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Černá M, Malý M, Rudnai P, Középesy S, Náray M, Halzlová K, Jajcaj M, Grafnetterová A, Krsková A, Antošová D, Forysová K, Den Hond E, Schoeters G, Joas R, Casteleyn L, Joas A, Biot P, Aerts D, Angerer J, Bloemen L, Castaño A, Esteban M, Koch HM, Kolossa-Gehring M, Gutleb AC, Pavloušková J, Vrbík K. Case study: Possible differences in phthalates exposure among the Czech, Hungarian, and Slovak populations identified based on the DEMOCOPHES pilot study results. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 141:118-124. [PMID: 25532669 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Phthalates and their metabolites are classified as endocrine modulators. They affect the hormonal balance in both children and adults. The aim of this publication was to compare the urinary levels of phthalate metabolites in selected populations of the Czech Republic (CZ), Slovakia (SK), and Hungary (HU) in relation to the sources of phthalate exposure identified by means of questionnaire (personal care products, floor and wall coverings, plastic toys, and some kinds of foods). METHODS Data were obtained through the twin projects COPHES (COnsortium to Perform Human biomonitoring on a European Scale) and DEMOCOPHES (DEMOnstration of a study to COordinate and Perform Human biomonitoring on a European Scale) from 2009 to 2012. The target groups were children aged 6-11 years old and their mothers up to 45 years of age. The metabolites of phthalates (monomethyl phthalate (MMP), monoethyl phthalate (MEP), monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP), mono-cyclohexyl phthalate (MCHP), mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (5OH-MEHP), and mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (5OXO-MEHP)) were analysed in first morning urine samples. After enzymatic glucuronide cleavage, the urine sample analyses were performed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS) in one laboratory that qualified in the External Quality Assessment exercises organised by COPHES. RESULTS Significant differences in phthalate exposure between countries were revealed for children only but not for mothers. The concentrations of 5-OH-MEHP (P<0.001), 5OXO-MEHP (P<0.001), and their sum (P<0.001) were the highest in SK compared to CZ and HU. The health based guidance values for the sum of DEHP metabolites 5-OH MEHP and 5OXO-MEHP established by the German Commission for biomonitoring of 300 µg/L and 500 µg/L for women adults and children, respectively, were only exceeded in one mother and three boys. A significant difference was also found for MEP (P=0.0149), with the highest concentrations detected in HU. In all countries, the increasing frequency of using personal care products significantly elevated the concentrations of MEP. CONCLUSION Some differences were observed between countries in the concentrations of individual urinary phthalate metabolites in children. However, the questionnaire results give no direct explanation for the differences between the countries except the variation in using personal care products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Černá
- National Institute of Public Health, Šrobárova 48, Prague 10 100 42, Czech Republic; Charles University, Third Faculty of Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Marek Malý
- National Institute of Public Health, Šrobárova 48, Prague 10 100 42, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Rudnai
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Miklós Náray
- National Labour Office, Department for Occupational Health, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katarina Halzlová
- Authority of Public Health of the Slovak Republic, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michal Jajcaj
- Authority of Public Health of the Slovak Republic, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Anna Grafnetterová
- National Institute of Public Health, Šrobárova 48, Prague 10 100 42, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Krsková
- National Institute of Public Health, Šrobárova 48, Prague 10 100 42, Czech Republic
| | - Danuše Antošová
- National Institute of Public Health, Šrobárova 48, Prague 10 100 42, Czech Republic
| | | | - Elly Den Hond
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Environmental Risk and Health, Belgium
| | - Greet Schoeters
- VITO, Environmental Risk and Health Unit, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Pierre Biot
- Federal Public Service Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment-DG Environment, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dominique Aerts
- Federal Public Service Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment-DG Environment, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jürgen Angerer
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance-Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Germany
| | - Louis Bloemen
- Environmental Health Sciences International, Hulst, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Holger M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance-Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Germany
| | | | - Arno C Gutleb
- Centre de Recherche Public-Gabriel Lippmann, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Jana Pavloušková
- National Institute of Public Health, Šrobárova 48, Prague 10 100 42, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Vrbík
- National Institute of Public Health, Šrobárova 48, Prague 10 100 42, Czech Republic
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Zhang LL, Lu L, Pan YJ, Ding CG, Xu DY, Huang CF, Pan XF, Zheng W. Baseline blood levels of manganese, lead, cadmium, copper, and zinc in residents of Beijing suburb. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 140:10-7. [PMID: 25836720 PMCID: PMC4492836 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Baseline blood concentrations of metals are important references for monitoring metal exposure in environmental and occupational settings. The purpose of this study was to determine the blood levels of manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd) among the residents (aged 12-60 years old) living in the suburb southwest of Beijing in China and to compare the outcomes with reported values in various developed countries. Blood samples were collected from 648 subjects from March 2009 to February 2010. Metal concentrations in the whole blood were determined by ICP-MS. The geometric means of blood levels of Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd were 11.4, 802.4, 4665, 42.6, and 0.68 µg/L, respectively. Male subjects had higher blood Pb than the females, while the females had higher blood Mn and Cu than the males. There was no gender difference for blood Cd and Zn. Smokers had higher blood Cu, Zn, and Cd than nonsmokers. There were significant age-related differences in blood levels of all metals studied; subjects in the 17-30 age group had higher blood levels of Mn, Pb, Cu, and Zn, while those in the 46-60 age group had higher Cd than the other age groups. A remarkably lower blood level of Cu and Zn in this population as compared with residents of other developed countries was noticed. Based on the current study, the normal reference ranges for the blood Mn were estimated to be 5.80-25.2 μg/L; for blood Cu, 541-1475 μg/L; for blood Zn, 2349-9492 μg/L; for blood Pb, <100 μg/L; and for blood Cd, <5.30 μg/L in the general population living in Beijing suburbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Lian Zhang
- Department of Occupational Diseases Control and Prevention, Fengtai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100071, PR China.
| | - Ling Lu
- Department of Occupational Diseases Control and Prevention, Fengtai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Ya-Juan Pan
- Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control in China Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Chun-Guang Ding
- Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control in China Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Da-Yong Xu
- Department of Occupational Diseases Control and Prevention, Fengtai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Chuan-Feng Huang
- Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control in China Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Xing-Fu Pan
- Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control in China Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Wei Zheng
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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103
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Bouftini S, Bahhou J, Lelievre B, de la Barca JMC, Turcant A, Diquet B, Abourazzak S, Chaouki S, Hida M, Khattabi A, Nejjari C, Amarti A, Achour S. Screening for childhood lead poisoning in the industrial region of Fez, Morocco. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2015; 68:442-450. [PMID: 25511562 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-014-0108-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The study objectives were to estimate lead poisoning prevalence among children living next to an industrial area, to compare it to that in a control population, and to establish clinical and biological follow-up of the poisoned children. This is a descriptive cross-sectional study including 150 children (exposed and unexposed) performed between January 2012 and April 2013. It was meant to determine blood lead levels (BLLs) in children considered to be an exposed population (EP N 90), living in the industrial area Ain Nokb Fez compared with BLLs of children of other areas belonging to the same city supposed to be unexposed [UP (N = 60)]. A sociodemographic questionnaire was obtained, and a blood lead analysis was performed. Clinical and biological follow-up has been performed of poisoned children. The sample consisted of 90 EP children with an average age of 6.82 ± 3.32 years and male-to-female sex ratio (SR) of 1.5 and 60 UP children with an average age of 6.45 ± 3.29 years and an SR of 1.2. Among the 150 children recruited, the average of BLLs was 58.21 ± 36 µg/L (18-202.3 μg/L). The average of BLLs in EP children (71 ± 40 µg/L) was statistically greater (p < 0.0001) than that registered in UP children (38 ± 13 µg/L). All poisoned children belonged to the EP group at a prevalence of 21.1 %. The clinical and biological examinations of poisoned children showed a few perturbations such as anemia, hypocalcaemia, and deficiencies in magnesium and iron. No renal disease or objective neurological disorders were observed. In the follow-up of the children with BLL ≥100 µg/L (19 cases). BLL monitoring showed a significant decrease in average of blood concentration ranging from 136.75 ± 32.59 to 104.58 ± 32.73 µg/L (p < 0.0001) and in lead poisoning prevalence (p < 0.001), which decreased to 7.8 % from 21.1. Our study showed a high prevalence of lead poisoning (21.1 %) in EP children. The relocation of the industrial site associated with corrective and preventive measures has contributed to a decrease of exposure and lead poisoning prevalence in the aforementioned population.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bouftini
- Laboratory of Analysis and Modeling of Continental Ecosystems, Faculty of Science Dhar El Mehraz (FSDM), Université Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah (USMBA), Fez, Morocco,
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Tchounwou PB, Yedjou CG, Patlolla AK, Sutton DJ. Heavy metal toxicity and the environment. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2015; 101:133-64. [PMID: 22945569 PMCID: PMC4144270 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7643-8340-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1990] [Impact Index Per Article: 221.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals are naturally occurring elements that have a high atomic weight and a density at least five times greater than that of water. Their multiple industrial, domestic, agricultural, medical, and technological applications have led to their wide distribution in the environment, raising concerns over their potential effects on human health and the environment. Their toxicity depends on several factors including the dose, route of exposure, and chemical species, as well as the age, gender, genetics, and nutritional status of exposed individuals. Because of their high degree of toxicity, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, and mercury rank among the priority metals that are of public health significance. These metallic elements are considered systemic toxicants that are known to induce multiple organ damage, even at lower levels of exposure. They are also classified as human carcinogens (known or probable) according to the US Environmental Protection Agency and the International Agency for Research on Cancer. This review provides an analysis of their environmental occurrence, production and use, potential for human exposure, and molecular mechanisms of toxicity, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul B Tchounwou
- NIH-RCMI Center for Environmental Health, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch Street, 18750, Jackson, MS, 39217, USA,
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Seo JW, Kim BG, Kim YM, Kim RB, Chung JY, Lee KM, Hong YS. Trend of blood lead, mercury, and cadmium levels in Korean population: data analysis of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2015; 187:146. [PMID: 25716526 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-4348-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This study was performed to assess the recent trends in lead, mercury, and cadmium levels in the blood among Korean adult population. The geometric means and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) of blood lead, mercury, and cadmium concentrations were calculated using the data of the subjects from the third (2005, n = 1997), fourth (2008, n = 2005; 2009, n = 1991), and fifth (2010, n = 1989; 2011, n = 2014) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Blood lead levels in 2005, 2008, 2009, 2010, and 2011 declined to 2.61 μg/dL (2.51-2.71), 2.32 μg/dL (2.27-2.37), 2.29 μg/dL (2.23-2.35), 2.09 μg/dL (2.04-2.13), and 1.99 μg/dL (1.94-2.05), respectively. Blood mercury levels were 4.19 μg/L (3.99-4.39), 4.73 μg/L (4.57-4.89), 4.25 μg/L (4.09-4.41), 3.64 μg/L (3.49-3.80), and 3.08 μg/L (2.95-3.22), respectively, which indicated an increase in 2008 compared with those in 2005, and a clear downward trend from 2008 to 2011. Blood cadmium levels were 1.52 μg/L (1.47-1.57), 0.93 μg/L (0.89-0.97), 0.94 μg/L (0.90-0.98), 0.89 μg/L (0.87-0.92), 0.86 μg/L (0.83-0.89), respectively, which indicated very high levels in 2005, but a downward trend since 2008. Although the lead, mercury, and cadmium levels in the blood of the Korean adult population are on the decline, they are still relatively high compared with those for the population of the USA, Canada, and Germany. Thus, continuous biological monitoring and measures to reduce these levels are needed in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Wook Seo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea
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106
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Desvignes V, Volatier JL, de Bels F, Zeghnoun A, Favrot MC, Marchand P, Le Bizec B, Rivière G, Leblanc JC, Merlo M. Study on polychlorobiphenyl serum levels in French consumers of freshwater fish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 505:623-632. [PMID: 25461065 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) are persistent pollutants that are widespread in the environment and in foodstuffs, particularly in freshwater fish, which frequently exceed the maximum levels set by European regulations. OBJECTIVES First, we describe the consumption of freshwater fish and serum PCB levels in French anglers, a population expected to have the highest level of dietary PCB exposure. Second, we investigated whether there is a statistical relationship between serum PCB levels and the angler consumption of freshwater fish with high PCB bioaccumulation potential (PCB-BP(+) freshwater fish) in order to make recommendations with regard to safe consumption of freshwater fish. METHODS We conducted a survey of anglers from six sites with contrasting PCB contamination levels. The survey included a food consumption frequency questionnaire and blood samples were taken to assess serum PCB levels. We used a regression model to determine the main factors contributing to serum PCB levels. RESULTS Consumption of PCB-BP(+) freshwater fish was relatively infrequent. Serum PCB levels of the study population and of women of childbearing age were in the same range as those observed in the French population and in neighbouring European countries, but higher than in the North American population. The two factors with the highest positive association with serum PCB levels were age (R(2)=61%) and the consumption of PCB-BP(+) freshwater fish (R(2)=2%). Using the regression model, we calculated, for several scenarios depending on the age and gender of the population, the maximum annual frequencies for PCB-BP(+) freshwater fish consumption that do not exceed the critical body burden threshold. CONCLUSION Following the results of this study, the French agency for food, environmental and occupational health and safety (ANSES) issued an opinion and recommended some specific maximum freshwater fish consumption frequencies to protect the French general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Desvignes
- Risk Assessment Department, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 27-31, avenue du Général Leclerc, Maisons-Alfort, F-94701, France.
| | - Jean-Luc Volatier
- Risk Assessment Department, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 27-31, avenue du Général Leclerc, Maisons-Alfort, F-94701, France
| | - Frédéric de Bels
- Division for Public Health and Care, French National Cancer Institute (INCa), 52, avenue André Morizet, Boulogne Billancourt Cedex, F-92513, France
| | - Abdelkrim Zeghnoun
- Department of Environmental Health, French Institute for Public Health Surveillance (InVS), 12, rue du Val d'Osne, Saint-Maurice, F-94415, France
| | | | - Philippe Marchand
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), USC INRA 1329, Nantes, F-44307, France
| | - Bruno Le Bizec
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), USC INRA 1329, Nantes, F-44307, France
| | - Gilles Rivière
- Risk Assessment Department, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 27-31, avenue du Général Leclerc, Maisons-Alfort, F-94701, France
| | - Jean-Charles Leblanc
- Risk Assessment Department, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 27-31, avenue du Général Leclerc, Maisons-Alfort, F-94701, France
| | - Mathilde Merlo
- Risk Assessment Department, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 27-31, avenue du Général Leclerc, Maisons-Alfort, F-94701, France
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de Almeida Lopes ACB, Navas-Acien A, Zamoiski R, Silbergeld EK, Carvalho MDFH, Buzzo ML, Urbano MR, Martins ADC, Paoliello MMB. Risk factors for lead exposure in adult population in southern Brazil. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2015; 78:92-108. [PMID: 25424618 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2014.942125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In Brazil there is no systematic evaluation to access blood lead levels (BLL) in the general population and few studies with adults have been published. The aim of this study was to examine the socioeconomic, environmental, and lifestyle determinants of BLL in the adult Brazilian population. In total, 959 adults, aged 40 years or more, were randomly selected in a city in southern Brazil. Information on socioeconomic, dietary, lifestyle, and occupational background was obtained by interviews. A spatial analysis was conducted to discern whether there were any identifiable sources of exposure. BLL were measured by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. There was an adjustment for gender, age, race, education, income class, smoking status, alcohol consumption, occupation, and red meat or cow milk consumption (Model 1), and for occupation and gender (Model 2). The geometric mean of BLL was 1.97 μg/dl (95% CI: 1.9-2.04 μg/dl). In Model 1, BLL were positively associated with male gender, older age, and drinking and smoking habits, and less frequently with milk consumption. In Model 2, data showed higher BLL in non-white than white participants, in former smokers and individuals with current or former employment in lead (Pb) industries. The participants living in the area with more Pb industries had higher BLL (3.3 μg/dl) compared with those residing in other areas with no or fewer Pb industries (1.95 μg/dl). Despite the low BLL found in adults living in an urban area, Pb industries need to be monitored and regulatory laws implemented to prevent metal contamination in urban settings.
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108
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Said S, Hernandez GT. Environmental exposures, socioeconomics, disparities, and the kidneys. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2015; 22:39-45. [PMID: 25573511 DOI: 10.1053/j.ackd.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Kidney disease disproportionately affects racial and ethnic minority populations, the poor, and the socially disadvantaged. The excess risk of kidney disease among minority and disadvantaged populations can only be partially explained by an excess of diabetes, hypertension, and poor access to preventive care. Disparities in the environmental exposure to nephrotoxicants have been documented in minority and disadvantaged populations and may explain some of the excess risk of kidney disease. High-level environmental and occupational exposure to lead, cadmium, and mercury are known to cause specific nephropathies. However, there is growing evidence that low-level exposures to heavy metals may contribute to the development of CKD and its progression. In this article, we summarize the excess risk of environmental exposures among minority and disadvantaged populations. We also review the epidemiologic and clinical data linking low-level environmental exposure to lead, cadmium, and mercury to CKD and its progression. Finally, we briefly describe Mesoamerican nephropathy, an epidemic of CKD affecting young men in Central America, which may have occupational and environmental exposures contributing to its development.
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109
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Park JH, Hwang MS, Ko A, Jeong DH, Kang HS, Yoon HJ, Hong JH. Total mercury concentrations in the general Korean population, 2008–2011. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 70:681-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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110
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Adlard B, Davis K, Liang CL, S Curren M, Rodríguez-Dozal S, Riojas-Rodríguez H, Hernández-Ávila M, Foster W, Needham L, Wong LY, Weber JP, Marro L, Leech T, Van Oostdam J. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and metals in primiparous women: a comparison from Canada and Mexico. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 500-501:302-13. [PMID: 25233368 PMCID: PMC4825328 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.08.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Under the North American Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC) and its Sound Management of Chemicals (SMOC) program, a tri-national human contaminant monitoring initiative was completed to provide baseline exposure information for several environmental contaminants in Canada, Mexico and the United States (U.S). Blood samples were collected from primiparous women in Canada and Mexico, and were analysed for a suite of environmental contaminants including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene(p,p'-DDE),beta-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH), mercury and lead. A multiple stepwise linear regression analysis was conducted using data from Canadian and Mexican primiparous mothers, adjusting for ethnicity group, age, pre-pregnancy BMI, years at current city and ever-smoking status. Concentrations of p,p'-DDE, β-HCH, and lead were found to be higher among Mexican participants; however, concentrations of most PCBs among Mexican participants were similar to Canadian primiparous women after adjusting for covariates. Concentrations of total mercury were generally higher among Mexican primiparous women although this difference was smaller as age increased. This initial dataset can be used to determine priorities for future activities and to track progress in the management of the selected chemicals, both domestically and on a broader cooperative basis within North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Adlard
- Chemicals Surveillance Bureau, Health Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, 269 Laurier Avenue West, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0K9.
| | - Karelyn Davis
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, 50 Colombine Driveway, Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0K9.
| | - Chun Lei Liang
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, 50 Colombine Driveway, Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0K9.
| | - Meredith S Curren
- Chemicals Surveillance Bureau, Health Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, 269 Laurier Avenue West, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0K9.
| | - Sandra Rodríguez-Dozal
- Environmental Health Department, Center for Population Heath Research, National Institute of Public Health. Av. Universidad #655, CP 62100 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Horacio Riojas-Rodríguez
- Environmental Health Department, Center for Population Heath Research, National Institute of Public Health. Av. Universidad #655, CP 62100 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Mauricio Hernández-Ávila
- Office of the Director, National Institute of Public Health. Av. Universidad #655, CP 62100 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Warren Foster
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8N 3Z5.
| | - Larry Needham
- National Center of Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lee-Yang Wong
- National Center of Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Jean-Philippe Weber
- Institut national de santé publique, 945 Avenue Wolfe, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 5B3.
| | - Leonora Marro
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, 50 Colombine Driveway, Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0K9.
| | - Tara Leech
- Chemicals Surveillance Bureau, Health Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, 269 Laurier Avenue West, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0K9.
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Lee YJ, Hwang IC. Relationship between serum ferritin level and blood mercury concentration using data from the Korean national health and nutrition examination survey (2010-2012). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 135:271-275. [PMID: 25462675 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies on the association between serum ferritin levels (S-Ft) and blood mercury concentrations (B-Hg) are scarce. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationships between these two parameters using a large-scale nationwide representative sample of the Korean males. METHOD A nationwide cross-sectional study was conducted to examine the relationship between S-Ft and B-Hg in 2832 men over 19 years of age (aged 20-87 years), using data from the 2010-2012 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for high B-Hg (>75th percentile) were calculated across S-Ft quartiles using multiple logistic regression analyses. RESULTS Mean values of B-Hg gradually increased in accordance with the quartiles of S-Ft (P-trend<0.001). The odds ratio (95% CI) for high B-Hg with the doubling of S-Ft was 1.51 (1.25-1.84) after adjusting for age, fish/shellfish consumption, rice consumption, waist circumference, cigarette smoking, alcohol intake, regular exercise, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, triglyceride, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Compared with the lowest quartiles of B-Hg, the ORs (95% CI) for high S-Ft in the 3rd and 4th quartiles were 2.09 (1.17-3.73) and 2.73 (1.55-4.79) after adjusting for the same co-variables. CONCLUSION We found a positive relationship between S-Ft and B-Hg in a representative population sample of Korean adult men. Our results suggested S-Ft as a tool for environmental Hg exposure assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Jae Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, Yonsei University Yongin Severance Hospital, Yongin, South Korea
| | - In Cheol Hwang
- Department of Family Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, 1198 Guwoldong, Namdong-gu, Incheon 405-760, South Korea.
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112
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Huetos O, Bartolomé M, Aragonés N, Cervantes-Amat M, Esteban M, Ruiz-Moraga M, Pérez-Gómez B, Calvo E, Vila M, Castaño A. Serum PCB levels in a representative sample of the Spanish adult population: the BIOAMBIENT.ES project. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 493:834-844. [PMID: 25000579 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.06.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This manuscript presents the levels of six indicator polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners (IUPAC nos. 28, 52, 101, 138, 153 and 180) in the serum of 1880 individuals from a representative sample of the Spanish working population recruited between March 2009 and July 2010. Three out of the six PCBs studied (180, 153 and 138) were quantified in more than 99% of participants. PCB 180 was the highest contributor, followed by PCBs 153 and 138, with relative abundances of 42.6%, 33.2% and 24.2%, respectively. In contrast, PCBs 28 and 52 were detected in only 1% of samples, whereas PCB 101 was detectable in 6% of samples. The geometric mean (GM) for ΣPCBs138/153/180 was 135.4 ng/g lipid (95% CI: 121.3-151.2 ng/g lipid) and the 95th percentile was 482.2 ng/g lipid. Men had higher PCB blood concentrations than women (GMs 138.9 and 129.9 ng/g lipid respectively). As expected, serum PCB levels increased with age and frequency of fish consumption, particularly in those participants younger than 30 years of age. The highest levels we found were for participants from the Basque Country, whereas the lowest concentrations were found for those from the Canary Islands. The Spanish population studied herein had similar levels to those found previously in Greece and southern Italy, lower levels than those in France and central Europe, and higher PCB levels than those in the USA, Canada and New Zealand. This paper provides the first baseline information regarding PCB exposure in the Spanish adult population on a national scale. The results will allow us to establish reference levels, follow temporal trends and identify high-exposure groups, as well as monitor implementation of the Stockholm Convention in Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Huetos
- Environmental Toxicology, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental (CNSA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Bartolomé
- Environmental Toxicology, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental (CNSA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - N Aragonés
- National Centre for Epidemiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - M Cervantes-Amat
- National Centre for Epidemiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - M Esteban
- Environmental Toxicology, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental (CNSA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - B Pérez-Gómez
- National Centre for Epidemiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - E Calvo
- Ibermutuamur, Ramirez de Arellano 27, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Vila
- Ibermutuamur, Ramirez de Arellano 27, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Castaño
- Environmental Toxicology, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental (CNSA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain
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113
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Evidence that birth weight is decreased by maternal lead levels below 5μg/dl in male newborns. Reprod Toxicol 2014; 47:21-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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114
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De Felip E, Bianchi F, Bove C, Cori L, D'Argenzio A, D'Orsi G, Fusco M, Miniero R, Ortolani R, Palombino R, Parlato A, Pelliccia MG, Peluso F, Piscopo G, Pizzuti R, Porpora MG, Protano D, Senofonte O, Spena SR, Simonetti A, di Domenico A. Priority persistent contaminants in people dwelling in critical areas of Campania Region, Italy (SEBIOREC biomonitoring study). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 487:420-435. [PMID: 24797738 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
To investigate if protracted living in degraded environments of the Caserta and Naples provinces (Campania Region, Italy) had an impact on exposure of local people, highly toxic persistent contaminants were measured in blood, blood serum, and human milk of a large number of healthy donors. Sampling was carried out from 2008 to 2009. Blood was collected from over 850 20-64-year old donors; by pooling, 84 blood and 84 serum samples were obtained. Milk was donated by 52 mothers: specimens were pooled into six samples. Polychlorodibenzodioxins (PCDDs), polychlorodibenzofurans (PCDFs), and polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs, dioxin-like (DL) and non-dioxin-like (Σ6PCBs)), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb) were measured in serum (organic biomarkers) and blood (metals); these chemicals and polybromobiphenyl ethers (Σ9PBDEs) were analyzed in milk. PCDD+PCDF, DL-PCB, TEQTOT, and Σ6PCB concentration ranges (medians) in serum were 6.26-23.1 (12.4), 3.42-31.7 (11.5), 10.0-52.8 (23.9) pgTEQ97/g fat, and 55.5-647 (219) ng/g fat, respectively, while in milk concentration ranges were 5.99-8.77, 4.02-6.15, 10.0-14.2 pgTEQ97/g fat, and 48.7-74.2 ng/g fat. Likewise, As, Cd, Hg, and Pb findings in blood spanned 2.34-13.4 (5.83), 0.180-0.930 (0.475), 1.09-7.60 (2.60), 10.2-55.9 (28.8) μg/L, respectively; only Pb could be measured in milk (2.78-5.99 μg/L). Σ9PBDE levels in milk samples were 0.965-6.05 ng/g fat. Biomarkers' concentrations were found to be compatible with their current values in European countries and in Italy, and consistent with an exposure primarily determined by consumption of commercial food from the large distribution system. Based on relatively higher biomarker values within the hematic biomonitoring database, the following municipalities were flagged as possibly deserving attention for health-oriented interventions: Brusciano and Caivano (As), Giugliano (Hg), Pianura (PCDDs+PCDFs), and Qualiano-Villaricca (As, Hg). The analysis of samples' qualitative variability indicated that biomarker composition was sensitive at municipality level, a feature that can potentially drive interventions for future local risk assessment and/or management measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena De Felip
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento Ambiente e connessa Prevenzione Primaria, Rome, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio Bianchi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica, Pisa and Rome, Italy
| | - Crescenzo Bove
- ASL CE, Servizio di Epidemiologia e Prevenzione, Caserta, Italy
| | - Liliana Cori
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica, Pisa and Rome, Italy
| | | | - Giancarlo D'Orsi
- ASL NA2 Nord, Servizio di Epidemiologia e Prevenzione, Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Fusco
- Registro Tumori della Regione Campania, ASL NA3 Sud, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Miniero
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento Ambiente e connessa Prevenzione Primaria, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosanna Ortolani
- ASL NA1 Centro, Servizio di Epidemiologia e Prevenzione, Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele Palombino
- ASL NA3 Sud, Servizio di Epidemiologia e Prevenzione, Distretto Sanitario 69, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonino Parlato
- ASL NA2 Nord, Servizio di Epidemiologia e Prevenzione, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Filomena Peluso
- ASL NA2 Nord, Servizio di Epidemiologia e Prevenzione, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Piscopo
- ASL NA3 Sud, Servizio di Epidemiologia e Prevenzione, Distretto Sanitario 69, Naples, Italy
| | - Renato Pizzuti
- Regione Campania, Assessorato alla Sanità, Osservatorio Epidemiologico, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Porpora
- Dipartimento di Ginecologia e Ostetricia, Dipartimento di Scienze Ginecologiche, Perinatologia, e Puericultura, Policlinico Umberto I, Università "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | | | - Oreste Senofonte
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento Ambiente e connessa Prevenzione Primaria, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvana Russo Spena
- ASL NA3 Sud, Servizio di Epidemiologia e Prevenzione, Distretto Sanitario 69, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Simonetti
- ASL NA1 Centro, Servizio di Epidemiologia e Prevenzione, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro di Domenico
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento Ambiente e connessa Prevenzione Primaria, Rome, Italy
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Baeyens W, Vrijens J, Gao Y, Croes K, Schoeters G, Den Hond E, Sioen I, Bruckers L, Nawrot T, Nelen V, Van Den Mieroop E, Morrens B, Loots I, Van Larebeke N, Leermakers M. Trace metals in blood and urine of newborn/mother pairs, adolescents and adults of the Flemish population (2007-2011). Int J Hyg Environ Health 2014; 217:878-90. [PMID: 25041848 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The Flemish Centre for Environment and Health started with human biomonitoring in 2002 (FLEHS I: 2002-2006). The main goal of the second human biomonitoring cycle (FLEHS II: 2007-2011), was to determine mean values for a large number of pollutants in a representative sample of the general Flemish population. Values for Cd and Pb were updated, and a group of previously undetermined metals and metalloids (As, Mn, Cu and Tl) were included in some of the age groups. In this human biomonitoring program, three different age groups of the general Flemish population were monitored: 255 newborns and their mothers, 210 adolescents aged 14-15, and 204 adults between 20 and 40 years old. Trace elements were determined in cord blood and maternal blood of the mothers, in blood and urine of adolescents and in urine of adults. Determinants of life-style and personal factors were taken into account. The levels of trace elements in cord blood and maternal blood were for most elements at the lower end of the range found in literature. For Pb, As and Tl, a strong correlation (respectively r=0.43, 0.55 and 0.33; p<0.05) was found between levels in cord blood (respectively 8.6, 0.54 and 0.017 μg/L) and maternal blood (11.1, 0.64 and 0.028 μg/L), indicating that they are transported via the placenta from mother to fetus. The levels found in the adolescents and adults were compared with results from international biomonitoring studies, and were found to be in the same ranges. With the exception of Pb, all trace elements increased with increasing age group population. Finally, the results also showed that the levels of Cd and Pb in blood for this campaign (e.g. for Pb 8.6 and 14.8 μg/L in neonates and adolescents respectively) were lower compared to the first campaign (e.g. for Pb 14.7 and 21.7 μg/L in neonates and adolescents respectively), indicating a decrease over time. However, differences in sampling strategies might partially explain this observed trend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willy Baeyens
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Geochemistry (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Jan Vrijens
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Geochemistry (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yue Gao
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Geochemistry (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kim Croes
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Geochemistry (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Greet Schoeters
- Environmental Risk and Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Elly Den Hond
- Environmental Risk and Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Sioen
- Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth Bruckers
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics, Hasselt University, Belgium
| | - Tim Nawrot
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Belgium
| | - Vera Nelen
- Department of Health, Provincial Institute for Hygiene (PIH), Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Els Van Den Mieroop
- Department of Health, Provincial Institute for Hygiene (PIH), Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bert Morrens
- Faculty of Political and Social Sciences, University of Antwerp (UA), Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ilse Loots
- Faculty of Political and Social Sciences, University of Antwerp (UA), Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Van Larebeke
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Geochemistry (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Martine Leermakers
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Geochemistry (AMGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
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116
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Gaum PM, Esser A, Schettgen T, Gube M, Kraus T, Lang J. Prevalence and incidence rates of mental syndromes after occupational exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2014; 217:765-74. [PMID: 24951400 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mental disorders were often reported following hazardous substance exposure. The present study analyses this association in relation to a work-related exposure to PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls). Specifically, the aim was to investigate (a) the relationship of inner PCB burden and the severity of mental symptoms and (b) the prevalence and incidence of mental syndromes. This study was initiated as part of the occupational medical surveillance program HELPcB (Health Effects in high level exposure to PCB). A total of 136 individuals were included in the analysis. The plasma PCBs were collected via biomonitoring and the psychological syndromes (i.e., somatoform, depressive, anxiety, panic) with a standardized screening instrument. The relationship of PCB and the severity of mental syndromes were analyzed via linear regression. Prevalence rates, the respective odds ratios (OR) and the incidence rates were calculated with logistic regressions. We thereby compared the higher-PCB burdened individuals with those individuals showing PCB levels comparable to the general population. We found especially a significant relationship between PCB burden and depressivity. Within the higher-PCB-exposed group prevalence rates were descriptively higher than for normal-exposed participants, except for anxiety syndrome. Similarly, the higher exposed group had a higher risk for developing a depressive syndrome. The incidence rates were always descriptively higher in higher-exposed group. To summarize, this study supports a relationship between PCB exposure and mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra M Gaum
- Institute for Occupational Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Germany.
| | - André Esser
- Institute for Occupational Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Germany
| | - Thomas Schettgen
- Institute for Occupational Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Germany
| | - Monika Gube
- Institute for Occupational Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Germany
| | - Thomas Kraus
- Institute for Occupational Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Germany
| | - Jessica Lang
- Institute for Occupational Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Germany
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117
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Hong YS, Lee BK, Park JD, Sakong J, Choi JW, Moon JD, Kim DS, Kim BG. Blood cadmium concentration of residents living near abandoned metal mines in Korea. J Korean Med Sci 2014; 29:633-9. [PMID: 24851017 PMCID: PMC4024944 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2014.29.5.633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate demographic and lifestyle variables and blood cadmium concentrations in residents living near abandoned metal mines in Korea. Blood cadmium concentrations were measured in 15,161 subjects living around abandoned metal mines (exposed group, n = 14,464) and compared with those living in designated control areas (control group, n = 697). A questionnaire was provided to all subjects to determine age, gender, mine working history, times of residence, smoking habits and dietary water type. The geometric mean (95% confidence intervals) of blood cadmium concentration (1.25 [1.24-1.27] µg/L) in the exposed group was significantly higher than in the control group (1.17 [1.13-1.22] µg/L). Mean residence time and mine working history in the exposed group were significantly higher than in the control group. Blood cadmium concentrations increased with increasing age, and residence time in both groups, and blood cadmium concentrations were higher in current-smokers than in non-smokers in both groups. This study shows the geometric mean of blood cadmium concentration in abandoned mining areas are higher than in non-mining areas in the general adult Korean population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Seoub Hong
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea. ; Heavy Metal Exposure Environmental Health Center, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea
| | - Byung-Kook Lee
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Korea
| | - Jung-Duck Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joon Sakong
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jae-Wook Choi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jai-Dong Moon
- Department of Preventive and Occupational Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Dae-Seon Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Research, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Korea
| | - Byoung-Gwon Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea. ; Heavy Metal Exposure Environmental Health Center, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea
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Cañas AI, Cervantes-Amat M, Esteban M, Ruiz-Moraga M, Pérez-Gómez B, Mayor J, Castaño A. Blood lead levels in a representative sample of the Spanish adult population: The BIOAMBIENT.ES project. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2014; 217:452-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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119
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Garí M, Bosch C, Grimalt JO, Sunyer J. Impacts of atmospheric chlor-alkali factory emissions in surrounding populations. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 65:1-8. [PMID: 24407155 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Environmental exposures need to be assessed for the understanding of the health risks of general population. Organochlorine compounds (OCs) from chlor-alkali plants (CAPs) are significant for the exposomes of individuals living in locations receiving their emissions and have to be determined. The aims of the study are to identify the area of influence of past and present OC emissions from CAPs and to set quantitative body burden estimates. A CAP situated in a rural area was selected for study. The geographic distribution of the atmospheric emissions was monitored using olive tree leaves. Human biomonitoring was assessed by serum analysis from general population (n=1340). OC concentrations followed exponential decay functions with maxima in the immediate vicinity of the factory. The individuals living within 1km exhibited hexachlorobenzene (HCB), polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) and DDT-DDE (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene) concentrations that were 12, 1.3-1.9 and 3.9 times higher than in sites not influenced by the emissions from this factory. Individuals from municipalities situated 15-25km away from the CAP showed 1.5, 1.2-1.4 and 1.3 times higher serum HCB, PCB and DDT concentrations than in distant sites. The high serum concentrations of DDT and PCBs were observed even 23-31years and 9-17years after manufacture completion of these compounds, respectively. Our methodology provides a way for assessment of the influence of past and present atmospheric OCs emissions from CAPs into the exposome of individuals living in nearby areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercè Garí
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Carme Bosch
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM) and the Bert Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Jordi Sunyer
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Dr Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Dr Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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120
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Mørck TA, Erdmann SE, Long M, Mathiesen L, Nielsen F, Siersma VD, Bonefeld-Jørgensen EC, Knudsen LE. PCB Concentrations and Dioxin-like Activity in Blood Samples from Danish School Children and Their Mothers living in Urban and Rural Areas. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2014; 115:134-44. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thit A. Mørck
- Section of Environmental Health; Department of Public Health; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Simon E. Erdmann
- Department of Public Health; Centre for Arctic Health & Unit of Cellular and Molecular Toxicology; University of Aarhus; Aarhus Denmark
| | - Manhai Long
- Department of Public Health; Centre for Arctic Health & Unit of Cellular and Molecular Toxicology; University of Aarhus; Aarhus Denmark
| | - Line Mathiesen
- Section of Environmental Health; Department of Public Health; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Flemming Nielsen
- Department of Environmental Medicine; Institute of Public Health; University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
| | - Volkert D. Siersma
- Department of Public Health; The Research Unit for General Practice and Section of General Practice; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Eva C. Bonefeld-Jørgensen
- Department of Public Health; Centre for Arctic Health & Unit of Cellular and Molecular Toxicology; University of Aarhus; Aarhus Denmark
| | - Lisbeth E. Knudsen
- Section of Environmental Health; Department of Public Health; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
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A systematic approach for designing a HBM Pilot Study for Europe. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2014; 217:312-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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122
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Saoudi A, Fréry N, Zeghnoun A, Bidondo ML, Deschamps V, Göen T, Garnier R, Guldner L. Serum levels of organochlorine pesticides in the French adult population: the French National Nutrition and Health Study (ENNS), 2006-2007. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 472:1089-1099. [PMID: 24361744 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although most organochlorine (OC) pesticides were banned in France in the 1970s and 1980s, they remain a source of public concern. Because of their high persistence in the environment, they are still detected in foodstuffs, leading to continued human exposure. The purpose of this study was to assess the distribution of serum organochlorine (OC) pesticides in the French adult population and to identify the main risk factors for p,p'-dichlorodiphenyl dichlorethylene (DDE), β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB). METHOD The selected OC pesticides (HCB, DDE, DDT, α-HCH, β-HCB and γ-HCH) were measured in serum samples collected in 2006-2007 from 386 persons (aged 18-74 years) randomly selected among the participants in the clinical and biological component of the French Nutrition and Health Survey (Etude Nationale Nutrition Santé [ENNS]), a cross-sectional survey carried out in the general population. Collected data included biological samples, socio-demographic characteristics, and data about environmental and occupational exposure factors. RESULTS Of the six OC pesticides investigated, the highest concentrations were observed for HCB, β-HCH and DDE. Median serum concentrations were as follows: 22.8 ng/g lipid for HCB, 0.74 and 27.0 ng/g lipid, respectively, for α- and ß-HCH, and 3.8 and 104.6 ng/g lipid, respectively, for DDT and DDE. Lindane (γ-HCH) was detected in approximately 10% of the sample. OC pesticide levels in serum in French adults were higher (except for DDT and DDE) than those observed in American, Canadian and German populations and generally lower than or in the same range as those observed in other European countries. The low serum DDT/DDE ratio in the present study (3.7%) would suggest that the concentrations observed for these two OC pesticides were mainly the result of past exposure. The most important predictors of serum DDE, HCB and β-HCH concentrations among the French adult population included individual factors (age, gender, BMI, etc.), dietary factors of animal and vegetable origin, and domestic use of pesticides (in vegetable gardens and/or fruit trees). CONCLUSION For the first time in France, a human biomonitoring study has shown that exposure to OC pesticides remains common in the population. French concentrations were higher (except for DDT and DDE) or were similar to those observed in other developed countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdessattar Saoudi
- French Institute for Public Health Surveillance, Department of Environmental Health, Saint-Maurice, France.
| | - Nadine Fréry
- French Institute for Public Health Surveillance, Department of Environmental Health, Saint-Maurice, France.
| | - Abdelkrim Zeghnoun
- French Institute for Public Health Surveillance, Department of Environmental Health, Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Marie-Laure Bidondo
- French Institute for Public Health Surveillance, Department of Environmental Health, Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Valérie Deschamps
- Nutritional Surveillance and Epidemiology Unit, French Institute for Public Health Surveillance-University of Paris 13, Bobigny, France
| | - Thomas Göen
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
| | | | - Laurence Guldner
- French Institute for Public Health Surveillance, Department of Environmental Health, Saint-Maurice, France
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123
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Wittsiepe J, Nestola M, Kohne M, Zinn P, Wilhelm M. Determination of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in small volumes of human blood by high-throughput on-line SPE-LVI-GC-HRMS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 945-946:217-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Freire C, Koifman RJ, Fujimoto D, de Oliveira Souza VC, Barbosa F, Koifman S. Reference values of lead in blood and related factors among blood donors in the Western Amazon, Brazil. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2014; 77:426-440. [PMID: 24627997 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2013.874303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to (1) determine the reference value of blood lead levels (BLL) in a sample of blood donors of Rio Branco, the capital city of Acre, in the Western Brazilian Amazon, and (2) explore factors influencing lead (Pb) exposure levels. Between 2010 and 2011, blood samples were collected from universal blood donors attending the Central Hemotherapic Unit in Rio Branco with a total number of 1196. Information on characteristics of 1183 donors was obtained through questionnaires. Blood Pb concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry with detection limit of 0.003 μg/L. Association between BLL and participant characteristics was examined by linear regression analysis. Reference values of BLL were calculated as the upper limit of the 95% confidence interval of the 95th percentile. Reference values of BLL were 109.5 μg/L for men, 70.7 μg/L for women, 88.9 μg/L for younger individuals (18-29 yr), 115.3 μg/L for older ones (≥30 yr), 94.2 μg/L for nonsmokers, and 164.5 μg/L for smokers. Levels of BLL were significantly higher in males, subjects older than 29 yr, non-whites, smokers, regular consumers of manioc flour, and donors practicing any activity related to paints, ceramics, pottery, fishing, or firearms. Subjects with higher education, higher income, vitamin intake use, and drinkers of bottled water displayed lower BLL. In general, BLL in men and women from Rio Branco were higher than those described in other adult populations. Prevention of exposure of this population to local sources of Pb needs to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Freire
- a National School of Public Health , Oswaldo Cruz Foundation , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
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125
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Plasma polychlorinated biphenyls in residents of 91 PCB-contaminated and 108 non-contaminated dwellings—An exposure study. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2013; 216:755-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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126
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Gasull M, Pumarega J, Rovira G, López T, Alguacil J, Porta M. Relative effects of educational level and occupational social class on body concentrations of persistent organic pollutants in a representative sample of the general population of Catalonia, Spain. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2013; 60:190-201. [PMID: 24064380 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Scant evidence is available worldwide on the relative influence of occupational social class and educational level on body concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the general population. The objective was to analyse such influence in a representative sample of the general population of Catalonia, Spain. Participants in the Catalan Health Interview Survey aged 18-74 were interviewed face-to-face, gave blood, and underwent a physical exam. The role of age, body mass index (BMI), and parity was analysed with General Linear Models, and adjusted geometric means (GMs) were obtained. Crude (unadjusted) concentrations were higher in women and men with lower education, and in women, but not men, in the less affluent social class. After adjusting for age, in women there were no associations between POP levels and social class or education. After adjusting for age and BMI, men in the less affluent class had higher p,p'-DDE concentrations than men in class I (p-value=0.016), while men in class IV had lower HCB than men in the upper class (p-value<0.03). Also in contrast with some expectations, positive associations between education and POP levels were observed after adjusting for age and BMI in men; e.g., men with university studies had higher HCB concentrations than men with first stage of primary schooling (adjusted GM 153.9 and 80.5ng/g, respectively) (p-value<0.001). When education and social class were co-adjusted for, some positive associations with education in men remained statistically significant, whereas class remained associated only with p,p'-DDE. Educational level influenced blood concentrations of POPs more than occupational social class, especially in men. In women, POP concentrations were mainly explained by age/birth cohort, parity and BMI. In men, while concentrations were also mainly explained by age/birth cohort and BMI, both social class and education showed positive associations. Important characteristics of socioeconomic groups as age and BMI may largely explain crude differences among such groups in internal contamination by POPs. The absence of clear patterns of relationships between blood concentrations of POPs and indicators of socioeconomic position may fundamentally be due to the widespread, lifelong, and generally invisible contamination of human food webs. Decreasing historical trends would also partly explain crude socioeconomic differences apparently due to birth cohort effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Gasull
- Hospital del Mar Institute of Medical Research-IMIM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
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Hong YS, Kim DS, Yu SD, Kim SH, Kim JK, Kim YM, Yu JH, Jung JH, Kim BG. Four cases of abnormal neuropsychological findings in children with high blood methylmercury concentrations. Ann Occup Environ Med 2013; 25:18. [PMID: 24472601 PMCID: PMC3923355 DOI: 10.1186/2052-4374-25-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Methylmercury (MeHg) easily crosses the blood–brain barrier and accumulates in the brain. Accumulated MeHg will cause neurological symptoms. We report four pediatric cases of neuropsychological findings with high blood MeHg concentrations. Case presentation Four children were admitted for follow-up study because their total mercury (THg) concentration in the blood was found to be high during a national survey. Case 1 was a 9-year-old female with a 16.6 μg/ℓ blood THg concentration in the survey. During admission, the blood THg, hair THg, and blood MeHg concentration(mercury indices) were 21.4 μg/ℓ, 7.2 μg/g, and 20.1 μg/ℓ, respectively. In our neuropsychological examination, cognitive impairment and attention deficit were observed. Her diet included fish intake 2–3 times per week, and she had been diagnosed with epilepsy at 3 years of age. Case 2 was a 12-year-old male with blood THg of 15.4 μg/ℓ in the survey and the mercury indices were 12.7 μg/ℓ, 5.7 μg/g, and 11.8 μg/ℓ, respectively, on admission. He was also observed to have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Case 3 was a 10-year-old male child with blood THg of 17.4 μg/ℓ in the survey, and the mercury indices on admission were 21.6 μg/ℓ, 7.5 μg/g and 21.5 μg/ℓ, respectively. In his case, mild attention deficit was observed. Case 4 was a 9-year-old male with blood THg of 20.6 μg/ℓ in the survey and the mercury indices were 18.9 μg/ℓ, 8.3 μg/g, and 14.4 μg/ℓ, respectively, on admission. Mild attention difficulty was observed. Conclusion We suggest that fish consumption may be the main source of MeHg exposure, and that MeHg may have been the cause of the neuropsychological deficits in these cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Seoub Hong
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea.,Heavy Metal Exposure Environmental Health Center, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Dae-Seon Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Research, National Institute of Environmental Research(NIER), Incheon, South Korea
| | - Seung-Do Yu
- Department of Environmental Health Research, National Institute of Environmental Research(NIER), Incheon, South Korea
| | - Seong-Hwan Kim
- Department of Psychiary, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Jong-Kuk Kim
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Yu-Mi Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Jung
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Dong-A University Medical Center, Busan, South Korea
| | - Byoung-Gwon Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea.,Heavy Metal Exposure Environmental Health Center, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
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128
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Reference levels of blood mercury and association with metabolic syndrome in Korean adults. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2013; 87:501-13. [PMID: 23824410 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-013-0891-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mercury (Hg) is a nonessential and toxic metal that is widely distributed in the environment. This study was performed to estimate the representative blood Hg level, to determine the contributing factors to Hg exposure, and to analyze the association of blood Hg with metabolic syndrome in Korean adults. METHODS Mercury exposure is assessed by total Hg concentration in blood. A total of 2,114 healthy adults who have not been exposed to Hg occupationally were sampled by the multistaged, sex-, and age-stratified probability method. Information was collected regarding the subjects' demographic characteristics, lifestyles, and past medical history. The participants then underwent physical examination and blood sampling. RESULTS The geometric mean concentration of Hg in whole blood was 3.90 μg/L, which was significantly influenced by sex, age, smoking, alcoholic consumption, residence area, and seafood intake after adjustment for confounders. Significant increases in body mass index, waist circumference, diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, and triglyceride were observed according to the blood Hg levels after adjustment for covariates. Also, Hg exposure was significantly associated with metabolic syndrome and their components such as obesity and increased fasting glucose. CONCLUSION The blood Hg level in Korean adults is higher than that in USA and other Western countries, while it is similar to or lower than that in other Asian countries. The blood Hg level is influenced by sociodemographic factors and individual lifestyles including dietary habits. Furthermore, blood Hg is associated with metabolic syndrome, in which Hg exposure may play a role as a possible risk factor for cardiovascular diseases.
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129
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Li Y, Zhang B, Yang L, Li H. Blood mercury concentration among residents of a historic mercury mine and possible effects on renal function: a cross-sectional study in southwestern China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2013; 185:3049-3055. [PMID: 22791021 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-012-2772-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate blood mercury (B-Hg) concentration of residents living in the vicinity of Chatian mercury mine (CMM) in southwestern China and to assess the possible effects on renal function. It evaluates the effects of gender and age (children, <18 years; adults, 18-60 years; elderly, >60 years) on the B-Hg and serum creatinine (SCR) and serum urea nitrogen (SUN) levels. In the CMM, elevated levels were found for B-Hg, SCR, and SUN with mean values at 6.09 μg/L, 74.21 μmol/L, and 13.26 mmol/L, which were significantly higher than those in the control area, respectively. Moreover, the coefficients between paired results for B-Hg and SCR and SUN levels were positive at statistical significance (B-Hg vs. SCR, r = 0.45, p < 0.01; B-Hg vs. SUN, r = 0.20, p < 0.05). The aforementioned results revealed that mercury exposure can cause human renal function impairment. B-Hg, SCR, and SUN can also be useful biomarkers to assess the extent of mercury exposure among residents in areas with extensive mining activities. Furthermore, data analysis revealed that there was a tendency for higher B-Hg, SCR, and SUN levels in females than in males, and the levels of B-Hg, SCR, and SUN increased among the older residents. We conclude that females and the elderly in the mining area were more susceptible to mercury exposure, and therefore, they deserve further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghua Li
- Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.
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130
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Lye E, Legrand M, Clarke J, Probert A. Blood total mercury concentrations in the Canadian population: Canadian Health Measures Survey cycle 1, 2007-2009. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE SANTE PUBLIQUE 2013; 104:e246-51. [PMID: 23823890 PMCID: PMC6974123 DOI: 10.17269/cjph.104.3772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We present total mercury (THg) in blood of Canadians 6-79 years of age from the first to-date nationally-representative survey, the Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS). This analysis is particularly relevant in the context of recent changes to Health Canada's blood Hg guidance values. METHODS We used data from cycle 1 (2007-2009) of the CHMS, in particular focussing on 5,319 respondents aged 6-79 years for whom blood THg data were available. We calculated descriptive statistics of blood Hg levels and analyzed the associations between blood THg levels and relevant variables. We also compared blood THg levels to existing Health Canada blood Hg guidance values. RESULTS The geometric mean blood THg level of the Canadian population was 0.69 µg/L (95% CI 0.56-0.86 µg/L). The majority (97.8%) of Canadian women aged 16-49 years, including pregnant women, had blood Hg values below the provisional HC blood guidance value of 8 µg/L. Mean blood THg levels were significantly higher in the "other or mixed" (1.14 µg/L, p=0.0003) and Asian (1.41 µg/L, p=0.0476) groups compared to those who self-identified as solely Caucasian (0.62 µg/L). There was however no significant difference between participants self-identified as Aboriginal Canadians versus Caucasians (0.56 µg/L vs 0.62 µg/L, p=0.2902).Fish and shellfish consumption significantly influenced blood Hg levels, as did alcohol consumption and the presence of dental amalgams. CONCLUSION This paper presents the first description of blood THg levels in the general Canadian population. These findings will serve as a national baseline for monitoring future changes should they arise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Lye
- Chemicals Surveillance Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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131
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Xun P, Liu K, Morris JS, Jordan JM, He K. Distributions and determinants of mercury concentrations in toenails among American young adults: the CARDIA Trace Element Study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:1423-1430. [PMID: 22926255 PMCID: PMC3556188 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1126-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Since data on mercury (Hg) levels in Caucasians and African Americans (AAs) of both genders are lacking, this study aims to present toenail Hg distributions and explore the potential determinants using data from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Trace Element Study. Data from 4,344 Americans, aged 20-32 in 1987, recruited from Oakland, Chicago, Minneapolis, and Birmingham were used to measure toenail Hg levels by instrumental neutron-activation method. The Hg distribution was described with selected percentiles and geometric means. Multivariable linear regression (MLR) was used to examine potential determinants of Hg levels within ethnicity-gender subgroups. The geometric mean of toenail Hg was 0.212 (95 % CI = 0.207-0.218) μg/g. Hg levels varied geographically with Oakland the highest [0.381 (0.367-0.395) μg/g] and Minneapolis the lowest [0.140 (0.134-0.147) μg/g]. MLR analyses showed that male gender and AA ethnicity were negatively associated with toenail Hg levels, and that age, living in Oakland city, education level, alcohol consumption, and total fish intake were positively associated with toenail Hg concentrations within each ethnicity-gender subgroup. Current smokers were found to have higher Hg only in AA men. This study suggested age, gender, ethnicity, study center, alcohol, education level, and fish consumption consistently predict toenail Hg levels. As fish consumption was the key determinant, avoiding certain types of fish that have relatively high Hg levels may be crucial in reducing Hg intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Xun
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Kiang Liu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - J. Steve Morris
- Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Joanne M. Jordan
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Ka He
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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Tuakuila J, Lison D, Mbuyi F, Haufroid V, Hoet P. Elevated blood lead levels and sources of exposure in the population of Kinshasa, the capital of the Democratic Republic of Congo. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2013; 23:81-87. [PMID: 22617721 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2012.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine blood lead levels (BLLs) and the possible sources of exposure in the population of Kinshasa, the capital of the Democratic Republic of Congo. A cross-sectional survey was carried out from January to May 2008 in a representative sample of the Kinshasan population. BLL was measured in 275 individuals (53.4% women) aged 1-70 years in the urban area of Kinshasa and from 60 additional subjects in the rural area. Pb was also determined in environmental specimens (air and soil, indoor and outdoor). BLL in the study population ranged from 2.9 to 49.3 μg/dl (median, 9.9 μg/dl). The median BLL among children aged <6 years was 11.5 μg/dl (range: 3.0-37.8 μg/dl). Of these children, 71% had elevated BLL (≥10 μg/dl) and 22% had BLL ≥20 μg/dl. The proportion of elevated BLL (≥10 μg/dl) was higher for children aged <3 years than for children aged 3 to 5 years (97% vs 56%). A higher prevalence of elevated BLL was observed in urban compared with rural children (71% vs 20%). Significantly higher BLLs were also found in children whose mother consumed fired clay during pregnancy. Residential informal activities in the recycling of car batteries also contributed to elevated BLL in children. The elevated background of Pb exposure in the Kinshasan population indicates a public health issue that requires corrective actions. Pb-contaminated dust and air in children's home is an issue of public health concern. The use of leaded gasoline and the activities of car battery recycling in certain residences appear to constitute the main sources of exposure in the city of Kinshasa. The traditional use of fired clay for the treatment of gastritis by pregnant women is another significant contributor for elevated BLL in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Tuakuila
- Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Université de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
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Klotz K, Weistenhöfer W, Drexler H. Determination of Cadmium in Biological Samples. Met Ions Life Sci 2013; 11:85-98. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5179-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Kim NY, Ahn SJ, Ryu DY, Choi BS, Kim H, Yu IJ, Park JD. Effect of lifestyles on the blood mercury level in Korean adults. Hum Exp Toxicol 2012; 32:591-9. [PMID: 23155199 DOI: 10.1177/0960327112467041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) is widely distributed in the environment and oral exposure is a main route in the general population. In this study, we estimated the dietary intake of Hg and its relationship with blood Hg levels in Korean adults. The study subjects were recruited from three different districts (rural: 189, coastal: 208 and urban: 184). We used a general questionnaire to collect information about demographic factors, lifestyles and diet. Dietary habits were studied using the 24-h recall method. The estimation of Hg intake was performed using the database of Hg contents in 128 Korean foods based on the previous studies. Blood Hg was analyzed using Direct Mercury Analyzer with the gold-amalgam method. Daily intake of Hg by diet was estimated at 13.57 μg (0.22 μg/kg body weight). The geometric mean Hg concentration in whole blood was 3.92 μg/L. Blood Hg level and Hg intake by diet was higher in coastal areas than in urban or rural areas, respectively. Blood Hg level correlated with the intake of Hg consumed from diet. Seafood was highly responsible and account for 75.6% of total dietary Hg intake. In this study, blood Hg concentrations were found to be significantly affected by sex, age, individual lifestyles and especially the amount of seafood intake, which might play an important role in determining blood Hg levels in Korean adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- N-Y Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Jenssen MTS, Brantsæter AL, Haugen M, Meltzer HM, Larssen T, Kvalem HE, Birgisdottir BE, Thomassen Y, Ellingsen D, Alexander J, Knutsen HK. Dietary mercury exposure in a population with a wide range of fish consumption--self-capture of fish and regional differences are important determinants of mercury in blood. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 439:220-9. [PMID: 23069934 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Human, low level, chronic exposure to mercury (Hg) from fish is of concern because of potential neurodevelopmental and cardiovascular toxicity. The purpose of the study was to 1) measure total mercury (THg) in blood and estimate dietary exposure in a population group with a wide range of seafood consumption, 2) assess the intake and blood concentration in relation to tolerable intake values, 3) characterise dietary sources, and 4) to investigate the relationship between dietary THg with THg in blood (BTHg), including factors that can explain the variance in BTHg concentrations. The participants (n=184) filled in an extensive food frequency questionnaire which was combined with a database on THg concentrations in Norwegian food, and donated blood and urine. Median consumption of seafood was 65 g/day (range 4 to 341 g/day). The calculated mean dietary THg exposure was 0.35 (median 0.30) μg/kg body weight/week. Seafood contributed on average 95% to the exposure. The JECFA Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI) of 1.6 μg MeHg/kg bw/week was not exceeded by any of the participants. BTHg ranged from 0.6 to 30 μg/L, with a mean of 5.3 (median 4.0 μg/L). There was a strong relationship between total seafood consumption and BTHg concentrations (r=0.58 95%CI: 0.48, 0.67) and between estimated THg dietary exposure and BTHg (r=0.46 95%CI: 0.35, 0.57). Fish consumption, sex, catching >50% of their seafood themselves, and living in coastal municipalities were significant factors in linear regression models with lnBTHg. Including urinary Hg in the regression model increased the explained variance from 54% to 65%. In a toxicokinetic model, the calculated dietary intake appeared to moderately underestimate the measured BTHg among the participants with the highest BTHg. Only two of the participants had BTHg slightly above a value equivalent to the JECFA PTWI, but none of them were women in fertile age.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T S Jenssen
- The Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Norway.
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137
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Tchounwou PB, Yedjou CG, Patlolla AK, Sutton DJ. Heavy metal toxicity and the environment. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2012. [PMID: 22945569 DOI: 10.1007/978‐3‐7643‐8340‐4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2022]
Abstract
Heavy metals are naturally occurring elements that have a high atomic weight and a density at least five times greater than that of water. Their multiple industrial, domestic, agricultural, medical, and technological applications have led to their wide distribution in the environment, raising concerns over their potential effects on human health and the environment. Their toxicity depends on several factors including the dose, route of exposure, and chemical species, as well as the age, gender, genetics, and nutritional status of exposed individuals. Because of their high degree of toxicity, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, and mercury rank among the priority metals that are of public health significance. These metallic elements are considered systemic toxicants that are known to induce multiple organ damage, even at lower levels of exposure. They are also classified as human carcinogens (known or probable) according to the US Environmental Protection Agency and the International Agency for Research on Cancer. This review provides an analysis of their environmental occurrence, production and use, potential for human exposure, and molecular mechanisms of toxicity, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul B Tchounwou
- NIH-RCMI Center for Environmental Health, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch Street, 18750, Jackson, MS, 39217, USA,
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138
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Saoudi A, Zeghnoun A, Bidondo ML, Garnier R, Cirimele V, Persoons R, Fréry N. Urinary arsenic levels in the French adult population: the French National Nutrition and Health Study, 2006-2007. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 433:206-215. [PMID: 22796411 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The French Nutrition and Health Survey (ENNS) was conducted to describe dietary intakes, nutritional status, physical activity, and levels of various biomarkers for environmental chemicals (heavy metals and pesticides) in the French population (adults aged 18-74 years and children aged 3-17 years living in continental France in 2006-2007). The aim of this paper was to describe the distributions of total arsenic and the sum of iAs+MMA+DMA in the general adult population, and to present their main risk factors. In the arsenic study, 1500 and 1515 adults (requested to avoid seafood intake in the previous 3 days preceding urine collection) were included respectively for the analysis of the sum of inorganic arsenic (iAs) and its two metabolites, monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), and for the total arsenic. Results were presented as geometric means and selected percentiles of urinary arsenic concentrations (μg/L) and creatinine-adjusted urinary arsenic (μg/g of creatinine) for total arsenic, and the sum of inorganic arsenic and metabolites (iAs+MMA+DMA). The geometric mean concentration of the sum of iAs+MMA+DMA in the adult population living in France was 3.34 μg/g of creatinine [3.23-3.45] (3.75 μg/L [3.61-3.90]) with a 95th percentile of 8.9 μg/g of creatinine (10.68 μg/L). The geometric mean concentration of total arsenic was 11.96 μg/g of creatinine [11.41-12.53] (13.42 μg/L [12.77-14.09]) with a 95th percentile of 61.29 μg/g of creatinine (72.75 μg/L). Urinary concentrations of total arsenic and iAS+MMA+DMA were influenced by sociodemographic and economic factors, and by risk factors such as consumption of seafood products and of wine. In our study, covariate-adjusted geometric means demonstrated several slight differences, due to consumption of fish, shellfish/crustaceans or wine. This study provides the first reference value for arsenic in a representative sample of the French population not particularly exposed to high levels of arsenic (10 μg/g of creatinine). It shows that urinary arsenic concentrations in the French adult population (in particular concentrations of iAs+MMA+DMA) were relatively low compared with foreign data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdessattar Saoudi
- Institut de Veille Sanitaire, Département Santé Environnement, Saint-Maurice, France.
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139
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Schettgen T, Alt A, Preim D, Keller D, Kraus T. Biological monitoring of indoor-exposure to dioxin-like and non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in a public building. Toxicol Lett 2012; 213:116-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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140
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Lee JW, Lee CK, Moon CS, Choi IJ, Lee KJ, Yi SM, Jang BK, Yoon BJ, Kim DS, Peak D, Sul D, Oh E, Im H, Kang HS, Kim J, Lee JT, Kim K, Park KL, Ahn R, Park SH, Kim SC, Park CH, Lee JH. Korea National Survey for Environmental Pollutants in the Human Body 2008: Heavy metals in the blood or urine of the Korean population. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2012; 215:449-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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141
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Schulz C, Seiwert M, Babisch W, Becker K, Conrad A, Szewzyk R, Kolossa-Gehring M. Overview of the study design, participation and field work of the German Environmental Survey on Children 2003–2006 (GerES IV). Int J Hyg Environ Health 2012; 215:435-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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142
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Kuno R, Roquetti MH, Becker K, Seiwert M, Gouveia N. Reference values for lead, cadmium and mercury in the blood of adults from the metropolitan area of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2012; 216:243-9. [PMID: 22748699 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2012.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Human biomonitoring is an important tool for the evaluation of environmental exposure to contaminants. The data that are obtained from these studies might be compared to appropriate reference values (RVs) in a specific population. The RVs were derived from the rounded values of the upper limit of the 95th confidence interval of the 95th percentile for lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg) in blood from adults in the metropolitan area of Sao Paulo (MASP), Brazil to investigate the association between blood metals and sociodemographic and lifestyle factors. Blood samples from 653 nonsmoking blood donors without occupational exposure to the studied metals were collected in 2006. Our evaluations distinguished a younger group (18-39 years) and an older group (40-65 years). RVs in the younger group were 60 μgPb/L and 4 μgHg/L for men and 47 μgPb/L and 4 μgHg/L for women. RVs in the older group were 80 μgPb/L and 5 μgHg/L for men and 63 μgPb/L and 6 μgHg/L for women. The RV for Cd was 0.6 μg/L for adults aged 18-65 years. Pb and Cd levels demonstrated a significant association with sex and age. Male blood contained 50% more Pb, and the older group exhibited 23% more Pb. Fish consumption and amalgam fillings were primarily related to Hg levels. RVs for lead were similar to the Czech Republic and Germany but higher than the US population. The RV for Cd in Brazil was well below the RVs of these countries. The RVs for Hg in Brazil were similar to the US but higher than Germany and the Czech Republic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rúbia Kuno
- Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo, CETESB, Av. Prof. Frederico Hermann Jr., 345, Sao Paulo, SP 05459-900, Brazil.
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143
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Partition of metals in the maternal/fetal unit and lead-associated decreases of fetal iron and manganese: an observational biomonitoring approach. Arch Toxicol 2012; 86:1571-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-012-0869-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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144
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Buck Louis GM, Chen Z, Peterson CM, Hediger ML, Croughan MS, Sundaram R, Stanford JB, Varner MW, Fujimoto VY, Giudice LC, Trumble A, Parsons PJ, Kannan K. Persistent lipophilic environmental chemicals and endometriosis: the ENDO Study. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2012; 120:811-6. [PMID: 22417635 PMCID: PMC3385438 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1104432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An equivocal literature exists regarding the relation between persistent organochlorine pollutants (POPs) and endometriosis in women, with differences attributed to methodologies. OBJECTIVES We assessed the association between POPs and the odds of an endometriosis diagnosis and the consistency of findings by biological medium and study cohort. METHODS Using a matched cohort design, we assembled an operative cohort of women 18-44 years of age undergoing laparoscopy or laparotomy at 14 participating clinical centers from 2007 to 2009 and a population-based cohort matched on age and residence within a 50-mile catchment area of the clinical centers. Endometriosis was defined as visualized disease in the operative cohort and as diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging in the population cohort. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each POP in relation to an endometriosis diagnosis, with separate models run for each medium (omental fat in the operative cohort, serum in both cohorts) and cohort. Adjusted models included age, body mass index, breast-feeding conditional on parity, cotinine, and lipids. RESULTS Concentrations were higher in omental fat than in serum for all POPs. In the operative cohort, γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (γ-HCH) was the only POP with a significant positive association with endometriosis [per 1-SD increase in log-transformed γ-HCH: adjusted OR (AOR) = 1.27; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.59]; β-HCH was the only significant predictor in the population cohort (per 1-SD increase in log-transformed β-HCH: AOR = 1.72; 95% CI: 1.09, 2.72). CONCLUSIONS Using a matched cohort design, we found that cohort-specific and biological-medium-specific POPs were associated with endometriosis, underscoring the importance of methodological considerations when interpreting findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germaine M Buck Louis
- Division of Epidemiology, Statistics and Prevention Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Health, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA.
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145
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Porta M, López T, Gasull M, Rodríguez-Sanz M, Garí M, Pumarega J, Borrell C, Grimalt JO. Distribution of blood concentrations of persistent organic pollutants in a representative sample of the population of Barcelona in 2006, and comparison with levels in 2002. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 423:151-161. [PMID: 22397902 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION POP biomonitoring programs are useful for exposure assessment, to analyze patterns, and to evaluate policies. However, population-representative surveys are scarce and heterogeneous. Reports on time trends in representative samples using the same methods are rare. OBJECTIVES To analyze the distribution of serum concentrations of 19 POPs in the general population of Barcelona city in 2006, and to compare it with the distribution in 2002. METHODS 231 participants in the Barcelona Health Survey were interviewed face-to-face, gave blood, and underwent a physical exam. Density plots ("POP Geoffrey Rose curves") were used to represent the full population distribution of each compound. RESULTS Eight POPs were each detected in >80% of the study subjects: p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDE, PCB congeners 118, 138, 153 and 180, HCB and β-HCH. The minimum number of POPs detected in one person was 5, and 72% of the population accumulated ≥ 10 compounds. p,p'-DDE and HCB showed the highest concentrations (median=219 and 109 ng/g lipid, respectively). Concentrations decreased by 34-56% from 2002 to 2006. The decrease was similar in women and men, and in all age groups/birth cohorts. It was larger with increasing BMI; for p,p'-DDT, HCB and β-HCH the decrease in obese individuals was 31-44 percentage points larger than in subjects with normal weight. The distribution of POP concentrations was always switched towards higher values in women than men. POP levels also differed significantly by age, body mass index, weight gain, birth place and social class, but not by parity and breastfeeding. The two younger cohorts had a higher DDT/DDE ratio than the oldest cohort. CONCLUSION Although human POP contamination remains common in the city of Barcelona, concentrations decreased significantly in 4years. Our approach suggests innovative ways to conceive, analyze and present results for other monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miquel Porta
- Hospital del Mar Research Institute- IMIM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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146
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Kolossa-Gehring M, Becker K, Conrad A, Schröter-Kermani C, Schulz C, Seiwert M. Environmental surveys, specimen bank and health related environmental monitoring in Germany. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2012; 215:120-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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147
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Reprint of “Update of the reference and HBM values derived by the German Human Biomonitoring Commission”. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2012; 215:150-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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148
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Haines DA, Murray J. Human biomonitoring of environmental chemicals—Early results of the 2007–2009 Canadian Health Measures Survey for males and females. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2012; 215:133-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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149
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Liang Y, Lei L, Nilsson J, Li H, Nordberg M, Bernard A, Nordberg GF, Bergdahl IA, Jin T. Renal function after reduction in cadmium exposure: an 8-year follow-up of residents in cadmium-polluted areas. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2012; 120:223-8. [PMID: 22027495 PMCID: PMC3279438 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1103699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Long-term exposure to cadmium (Cd) causes renal dysfunction, but the change in renal function with exposure is unknown. We assessed the evolution of Cd-induced renal effects after a reduction in dietary exposure to Cd in rice. METHODS Four hundred twelve residents in previously Cd-polluted and nonpolluted areas were examined twice, in 1998 and in 2006. Changes in blood Cd, urinary Cd, and kidney function [N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAG), β2-microglobulin, and albumin in urine] were measured. RESULTS In the most polluted area, mean blood Cd was 8.9 μg/L and 3.3 μg/L in 1998 and in 2006, respectively, and urinary Cd was 11.6 and 9.0 μg/g creatinine. Urinary albumin in 1998 increased with urinary Cd, but no such exposure-response relation appeared for 2006 albumin versus urinary Cd 1998, indicating recovery. Other biomarkers of kidney function were also elevated in 1998. Partial recovery was observed for NAG among women and was suggested for β2-microglobulin among young individuals. The probability of having β2-microglobulin levels above the 95th percentile in 2006 was high in those with elevated β2-microglobulin in 1998 [odds ratio (OR) = 24.8; 95% confidence interval (CI): 11.2, 55.3] compared with albumin (OR = 3.0; 95% CI: 1.2, 7.5) and NAG (OR = 2.6; 95% CI: 1.6, 4.4). CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that a Cd-mediated increase in urinary albumin excretion is reversible upon substantial reduction of exposure. For markers of tubular effects, we observed a tendency toward improvement but not complete recovery. Data from repeated observations suggest that β2-microglobulin may be more informative than NAG as an indicator for an individual's future tubular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihuai Liang
- Department of Occupational Health and Toxicology (Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education of China), School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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150
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Schettgen T, Gube M, Esser A, Alt A, Kraus T. Plasma polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) levels of workers in a transformer recycling company, their family members, and employees of surrounding companies. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2012; 75:414-422. [PMID: 22686300 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2012.674905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In spring 2010, high internal exposures (up to 236 μg/L plasma) for the sum of indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) were discovered in workers in a transformer recycling company in Germany, where PCB-contaminated material was not handled according to proper occupational hygiene. The release of PCB from this company raised growing concerns regarding possible adverse human health effects correlated with this exposure. This provided a basis for a large biological monitoring study in order to examine the internal exposure to PCB in individuals working in that recycling company, their family members, and relatives, as well as subjects working or living in the surroundings of this company. Blood samples from 116 individuals (formerly) employed in the transformer recycling company and 45 direct relatives of these persons were obtained. Further, blood samples of 190 subjects working in close vicinity of the recycling plant, 277 persons working in the larger area, and 41 residents of the area were investigated. Plasma samples were analyzed for the 6 indicator PCB (PCB 28, 52, 101, 138, 153, 180) and 12 dioxin-like PCB using gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS; limit of detection [LOD] at 0.01 μg/L). Median concentrations (maximum) for the sum of the 6 indicator PCB in blood of the employees, their relatives, individuals working in close vicinity, persons working in the larger area, and the residents were 3.68 (236.3), 1.86 (22.8), 1.34 (22.9), 1.19 (6.42), and 0.85 (7.22) μg/L plasma, respectively. The (former) employees of the transformer recycling plant partly showed the highest plasma PCB levels determined thus far in Germany. Even family members displayed highly elevated levels of PCB in blood due to contaminations of their homes by laundering of contaminated clothes. Vicinity to the recycling plant including reported contact with possibly contaminated scrap was the main contributor to the PCB levels of the workers of the surrounding companies. Residents of the area did not show significantly elevated blood PCB levels compared to the general population. Our biomonitoring results served as a basis for individual risk communication and successful risk management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schettgen
- Institute for Occupational and Social Medicine, Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
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