101
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Wu JL, Wu HY, Tsai DY, Chiang MF, Chen YJ, Gao S, Lin CC, Lin CH, Khoo KH, Chen YJ, Lin KI. Temporal regulation of Lsp1 O-GlcNAcylation and phosphorylation during apoptosis of activated B cells. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12526. [PMID: 27555448 PMCID: PMC4999498 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Crosslinking of B-cell receptor (BCR) sets off an apoptosis programme, but the underlying pathways remain obscure. Here we decipher the molecular mechanisms bridging B-cell activation and apoptosis mediated by post-translational modification (PTM). We find that O-GlcNAcase inhibition enhances B-cell activation and apoptosis induced by BCR crosslinking. This proteome-scale analysis of the functional interplay between protein O-GlcNAcylation and phosphorylation in stimulated mouse primary B cells identifies 313 O-GlcNAcylation-dependent phosphosites on 224 phosphoproteins. Among these phosphoproteins, temporal regulation of the O-GlcNAcylation and phosphorylation of lymphocyte-specific protein-1 (Lsp1) is a key switch that triggers apoptosis in activated B cells. O-GlcNAcylation at S209 of Lsp1 is a prerequisite for the recruitment of its kinase, PKC-β1, to induce S243 phosphorylation, leading to ERK activation and downregulation of BCL-2 and BCL-xL. Thus, we demonstrate the critical PTM interplay of Lsp1 that transmits signals for initiating apoptosis after BCR ligation. B cell receptor (BCR) activation can trigger signalling causing apoptosis in order to eliminate auto-reactive B cells. Here the authors show that the O-GlcNAcylation and phosphorylation of lymphocyte-specific protein-1 are involved in a switch that regulates the initiation of apoptosis induced by BCR cross-linking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Lin Wu
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.,Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yi Wu
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Dong-Yan Tsai
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan.,Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | | | - Yi-Ju Chen
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Shijay Gao
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Cheng Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hung Lin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Kay-Hooi Khoo
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ju Chen
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-I Lin
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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102
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Roth C, Petricevic M, John A, Goddard-Borger ED, Davies GJ, Williams SJ. Structural and mechanistic insights into a Bacteroides vulgatus retaining N-acetyl-β-galactosaminidase that uses neighbouring group participation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:11096-9. [PMID: 27546776 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc04649e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bacteroides vulgatus is a member of the human microbiota whose abundance is increased in patients with Crohn's disease. We show that a B. vulgatus glycoside hydrolase from the carbohydrate active enzyme family GH123, BvGH123, is an N-acetyl-β-galactosaminidase that acts with retention of stereochemistry, and, through a 3-D structure in complex with Gal-thiazoline, provide evidence in support of a neighbouring group participation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Roth
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, UK.
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103
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Mailleux F, Gélinas R, Beauloye C, Horman S, Bertrand L. O-GlcNAcylation, enemy or ally during cardiac hypertrophy development? Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1862:2232-2243. [PMID: 27544701 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
O-linked attachment of the monosaccharide β-N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) is a post-translational modification occurring on serine and threonine residues, which is evolving as an important mechanism for the regulation of various cellular processes. The present review will, first, provide a general background on the molecular regulation of protein O-GlcNAcylation and will summarize the role of this post-translational modification in various acute cardiac pathologies including ischemia-reperfusion. Then, we will focus on research studies examining protein O-GlcNAcylation in the context of cardiac hypertrophy. A particular emphasis will be laid on the convergent but also divergent actions of O-GlcNAcylation according to the type of hypertrophy investigated, including physiological, pressure overload-induced and diabetes-linked cardiac hypertrophy. In an attempt to distinguish whether O-GlcNAcylation is detrimental or beneficial, this review will present the different O-GlcNAcylated targets involved in hypertrophy development. We will finally argue on potential interest to target O-GlcNAc processes to treat cardiac hypertrophy. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: The role of post-translational protein modifications on heart and vascular metabolism edited by Jason R.B. Dyck & Jan F.C. Glatz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Mailleux
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pole of Cardiovascular Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Roselle Gélinas
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Christophe Beauloye
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pole of Cardiovascular Research, Brussels, Belgium; Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Division of Cardiology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sandrine Horman
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pole of Cardiovascular Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Luc Bertrand
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pole of Cardiovascular Research, Brussels, Belgium.
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104
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Campillo-Navarro M, Leyva-Paredes K, Donis-Maturano L, González-Jiménez M, Paredes-Vivas Y, Cerbulo-Vázquez A, Serafín-López J, García-Pérez B, Ullrich SE, Flores-Romo L, Pérez-Tapia SM, Estrada-Parra S, Estrada-García I, Chacón-Salinas R. Listeria monocytogenes induces mast cell extracellular traps. Immunobiology 2016; 222:432-439. [PMID: 27520114 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells play an essential role in different immunological phenomena including allergy and infectious diseases. Several bacteria induce mast cell activation leading to degranulation and the production of several cytokines and chemokines. However, mast cells also have different microbicidal activities such as phagocytosis and the release of DNA with embedded granular proteins known as Mast Cell Extracellular Traps (MCETs). Although previous reports indicate that extracellular bacteria are able to induce MCETs little is known if intracellular bacteria can induce these structures. In this work, we evaluated MCETs induction by the intracellular bacteria Listeria monocytogenes. We found that mast cells released DNA after stimulation with L. monocytogenes, and this DNA was complexed to histone and tryptase. Before extracellular DNA release, L. monocytogenes induced modifications to the mast cell nuclear envelope and DNA was detected outside the nucleus. L. monocytogenes stimulated mast cells to produce significant amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and blocking NADPH oxidase diminished DNA release by mast cells. Finally, MCETs showed antimicrobial activity against L. monocytogenes that was partially blocked when β-hexosaminidase activity was inhibited. These results show that L. monocytogenes induces mast cells to produce microbicidal MCETs, suggesting a role for mast cells in containing infection beyond the induction of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Campillo-Navarro
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ENCB-IPN, Mexico
| | - Kahiry Leyva-Paredes
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ENCB-IPN, Mexico
| | - Luis Donis-Maturano
- Department of Cell Biology, Cinvestav, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Jeanet Serafín-López
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ENCB-IPN, Mexico
| | - Blanca García-Pérez
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ENCB-IPN, Mexico
| | - Stephen E Ullrich
- Department of Immunology and The Center for Cancer Immunology Research, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, USA; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biological Sciences at Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Sonia M Pérez-Tapia
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ENCB-IPN, Mexico; Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos (UDIBI), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ENCB-IPN, Mexico
| | - Sergio Estrada-Parra
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ENCB-IPN, Mexico
| | - Iris Estrada-García
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ENCB-IPN, Mexico
| | - Rommel Chacón-Salinas
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ENCB-IPN, Mexico; Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioprocesos (UDIBI), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ENCB-IPN, Mexico.
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105
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Synthesis of NAM-thiazoline derivatives as novel O-GlcNAcase inhibitors. Carbohydr Res 2016; 429:54-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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106
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Alteen MG, Oehler V, Nemčovičová I, Wilson IBH, Vocadlo DJ, Gloster TM. Mechanism of Human Nucleocytoplasmic Hexosaminidase D. Biochemistry 2016; 55:2735-47. [PMID: 27149221 PMCID: PMC4878814 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b01285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Mammalian
β-hexosaminidases have been shown to play essential
roles in cellular physiology and health. These enzymes are responsible
for the cleavage of the monosaccharides N-acetylglucosamine
(GlcNAc) and N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) from
cellular substrates. One of these β-hexosaminidases, hexosaminidase
D (HexD), encoded by the HEXDC gene, has received
little attention. No mechanistic studies have focused on the role
of this unusual nucleocytoplasmically localized β-hexosaminidase,
and its cellular function remains unknown. Using a series of kinetic
and mechanistic investigations into HexD, we define the precise catalytic
mechanism of this enzyme and establish the identities of key enzymic
residues. The preparation of synthetic aryl N-acetylgalactosaminide
substrates for HexD in combination with measurements of kinetic parameters
for wild-type and mutant enzymes, linear free energy analyses of the
enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of these substrates, evaluation of the
reaction by nuclear magnetic resonance, and inhibition studies collectively
reveal the detailed mechanism of action employed by HexD. HexD is
a retaining glycosidase that operates using a substrate-assisted catalytic
mechanism, has a preference for galactosaminide over glucosaminide
substrates, and shows a pH optimum in its second-order rate constant
at pH 6.5–7.0. The catalytically important residues are Asp148
and Glu149, with Glu149 serving as the general acid/base residue and
Asp148 as the polarizing residue. HexD is inhibited by Gal-NAG-thiazoline
(Ki = 420 nM). The fundamental insights
gained from this study will aid in the development of potent and selective
probes for HexD, which will serve as useful tools to improve our understanding
of the physiological role played by this unusual enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Alteen
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University , 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.,Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews , North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, U.K
| | - Verena Oehler
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews , North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, U.K
| | - Ivana Nemčovičová
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur , Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Iain B H Wilson
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur , Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Wien, Austria
| | - David J Vocadlo
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University , 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Tracey M Gloster
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews , North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, U.K
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107
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Teo CF, El-Karim EG, Wells L. Dissecting PUGNAc-mediated inhibition of the pro-survival action of insulin. Glycobiology 2016; 26:1198-1208. [PMID: 27072814 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cww043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies utilizing PUGNAc, the most widely used β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (OGA) inhibitor to increase global O-N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) levels, have reported a variety of effects including insulin resistance as a direct result of elevated O-GlcNAc levels. The notion of OGA inhibition causing insulin resistance was not replicated in studies in which elevated global O-GlcNAc levels were achieved using two other OGA inhibitors. Related to insulin action, work by others has suggested that O-GlcNAc elevation may inhibit the anti-apoptotic action of insulin. Thus, we examined the pro-survival action of insulin upon serum deprivation in the presence of PUGNAc as well as two selective OGA inhibitors (GlcNAcstatin-g and Thiamet-G), and a selective lysosomal hexosaminidase inhibitor (INJ2). We established that PUGNAc inhibits the pro-survival action of insulin but this effect is not recapitulated by the selective OGA inhibitors suggesting that elevation in O-GlcNAc levels alone is not responsible for PUGNAc's effect on the anti-apoptotic action of insulin. Further, we demonstrate that a selective hexosaminidase A/B (HexA/B) inhibitor does not impact insulin action suggesting that PUGNAc's effect is not due to inhibition of lysosomal hexosaminidase. Finally, we tested a combination of selective OGA and lysosomal hexosaminidase inhibitors but were not able to recapitulate the inhibition of insulin action generated by PUGNAc alone. These results strongly suggest that the defect in insulin action upon PUGNAc treatment does not derive from its inhibition of OGA or HexA/B, and that there is an unknown target of PUGNAc that is the likely culprit in inhibiting the protective effect of insulin from apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Fen Teo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602-1516, USA
| | - Enas Gad El-Karim
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602-1516, USA
| | - Lance Wells
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602-1516, USA
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108
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Krejzová J, Kulik N, Slámová K, Křen V. Expression of human β-N-acetylhexosaminidase B in yeast eases the search for selective inhibitors. Enzyme Microb Technol 2016; 89:1-6. [PMID: 27233122 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Human lysosomal β-N-acetylhexosaminidases from the family 20 of glycoside hydrolases are dimeric enzymes catalysing the cleavage of terminal β-N-acetylglucosamine and β-N-acetylgalactosamine residues from a broad spectrum of glycoconjugates. Here, we present a facile, robust, and cost-effective extracellular expression of human β-N-acetylhexosaminidase B in Pichia pastoris KM71H strain. The prepared Hex B was purified in a single step with 33% yield obtaining 10mg of the pure enzyme per 1L of the culture media. The enzyme was used in the inhibition assays with the known mechanism-based inhibitor NAG-thiazoline and a wide variety of its derivatives in the search for specific inhibitors of the human GH20 β-N-acetylhexosaminidases over the human GH84 β-N-acetylglucosaminidase, which was expressed, purified and used in the inhibition experiments as well. Moreover, enzyme-inhibitor complexes were analysed employing computational tools in order to reveal the structural basis of the results of the inhibition assays, showing the importance of water-mediated interactions between the enzyme and respective ligands. The presented method for the heterologous expression of human Hex B is robust, it significantly reduces the costs and equipment demands in comparison to the expression in mammalian cell lines. This will enhance accessibility of this human enzyme to the broad scientific community and may speed up the research of specific inhibitors of this physiologically important glycosidase family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Krejzová
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, CZ 16628 Praha 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Natallia Kulik
- Department of Structure and Function of Proteins, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 136, CZ 37333 Nové Hrady, Czech Republic.
| | - Kristýna Slámová
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Vladimír Křen
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic.
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109
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Construction of a hybrid β-hexosaminidase subunit capable of forming stable homodimers that hydrolyze GM2 ganglioside in vivo. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2016; 3:15057. [PMID: 26966698 PMCID: PMC4774620 DOI: 10.1038/mtm.2015.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tay-Sachs or Sandhoff disease result from mutations in either the evolutionarily related HEXA or HEXB genes encoding respectively, the α- or β-subunits of β-hexosaminidase A (HexA). Of the three Hex isozymes, only HexA can interact with its cofactor, the GM2 activator protein (GM2AP), and hydrolyze GM2 ganglioside. A major impediment to establishing gene or enzyme replacement therapy based on HexA is the need to synthesize both subunits. Thus, we combined the critical features of both α- and β-subunits into a single hybrid µ-subunit that contains the α-subunit active site, the stable β-subunit interface and unique areas in each subunit needed to interact with GM2AP. To facilitate intracellular analysis and the purification of the µ-homodimer (HexM), CRISPR-based genome editing was used to disrupt the HEXA and HEXB genes in a Human Embryonic Kidney 293 cell line stably expressing the µ-subunit. In association with GM2AP, HexM was shown to hydrolyze a fluorescent GM2 ganglioside derivative both in cellulo and in vitro. Gene transfer studies in both Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff mouse models demonstrated that HexM expression reduced brain GM2 ganglioside levels.
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110
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Cekic N, Heinonen JE, Stubbs KA, Roth C, He Y, Bennet AJ, McEachern EJ, Davies GJ, Vocadlo DJ. Analysis of transition state mimicry by tight binding aminothiazoline inhibitors provides insight into catalysis by human O-GlcNAcase. Chem Sci 2016; 7:3742-3750. [PMID: 29997861 PMCID: PMC6008586 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc00370b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
2′-Aminothiazoline inhibitors of human OGA are tight binding transition state mimics for which binding depends on inhibitor pKa.
The modification of nucleocytoplasmic proteins with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) plays diverse roles in multicellular organisms. Inhibitors of O-GlcNAc hydrolase (OGA), the enzyme that removes O-GlcNAc from proteins, lead to increased O-GlcNAc levels in cells and are seeing widespread adoption in the field as a research tool used in cells and in vivo. Here we synthesize and study a series of tight binding carbohydrate-based inhibitors of human OGA (hOGA). The most potent of these 2′-aminothiazolines binds with a sub-nanomolar Ki value to hOGA (510 ± 50 pM) and the most selective has greater than 1 800 000-fold selectivity for hOGA over mechanistically related human lysosomal β-hexosaminidase. Structural data of inhibitors in complex with an hOGA homologue reveals the basis for variation in binding among these compounds. Using linear free energy analyses, we show binding of these 2′-aminothiazoline inhibitors depends on the pKa of the aminothiazoline ring system, revealing the protonation state of the inhibitor is a key driver of binding. Using series of inhibitors and synthetic substrates, we show that 2′-aminothiazoline inhibitors are transition state analogues of hOGA that bind to the enzyme up to 1-million fold more tightly than the substrate. These collective data support an oxazoline, rather than a protonated oxazolinium ion, intermediate being formed along the reaction pathway. Inhibitors from this series will prove generally useful tools for the study of O-GlcNAc. The new insights gained here, into the catalytic mechanism of hOGA and the fundamental drivers of potency and selectivity of OGA inhibitors, should enable tuning of hOGA inhibitors with desirable properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Cekic
- Department of Chemistry , Simon Fraser University , Burnaby , British Columbia V5A 1S6 , Canada .
| | - J E Heinonen
- Department of Chemistry , Simon Fraser University , Burnaby , British Columbia V5A 1S6 , Canada .
| | - K A Stubbs
- Department of Chemistry , Simon Fraser University , Burnaby , British Columbia V5A 1S6 , Canada . .,School of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The University of Western Australia (M313) , 35 Stirling Highway , Crawley , WA 6009 , Australia
| | - C Roth
- York Structural Biology Laboratory , Department of Chemistry , The University of York , YO10 5DD , UK
| | - Y He
- York Structural Biology Laboratory , Department of Chemistry , The University of York , YO10 5DD , UK
| | - A J Bennet
- Department of Chemistry , Simon Fraser University , Burnaby , British Columbia V5A 1S6 , Canada .
| | - E J McEachern
- Department of Chemistry , Simon Fraser University , Burnaby , British Columbia V5A 1S6 , Canada .
| | - G J Davies
- York Structural Biology Laboratory , Department of Chemistry , The University of York , YO10 5DD , UK
| | - D J Vocadlo
- Department of Chemistry , Simon Fraser University , Burnaby , British Columbia V5A 1S6 , Canada . .,Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry , Simon Fraser University , Burnaby , British Columbia V5A 1S6 , Canada
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111
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Hattie M, Cekic N, Debowski AW, Vocadlo DJ, Stubbs KA. Modifying the phenyl group of PUGNAc: reactivity tuning to deliver selective inhibitors for N-acetyl-d-glucosaminidases. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:3193-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00297h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of analogues of the potentN-acetylhexosamindase inhibitor PUGNAc are described and were found to vary in both potency and selectivity against a set of biologically importantN-acetyl-d-glucosaminidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell Hattie
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- The University of Western Australia
- Crawley
- Australia
| | - Nevena Cekic
- Department of Chemistry
- Simon Fraser University
- Burnaby
- Canada
| | - Aleksandra W. Debowski
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- The University of Western Australia
- Crawley
- Australia
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
| | - David J. Vocadlo
- Department of Chemistry
- Simon Fraser University
- Burnaby
- Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry
| | - Keith A. Stubbs
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- The University of Western Australia
- Crawley
- Australia
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112
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Arora I, Sharma SK, Shaw AK. Aglycone mimics for tuning of glycosidase inhibition: design, synthesis and biological evaluation of bicyclic pyrrolidotriazole iminosugars. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra26005a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Various fuco-configured bicyclic pyrrolidotriazole aglycone mimics were synthesised using copper-catalysed coupling of allyl bromides with terminal alkynes and Sonogashira–Hagihara reaction followed by intramolecular azide-alkyne ‘click’ reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inderpreet Arora
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute
- Lucknow 226031
- India
| | - Sandeep K. Sharma
- Microbiology Division
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute
- Lucknow 226031
- India
| | - Arun K. Shaw
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute
- Lucknow 226031
- India
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113
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Bergeron-Brlek M, Goodwin-Tindall J, Cekic N, Roth C, Zandberg WF, Shan X, Varghese V, Chan S, Davies GJ, Vocadlo DJ, Britton R. A Convenient Approach to Stereoisomeric Iminocyclitols: Generation of Potent Brain-Permeable OGA Inhibitors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201507985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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114
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Bergeron‐Brlek M, Goodwin‐Tindall J, Cekic N, Roth C, Zandberg WF, Shan X, Varghese V, Chan S, Davies GJ, Vocadlo DJ, Britton R. A Convenient Approach to Stereoisomeric Iminocyclitols: Generation of Potent Brain‐Permeable OGA Inhibitors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:15429-33. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201507985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Milan Bergeron‐Brlek
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia (Canada)
| | - Jake Goodwin‐Tindall
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia (Canada)
| | - Nevena Cekic
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia (Canada)
| | | | - Wesley F. Zandberg
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia (Canada)
| | - Xiaoyang Shan
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia (Canada)
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia (Canada)
| | - Vimal Varghese
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia (Canada)
| | - Sherry Chan
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York (UK)
| | | | - David J. Vocadlo
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia (Canada)
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia (Canada)
| | - Robert Britton
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia (Canada)
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115
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Ostrowski A, Gundogdu M, Ferenbach AT, Lebedev AA, van Aalten DMF. Evidence for a Functional O-Linked N-Acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) System in the Thermophilic Bacterium Thermobaculum terrenum. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:30291-305. [PMID: 26491011 PMCID: PMC4683255 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.689596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modification of proteins is a ubiquitous mechanism of signal transduction in all kingdoms of life. One such modification is addition of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine to serine or threonine residues, known as O-GlcNAcylation. This unusual type of glycosylation is thought to be restricted to nucleocytoplasmic proteins of eukaryotes and is mediated by a pair of O-GlcNAc-transferase and O-GlcNAc hydrolase enzymes operating on a large number of substrate proteins. Protein O-GlcNAcylation is responsive to glucose and flux through the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway. Thus, a close relationship is thought to exist between the level of O-GlcNAc proteins within and the general metabolic state of the cell. Although isolated apparent orthologues of these enzymes are present in bacterial genomes, their biological functions remain largely unexplored. It is possible that understanding the function of these proteins will allow development of reductionist models to uncover the principles of O-GlcNAc signaling. Here, we identify orthologues of both O-GlcNAc cycling enzymes in the genome of the thermophilic eubacterium Thermobaculum terrenum. The O-GlcNAcase and O-GlcNAc-transferase are co-expressed and, like their mammalian orthologues, localize to the cytoplasm. The O-GlcNAcase orthologue possesses activity against O-GlcNAc proteins and model substrates. We describe crystal structures of both enzymes, including an O-GlcNAcase·peptide complex, showing conservation of active sites with the human orthologues. Although in vitro activity of the O-GlcNAc-transferase could not be detected, treatment of T. terrenum with an O-GlcNAc-transferase inhibitor led to inhibition of growth. T. terrenum may be the first example of a bacterium possessing a functional O-GlcNAc system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrew T Ferenbach
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, DD1 5EH Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom and
| | - Andrey A Lebedev
- Science Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Daan M F van Aalten
- From the Division of Molecular Microbiology and Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, DD1 5EH Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom and
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116
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Kong H, Chen W, Lu H, Yang Q, Dong Y, Wang D, Zhang J. Synthesis of NAG-thiazoline-derived inhibitors for β-N-acetyl-d-hexosaminidases. Carbohydr Res 2015; 413:135-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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117
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Romero-Ramírez L, García-Álvarez I, Casas J, Barreda-Manso M, Yanguas-Casás N, Nieto-Sampedro M, Fernández-Mayoralas A. New oleyl glycoside as anti-cancer agent that targets on neutral sphingomyelinase. Biochem Pharmacol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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118
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Kallemeijn WW, Witte MD, Wennekes T, Aerts JMFG. Mechanism-based inhibitors of glycosidases: design and applications. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 2015; 71:297-338. [PMID: 25480507 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800128-8.00004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This article covers recent developments in the design and application of activity-based probes (ABPs) for glycosidases, with emphasis on the different enzymes involved in metabolism of glucosylceramide in humans. Described are the various catalytic reaction mechanisms employed by inverting and retaining glycosidases. An understanding of catalysis at the molecular level has stimulated the design of different types of ABPs for glycosidases. Such compounds range from (1) transition-state mimics tagged with reactive moieties, which associate with the target active site—forming covalent bonds in a relatively nonspecific manner in or near the catalytic pocket—to (2) enzyme substrates that exploit the catalytic mechanism of retaining glycosidase targets to release a highly reactive species within the active site of the enzyme, to (3) probes based on mechanism-based, covalent, and irreversible glycosidase inhibitors. Some applications in biochemical and biological research of the activity-based glycosidase probes are discussed, including specific quantitative visualization of active enzyme molecules in vitro and in vivo, and as strategies for unambiguously identifying catalytic residues in glycosidases in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter W Kallemeijn
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Martin D Witte
- Department of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Tom Wennekes
- Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Johannes M F G Aerts
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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119
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Abstract
The article reviews the significant contributions to, and the present status of, applications of computational methods for the characterization and prediction of protein-carbohydrate interactions. After a presentation of the specific features of carbohydrate modeling, along with a brief description of the experimental data and general features of carbohydrate-protein interactions, the survey provides a thorough coverage of the available computational methods and tools. At the quantum-mechanical level, the use of both molecular orbitals and density-functional theory is critically assessed. These are followed by a presentation and critical evaluation of the applications of semiempirical and empirical methods: QM/MM, molecular dynamics, free-energy calculations, metadynamics, molecular robotics, and others. The usefulness of molecular docking in structural glycobiology is evaluated by considering recent docking- validation studies on a range of protein targets. The range of applications of these theoretical methods provides insights into the structural, energetic, and mechanistic facets that occur in the course of the recognition processes. Selected examples are provided to exemplify the usefulness and the present limitations of these computational methods in their ability to assist in elucidation of the structural basis underlying the diverse function and biological roles of carbohydrates in their dialogue with proteins. These test cases cover the field of both carbohydrate biosynthesis and glycosyltransferases, as well as glycoside hydrolases. The phenomenon of (macro)molecular recognition is illustrated for the interactions of carbohydrates with such proteins as lectins, monoclonal antibodies, GAG-binding proteins, porins, and viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Pérez
- Department of Molecular Pharmacochemistry, CNRS, University Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France.
| | - Igor Tvaroška
- Department of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Constantine The Philosopher University, Nitra, Slovak Republic.
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120
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Tropak MB, Zhang J, Yonekawa S, Rigat BA, Aulakh VS, Smith MR, Hwang HJ, Ciufolini MA, Mahuran DJ. Pyrimethamine Derivatives: Insight into Binding Mechanism and Improved Enhancement of Mutant β-N-acetylhexosaminidase Activity. J Med Chem 2015; 58:4483-93. [PMID: 25984755 DOI: 10.1021/jm5017895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In order to identify structural features of pyrimethamine (5-(4-chlorophenyl)-6-ethylpyrimidine-2,4-diamine) that contribute to its inhibitory activity (IC50 value) and chaperoning efficacy toward β-N-acetylhexosaminidase, derivatives of the compound were synthesized that differ at the positions bearing the amino, ethyl, and chloro groups. Whereas the amino groups proved to be critical to its inhibitory activity, a variety of substitutions at the chloro position only increased its IC50 by 2-3-fold. Replacing the ethyl group at the 6-position with butyl or methyl groups increased IC50 more than 10-fold. Surprisingly, despite its higher IC50, a derivative lacking the chlorine atom in the para-position was found to enhance enzyme activity in live patient cells a further 25% at concentrations >100 μM, while showing less toxicity. These findings demonstrate the importance of the phenyl group in modulating the chaperoning efficacy and toxicity profile of the derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Tropak
- †Genetics and Genome Biology, SickKids, PGCRL 686 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- ‡Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Sayuri Yonekawa
- †Genetics and Genome Biology, SickKids, PGCRL 686 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Brigitte A Rigat
- †Genetics and Genome Biology, SickKids, PGCRL 686 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Virender S Aulakh
- ‡Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Matthew R Smith
- ‡Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Hee-Jong Hwang
- ‡Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Marco A Ciufolini
- ‡Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Don J Mahuran
- †Genetics and Genome Biology, SickKids, PGCRL 686 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada.,§Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Toronto, Medical Science Building, 1 King's College Circle, 6th Floor, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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121
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Selvan N, Mariappa D, van den Toorn HWP, Heck AJR, Ferenbach AT, van Aalten DMF. The Early Metazoan Trichoplax adhaerens Possesses a Functional O-GlcNAc System. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:11969-82. [PMID: 25778404 PMCID: PMC4424335 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.628750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein O-GlcNAcylation is a reversible post-translational signaling modification of nucleocytoplasmic proteins that is essential for embryonic development in bilateria. In a search for a reductionist model to study O-GlcNAc signaling, we discovered the presence of functional O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), O-GlcNAcase (OGA), and nucleocytoplasmic protein O-GlcNAcylation in the most basal extant animal, the placozoan Trichoplax adhaerens. We show via enzymatic characterization of Trichoplax OGT/OGA and genetic rescue experiments in Drosophila melanogaster that these proteins possess activities/functions similar to their bilaterian counterparts. The acquisition of O-GlcNAc signaling by metazoa may have facilitated the rapid and complex signaling mechanisms required for the evolution of multicellular organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Mariappa
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom and
| | - Henk W P van den Toorn
- the Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J R Heck
- the Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Daan M F van Aalten
- From the Division of Molecular Microbiology and MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom and
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122
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Kim EJ, Bond MR, Love DC, Hanover JA. Chemical tools to explore nutrient-driven O-GlcNAc cycling. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 49:327-42. [PMID: 25039763 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2014.931338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications (PTM) including glycosylation, phosphorylation, acetylation, methylation and ubiquitination dynamically alter the proteome. The evolutionarily conserved enzymes O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase are responsible for the addition and removal, respectively, of the nutrient-sensitive PTM of protein serine and threonine residues with O-GlcNAc. Indeed, the O-GlcNAc modification acts at every step in the "central dogma" of molecular biology and alters signaling pathways leading to amplified or blunted biological responses. The cellular roles of OGT and the dynamic PTM O-GlcNAc have been clarified with recently developed chemical tools including high-throughput assays, structural and mechanistic studies and potent enzyme inhibitors. These evolving chemical tools complement genetic and biochemical approaches for exposing the underlying biological information conferred by O-GlcNAc cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun J Kim
- Department of Science Education-Chemistry Major, Daegu University , Daegu , S. Korea and
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123
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Tvaroška I. Atomistic insight into the catalytic mechanism of glycosyltransferases by combined quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) methods. Carbohydr Res 2015; 403:38-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2014.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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124
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Hattie M, Ito T, Debowski AW, Arakawa T, Katayama T, Yamamoto K, Fushinobu S, Stubbs KA. Gaining insight into the catalysis by GH20 lacto-N-biosidase using small molecule inhibitors and structural analysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:15008-11. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc05494j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis and structural analysis of rationally developed inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell Hattie
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- The University of Western Australia
- Crawley
- Australia
| | - Tasuku Ito
- National Food Research Institute
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization
- Tsukuba
- Japan
| | - Aleksandra W. Debowski
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- The University of Western Australia
- Crawley
- Australia
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
| | - Takatoshi Arakawa
- Department of Biotechnology
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 113-8657
- Japan
| | - Takane Katayama
- Graduate School of Biostudies
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8502
- Japan
| | - Kenji Yamamoto
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology
- Ishikawa Prefectural University
- Nonoichi
- Japan
| | - Shinya Fushinobu
- Department of Biotechnology
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 113-8657
- Japan
| | - Keith A. Stubbs
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- The University of Western Australia
- Crawley
- Australia
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125
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Nagel AK, Ball LE. Intracellular protein O-GlcNAc modification integrates nutrient status with transcriptional and metabolic regulation. Adv Cancer Res 2015; 126:137-66. [PMID: 25727147 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The inducible, nutrient-sensitive posttranslational modification of protein Ser/Thr residues with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) occurs on histones, transcriptional regulators, metabolic enzymes, oncogenes, tumor suppressors, and many critical intermediates of growth factor signaling. Cycling of O-GlcNAc modification on and off of protein substrates is catalyzed by the actions of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA), respectively. To date, there are less than 150 publications addressing the role of O-GlcNAc modification in cancer and over half were published in the last 2 years. These studies have clearly established that increased expression of OGT and hyper-O-GlcNAcylation is common to human cancers of breast, prostate, colon, lung, and pancreas. Furthermore, attenuating OGT activity reduces tumor growth in vitro and metastasis in vivo. This chapter discusses the structure and function of the O-GlcNAc cycling enzymes, mechanisms by which protein O-GlcNAc modification sense changes in nutrient status, the influence of O-GlcNAc cycling enzymes on glucose metabolism, and provides an overview of recent observations regarding the role of O-GlcNAcylation in cancer.
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126
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Ryšlavá H, Valenta R, Hýsková V, Křížek T, Liberda J, Coufal P. Purification and enzymatic characterization of tobacco leaf β-N-acetylhexosaminidase. Biochimie 2014; 107 Pt B:263-9. [PMID: 25242193 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The kinetic properties of β-N-acetylhexosaminidase purified from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) leaves have been investigated. In addition to chromogenic pNP derivates, N,N'-diacetylchitobiose and N,N',N″-triacetylchitotriose were also used as substrates of β-N-acetylhexosaminidase. The highest reaction rate and the affinity for the substrate were observed for pNP-GlcNAc; however, an excess of this substrate inhibits the reaction. The reaction rate with pNP-GalNAc as the substrate was found to be about 85% of that obtained with pNP-GlcNAc. The hydrolysis of acetylated chitooligomers by β-N-acetylhexosaminidase followed by separation and quantification using capillary electrophoresis was slower compared to pNP-GlcNAc. The pH optimum of β-N-acetylhexosaminidase for individual substrates was found at 4.3-5.0 and the temperature optimum was 50-55 °C. Gel permeation chromatography and red native electrophoresis determined the relative molecular weight as 280 000 and the isoelectric point as 5.3. The inhibition of β-N-acetylhexosaminidase by monosaccharides GlcN, GalN, GlcNAc, GalNAc in combination with substrates pNP-GlcNAc and pNP-GalNAc was studied and the type of inhibition and the inhibition constants were determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Ryšlavá
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, Prague 2 128 40, Czech Republic.
| | - Robert Valenta
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, Prague 2 128 40, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Hýsková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, Prague 2 128 40, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Křížek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, Prague 2 128 40, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Liberda
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, Prague 2 128 40, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Coufal
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, Prague 2 128 40, Czech Republic
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127
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Liu T, Xia M, Zhang H, Zhou H, Wang J, Shen X, Yang Q. Exploring NAG-thiazoline and its derivatives as inhibitors of chitinolytic β-acetylglucosaminidases. FEBS Lett 2014; 589:110-6. [PMID: 25436416 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
NAG-thiazoline (NGT) and its derivatives are well-known inhibitors against most β-acetylglucosaminidases (β-GlcNAcases) except for insect and bacterial chitinolytic β-GlcNAcases, including the molting-indispensable OfHex1 from the insect Ostrinia furnacalis. Here, we report the co-crystal structure of OfHex1 in complex with NGT. This structure reveals a large active pocket in OfHex1 that may account for the poor inhibitory activity of NGT. To test this hypothesis, a bulky substituent was designed and synthesized on the thiazoline ring of NGT. The resulting compound (NMAGT) was determined to be a submicromolar inhibitor of OfHex1 with a Ki value of 0.13 μM, which is 600-fold lower than Ki value of NGT. Molecular dynamics simulation analysis supported the good fit of NMAGT to the active pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Liu
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Meng Xia
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Haitao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, School of Food and Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124000, China
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xu Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Qing Yang
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
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128
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Krejzová J, Kalachova L, Šimon P, Pelantová H, Slámová K, Křen V. Inhibition of microbial β-N-acetylhexosaminidases by 4-deoxy- and galacto-analogues of NAG-thiazoline. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:5321-3. [PMID: 25442323 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.09.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
NAG-thiazoline is a well-established competitive inhibitor of two physiologically relevant glycosidase families-β-N-acetylhexosaminidases (GH20) and β-N-acetylglucosaminidases (GH84). Based on the different substrate flexibilities of these enzyme groups, we designed and synthesized the 4-deoxy derivative of NAG-thiazoline aiming at the selective inhibition of GH20 β-N-acetylhexosaminidases. One GH84 and two GH20 microbial glycosidases were employed as model enzymes for the inhibition assays. Surprisingly, the new compound 4-deoxy-thiazoline exhibited no activity inhibition with either of the enzyme families of interest. Unlike with the substrates, the 4-hydroxyl group of the inhibitor's sugar ring seems to be crucial for binding the inhibitor to the active sites of these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Krejzová
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Technology Prague, Technická 5, CZ 16628 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Lubica Kalachova
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Šimon
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Pelantová
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Slámová
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Vladimír Křen
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic
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129
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De novo design of a trans- -N-acetylglucosaminidase activity from a GH1 -glycosidase by mechanism engineering. Glycobiology 2014; 25:394-402. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwu121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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130
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Castilla J, Rísquez R, Higaki K, Nanba E, Ohno K, Suzuki Y, Díaz Y, Ortiz Mellet C, García Fernández JM, Castillón S. Conformationally-locked N-glycosides: exploiting long-range non-glycone interactions in the design of pharmacological chaperones for Gaucher disease. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 90:258-66. [PMID: 25461326 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pyranoid-type glycomimetics having a cis-1,2-fused glucopyranose-2-alkylsulfanyl-1,3-oxazoline (Glc-PSO) structure exhibit an unprecedented specificity as inhibitors of mammalian β-glucosidase. Notably, their inhibitory potency against human β-glucocerebrosidase (GCase) was found to be strongly dependent on the nature of aglycone-type moieties attached at the sulfur atom. In the particular case of ω-substituted hexadecyl chains, an amazing influence of the terminal group was observed. A comparative study on a series of Glc-PSO derivatives suggests that hydrogen bond acceptor functionalities, e.g. fluoro or methyloxycarbonyl, significantly stabilize the Glc-PSO:GCase complex. The S-(16-fluorohexadecyl)-PSO glycomimetic turned out to be a more potent GCase competitive inhibitor than ambroxol, a non glycomimetic drug currently in pilot trials as a pharmacological chaperone for Gaucher disease. Moreover, the inhibition constant increased by one order of magnitude when shifting from neutral (pH 7) to acidic (pH 5) media, a favorable characteristic for a chaperone candidate. Indeed, the fluoro-PSO derivative also proved superior to ambroxol in mutant GCase activity enhancement assays in N370S/N370S Gaucher fibroblasts. The results presented here represent a proof of concept of the potential of exploiting long-range non-glycone interactions for the optimization of glycosidase inhibitors with chaperone activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Castilla
- Department de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/ Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Rocío Rísquez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Profesor García González 1, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Katsumi Higaki
- Division of Functional Genomics, Research Center for Bioscience and Technology, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Eiji Nanba
- Division of Functional Genomics, Research Center for Bioscience and Technology, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | | | - Yoshiyuki Suzuki
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
| | - Yolanda Díaz
- Department de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/ Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Carmen Ortiz Mellet
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Profesor García González 1, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - José M García Fernández
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), CSIC - Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Américo Vespucio 49, Isla de la Cartuja, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Sergio Castillón
- Department de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/ Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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131
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Donovan K, Alekseev O, Qi X, Cho W, Azizkhan-Clifford J. O-GlcNAc modification of transcription factor Sp1 mediates hyperglycemia-induced VEGF-A upregulation in retinal cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:7862-73. [PMID: 25352121 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-14048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Proangiogenic protein VEGF-A contributes significantly to retinal lesions and neovascularization in diabetic retinopathy (DR). In preclinical DR, hyperglycemia can upregulate VEGF-A in retinal cells. The VEGF-A promoter is responsive to the transcription factor specificity protein 1 (Sp1). The O-GlcNAc modification is driven by glucose concentration and has a profound effect on Sp1 activity. This study investigated the effects of hyperglycemia on Sp1-mediated expression of VEGF-A in the retinal endothelium and pigment epithelium. METHODS Hyperglycemia-exposed ARPE-19 (human retinal pigment epithelial cells) and TR-iBRB (rat retinal microendothelial cells) were assayed for levels of VEGF-A by qRT-PCR, Western blot, and ELISA. Small molecule inhibitors of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) or O-GlcNAcase (OGA) were used to manipulate O-GlcNAc levels. Vascular endothelial growth factor-A protein and transcript were measured in cells depleted of OGT or Sp1 by shRNA. The proximal VEGF-A promoter was analyzed for glucose sensitivity by luciferase assay. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) was used to assess Sp1 occupancy on the VEGF-A promoter. RESULTS Hyperglycemia increased VEGF-A promoter activity and upregulated VEGF-A transcript and protein. Elevation of O-GlcNAc by OGA inhibitors was sufficient to increase VEGF-A. O-GlcNAc transferase inhibition abrogated glucose-driven VEGF-A. Cellular depletion of OGT or Sp1 by shRNA significantly abrogated glucose-induced changes in VEGF-A. ChIP analysis showed that hyperglycemia significantly increased binding of Sp1 to the VEGF-A promoter. CONCLUSIONS Hyperglycemia-driven VEGF-A production is mediated by elevated O-GlcNAc modification of the Sp1 transcription factor. This mechanism may be significant in the pathogenesis of preclinical DR through VEGF-A upregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Donovan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Oleg Alekseev
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Xin Qi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - William Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Jane Azizkhan-Clifford
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
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132
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Alonso J, Schimpl M, van Aalten DMF. O-GlcNAcase: promiscuous hexosaminidase or key regulator of O-GlcNAc signaling? J Biol Chem 2014; 289:34433-9. [PMID: 25336650 PMCID: PMC4263850 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r114.609198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
O-GlcNAc signaling is regulated by an opposing pair of enzymes: O-GlcNAc transferase installs and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) removes the modification from proteins. The dynamics and regulation of this process are only beginning to be understood as the physiological functions of both enzymes are being probed using genetic and pharmacological approaches. This minireview charts the discovery and functional and structural analysis of OGA and summarizes the insights gained from recent studies using OGA inhibition, gene knock-out, and overexpression. We identify several areas of “known unknowns” that would benefit from future research, such as the enigmatic C-terminal domain of OGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Alonso
- From the Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit and
| | - Marianne Schimpl
- From the Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit and
| | - Daan M F van Aalten
- From the Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit and Division of Molecular Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, DD1 5EH Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
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133
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Mondon M, Hur S, Vadlamani G, Rodrigues P, Tsybina P, Oliver A, Mark BL, Vocadlo DJ, Blériot Y. Selective trihydroxyazepane NagZ inhibitors increase sensitivity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to β-lactams. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 49:10983-5. [PMID: 24136176 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc46646a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
AmpC β-lactamase confers resistance to β-lactam antibiotics in many Gram negative bacteria. Inducible expression of AmpC requires an N-acetylglucosaminidase termed NagZ. Here we describe the synthesis and characterization of hydroxyazepane inhibitors of NagZ. We find that these inhibitors enhance the susceptibility of clinically relevant Pseudomonas aeruginosa to β-lactams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Mondon
- Université de Poitiers, IC2MP, UMR CNRS 7285, Équipe "Synthése Organique" Groupe Glycochimie, 4 rue Michel Brunet, 86022 Poitiers Cedex, France.
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134
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Kim EJ, Abramowitz LK, Bond MR, Love DC, Kang DW, Leucke HF, Kang DW, Ahn JS, Hanover JA. Versatile O-GlcNAc transferase assay for high-throughput identification of enzyme variants, substrates, and inhibitors. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 25:1025-30. [PMID: 24866374 PMCID: PMC4215860 DOI: 10.1021/bc5001774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The dynamic glycosylation of serine/threonine
residues on nucleocytoplasmic
proteins with a single N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) is critical for many important cellular
processes. Cellular O-GlcNAc levels are highly regulated
by two enzymes: O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is responsible
for GlcNAc addition and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) is responsible
for removal of the sugar. The lack of a rapid and simple method for
monitoring OGT activity has impeded the efficient discovery of potent
OGT inhibitors. In this study we describe a novel, single-well OGT
enzyme assay that utilizes 6 × His-tagged substrates, a chemoselective
chemical reaction, and unpurified OGT. The high-throughput Ni-NTA
Plate OGT Assay will facilitate discovery of potent OGT-specific inhibitors
on versatile substrates and the characterization of new enzyme variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun J Kim
- Department of Science Education-Chemistry Major, Daegu University , Gyeongbuk 712-714, South Korea
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135
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Jitonnom J, Limb MAL, Mulholland AJ. QM/MM free-energy simulations of reaction in Serratia marcescens Chitinase B reveal the protonation state of Asp142 and the critical role of Tyr214. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:4771-83. [PMID: 24730355 DOI: 10.1021/jp500652x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Serratia marcescens Chitinase B (ChiB), belonging to the glycosidase family 18 (GH18), catalyzes the hydrolysis of β-1,4-glycosidic bond, with retention of configuration, via an unusual substrate-assisted mechanism, in which the substrate itself acts as an intramolecular nucleophile. Here, both elementary steps (glycosylation and deglycosylation) of the ChiB-catalyzed reaction are investigated by means of combined quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) umbrella sampling molecular dynamics (MD) simulations at the SCC-DFTB/CHARMM22 level of theory. We examine the influence of the Asp142 protonation state on the reaction and the role that this residue performs in the reaction. Our simulations show that reaction with a neutral Asp142 is preferred and demonstrate that this residue provides electrostatic stabilization of the oxazolinium ion intermediate formed in the reaction. Insight into the conformational itinerary ((1,4)B↔(4)H5↔(4)C1) adopted by the substrate (bound in subsite -1) along the preferred reaction pathway is also provided by the simulations. The relative energies of the stationary points found along the reaction pathway calculated with SCC-DFTB and B3LYP were compared. The results suggest that SCC-DFTB is an accurate method for estimating the relative barriers for both steps of the reaction; however, it was found to overestimate the relative energy of an intermediate formed in the reaction when compared with the higher level of theory. Glycosylation is suggested to be a rate-determining step in the reaction with calculated overall reaction free-energy barrier of 20.5 kcal/mol, in a reasonable agreement with the 16.1 kcal/mol barrier derived from the experiment. The role of Tyr214 in catalysis was also investigated with the results, indicating that the residue plays a critical role in the deglycosylation step of the reaction. Simulations of the enzyme-product complex were also performed with an unbinding event suggested to have been observed, affording potential new mechanistic insight into the release of the product of ChiB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitrayut Jitonnom
- Division of Chemistry, School of Science, University of Phayao , Phayao 56000, Thailand
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136
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Yuzwa SA, Vocadlo DJ. O-GlcNAc and neurodegeneration: biochemical mechanisms and potential roles in Alzheimer's disease and beyond. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:6839-58. [PMID: 24759912 DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00038b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a growing problem for aging populations worldwide. Despite significant efforts, no therapeutics are available that stop or slow progression of AD, which has driven interest in the basic causes of AD and the search for new therapeutic strategies. Longitudinal studies have clarified that defects in glucose metabolism occur in patients exhibiting Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and glucose hypometabolism is an early pathological change within AD brain. Further, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a strong risk factor for the development of AD. These findings have stimulated interest in the possibility that disrupted glucose regulated signaling within the brain could contribute to the progression of AD. One such process of interest is the addition of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) residues onto nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins within mammals. O-GlcNAc is notably abundant within brain and is present on hundreds of proteins including several, such as tau and the amyloid precursor protein, which are involved in the pathophysiology AD. The cellular levels of O-GlcNAc are coupled to nutrient availability through the action of just two enzymes. O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is the glycosyltransferase that acts to install O-GlcNAc onto proteins and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) is the glycoside hydrolase that acts to remove O-GlcNAc from proteins. Uridine 5'-diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) is the donor sugar substrate for OGT and its levels vary with cellular glucose availability because it is generated from glucose through the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBSP). Within the brains of AD patients O-GlcNAc levels have been found to be decreased and aggregates of tau appear to lack O-GlcNAc entirely. Accordingly, glucose hypometabolism within the brain may result in disruption of the normal functions of O-GlcNAc within the brain and thereby contribute to downstream neurodegeneration. While this hypothesis remains largely speculative, recent studies using different mouse models of AD have demonstrated the protective benefit of pharmacologically increased brain O-GlcNAc levels. In this review we summarize the state of knowledge in the area of O-GlcNAc as it pertains to AD while also addressing some of the basic biochemical roles of O-GlcNAc and how these might contribute to protecting against AD and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Yuzwa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
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137
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Harwood KR, Hanover JA. Nutrient-driven O-GlcNAc cycling - think globally but act locally. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:1857-67. [PMID: 24762810 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.113233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper cellular functioning requires that cellular machinery behave in a spatiotemporally regulated manner in response to global changes in nutrient availability. Mounting evidence suggests that one way this is achieved is through the establishment of physically defined gradients of O-GlcNAcylation (O-linked addition of N-acetylglucosamine to serine and threonine residues) and O-GlcNAc turnover. Because O-GlcNAcylation levels are dependent on the nutrient-responsive hexosamine signaling pathway, this modification is uniquely poised to inform upon the nutritive state of an organism. The enzymes responsible for O-GlcNAc addition and removal are encoded by a single pair of genes: both the O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and the O-GlcNAcase (OGA, also known as MGEA5) genes are alternatively spliced, producing protein variants that are targeted to discrete cellular locations where they must selectively recognize hundreds of protein substrates. Recent reports suggest that in addition to their catalytic functions, OGT and OGA use their multifunctional domains to anchor O-GlcNAc cycling to discrete intracellular sites, thus allowing them to establish gradients of deacetylase, kinase and phosphatase signaling activities. The localized signaling gradients established by targeted O-GlcNAc cycling influence many important cellular processes, including lipid droplet remodeling, mitochondrial functioning, epigenetic control of gene expression and proteostasis. As such, the tethering of the enzymes of O-GlcNAc cycling appears to play a role in ensuring proper spatiotemporal responses to global alterations in nutrient supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katryn R Harwood
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892-0851, USA
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138
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Inhibition of GlcNAc-processing glycosidases by C-6-azido-NAG-thiazoline and its derivatives. Molecules 2014; 19:3471-88. [PMID: 24658571 PMCID: PMC6271965 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19033471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
NAG-thiazoline is a strong competitive inhibitor of GH20 β-N-acetyl- hexosaminidases and GH84 β-N-acetylglucosaminidases. Here, we focused on the design, synthesis and inhibition potency of a series of new derivatives of NAG-thiazoline modified at the C-6 position. Dimerization of NAG-thiazoline via C-6 attached triazole linkers prepared by click chemistry was employed to make use of multivalency in the inhibition. Novel compounds were tested as potential inhibitors of β-N-acetylhexosaminidases from Talaromyces flavus, Streptomyces plicatus (both GH20) and β-N-acetylglucosaminidases from Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and humans (both GH84). From the set of newly prepared NAG-thiazoline derivatives, only C-6-azido-NAG-thiazoline displayed inhibition activity towards these enzymes; C-6 triazole-substituted NAG-thiazolines lacked inhibition activity against the enzymes used. Docking of C-6-azido-NAG-thiazoline into the active site of the tested enzymes was performed. Moreover, a stability study with GlcNAc-thiazoline confirmed its decomposition at pH < 6 yielding 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-1-thio-α/β-D-glucopyranoses, which presumably dimerize oxidatively into S-S linked dimers; decomposition products of NAG-thiazoline are void of inhibitory activity.
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139
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Slámová K, Kulik N, Fiala M, Krejzová-Hofmeisterová J, Ettrich R, Křen V. Expression, characterization and homology modeling of a novel eukaryotic GH84 β-N-acetylglucosaminidase from Penicillium chrysogenum. Protein Expr Purif 2014; 95:204-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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140
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Vaidyanathan K, Durning S, Wells L. Functional O-GlcNAc modifications: implications in molecular regulation and pathophysiology. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 49:140-163. [PMID: 24524620 PMCID: PMC4912837 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2014.884535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a regulatory post-translational modification of intracellular proteins. The dynamic and inducible cycling of the modification is governed by O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) in response to UDP-GlcNAc levels in the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP). Due to its reliance on glucose flux and substrate availability, a major focus in the field has been on how O-GlcNAc contributes to metabolic disease. For years this post-translational modification has been known to modify thousands of proteins implicated in various disorders, but direct functional connections have until recently remained elusive. New research is beginning to reveal the specific mechanisms through which O-GlcNAc influences cell dynamics and disease pathology including clear examples of O-GlcNAc modification at a specific site on a given protein altering its biological functions. The following review intends to focus primarily on studies in the last half decade linking O-GlcNAc modification of proteins with chromatin-directed gene regulation, developmental processes, and several metabolically related disorders including Alzheimer's, heart disease and cancer. These studies illustrate the emerging importance of this post-translational modification in biological processes and multiple pathophysiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sean Durning
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - Lance Wells
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
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141
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Ghiasi M, Hasanzade Z. Enzymatic Molecular Mechanism of the Human O-GlcNAcase to Design New Inhibitors: A Quantum Mechanical Approach. J Carbohydr Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2013.868471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mina Ghiasi
- a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Alzahra University , Vanak , Tehran , 19835-398 , Iran
| | - Zohre Hasanzade
- a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Alzahra University , Vanak , Tehran , 19835-398 , Iran
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142
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He Y, Roth C, Turkenburg JP, Davies GJ. Three-dimensional structure of a Streptomyces sviceus GNAT acetyltransferase with similarity to the C-terminal domain of the human GH84 O-GlcNAcase. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA. SECTION D, BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2014; 70:186-95. [PMID: 24419391 PMCID: PMC3919268 DOI: 10.1107/s1399004713029155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian O-GlcNAc hydrolysing enzyme O-GlcNAcase (OGA) is a multi-domain protein with glycoside hydrolase activity in the N-terminus and with a C-terminal domain that has low sequence similarity to known acetyltransferases, prompting speculation, albeit controversial, that the C-terminal domain may function as a histone acetyltransferase (HAT). There are currently scarce data available regarding the structure and function of this C-terminal region. Here, a bacterial homologue of the human OGA C-terminal domain, an acetyltransferase protein (accession No. ZP_05014886) from Streptomyces sviceus (SsAT), was cloned and its crystal structure was solved to high resolution. The structure reveals a conserved protein core that has considerable structural homology to the acetyl-CoA (AcCoA) binding site of GCN5-related acetyltransferases (GNATs). Calorimetric data further confirm that SsAT is indeed able to bind AcCoA in solution with micromolar affinity. Detailed structural analysis provided insight into the binding of AcCoA. An acceptor-binding cavity was identified, indicating that the physiological substrate of SsAT may be a small molecule. Consistent with recently published work, the SsAT structure further questions a HAT function for the human OGA domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan He
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, People’s Republic of China
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of York, York YO10 5DD, England
| | - Christian Roth
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of York, York YO10 5DD, England
| | - Johan P. Turkenburg
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of York, York YO10 5DD, England
| | - Gideon J. Davies
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of York, York YO10 5DD, England
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143
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Rodriguez AC, Kohler JJ. Recognition of diazirine-modified O-GlcNAc by human O-GlcNAcase. MEDCHEMCOMM 2014; 5:1227-1234. [PMID: 25068034 DOI: 10.1039/c4md00164h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian O-GlcNAc hydrolase (OGA) removes O-GlcNAc from serine and threonine residues on intracellular glycoproteins. OGA activity is sensitive to N-acyl substitutions to O-GlcNAc, with alkyl diazirine-modified O-GlcNAc (O-GlcNDAz) being completely resistant to removal by OGA. Using homology modeling, we identified OGA residues proximal to the N-acyl position of O-GlcNAc substrate. Mutation of one of these residues, C215, results in mutant enzymes that are able to hydrolytically remove O-GlcNDAz from a model compound. Further, the C215A mutant is capable of removing O-GlcNDAz from a peptide substrate. These results can be used to improve metabolism of O-GlcNAc analogs in cells. In addition, the enzyme specificity studies reported here provide new insight into the active site of OGA, an important drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Rodriguez
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9038
| | - Jennifer J Kohler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9038
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144
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Martin JC, Fadda E, Ito K, Woods RJ. Defining the structural origin of the substrate sequence independence of O-GlcNAcase using a combination of molecular docking and dynamics simulation. Glycobiology 2014; 24:85-96. [PMID: 24134879 PMCID: PMC3854502 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwt094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 10/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein glycosylation with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a post-translational modification of serine/threonine residues in nucleocytoplasmic proteins. O-GlcNAc has been shown to play a role in many different cellular processes and O-GlcNAcylation is often found at sites that are also known to be phosphorylated. Unlike phosphorylation, O-GlcNAc levels are regulated by only two enzymes, O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAc hydrolase (O-GlcNAcase or OGA). So far, no obvious consensus sequence has been found for sites of O-GlcNAcylation. Additionally, O-GlcNAcase recognizes and cleaves all O-GlcNAcylated proteins, independent of their sequence. In this work, we generate and analyze five models of O-GlcNAcylated peptides in complex with a bacterial OGA. Each of the five glycopeptides bind to OGA in a similar fashion, with OGA-peptide interactions primarily, but not exclusively, involving the peptide backbone atoms, thus explaining the lack of sensitivity to peptide sequence. Nonetheless, differences in peptide sequences, particularly at the -1 to -4 positions, lead to variations in predicted affinity, consistent with observed experimental variations in enzyme kinetics. The potential exists, therefore, to employ the present analysis to guide the development glycopeptide-specific inhibitors, or conversely, the conversion of OGA into a reagent that could target specific O-GlcNAcylated peptide sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne C Martin
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Elisa Fadda
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Keigo Ito
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Centre, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Robert J Woods
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, University Road, Galway, Ireland
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Centre, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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145
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Dang CH, Nguyen CH, Nguyen TD, Im C. Synthesis and characterization of N-acyl-tetra-O-acyl glucosamine derivatives. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra46007j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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146
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Abstract
Protein O-GlcNAcylation is an abundant, dynamic and reversible type of protein post-translational modification in animals that has been implicated in signalling processes linked to innate immunity, stress response, growth factor response, transcription, translation and proteosomal degradation. Only two enzymes, O-GlcNAc (O-linked N-acetylglucosamine) transferase and O-GlcNAcase, catalyse the reversible addition of the O-GlcNAc residue to over 1000 target proteins in the human cell. Recent advances in our understanding of the structures and mechanisms of these enzymes have resulted in the development of potent and selective inhibitors. The present review gives an overview of these inhibitors and how they have been used on cell lines, primary cells and animals to modulate O-GlcNAc levels and study the effects on signal transduction.
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147
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Corden JL. RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain: Tethering transcription to transcript and template. Chem Rev 2013; 113:8423-55. [PMID: 24040939 PMCID: PMC3988834 DOI: 10.1021/cr400158h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffry L Corden
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore Maryland 21205, United States
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148
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Berk JM, Maitra S, Dawdy AW, Shabanowitz J, Hunt DF, Wilson KL. O-Linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) regulates emerin binding to barrier to autointegration factor (BAF) in a chromatin- and lamin B-enriched "niche". J Biol Chem 2013; 288:30192-30209. [PMID: 24014020 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.503060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerin, a membrane component of nuclear "lamina" networks with lamins and barrier to autointegration factor (BAF), is highly O-GlcNAc-modified ("O-GlcNAcylated") in mammalian cells. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed eight sites of O-GlcNAcylation, including Ser-53, Ser-54, Ser-87, Ser-171, and Ser-173. Emerin O-GlcNAcylation was reduced ~50% by S53A or S54A mutation in vitro and in vivo. O-GlcNAcylation was reduced ~66% by the triple S52A/S53A/S54A mutant, and S173A reduced O-GlcNAcylation of the S52A/S53A/S54A mutant by ~30%, in vivo. We separated two populations of emerin, A-type lamins and BAF; one population solubilized easily, and the other required sonication and included histones and B-type lamins. Emerin and BAF associated only in histone- and lamin-B-containing fractions. The S173D mutation specifically and selectively reduced GFP-emerin association with BAF by 58% and also increased GFP-emerin hyper-phosphorylation. We conclude that β-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase, an essential enzyme, controls two regions in emerin. The first region, defined by residues Ser-53 and Ser-54, flanks the LEM domain. O-GlcNAc modification at Ser-173, in the second region, is proposed to promote emerin association with BAF in the chromatin/lamin B "niche." These results reveal direct control of a conserved LEM domain nuclear lamina component by β-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase, a nutrient sensor that regulates cell stress responses, mitosis, and epigenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Berk
- From the Department of Cell Biology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 and
| | - Sushmit Maitra
- the Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904
| | - Andrew W Dawdy
- the Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904
| | - Jeffrey Shabanowitz
- the Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904
| | - Donald F Hunt
- the Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904
| | - Katherine L Wilson
- From the Department of Cell Biology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 and.
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149
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Groves JA, Lee A, Yildirir G, Zachara NE. Dynamic O-GlcNAcylation and its roles in the cellular stress response and homeostasis. Cell Stress Chaperones 2013; 18:535-58. [PMID: 23620203 PMCID: PMC3745259 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-013-0426-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
O-linked N-acetyl-β-D-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a ubiquitous and dynamic post-translational modification known to modify over 3,000 nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mitochondrial eukaryotic proteins. Addition of O-GlcNAc to proteins is catalyzed by the O-GlcNAc transferase and is removed by a neutral-N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase (O-GlcNAcase). O-GlcNAc is thought to regulate proteins in a manner analogous to protein phosphorylation, and the cycling of this carbohydrate modification regulates many cellular functions such as the cellular stress response. Diverse forms of cellular stress and tissue injury result in enhanced O-GlcNAc modification, or O-GlcNAcylation, of numerous intracellular proteins. Stress-induced O-GlcNAcylation appears to promote cell/tissue survival by regulating a multitude of biological processes including: the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathway, heat shock protein expression, calcium homeostasis, levels of reactive oxygen species, ER stress, protein stability, mitochondrial dynamics, and inflammation. Here, we will discuss the regulation of these processes by O-GlcNAc and the impact of such regulation on survival in models of ischemia reperfusion injury and trauma hemorrhage. We will also discuss the misregulation of O-GlcNAc in diseases commonly associated with the stress response, namely Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Finally, we will highlight recent advancements in the tools and technologies used to study the O-GlcNAc modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Groves
- The Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205-2185 USA
| | - Albert Lee
- The Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205-2185 USA
| | - Gokben Yildirir
- The Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205-2185 USA
| | - Natasha E. Zachara
- The Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205-2185 USA
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150
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Liu J, Zheng M, Zhang C, Xu D. “Amide Resonance” in the Catalysis of 1,2-α-l-Fucosidase from Bifidobacterium bifidum. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:10080-92. [DOI: 10.1021/jp402110j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingli Liu
- Key
Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, College
of Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China
| | - Min Zheng
- Key
Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, College
of Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China
| | - Chunchun Zhang
- Testing & Analytical Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China
| | - Dingguo Xu
- Key
Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, College
of Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China
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