrolimus and 2 (45% vs 20%) of the placebo patients (P = .36). Finally, the average partial Mayo score was numerically lower in the tacrolimus-treated group compared with placebo at Week 2 (4.3 ± 0.74 vs 5.8 ± 0.64; P = .15) and Week 4 (3.7 ± 0.96 vs 5.8 ± 0.6; P = .08) but was significantly lower at Week 8 (3.3 ± 1.2 vs 6.7 ± 0.62; P = .01). There were no safety issues identified with rectal tacrolimus use. CONCLUSIONS Rectal tacrolimus was more effective than placebo for induction of a clinical response, clinical remission, and mucosal healing in resistant ulcerative proctitis (Clinicaltrials.gov registration: NCT01418131).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian C Lawrance
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Murdoch, WA, Australia; Centre for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Saint John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA, Australia.
| | - Angela Baird
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Daniel Lightower
- Centre for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Saint John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA, Australia
| | - Graham Radford-Smith
- IBD Research Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, University of Queensland School of Medicine, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jane M Andrews
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia; University of Adelaide, School of Medicine, SA, Australia
| | - Susan Connor
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of NSW Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, South Western Sydney Clinical School, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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119
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Kurusamy S, López-Maderuelo D, Little R, Cadagan D, Savage AM, Ihugba JC, Baggott RR, Rowther FB, Martínez-Martínez S, Arco PGD, Murcott C, Wang W, Francisco Nistal J, Oceandy D, Neyses L, Wilkinson RN, Cartwright EJ, Redondo JM, Armesilla AL. Selective inhibition of plasma membrane calcium ATPase 4 improves angiogenesis and vascular reperfusion. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2017; 109:38-47. [PMID: 28684310 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Ischaemic cardiovascular disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite promising results from pre-clinical animal models, VEGF-based strategies for therapeutic angiogenesis have yet to achieve successful reperfusion of ischaemic tissues in patients. Failure to restore efficient VEGF activity in the ischaemic organ remains a major problem in current pro-angiogenic therapeutic approaches. Plasma membrane calcium ATPase 4 (PMCA4) negatively regulates VEGF-activated angiogenesis via inhibition of the calcineurin/NFAT signalling pathway. PMCA4 activity is inhibited by the small molecule aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA). We hypothesize that inhibition of PMCA4 with ATA might enhance VEGF-induced angiogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS We show that inhibition of PMCA4 with ATA in endothelial cells triggers a marked increase in VEGF-activated calcineurin/NFAT signalling that translates into a strong increase in endothelial cell motility and blood vessel formation. ATA enhances VEGF-induced calcineurin signalling by disrupting the interaction between PMCA4 and calcineurin at the endothelial-cell membrane. ATA concentrations at the nanomolar range, that efficiently inhibit PMCA4, had no deleterious effect on endothelial-cell viability or zebrafish embryonic development. However, high ATA concentrations at the micromolar level impaired endothelial cell viability and tubular morphogenesis, and were associated with toxicity in zebrafish embryos. In mice undergoing experimentally-induced hindlimb ischaemia, ATA treatment significantly increased the reperfusion of post-ischaemic limbs. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides evidence for the therapeutic potential of targeting PMCA4 to improve VEGF-based pro-angiogenic interventions. This goal will require the development of refined, highly selective versions of ATA, or the identification of novel PMCA4 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathishkumar Kurusamy
- Cardiovascular Molecular Pharmacology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Dolores López-Maderuelo
- Gene Regulation in Cardiovascular Remodelling and Inflammation Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; CIBERCV, Spain
| | - Robert Little
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - David Cadagan
- Cardiovascular Molecular Pharmacology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Aaron M Savage
- Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease & Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Jude C Ihugba
- Cardiovascular Molecular Pharmacology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Rhiannon R Baggott
- Cardiovascular Molecular Pharmacology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Farjana B Rowther
- Brain Tumor UK Neuro-oncology Research Centre, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Sara Martínez-Martínez
- Gene Regulation in Cardiovascular Remodelling and Inflammation Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; CIBERCV, Spain
| | - Pablo Gómez-Del Arco
- Gene Regulation in Cardiovascular Remodelling and Inflammation Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; CIBERCV, Spain; Department of Molecular Biology, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (C.B.M.S.O.), Madrid, Spain
| | - Clare Murcott
- Cardiovascular Molecular Pharmacology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Weiguang Wang
- Oncology Laboratory, Research Institute in Healthcare Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - J Francisco Nistal
- Cardiovascular Surgery, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, IDIVAL, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Delvac Oceandy
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Ludwig Neyses
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK; University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Robert N Wilkinson
- Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease & Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Elizabeth J Cartwright
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Juan Miguel Redondo
- Gene Regulation in Cardiovascular Remodelling and Inflammation Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; CIBERCV, Spain.
| | - Angel Luis Armesilla
- Cardiovascular Molecular Pharmacology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK; CIBERCV, Spain.
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Intermittent fasting combined with supplementation with Ayurvedic herbs reduces anxiety in middle aged female rats by anti-inflammatory pathways. Biogerontology 2017; 18:601-614. [DOI: 10.1007/s10522-017-9706-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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121
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In Vivo Calcium Signaling during Synaptic Refinement at the Drosophila Neuromuscular Junction. J Neurosci 2017; 37:5511-5526. [PMID: 28476946 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2922-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural activity plays a key role in pruning aberrant synapses in various neural systems, including the mammalian cortex, where low-frequency (0.01 Hz) calcium oscillations refine topographic maps. However, the activity-dependent molecular mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Activity-dependent pruning also occurs at embryonic Drosophila neuromuscular junctions (NMJs), where low-frequency Ca2+ oscillations are required for synaptic refinement and the response to the muscle-derived chemorepellant Sema2a. We examined embryonic growth cone filopodia in vivo to directly observe their exploration and to analyze the episodic Ca2+ oscillations involved in refinement. Motoneuron filopodia repeatedly contacted off-target muscle fibers over several hours during late embryogenesis, with episodic Ca2+ signals present in both motile filopodia as well as in later-stabilized synaptic boutons. The Ca2+ transients matured over several hours into regular low-frequency (0.03 Hz) oscillations. In vivo imaging of intact embryos of both sexes revealed that the formation of ectopic filopodia is increased in Sema2a heterozygotes. We provide genetic evidence suggesting a complex presynaptic Ca2+-dependent signaling network underlying refinement that involves the phosphatases calcineurin and protein phosphatase-1, as well the serine/threonine kinases CaMKII and PKA. Significantly, this network influenced the neuron's response to the muscle's Sema2a chemorepellant, critical for the removal of off-target contacts.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT To address the question of how synaptic connectivity is established during development, we examined the behavior of growth cone filopodia during the exploration of both correct and off-target muscle fibers in Drosophila embryos. We demonstrate that filopodia repeatedly contact off-target muscles over several hours, until they ultimately retract. We show that intracellular signals are observed in motile and stabilized "ectopic" contacts. Several genetic experiments provide insight in the molecular pathway underlying network refinement, which includes oscillatory calcium signals via voltage-gated calcium channels as a key component. Calcium orchestrates the activity of several kinases and phosphatases, which interact in a coordinated fashion to regulate chemorepulsion exerted by the muscle.
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Da Q, Shaw T, Pradhan S, Roche PA, Cruz MA, Vijayan KV. Disruption of protein complexes containing protein phosphatase 2B and Munc18c reduces the secretion of von Willebrand factor from endothelial cells. J Thromb Haemost 2017; 15:1032-1039. [PMID: 28294518 PMCID: PMC5413388 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Essentials Endothelial secretion of von Willebrand factor (VWF) promotes inflammation and thrombosis. We studied the role of protein phosphatase 2B (PP2B) and Munc18c protein complex in VWF secretion. Disruption of PP2B-Munc18c complex in endothelial cells reduced agonist-induced VWF secretion. PP2B-Munc18c complex represents a potential target for thrombotic and inflammatory conditions. SUMMARY Background Aberrant secretion of von Willebrand factor (VWF) from endothelial cells contributes to inflammation and vascular thrombosis. Agonist-induced VWF secretion is facilitated by protein kinase and phosphatase-mediated signaling. Although the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 2B (PP2B-Aα) is targeted to the secretory machinery via an interaction with the vesicle trafficking protein Munc18c in endothelial cells, the functional relevance of this phosphatase complex is unclear. Objective To assess the contribution of the PP2B-Aα-Munc18c complex to endothelial VWF secretion. Results Here, we show that amino acids 120-130 of PP2B-Aα are important to support an interaction with Munc18c. A synthetic myristylated cell-permeable peptide, which is derived from amino acids 121-130 of PP2B-Aα, disrupted endogenous PP2B-Aα-Munc18c complexes in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, and decreased low-dose histamine-stimulated and thrombin-stimulated VWF secretion. Conclusion These studies indicate that PP2B-Aα-Munc18c complex supports agonist-induced VWF secretion, and suggest the potential of targeting this phosphatase complex in thrombotic and inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Da
- Department of Medicine, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center (MEDVAMC), Houston, TX 77030, U.S.A
- Baylor College of Medicine and Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CTRID), Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center (MEDVAMC), Houston, TX 77030, U.S.A
| | - Tanner Shaw
- Department of Medicine, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center (MEDVAMC), Houston, TX 77030, U.S.A
- Baylor College of Medicine and Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CTRID), Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center (MEDVAMC), Houston, TX 77030, U.S.A
| | - Subhashree Pradhan
- Department of Medicine, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center (MEDVAMC), Houston, TX 77030, U.S.A
- Baylor College of Medicine and Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CTRID), Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center (MEDVAMC), Houston, TX 77030, U.S.A
| | - Paul A. Roche
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, U.S.A
| | - Miguel A. Cruz
- Department of Medicine, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center (MEDVAMC), Houston, TX 77030, U.S.A
- Baylor College of Medicine and Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CTRID), Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center (MEDVAMC), Houston, TX 77030, U.S.A
- Department of Pediatrics, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center (MEDVAMC), Houston, TX 77030, U.S.A
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center (MEDVAMC), Houston, TX 77030, U.S.A
| | - K. Vinod Vijayan
- Department of Medicine, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center (MEDVAMC), Houston, TX 77030, U.S.A
- Baylor College of Medicine and Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CTRID), Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center (MEDVAMC), Houston, TX 77030, U.S.A
- Department of Pediatrics, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center (MEDVAMC), Houston, TX 77030, U.S.A
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center (MEDVAMC), Houston, TX 77030, U.S.A
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Hovey L, Fowler CA, Mahling R, Lin Z, Miller MS, Marx DC, Yoder JB, Kim EH, Tefft KM, Waite BC, Feldkamp MD, Yu L, Shea MA. Calcium triggers reversal of calmodulin on nested anti-parallel sites in the IQ motif of the neuronal voltage-dependent sodium channel Na V1.2. Biophys Chem 2017; 224:1-19. [PMID: 28343066 PMCID: PMC5503752 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Several members of the voltage-gated sodium channel family are regulated by calmodulin (CaM) and ionic calcium. The neuronal voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.2 contains binding sites for both apo (calcium-depleted) and calcium-saturated CaM. We have determined equilibrium dissociation constants for rat NaV1.2 IQ motif [IQRAYRRYLLK] binding to apo CaM (~3nM) and (Ca2+)4-CaM (~85nM), showing that apo CaM binding is favored by 30-fold. For both apo and (Ca2+)4-CaM, NMR demonstrated that NaV1.2 IQ motif peptide (NaV1.2IQp) exclusively made contacts with C-domain residues of CaM (CaMC). To understand how calcium triggers conformational change at the CaM-IQ interface, we determined a solution structure (2M5E.pdb) of (Ca2+)2-CaMC bound to NaV1.2IQp. The polarity of (Ca2+)2-CaMC relative to the IQ motif was opposite to that seen in apo CaMC-Nav1.2IQp (2KXW), revealing that CaMC recognizes nested, anti-parallel sites in Nav1.2IQp. Reversal of CaM may require transient release from the IQ motif during calcium binding, and facilitate a re-orientation of CaMN allowing interactions with non-IQ NaV1.2 residues or auxiliary regulatory proteins interacting in the vicinity of the IQ motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Hovey
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, 52242-1109 Iowa City, United States
| | - C Andrew Fowler
- NMR Facility, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 52242-1109 Iowa City, United States
| | - Ryan Mahling
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, 52242-1109 Iowa City, United States
| | - Zesen Lin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, 52242-1109 Iowa City, United States
| | - Mark Stephen Miller
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, 52242-1109 Iowa City, United States
| | - Dagan C Marx
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, 52242-1109 Iowa City, United States
| | - Jesse B Yoder
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, 52242-1109 Iowa City, United States
| | - Elaine H Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, 52242-1109 Iowa City, United States
| | - Kristin M Tefft
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, 52242-1109 Iowa City, United States
| | - Brett C Waite
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, 52242-1109 Iowa City, United States
| | - Michael D Feldkamp
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, 52242-1109 Iowa City, United States
| | - Liping Yu
- NMR Facility, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 52242-1109 Iowa City, United States
| | - Madeline A Shea
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, 52242-1109 Iowa City, United States.
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The Impact of Electrographic Seizures on Developing Hippocampal Dendrites Is Calcineurin Dependent. eNeuro 2017; 4:eN-NWR-0014-17. [PMID: 28462391 PMCID: PMC5409981 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0014-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurobehavioral abnormalities are commonly associated with intractable childhood epilepsy. Studies from numerous labs have demonstrated cognitive and socialization deficits in rats and mice that have experienced early-life seizures. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these effects are unknown. Previously, experiments have shown that recurrent seizures in infancy suppress the growth of hippocampal dendrites at the same time they impair learning and memory. Experiments in slice cultures have also demonstrated dendrite growth suppression. Here, we crossed calcineurin B1 (CaNB1) floxed and Thy1GFP-M mice to produce mice that were homozygous for the both the floxed CaNB1 and the Thy1GFP-M transgene. Littermates that were homozygous for wild-type CaNB1 and Thy1GFP-M served as controls. Hippocampal slice cultures from these mice were transfected with an AAV/hSyn-mCherry-Cre virus to eliminate CaNB1 from neurons. Immunohistochemical results showed that CaNB1 was eliminated from at least 90% of the transfected CA1 pyramidal cells. Moreover, the CaN-dependent nuclear translocation of the CREB transcription coactivator, CREB-regulated transcriptional coactivator 1 (CRTC1), was blocked in transfected neurons. Cell attach patch recordings combined with live multiphoton imaging demonstrated that the loss of CaNB1 did not prevent neurons from fully participating in electrographic seizure activity. Finally, dendrite reconstruction showed that the elimination of CaNB1 prevented seizure-induced decreases in both dendrite length and branch number. Results suggest that CaN plays a key role in seizure-induced dendrite growth suppression and may contribute to the neurobehavioral comorbidities of childhood epilepsy.
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Zhang L, Zhang JJ, Liu S, Nian HJ, Chen LM. Characterization of calcineurin from Cryptococcus humicola and the application of calcineurin in aluminum tolerance. BMC Biotechnol 2017; 17:35. [PMID: 28356086 PMCID: PMC5372313 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-017-0350-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcineurin (CaN) is a Ca2+- and calmodulin (CaM)-dependent serine/threonine phosphatase. Previous studies have found that CaN is involved in the regulation of the stress responses. RESULTS In this study, the growth of Cryptococcus humicola was inhibited by the CaN inhibitor tacrolimus (FK506) under aluminum (Al) stress. The expression of CNA encoding a catalytic subunit A (CNA) and its interaction with CaM were upregulated when the concentration of Al was increased. A CaM-binding domain and key amino acids responsible for interaction with CaM were identified. ∆CNAb with a deletion from S454 to A639 was detected to bind to CaM, while ∆CNAa with a deletion from R436 to A639 showed no binding to CaM. The binding affinities of CNA1 and CNA2, in which I439 or I443 were replaced by Ala, were decreased relative to wild-type CNA. The phosphatase activities of ∆CNAa, CNA1 and CNA2 were lower than the wild-type protein. These results suggest that the region between R436 and S454 is essential for the interaction with CaM and I439, I443 are key amino acids in this region. The ability of the CNA transgenic yeast to develop resistance to Al was significantly higher than that of control yeast. Residual Al in the CNA transgenic yeast culture media was significantly lower than the amount of Al originally added to the media or the residual Al remaining in the control yeast culture media. These findings suggest that CNA confers Al tolerance, and the mechanism of Al tolerance may involve absorption of active Al. CONCLUSIONS Al stress up-regulated the expression of CNA. CaM-binding domain and key amino acids responsible for interaction with CaM were identified and both are required for phosphatase activities. CNA conferred yeast Al resistance indicating that the gene has a potential to improve Al-tolerance through gene engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Jing-jing Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Hong-juan Nian
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Li-mei Chen
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
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Xu Q, Qiu X, Jiao Z, Zhang M, Chen J, Zhong M. NFATC1 genotypes affect acute rejection and long-term graft function in cyclosporine-treated renal transplant recipients. Pharmacogenomics 2017; 18:381-392. [PMID: 28244807 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2016-0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effects of SNPs in the cyclophilin A/calcineurin/nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFATs) pathway genes (PPIA, PPP3CB, PPP3R1, NFATC1 and NFATC2) on cyclosporine (CsA) efficacy in renal transplant recipients. MATERIALS & METHODS Seventy-six tag SNPs were detected in 155 CsA-treated renal recipients with at least a 5-year follow-up. The associations of SNPs with acute rejection, nephrotoxicity, pneumonia and estimated glomerular filtration rate post transplant were explored. RESULTS NFATC1 rs3894049 GC was a risk factor for acute rejection compared with CC carriers (p = 0.0005). NFATC1 rs2280055 TT carriers had a more stable estimated glomerular filtration rate level than CC (p = 0.0004). CONCLUSION Detecting NFATC1 polymorphisms could help predict CsA efficacy in renal transplant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinxia Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Urumqi Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Qiu
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Urumqi Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Jiao
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Urumqi Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Huashan hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Urumqi Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC, SIPPR, IRD, Fudan University, 779 Lao Hu Min Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingkang Zhong
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan hospital, Fudan University, 12 Middle Urumqi Road, Shanghai, China
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Corneal confocal scanning laser microscopy in patients with dry eye disease treated with topical cyclosporine. Eye (Lond) 2017; 31:788-794. [PMID: 28157225 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2017.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PurposeTo investigate the effect of cyclosporine on corneal ultrastructure and on major signs and symptoms of patients with dry eye disease.Patients and methodsIn this prospective cohort study, patients with dry eye disease were treated with a drop of cyclosporine 0.05% twice daily. Clinical evaluation was carried out at baseline and at months 1, 3, and 6. All patients completed the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire, and tear film break-up time (BUT), fluorescein and lissamine green staining, and Schirmer test were carried out. In vivo confocal microscopy was also performed and epithelial cellular density, keratocyte activation, and subbasal plexus morphology were assessed.ResultsA total of 40 patients completed the study. After 6 months, OSDI, BUT, and fluorescein and lissamine green staining showed a clinically significant improvement. During the 6-month follow-up, density of intermediate epithelial cells increased from 1969.5±85.4 cell/mm2 to 4881.2±175.7 cell/mm2 (P<0.01); average grade of keratocyte activation decreased from 3.6±0.1 to 1.8±0.1 (P<0.001); average grade of number of subbasal nerves decreased from 5.3±0.2 to 2.6±0.2 (P<0.001); average grade of nerve reflectivity decreased from 3.8±0.1 to 2.1±0.2 (P<0.001); and average grade of nerve tortuosity decreased from 3.8± 0.1 to 2.2±0.2 (P<0.001).ConclusionCyclosporine was effective in controlling symptoms and signs of dry eye disease. In vivo confocal microscopy showed an increase in cell density of intermediate epithelium cells, a decrease in hyperreflective keratocytes, and a decrease in density, tortuosity, and reflectivity of nerve fibers.
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128
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Parra V, Rothermel BA. Calcineurin signaling in the heart: The importance of time and place. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2017; 103:121-136. [PMID: 28007541 PMCID: PMC5778886 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The calcium-activated protein phosphatase, calcineurin, lies at the intersection of protein phosphorylation and calcium signaling cascades, where it provides an essential nodal point for coordination between these two fundamental modes of intracellular communication. In excitatory cells, such as neurons and cardiomyocytes, that experience rapid and frequent changes in cytoplasmic calcium, calcineurin protein levels are exceptionally high, suggesting that these cells require high levels of calcineurin activity. Yet, it is widely recognized that excessive activation of calcineurin in the heart contributes to pathological hypertrophic remodeling and the progression to failure. How does a calcium activated enzyme function in the calcium-rich environment of the continuously contracting heart without pathological consequences? This review will discuss the wide range of calcineurin substrates relevant to cardiovascular health and the mechanisms calcineurin uses to find and act on appropriate substrates in the appropriate location while potentially avoiding others. Fundamental differences in calcineurin signaling in neonatal verses adult cardiomyocytes will be addressed as well as the importance of maintaining heterogeneity in calcineurin activity across the myocardium. Finally, we will discuss how circadian oscillations in calcineurin activity may facilitate integration with other essential but conflicting processes, allowing a healthy heart to reap the benefits of calcineurin signaling while avoiding the detrimental consequences of sustained calcineurin activity that can culminate in heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Parra
- Advanced Centre for Chronic Disease (ACCDiS), Facultad Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago,Chile; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas, Universidad de Chie, Santiago, Chile
| | - Beverly A Rothermel
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology Division), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Centre, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Centre, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Eder P. Cardiac Remodeling and Disease: SOCE and TRPC Signaling in Cardiac Pathology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 993:505-521. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-57732-6_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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130
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Corti F, Simons M. Modulation of VEGF receptor 2 signaling by protein phosphatases. Pharmacol Res 2017; 115:107-123. [PMID: 27888154 PMCID: PMC5205541 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorylation of serines, threonines, and tyrosines is a central event in signal transduction cascades in eukaryotic cells. The phosphorylation state of any particular protein reflects a balance of activity between kinases and phosphatases. Kinase biology has been exhaustively studied and is reasonably well understood, however, much less is known about phosphatases. A large body of evidence now shows that protein phosphatases do not behave as indiscriminate signal terminators, but can function both as negative or positive regulators of specific signaling pathways. Genetic models have also shown that different protein phosphatases play precise biological roles in health and disease. Finally, genome sequencing has unveiled the existence of many protein phosphatases and associated regulatory subunits comparable in number to kinases. A wide variety of roles for protein phosphatase roles have been recently described in the context of cancer, diabetes, hereditary disorders and other diseases. In particular, there have been several recent advances in our understanding of phosphatases involved in regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) signaling. The receptor is the principal signaling molecule mediating a wide spectrum of VEGF signal and, thus, is of paramount significance in a wide variety of diseases ranging from cancer to cardiovascular to ophthalmic. This review focuses on the current knowledge about protein phosphatases' regulation of VEGFR2 signaling and how these enzymes can modulate its biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Corti
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Michael Simons
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Sanyal SK, Rao S, Mishra LK, Sharma M, Pandey GK. Plant Stress Responses Mediated by CBL-CIPK Phosphorylation Network. Enzymes 2016; 40:31-64. [PMID: 27776782 DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
At any given time and location, plants encounter a flood of environmental stimuli. Diverse signal transduction pathways sense these stimuli and generate a diverse array of responses. Calcium (Ca2+) is generated as a second messenger due to these stimuli and is responsible for transducing the signals downstream in the pathway. A large number of Ca2+ sensor-responder components are responsible for Ca2+ signaling in plants. The sensor-responder complexes calcineurin B-like protein (CBL) and CBL-interacting protein kinases (CIPKs) are pivotal players in Ca2+-mediated signaling. The CIPKs are the protein kinases and hence mediate signal transduction mainly by the process of protein phosphorylation. Elaborate studies conducted in Arabidopsis have shown the involvement of CBL-CIPK complexes in abiotic and biotic stresses, and nutrient deficiency. Additionally, studies in crop plants have also indicated their role in the similar responses. In this chapter, we review the current literature on the CBL and CIPK network, shedding light into the enzymatic property and mechanism of action of CBL-CIPK complexes. We also summarize various reports on the functional modulation of the downstream targets by the CBL-CIPK modules across all plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Sanyal
- University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - S Rao
- University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - L K Mishra
- University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - M Sharma
- University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - G K Pandey
- University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India.
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Belluscio LM, Alberca CD, Pregi N, Cánepa ET. Altered gene expression in hippocampus and depressive-like behavior in young adult female mice by early protein malnutrition. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2016; 15:741-749. [PMID: 27555088 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Perinatal development represents a critical period in the life of an individual. A common cause of poor development is that which comes from undernutrition or malnutrition. In particular, protein deprivation during development has been shown to have deep deleterious effects on brain's growth and plasticity. Early-life stress has also been linked with an increased risk to develop different psychopathologies later in life. We have previously shown that perinatal protein malnutrition in mice leads to the appearance of anxiety-related behaviors in the adulthood. We also found evidence that the female offspring was more susceptible to the development of depression-related behaviors. In the present work, we further investigated this behavior together with its molecular bases. We focused our study on the hippocampus, as it is a structure involved in coping with stressful situations. We found an increase in immobility time in the forced swimming test in perinatally malnourished females, and an alteration in the expression of genes related with neuroplasticity, early growth response 1, calcineurin and c-fos. We also found that perinatal malnutrition causes a reduction in the number of neurons in the hippocampus. This reduction, together with altered gene expression, could be related to the increment in immobility time observed in the forced swimming test.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Belluscio
- Laboratorio de Neuroepigenética, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C D Alberca
- Laboratorio de Neuroepigenética, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires
| | - N Pregi
- Laboratorio de Neuroepigenética, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - E T Cánepa
- Laboratorio de Neuroepigenética, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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KRAS mutation leads to decreased expression of regulator of calcineurin 2, resulting in tumor proliferation in colorectal cancer. Oncogenesis 2016; 5:e253. [PMID: 27526107 PMCID: PMC5007825 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2016.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
KRAS mutations occur in 30–40% of all cases of human colorectal cancer (CRC). However, to date, specific therapeutic agents against KRAS-mutated CRC have not been developed. We previously described the generation of mouse models of colon cancer with and without Kras mutations (CDX2P-G22Cre;Apcflox/flox; LSL-KrasG12D and CDX2P-G22Cre;Apcflox/flox mice, respectively). Here, the two mouse models were compared to identify candidate genes, which may represent novel therapeutic targets or predictive biomarkers. Differentially expressed genes in tumors from the two mouse models were identified using microarray analysis, and their expression was compared by quantitative reverse transcription–PCR (qRT–PCR) and immunohistochemical analyses in mouse tumors and surgical specimens of human CRC, with or without KRAS mutations, respectively. Furthermore, the functions of candidate genes were studied using human CRC cell lines. Microarray analysis of 34 000 transcripts resulted in the identification of 19 candidate genes. qRT–PCR analysis data showed that four of these candidate genes (Clps, Irx5, Bex1 and Rcan2) exhibited decreased expression in the Kras-mutated mouse model. The expression of the regulator of calcineurin 2 (RCAN2) was also observed to be lower in KRAS-mutated human CRC. Moreover, inhibitory function for cancer cell proliferation dependent on calcineurin was indicated with overexpression and short hairpin RNA knockdown of RCAN2 in human CRC cell lines. KRAS mutations in CRC lead to a decrease in RCAN2 expression, resulting in tumor proliferation due to derepression of calcineurin–nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) signaling. Our findings suggest that calcineurin–NFAT signal may represent a novel molecular target for the treatment of KRAS-mutated CRC.
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Stochastic Induction of Long-Term Potentiation and Long-Term Depression. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30899. [PMID: 27485552 PMCID: PMC4971485 DOI: 10.1038/srep30899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term depression (LTD) and long-term potentiation (LTP) of granule-Purkinje cell synapses are persistent synaptic alterations induced by high and low rises of the intracellular calcium ion concentration ([Ca2+]), respectively. The occurrence of LTD involves the activation of a positive feedback loop formed by protein kinase C, phospholipase A2, and the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase pathway, and its expression comprises the reduction of the population of synaptic AMPA receptors. Recently, a stochastic computational model of these signalling processes demonstrated that, in single synapses, LTD is probabilistic and bistable. Here, we expanded this model to simulate LTP, which requires protein phosphatases and the increase in the population of synaptic AMPA receptors. Our results indicated that, in single synapses, while LTD is bistable, LTP is gradual. Ca2+ induced both processes stochastically. The magnitudes of the Ca2+ signals and the states of the signalling network regulated the likelihood of LTP and LTD and defined dynamic macroscopic Ca2+ thresholds for the synaptic modifications in populations of synapses according to an inverse Bienenstock, Cooper and Munro (BCM) rule or a sigmoidal function. In conclusion, our model presents a unifying mechanism that explains the macroscopic properties of LTP and LTD from their dynamics in single synapses.
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Niitsu H, Hinoi T, Sentani K, Mukai S, Adachi T, Saito Y, Miguchi M, Kochi M, Sada H, Oue N, Yasui W, Ohdan H. Increased Calcineurin A Expression Is Associated with a Lower Relapse-Free Survival Rate after Colorectal Cancer Surgery. Pathobiology 2016; 83:308-15. [PMID: 27322036 DOI: 10.1159/000445121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increased expression of calcineurin in colorectal cancer (CRC) has been reported. Although the oncogenic function has been suggested, the clinical relevance is still unclear. We herein studied calcineurin expression as a prognostic biomarker in patients receiving curative surgery for stages I-III CRC. METHODS In 121 patients with stages I-III CRC treated at Hiroshima University between 1997 and 2003, calcineurin A expression was examined using immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining of surgical specimens. Specimens were considered positive for calcineurin A if any IHC-stained cells were observed within the carcinomatous area, and clinicopathological characteristics and survival outcomes were compared between IHC-positive and -negative groups. RESULTS Calcineurin A was preferentially expressed in the cytoplasm of cancer cells, and a median of 8% of the cells (range: 0-80%; interquartile range: 0-22.5%) were stained within the carcinomatous areas. Of 121 cases, 81 were determined as IHC positive while 40 were determined to be negative. Positive expression of calcineurin A, as well UICC-TNM stage, was associated with low relapse-free survival (RFS) rates in multivariate analyses (hazard ratio = 2.92; 95% CI: 1.27-7.92; p = 0.010). CONCLUSION Increased calcineurin A expression is associated with lower RFS rates and may have clinical value in predicting recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Niitsu
- Department of Gastroenterological and Transplant Surgery, Applied Life Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Vonhoff F, Keshishian H. Cyclic nucleotide signaling is required during synaptic refinement at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction. Dev Neurobiol 2016; 77:39-60. [PMID: 27281494 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The removal of miswired synapses is a fundamental prerequisite for normal circuit development, leading to clinical problems when aberrant. However, the underlying activity-dependent molecular mechanisms involved in synaptic pruning remain incompletely resolved. Here the dynamic properties of intracellular calcium oscillations and a role for cAMP signaling during synaptic refinement in intact Drosophila embryos were examined using optogenetic tools. We provide In vivo evidence at the single gene level that the calcium-dependent adenylyl cyclase rutabaga, the phosphodiesterase dunce, the kinase PKA, and Protein Phosphatase 1 (PP1) all operate within a functional signaling pathway to modulate Sema2a-dependent chemorepulsion. It was found that presynaptic cAMP levels were required to be dynamically maintained at an optimal level to suppress connectivity defects. It was also proposed that PP1 may serve as a molecular link between cAMP signaling and CaMKII in the pathway underlying refinement. The results introduced an in vivo model where presynaptic cAMP levels, downstream of electrical activity and calcium influx, act via PKA and PP1 to modulate the neuron's response to chemorepulsion involved in the withdrawal of off-target synaptic contacts. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 77: 39-60, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Vonhoff
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, Yale University, POB 208103, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520
| | - Haig Keshishian
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, Yale University, POB 208103, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520
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137
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Chen Y, Holstein DM, Aime S, Bollo M, Lechleiter JD. Calcineurin β protects brain after injury by activating the unfolded protein response. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 94:139-56. [PMID: 27334877 PMCID: PMC4983525 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ca2+-dependent phosphatase, calcineurin (CN) is thought to play a detrimental role in damaged neurons; however, its role in astrocytes is unclear. In cultured astrocytes, CNβ expression increased after treatment with a sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase inhibitor, thapsigargin, and with oxygen and glucose deprivation, an in vitro model of ischemia. Similarly, CNβ was induced in astrocytes in vivo in two different mouse models of brain injury - photothrombotic stroke and traumatic brain injury (TBI). Immunoprecipitation and chemical activation dimerization methods pointed to physical interaction of CNβ with the unfolded protein response (UPR) sensor, protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK). In accordance, induction of CNβ resulted in oligomerization and activation of PERK. Strikingly, the presence of a phosphatase inhibitor did not interfere with CNβ-mediated activation of PERK, suggesting a hitherto undiscovered non-enzymatic role for CNβ. Importantly, the cytoprotective function of CNβ was PERK-dependent both in vitro and in vivo. Loss of CNβ in vivo resulted in a significant increase in cerebral damage, and correlated with a decrease in astrocyte size, PERK activity and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression. Taken together, these data reveal a critical role for the CNβ-PERK axis in not only prolonging astrocyte cell survival but also in modulating astrogliosis after brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Chen
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Deborah M Holstein
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Sofia Aime
- Instituto de Investigación Médica M y M Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Mariana Bollo
- Instituto de Investigación Médica M y M Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - James D Lechleiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX, USA; Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX, USA.
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138
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Abstract
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Calcineurin
is a Ser/Thr phosphatase that is important for key
biological processes, including immune system activation. We previously
identified a region in the intrinsically disordered regulatory domain
of calcineurin that forms a critical amphipathic α-helix (the
“distal helix”) that is required for complete activation
of calcineurin. This distal helix was shown to have a Tm close to that of human body temperature. Because the Tm was determined in dilute buffer, we hypothesized
that other factors inherent to a cellular environment might modulate
the stability of the distal helix. One such factor that contributes
to stability in other proteins is macromolecular crowding. The cell
cytoplasm is comprised of up to 400 g/L protein, lipids, nucleic acids,
and other compounds. We hypothesize that the presence of such crowders
could increase the thermal stability of the distal helix and thus
lead to a more robust activation of calcineurin in vivo. Using biophysical and biochemical approaches, we show that the
distal helix of calcineurin is indeed stabilized when crowded by the
synthetic polymers dextran 70 and ficoll 70, and that this stabilization
of the distal helix increases the activity of calcineurin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik C Cook
- Center for Structural Biology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky , 741 South Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0509, United States
| | - Trevor P Creamer
- Center for Structural Biology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky , 741 South Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0509, United States
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139
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He Y, Kulasiri D, Samarasinghe S. Modelling bidirectional modulations in synaptic plasticity: A biochemical pathway model to understand the emergence of long term potentiation (LTP) and long term depression (LTD). J Theor Biol 2016; 403:159-177. [PMID: 27185535 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic plasticity induces bidirectional modulations of the postsynaptic response following a synaptic transmission. The long term forms of synaptic plasticity, named long term potentiation (LTP) and long term depression (LTD), are critical for the antithetic functions of the memory system, memory formation and removal, respectively. A common Ca(2+) signalling upstream triggers both LTP and LTD, and the critical proteins and factors coordinating the LTP/LTD inductions are not well understood. We develop an integrated model based on the sub-models of the indispensable synaptic proteins in the emergence of synaptic plasticity to validate and understand their potential roles in the expression of synaptic plasticity. The model explains Ca(2+)/calmodulin (CaM) complex dependent coordination of LTP/LTD expressions by the interactions among the indispensable proteins using the experimentally estimated kinetic parameters. Analysis of the integrated model provides us with insights into the effective timescales of the key proteins and we conclude that the CaM pool size is critical for the coordination between LTP/LTD expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao He
- Centre for Advanced Computational Solutions (C-fACS), Molecular Biosciences Department, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Don Kulasiri
- Centre for Advanced Computational Solutions (C-fACS), Molecular Biosciences Department, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - Sandhya Samarasinghe
- Centre for Advanced Computational Solutions (C-fACS), Molecular Biosciences Department, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand
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140
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Mishra R, Manchanda S, Gupta M, Kaur T, Saini V, Sharma A, Kaur G. Tinospora cordifolia ameliorates anxiety-like behavior and improves cognitive functions in acute sleep deprived rats. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25564. [PMID: 27146164 PMCID: PMC4857086 DOI: 10.1038/srep25564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep deprivation (SD) leads to the spectrum of mood disorders like anxiety, cognitive dysfunctions and motor coordination impairment in many individuals. However, there is no effective pharmacological remedy to negate the effects of SD. The current study examined whether 50% ethanolic extract of Tinospora cordifolia (TCE) can attenuate these negative effects of SD. Three groups of adult Wistar female rats - (1) vehicle treated-sleep undisturbed (VUD), (2) vehicle treated-sleep deprived (VSD) and (3) TCE treated-sleep deprived (TSD) animals were tested behaviorally for cognitive functions, anxiety and motor coordination. TSD animals showed improved behavioral response in EPM and NOR tests for anxiety and cognitive functions, respectively as compared to VSD animals. TCE pretreatment modulated the stress induced-expression of plasticity markers PSA-NCAM, NCAM and GAP-43 along with proteins involved in the maintenance of LTP i.e., CamKII-α and calcineurin (CaN) in hippocampus and PC regions of the brain. Interestingly, contrary to VSD animals, TSD animals showed downregulated expression of inflammatory markers such as CD11b/c, MHC-1 and cytokines along with inhibition of apoptotic markers. This data suggests that TCE alone or in combination with other memory enhancing agents may help in managing sleep deprivation associated stress and improving cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachana Mishra
- Medical Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab-143005, INDIA
| | - Shaffi Manchanda
- Medical Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab-143005, INDIA
| | - Muskan Gupta
- Medical Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab-143005, INDIA
| | - Taranjeet Kaur
- Medical Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab-143005, INDIA
| | - Vedangana Saini
- Medical Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab-143005, INDIA
| | - Anuradha Sharma
- Medical Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab-143005, INDIA
| | - Gurcharan Kaur
- Medical Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab-143005, INDIA
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141
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Jiang HN, Zeng B, Chen GL, Lai B, Lu SH, Qu JM. Lipopolysaccharide potentiates endothelin-1-induced proliferation of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells by upregulating TRPC channels. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 82:20-7. [PMID: 27470334 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) are critical pathogenic factors in sepsis-induced pulmonary hypertension; however it is unknown whether they have a coordinated action in the pathogenesis of this disease. Here we found that although LPS did not change the contractility of rat pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) in response to ET-1, it significantly promoted ET-1-induced PASMC proliferation. Measurement of ET-1-evoked Ca(2+) transients in PASMCs showed that LPS dramatically enhanced Ca(2+) influx mediated by transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) channels. LPS did not directly activate TRPC channels, instead it selectively upregulated the expression of TRPC3 and TRPC4 in pulmonary arteries. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) and chemical blockers against TRPC channels abolished LPS-induced PASMC proliferation. LPS-induced cell proliferation and TRPC expression was mediated by the Ca(2+)-dependent calcineurin/NFAT signaling pathway. We suggest that blocking TRPC channels could be an effective strategy in controlling pulmonary arterial remodeling after endotoxin exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ni Jiang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology (Sichuan Medical University), Ministry of Education, and Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Sichuan Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Gui-Lan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology (Sichuan Medical University), Ministry of Education, and Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Sichuan Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Bin Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Medical College and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shao-Hua Lu
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jie-Ming Qu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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142
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Furuya Y, Denda M, Sakane K, Ogusu T, Takahashi S, Magari M, Kanayama N, Morishita R, Tokumitsu H. Identification of striated muscle activator of Rho signaling (STARS) as a novel calmodulin target by a newly developed genome-wide screen. Cell Calcium 2016; 60:32-40. [PMID: 27132186 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To search for novel target(s) of the Ca(2+)-signaling transducer, calmodulin (CaM), we performed a newly developed genome-wide CaM interaction screening of 19,676 GST-fused proteins expressed in human. We identified striated muscle activator of Rho signaling (STARS) as a novel CaM target and characterized its CaM binding ability and found that the Ca(2+)/CaM complex interacted stoichiometrically with the N-terminal region (Ala13-Gln35) of STARS in vitro as well as in living cells. Mutagenesis studies identified Ile20 and Trp33 as the essential hydrophobic residues in CaM anchoring. Furthermore, the CaM binding deficient mutant (Ile20Ala, Trp33Ala) of STARS further enhanced its stimulatory effect on SRF-dependent transcriptional activation. These results suggest a connection between Ca(2+)-signaling via excitation-contraction coupling and the regulation of STARS-mediated gene expression in muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusui Furuya
- Division of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Miwako Denda
- CellFree Sciences Co., Ltd., Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Kyohei Sakane
- Division of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Tomoko Ogusu
- Division of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Sumio Takahashi
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Masaki Magari
- Division of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Naoki Kanayama
- Division of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Ryo Morishita
- CellFree Sciences Co., Ltd., Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tokumitsu
- Division of Medical Bioengineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
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143
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Modelling intracellular competition for calcium: kinetic and thermodynamic control of different molecular modes of signal decoding. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23730. [PMID: 27033299 PMCID: PMC4817061 DOI: 10.1038/srep23730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Frequently, a common chemical entity triggers opposite cellular processes, which implies that the components of signalling networks must detect signals not only through their chemical natures, but also through their dynamic properties. To gain insights on the mechanisms of discrimination of the dynamic properties of cellular signals, we developed a computational stochastic model and investigated how three calcium ion (Ca2+)-dependent enzymes (adenylyl cyclase (AC), phosphodiesterase 1 (PDE1), and calcineurin (CaN)) differentially detect Ca2+ transients in a hippocampal dendritic spine. The balance among AC, PDE1 and CaN might determine the occurrence of opposite Ca2+-induced forms of synaptic plasticity, long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD). CaN is essential for LTD. AC and PDE1 regulate, indirectly, protein kinase A, which counteracts CaN during LTP. Stimulations of AC, PDE1 and CaN with artificial and physiological Ca2+ signals demonstrated that AC and CaN have Ca2+ requirements modulated dynamically by different properties of the signals used to stimulate them, because their interactions with Ca2+ often occur under kinetic control. Contrarily, PDE1 responds to the immediate amplitude of different Ca2+ transients and usually with the same Ca2+ requirements observed under steady state. Therefore, AC, PDE1 and CaN decode different dynamic properties of Ca2+ signals.
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144
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Tamuli R, Deka R, Borkovich KA. Calcineurin Subunits A and B Interact to Regulate Growth and Asexual and Sexual Development in Neurospora crassa. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151867. [PMID: 27019426 PMCID: PMC4809485 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcineurin is a calcium/calmodulin dependent protein phosphatase in eukaryotes that consists of a catalytic subunit A and a regulatory subunit B. Previous studies in the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa had suggested that the catalytic subunit of calcineurin might be an essential protein. We generated N. crassa strains expressing the A (cna-1) and B (cnb-1) subunit genes under the regulation of Ptcu-1, a copper-responsive promoter. In these strains, addition of bathocuproinedisulfonic acid (BCS), a copper chelator, results in induction of cna-1 and cnb-1, while excess Cu2+ represses gene expression. Through analysis of these strains under repressing and inducing conditions, we found that the calcineurin is required for normal growth, asexual development and female fertility in N. crassa. Moreover, we isolated and analyzed cnb-1 mutant alleles generated by repeat-induced point mutation (RIP), with the results further supporting roles for calcineurin in growth and fertility in N. crassa. We demonstrated a direct interaction between the CNA-1 and CNB-1 proteins using an assay system developed to study protein-protein interactions in N. crassa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjan Tamuli
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, India
- * E-mail:
| | - Rekha Deka
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Katherine A. Borkovich
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
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145
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Farini A, Sitzia C, Cassinelli L, Colleoni F, Parolini D, Giovanella U, Maciotta S, Colombo A, Meregalli M, Torrente Y. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3)-dependent Ca2+ signaling mediates delayed myogenesis in Duchenne muscular dystrophy fetal muscle. Development 2016; 143:658-69. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.126193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a progressive neuromuscular disorder characterized by muscle wasting and premature death. The defective gene is dystrophin, a structural protein, absence of which causes membrane fragility and myofiber necrosis. Several lines of evidence showed that in adult DMD patients dystrophin is involved in signaling pathways that regulate calcium homeostasis and differentiation programs. However, secondary aspects of the disease, such as inflammation and fibrosis development, might represent a bias in the analysis. Because fetal muscle is not influenced by gravity and does not suffer from mechanical load and/or inflammation, we investigated 12-week-old fetal DMD skeletal muscles, highlighting for the first time early alterations in signaling pathways mediated by the absence of dystrophin itself. We found that PLC/IP3/IP3R/Ryr1/Ca2+ signaling is widely active in fetal DMD skeletal muscles and, through the calcium-dependent PKCα protein, exerts a fundamental regulatory role in delaying myogenesis and in myofiber commitment. These data provide new insights into the origin of DMD pathology during muscle development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Farini
- Laboratorio di Cellule Staminali, Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia medico-chirurgica e dei Trapianti, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Centro Dino Ferrari, Via Francesco Sforza 35, Milan 20122, Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy
| | - Clementina Sitzia
- Laboratorio di Cellule Staminali, Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia medico-chirurgica e dei Trapianti, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Centro Dino Ferrari, Via Francesco Sforza 35, Milan 20122, Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy
| | - Letizia Cassinelli
- Laboratorio di Cellule Staminali, Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia medico-chirurgica e dei Trapianti, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Centro Dino Ferrari, Via Francesco Sforza 35, Milan 20122, Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy
| | - Federica Colleoni
- Laboratorio di Cellule Staminali, Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia medico-chirurgica e dei Trapianti, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Centro Dino Ferrari, Via Francesco Sforza 35, Milan 20122, Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy
| | - Daniele Parolini
- Laboratorio di Cellule Staminali, Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia medico-chirurgica e dei Trapianti, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Centro Dino Ferrari, Via Francesco Sforza 35, Milan 20122, Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy
| | - Umberto Giovanella
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole (CNR-ISMAC), via Bassini 15, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Simona Maciotta
- Laboratorio di Cellule Staminali, Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia medico-chirurgica e dei Trapianti, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Centro Dino Ferrari, Via Francesco Sforza 35, Milan 20122, Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy
| | - Augusto Colombo
- Servizio ‘Legge 194’ Dipartimento BDN-Fondazione IRCCS, Policlinico Mangiagalli-Regina Elena, Via Francesco Sforza 35, Milan 20122, Italy
| | - Mirella Meregalli
- Laboratorio di Cellule Staminali, Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia medico-chirurgica e dei Trapianti, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Centro Dino Ferrari, Via Francesco Sforza 35, Milan 20122, Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy
| | - Yvan Torrente
- Laboratorio di Cellule Staminali, Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia medico-chirurgica e dei Trapianti, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Centro Dino Ferrari, Via Francesco Sforza 35, Milan 20122, Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy
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146
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Dubey D, Porter BE. CRTC1 nuclear localization in the hippocampus of the pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Neuroscience 2016; 320:57-68. [PMID: 26844388 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
cAMP response-element binding protein (CREB)-dependent genes are differentially expressed in brains of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients and also in animal models of TLE. Previous studies have demonstrated the importance of CREB regulated transcription in TLE. However, the role of the key regulator of CREB activity, CREB-regulated transcription coactivator 1 (CRTC1), has not been explored in epilepsy. In the present study the pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE) model of TLE was used to study the regulation of CRTC1 during and following SE. Nuclear translocation of CRTC1 is critical for its transcriptional activity, and dephosphorylation at serine 151 residue via calcineurin phosphatase regulates cytoplasmic to nuclear transit of CRTC1. Here, we examined the localization and phosphorylation (Ser151) of CRTC1 in SE-induced rat hippocampus at two different time points after SE onset. One hour after SE onset, we found that CRTC1 translocates to the nucleus of CA1 neurons but not CA3 or dentate granule neurons. We further found that this CRTC1 nuclear localization is independent of Ser151 dephosphorylation since we did not detect any difference in dephosphorylation of Ser151 between control and SE animals at this time point. In contrast, 48 h after SE CRTC1 shows increased nuclear localization in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the SE-induced rats. At 48 h after SE, FK506 treatment blocked CRTC1 nuclear localization and dephosphorylation of Ser151. Our results provide evidence that CREB cofactor CRTC1 translocates into the nucleus of a distinct subset of hippocampal neurons during and following SE and this translocalization is regulated by calcineurin at a later time point following SE. Nuclear CRTC1 can bind to CREB possibly altering transcription during epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Dubey
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 1201 Welch Road, P211 MSLS, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - B E Porter
- Stanford University Medical School, P211 MSLS, 1201 Welch Road, Stanford, CA 94305, United States.
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147
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Cooperative autoinhibition and multi-level activation mechanisms of calcineurin. Cell Res 2016; 26:336-49. [PMID: 26794871 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2016.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase calcineurin (CN), a heterodimer composed of a catalytic subunit A and an essential regulatory subunit B, plays critical functions in various cellular processes such as cardiac hypertrophy and T cell activation. It is the target of the most widely used immunosuppressants for transplantation, tacrolimus (FK506) and cyclosporin A. However, the structure of a large part of the CNA regulatory region remains to be determined, and there has been considerable debate concerning the regulation of CN activity. Here, we report the crystal structure of full-length CN (β isoform), which revealed a novel autoinhibitory segment (AIS) in addition to the well-known autoinhibitory domain (AID). The AIS nestles in a hydrophobic intersubunit groove, which overlaps the recognition site for substrates and immunosuppressant-immunophilin complexes. Indeed, disruption of this AIS interaction results in partial stimulation of CN activity. More importantly, our biochemical studies demonstrate that calmodulin does not remove AID from the active site, but only regulates the orientation of AID with respect to the catalytic core, causing incomplete activation of CN. Our findings challenge the current model for CN activation, and provide a better understanding of molecular mechanisms of CN activity regulation.
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148
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Miyata H, Satouh Y, Mashiko D, Muto M, Nozawa K, Shiba K, Fujihara Y, Isotani A, Inaba K, Ikawa M. Sperm calcineurin inhibition prevents mouse fertility with implications for male contraceptive. Science 2015; 350:442-5. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aad0836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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149
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Bazzazi H, Sang L, Dick IE, Joshi-Mukherjee R, Yang W, Yue DT. Novel fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based reporter reveals differential calcineurin activation in neonatal and adult cardiomyocytes. J Physiol 2015; 593:3865-84. [PMID: 26096996 PMCID: PMC4575574 DOI: 10.1113/jp270510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based genetically encoded reporters of calcineurin are constructed by fusing the two subunits of calcineurin with P2A-based linkers retaining the expected native conformation of calcineurin. Calcineurin reporters display robust responses to calcium transients in HEK293 cells. The sensor responses are correlated with NFATc1 translocation dynamics in HEK293 cells. The sensors are uniformly distributed in neonatal myocytes and respond efficiently to single electrically evoked calcium transients and show cumulative activation at frequencies of 0.5 and 1 Hz. In adult myocytes, the calcineurin sensors appear to be localized to the cardiac z-lines, and respond to cumulative calcium transients at frequencies of 0.5 and 1 Hz. The phosphatase calcineurin is a central component of many calcium signalling pathways, relaying calcium signals from the plasma membrane to the nucleus. It has critical functions in a multitude of systems, including immune, cardiac and neuronal. Given the widespread importance of calcineurin in both normal and pathological conditions, new tools that elucidate the spatiotemporal dynamics of calcineurin activity would be invaluable. Here we develop two separate genetically encoded fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based sensors of calcineurin activation, DuoCaN and UniCaN. Both sensors showcase a large dynamic range and rapid response kinetics, differing primarily in the linker structure between the FRET pairs. Both sensors were calibrated in HEK293 cells and their responses correlated well with NFAT translocation to the nucleus, validating the biological relevance of the sensor readout. The sensors were subsequently expressed in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes and acutely isolated adult guinea pig ventricular myocytes. Both sensors demonstrated robust responses in myocytes and revealed kinetic differences in calcineurin activation during changes in pacing rate for neonatal versus adult myocytes. Finally, mathematical modelling combined with quantitative FRET measurements provided novel insights into the kinetics and integration of calcineurin activation in response to myocyte Ca transients. In all, DuoCaN and UniCaN stand as valuable new tools for understanding the role of calcineurin in normal and pathological signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojjat Bazzazi
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Neuroscience, Centre for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lingjie Sang
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Neuroscience, Centre for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ivy E Dick
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Neuroscience, Centre for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rosy Joshi-Mukherjee
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Neuroscience, Centre for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wanjun Yang
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Neuroscience, Centre for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA
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The molecular pathway of ATP-sensitive potassium channel in endothelial cells for mediating arteriole relaxation. Life Sci 2015; 137:164-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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