101
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Koh DJ, Kim NY, Kim YW. Predictors of Depressive Mood in Patients With Isolated Cerebellar Stroke: A Retrospective Study. Ann Rehabil Med 2016; 40:412-9. [PMID: 27446777 PMCID: PMC4951359 DOI: 10.5535/arm.2016.40.3.412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To identify predictive factors of depressive mood in patients with isolated cerebellar stroke. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed in patients who had experienced their first isolated cerebellar stroke during 2002–2014. The patients were classified into two groups by the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) (non-depressive group, 0≤GDS≤16; depressive group, 17≤GDS≤30). Data on demographic and socioeconomic factors, comorbidities, functional level, cognitive and linguistic function, and stroke characteristics were collected. Significant variables in univariate analysis were analyzed using logistic regression. Results Fifty-two patients were enrolled, of whom 55.8% had depressive mood, were older (p=0.021), and had higher hypertension rates (p=0.014). Cognitive and linguistic functions did not differ between the two groups. The depressive group had higher ischemic stroke rates (p=0.035) and showed a dominant right posterior cerebellar hemisphere lesion (p=0.028), which was independently associated with depressive mood in the multiple logistic regression analysis (odds ratio, 5.081; 95% confidence interval, 1.261–20.479). Conclusion The risk of depressive mood after cerebellar stroke was increased in patients at old age, with a history of hypertension, ischemic stroke, and lesion of the right posterior cerebellar hemisphere. The most significant determining factor was stroke lesion of the right posterior cerebellar hemisphere. Early detection of risk factors is important to prevent and manage depressive mood after cerebellar stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Jin Koh
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine & Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Na Young Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine & Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Wook Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine & Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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102
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Ding B, Cave JW, Dobner PR, Mullikin-Kilpatrick D, Bartzokis M, Zhu H, Chow CW, Gronostajski RM, Kilpatrick DL. Reciprocal autoregulation by NFI occupancy and ETV1 promotes the developmental expression of dendrite-synapse genes in cerebellar granule neurons. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:1488-99. [PMID: 26941328 PMCID: PMC4850036 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-07-0476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporal control of dendritogenesis is poorly understood. Mutual feedback between NFIA temporal occupancy and ETV1 drives the timing of gene expression associated with dendrite formation in maturing neurons. A sequential timing model is proposed in which ETV1 autoregulation precedes activation of downstream NFIA/ETV1 coregulated genes. Nuclear Factor One (NFI) transcription factors regulate temporal gene expression required for dendritogenesis and synaptogenesis via delayed occupancy of target promoters in developing cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs). Mechanisms that promote NFI temporal occupancy have not been previously defined. We show here that the transcription factor ETV1 directly binds to and is required for expression and NFI occupancy of a cohort of NFI-dependent genes in CGNs maturing in vivo. Expression of ETV1 is low in early postnatal cerebellum and increases with maturation, mirroring NFI temporal occupancy of coregulated target genes. Precocious expression of ETV1 in mouse CGNs accelerated onset of expression and NFI temporal occupancy of late target genes and enhanced Map2(+) neurite outgrowth. ETV1 also activated expression and NFI occupancy of the Etv1 gene itself, and this autoregulatory loop preceded ETV1 binding and activation of other coregulated target genes in vivo. These findings suggest a potential model in which ETV1 activates NFI temporal binding to a subset of late-expressed genes in a stepwise manner by initial positive feedback regulation of the Etv1 gene itself followed by activation of downstream coregulated targets as ETV1 expression increases. Sequential transcription factor autoregulation and subsequent binding to downstream promoters may provide an intrinsic developmental timer for dendrite/synapse gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojin Ding
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems and Program in Neuroscience, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - John W Cave
- Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY 10605 Weill Cornell Medical College, Brain and Mind Research Institute, New York, NY 10065
| | - Paul R Dobner
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems and Program in Neuroscience, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Debra Mullikin-Kilpatrick
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems and Program in Neuroscience, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Marina Bartzokis
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems and Program in Neuroscience, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Chi-Wing Chow
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Richard M Gronostajski
- Department of Biochemistry, Program in Neuroscience and Developmental Genomics Group, New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203
| | - Daniel L Kilpatrick
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems and Program in Neuroscience, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
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103
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Pedroarena-Leal N, Ruge D. Cerebellar neurophysiology in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome and its role as a target for therapeutic intervention. J Neuropsychol 2015; 11:327-346. [DOI: 10.1111/jnp.12091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Pedroarena-Leal
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders; UCL-Institute of Neurology; University College London; UK
| | - Diane Ruge
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders; UCL-Institute of Neurology; University College London; UK
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104
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Abstract
Postural instability is a feature that is frequently observed in patients with psychotic disorders. Previous studies applied rating scales or behavioral test to assess postural instabilities. Recently, a pressure-sensitive platform has been used to study detailed characteristics of postural sway and regulation. However, characteristics of posturography indices in patients with psychotic disorders have not been well documented. To integrate the findings from studies that assessed postural sway using posturography in patients with psychotic disorders, we conducted a systematic review. Following database literature search, we identified nine eligible articles. Assessment conditions and indices of postural stability varied between studies. Postural control was associated with negative and general psychopathology in two studies. Two studies reported associations between posturographic variables and medication dose, whereas four studies reported no associations. This review identified the need to develop standards to assess postural sway in patients with psychiatric disorders. Further studies need to report associations between postural sway and confounding factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruo Fujino
- Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, 1-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 5650871, Japan.
| | - Osamu Imura
- Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, 1-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 5650871, Japan.
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105
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Brossard-Racine M, du Plessis AJ, Limperopoulos C. Developmental cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome in ex-preterm survivors following cerebellar injury. THE CEREBELLUM 2015; 14:151-64. [PMID: 25241880 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-014-0597-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cerebellar injury is increasingly recognized as an important complication of very preterm birth. However, the neurodevelopmental consequences of early life cerebellar injury in prematurely born infants have not been well elucidated. We performed a literature search of studies published between 1997 and 2014 describing neurodevelopmental outcomes of preterm infants following direct cerebellar injury or indirect cerebellar injury/underdevelopment. Available data suggests that both direct and indirect mechanisms of cerebellar injury appear to stunt cerebellar growth and adversely affect neurodevelopment. This review also provides important insights into the highly integrated cerebral-cerebellar structural and functional correlates. Finally, this review highlights that early life impairment of cerebellar growth extends far beyond motor impairments and plays a critical, previously underrecognized role in the long-term cognitive, behavioral, and social deficits associated with brain injury among premature infants. These data point to a developmental form of the cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome previously described in adults. Longitudinal prospective studies using serial advanced magnetic resonance imaging techniques are needed to better delineate the full extent of the role of prematurity-related cerebellar injury and topography in the genesis of cognitive, social-behavioral dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Brossard-Racine
- Advanced Pediatric Brain Imaging Research Laboratory, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA,
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106
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González-Tapia D, Velázquez-Zamora DA, Olvera-Cortés ME, González-Burgos I. The motor learning induces plastic changes in dendritic spines of Purkinje cells from the neocerebellar cortex of the rat. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2015; 33:639-45. [DOI: 10.3233/rnn-140462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David González-Tapia
- Laboratorio de Psicobiología, División de Neurociencias, CIBO, IMSS, Guadalajara, Jal, México
- Universidad Politécnica de la Zona Metropolitana de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jal, México
| | - Dulce A. Velázquez-Zamora
- Laboratorio de Psicobiología, División de Neurociencias, CIBO, IMSS, Guadalajara, Jal, México
- Universidad Politécnica de la Zona Metropolitana de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jal, México
| | | | - Ignacio González-Burgos
- Laboratorio de Psicobiología, División de Neurociencias, CIBO, IMSS, Guadalajara, Jal, México
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107
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Lai MC, Lombardo MV, Ecker C, Chakrabarti B, Suckling J, Bullmore ET, Happé F, Murphy DGM, Baron-Cohen S. Neuroanatomy of Individual Differences in Language in Adult Males with Autism. Cereb Cortex 2015; 25:3613-28. [PMID: 25249409 PMCID: PMC4585508 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhu211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
One potential source of heterogeneity within autism spectrum conditions (ASC) is language development and ability. In 80 high-functioning male adults with ASC, we tested if variations in developmental and current structural language are associated with current neuroanatomy. Groups with and without language delay differed behaviorally in early social reciprocity, current language, but not current autistic features. Language delay was associated with larger total gray matter (GM) volume, smaller relative volume at bilateral insula, ventral basal ganglia, and right superior, middle, and polar temporal structures, and larger relative volume at pons and medulla oblongata in adulthood. Despite this heterogeneity, those with and without language delay showed significant commonality in morphometric features when contrasted with matched neurotypical individuals (n = 57). In ASC, better current language was associated with increased GM volume in bilateral temporal pole, superior temporal regions, dorsolateral fronto-parietal and cerebellar structures, and increased white matter volume in distributed frontal and insular regions. Furthermore, current language-neuroanatomy correlation patterns were similar across subgroups with or without language delay. High-functioning adult males with ASC show neuroanatomical variations associated with both developmental and current language characteristics. This underscores the importance of including both developmental and current language as specifiers for ASC, to help clarify heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Chuan Lai
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 8AH, UK,Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
| | - Michael V. Lombardo
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 8AH, UK,Department of Psychology and Center for Applied Neuroscience, University of Cyprus, Nicosia CY 1678, Cyprus
| | - Christine Ecker
- Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, PO23, Institute of Psychiatry, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Bhismadev Chakrabarti
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 8AH, UK,School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, Centre for Integrative Neuroscience and Neurodynamics, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AL, UK
| | - John Suckling
- Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK,Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB21 5EF, UK
| | - Edward T. Bullmore
- Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK,GlaxoSmithKline, Clinical Unit Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK,Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB21 5EF, UK
| | - Francesca Happé
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, PO80, Institute of Psychiatry, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | | | - Declan G. M. Murphy
- Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, PO23, Institute of Psychiatry, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Simon Baron-Cohen
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 8AH, UK,Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB21 5EF, UK
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108
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Edgin JO, Clark CAC, Massand E, Karmiloff-Smith A. Building an adaptive brain across development: targets for neurorehabilitation must begin in infancy. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:232. [PMID: 26441566 PMCID: PMC4565977 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Much progress has been made toward behavioral and pharmacological intervention in intellectual disability, which was once thought too difficult to treat. Down syndrome (DS) research has shown rapid advances, and clinical trials are currently underway, with more on the horizon. Here, we review the literature on the emergent profile of cognitive development in DS, emphasizing that treatment approaches must consider how some "end state" impairments, such as language deficits, may develop from early alterations in neural systems beginning in infancy. Specifically, we highlight evidence suggesting that there are pre- and early postnatal alterations in brain structure and function in DS, resulting in disturbed network function across development. We stress that these early alterations are likely amplified by Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression and poor sleep. Focusing on three network hubs (prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum), we discuss how these regions may relate to evolving deficits in cognitive function in individuals with DS, and to their language profile in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie O. Edgin
- Department of Psychology, University of ArizonaTucson, AZ, USA
- Sonoran University Center for Excellence in Developmental DisabilitiesTucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Esha Massand
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of LondonLondon, UK
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109
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Green RR, Bigler ED, Froehlich A, Prigge MBD, Travers BG, Cariello AN, Anderson JS, Zielinski BA, Alexander A, Lange N, Lainhart JE. Beery VMI performance in autism spectrum disorder. Child Neuropsychol 2015; 22:795-817. [PMID: 26292997 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2015.1056131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Few studies have examined the visuomotor integration (VMI) abilities of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). An all-male sample consisting of 56 ASD participants (ages 3-23 years) and 36 typically developing (TD) participants (ages 4-26 years) completed the Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration (Beery VMI) as part of a larger neuropsychological battery. Participants were also administered standardized measures of intellectual functioning and the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS), which assesses autism and autism-like traits. The ASD group performed significantly lower on the Beery VMI and on all IQ measures compared to the TD group. VMI performance was significantly correlated with full scale IQ (FSIQ), performance IQ (PIQ), and verbal IQ (VIQ) in the TD group only. However, when FSIQ was taken into account, no significant Beery VMI differences between groups were observed. Only one TD participant scored 1.5 standard deviations (SDs) below the Beery VMI normative sample mean, in comparison to 21% of the ASD sample. As expected, the ASD group was rated as having significantly higher levels of social impairment on the SRS compared to the TD group across all major domains. However, level of functioning on the SRS was not associated with Berry VMI performance. These findings demonstrate that a substantial number of individuals with ASD experience difficulties compared to TD in performing VMI-related tasks, and that VMI is likely affected by general cognitive ability. The fact that lowered Beery VMI performance occurred only within a subset of individuals with ASD and did not correlate with SRS would indicate that visuomotor deficits are not a core feature of ASD, even though they present at a higher rate of impairment than observed in TD participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan R Green
- a Department of Psychology , Brigham Young University , Provo , UT , USA
| | - Erin D Bigler
- a Department of Psychology , Brigham Young University , Provo , UT , USA.,b Neuroscience Center , Brigham Young University , Provo , UT , USA.,c Department of Psychiatry , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Alyson Froehlich
- c Department of Psychiatry , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Molly B D Prigge
- c Department of Psychiatry , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Brittany G Travers
- d Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior , University of Wisconsin , Madison , WI , USA
| | - Annahir N Cariello
- c Department of Psychiatry , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Jeffrey S Anderson
- e Department of Radiology , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Brandon A Zielinski
- f Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, School of Medicine , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Andrew Alexander
- d Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior , University of Wisconsin , Madison , WI , USA.,g Department of Medical Physics , University of Wisconsin , Madison , WI , USA.,h Department of Psychiatry , University of Wisconsin , Madison , WI , USA
| | - Nicholas Lange
- i Departments of Psychiatry and Biostatistics , Harvard University , Boston , MA , USA.,j Neurostatistics Laboratory , McLean Hospital , Belmont , MA , USA
| | - Janet E Lainhart
- d Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior , University of Wisconsin , Madison , WI , USA.,h Department of Psychiatry , University of Wisconsin , Madison , WI , USA
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110
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Greater anterior cingulate activation and connectivity in response to visual and auditory high-calorie food cues in binge eating: Preliminary findings. Appetite 2015; 96:195-202. [PMID: 26275334 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Obese individuals show altered neural responses to high-calorie food cues. Individuals with binge eating [BE], who exhibit heightened impulsivity and emotionality, may show a related but distinct pattern of irregular neural responses. However, few neuroimaging studies have compared BE and non-BE groups. To examine neural responses to food cues in BE, 10 women with BE and 10 women without BE (non-BE) who were matched for obesity (5 obese and 5 lean in each group) underwent fMRI scanning during presentation of visual (picture) and auditory (spoken word) cues representing high energy density (ED) foods, low-ED foods, and non-foods. We then compared regional brain activation in BE vs. non-BE groups for high-ED vs. low-ED foods. To explore differences in functional connectivity, we also compared psychophysiologic interactions [PPI] with dorsal anterior cingulate cortex [dACC] for BE vs. non-BE groups. Region of interest (ROI) analyses revealed that the BE group showed more activation than the non-BE group in the dACC, with no activation differences in the striatum or orbitofrontal cortex [OFC]. Exploratory PPI analyses revealed a trend towards greater functional connectivity with dACC in the insula, cerebellum, and supramarginal gyrus in the BE vs. non-BE group. Our results suggest that women with BE show hyper-responsivity in the dACC as well as increased coupling with other brain regions when presented with high-ED cues. These differences are independent of body weight, and appear to be associated with the BE phenotype.
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111
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Reeb-Sutherland BC, Fox NA. Eyeblink conditioning: a non-invasive biomarker for neurodevelopmental disorders. J Autism Dev Disord 2015; 45:376-94. [PMID: 23942847 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-013-1905-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Eyeblink conditioning (EBC) is a classical conditioning paradigm typically used to study the underlying neural processes of learning and memory. EBC has a well-defined neural circuitry, is non-invasive, and can be employed in human infants shortly after birth making it an ideal tool to use in both developing and special populations. In addition, abnormalities in the cerebellum, a region of the brain highly involved in EBC, have been implicated in a number of neurodevelopmental disorders including autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). In the current paper, we review studies that have employed EBC as a biomarker for several neurodevelopmental disorders including fetal alcohol syndrome, Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, dyslexia, specific language impairment, and schizophrenia. In addition, we discuss the benefits of using such a tool in individuals with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany C Reeb-Sutherland
- Department of Psychology, DM 256, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL, 33199, USA,
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112
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Hill SY, O'Brien J. Psychological and Neurobiological Precursors of Alcohol Use Disorders in High Risk Youth. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2015; 2:104-113. [PMID: 26301172 DOI: 10.1007/s40429-015-0051-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
It has long been known that Alcohol Use Disorders (AUDs) run in families with substantial heritability. Determining the specific genetic underpinnings of these disorders has been challenging because of the clinical heterogeneity and variable expression across the lifespan. The search for endophenotypic biological variation associated with the AUD and related substance use disorder (SUD) phenotypes is based on the belief that an endophenotype is more proximal to the causative gene. Identification of genes conferring increased susceptibility has important implications for treatment through the potential development of medications that target specific genetic pathways. High risk family designs that contrast offspring with and without a familial/genetic background have provided valuable insights into the psychological characteristics (executive control, affective regulation, decision making and social cognition) that differentiate such individuals. The current chapter will review these with a focus on brain morphology of specific regions, the coordinated activity of neural networks, and developmental trajectories of electrophysiological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Y Hill
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213 ; Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260 ; Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Jessica O'Brien
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260
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113
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Antonini TN, Van Horn Kerne V, Axelrad ME, Karaviti LP, Schwartz DD. Neurocognitive profile of a young adolescent with DK phocomelia/von Voss phocomelia/von Voss Cherstvoy syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 167:1632-6. [PMID: 25899150 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
DK phocomelia/von Voss Cherstvoy syndrome is a rare condition characterized by upper limb and urogenital abnormalities and various brain anomalies. Previously reported cases have noted significant developmental delays, although no formal testing of cognitive abilities has been reported. In this paper we describe results from a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation of a 12-year-old male with DK phocomelia syndrome. Test findings indicated mild impairment in intellectual functioning, with more significant impairment in adaptive skills and academic achievement. The neuropsychological profile converged with neurological findings, showing a distinct pattern of strengths and weaknesses that suggests functional compromise of posterior brain regions with relatively well-preserved functioning of more anterior regions. Specifically, impairments were evident in perceptual reasoning, visual perception, and visuomotor integration, whereas normal or near normal functioning was evident in memory, receptive language, social cognition, attention, and most aspects of executive functioning. To our knowledge this is the first report to describe the neurocognitive profile of an individual with DK phocomelia syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya N Antonini
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Psychology, Baylor College of Medicine/Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Valerie Van Horn Kerne
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Psychology, Baylor College of Medicine/Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Marni E Axelrad
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Psychology, Baylor College of Medicine/Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Lefkothea P Karaviti
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine/Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - David D Schwartz
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Psychology, Baylor College of Medicine/Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
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114
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Méndez Orellana C, Visch-Brink E, Vernooij M, Kalloe S, Satoer D, Vincent A, van der Lugt A, Smits M. Crossed cerebrocerebellar language lateralization: an additional diagnostic feature for assessing atypical language representation in presurgical functional MR imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2015; 36:518-24. [PMID: 25355817 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a4147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Determining language dominance with fMRI is challenging in patients with brain tumor, particularly in cases of suspected atypical language representation. Supratentorial activation patterns must be interpreted with great care when the tumor is in or near the presumed language areas, where tumor tissue or mass effect can lead to false-negative fMRI results. In this study, we assessed cerebrocerebellar language fMRI lateralization in healthy participants and in patients with brain tumors with a focus on atypical language representation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty healthy participants and 38 patients with a brain tumor underwent fMRI with a verb-generation task. Cerebral and cerebellar language lateralizations were separately classified as left-sided, right-sided, or symmetric. Electrocortical stimulation was performed in 19 patients. With the McNemar test, we evaluated the dependency between language lateralization in the cerebrum and cerebellum, and with Pearson correlation analysis, the relationship between the cerebral and cerebellar lateralization indices. RESULTS There was a significant dependency between cerebral and cerebellar language activation, with moderate negative correlation (Pearson r = -0.69). Crossed cerebrocerebellar language activation was present in both healthy participants and patients, irrespective of handedness or typical or atypical language representation. There were no discordant findings between fMRI and electrocortical stimulation. CONCLUSIONS Language lateralization in the cerebellum can be considered an additional diagnostic feature to determine language dominance in patients with brain tumor. This is particularly useful in cases of uncertainty, such as the interference of a brain tumor with cerebral language activation on fMRI and atypical language representation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Méndez Orellana
- From the Departments of Radiology (C.M.O., M.V., S.K., A.v.d.L., M.S.) Neurology (C.M.O., E.V.-B)
| | - E Visch-Brink
- Neurology (C.M.O., E.V.-B) Neurosurgery (E.V.-B., D.S., A.V.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M Vernooij
- From the Departments of Radiology (C.M.O., M.V., S.K., A.v.d.L., M.S.)
| | - S Kalloe
- From the Departments of Radiology (C.M.O., M.V., S.K., A.v.d.L., M.S.)
| | - D Satoer
- Neurosurgery (E.V.-B., D.S., A.V.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A Vincent
- Neurosurgery (E.V.-B., D.S., A.V.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A van der Lugt
- From the Departments of Radiology (C.M.O., M.V., S.K., A.v.d.L., M.S.)
| | - M Smits
- From the Departments of Radiology (C.M.O., M.V., S.K., A.v.d.L., M.S.)
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Tong KK, Ma TC, Kwan KM. BMP/Smad signaling and embryonic cerebellum development: Stem cell specification and heterogeneity of anterior rhombic lip. Dev Growth Differ 2015; 57:121-34. [DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ka Kui Tong
- School of Life Sciences; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong China
| | - Tsz Ching Ma
- School of Life Sciences; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong China
| | - Kin Ming Kwan
- School of Life Sciences; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong China
- RGC-AoE Centre for Organelle Biogenesis and Function; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong China
- Partner State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology (CUHK); The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong China
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Park SJ, Lee JY, Kim SJ, Choi SY, Yune TY, Ryu JH. Toll-like receptor-2 deficiency induces schizophrenia-like behaviors in mice. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8502. [PMID: 25687169 PMCID: PMC4330527 DOI: 10.1038/srep08502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of the immune system contributes to the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders including schizophrenia. Here, we demonstrated that toll-like receptor (TLR)-2, a family of pattern-recognition receptors, is involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia-like symptoms. Psychotic symptoms such as hyperlocomotion, anxiolytic-like behaviors, prepulse inhibition deficits, social withdrawal, and cognitive impairments were observed in TLR-2 knock-out (KO) mice. Ventricle enlargement, a hallmark of schizophrenia, was also observed in TLR-2 KO mouse brains. Levels of p-Akt and p-GSK-3α/β were markedly higher in the brain of TLR-2 KO than wild-type (WT) mice. Antipsychotic drugs such as haloperidol or clozapine reversed behavioral and biochemical alterations in TLR-2 KO mice. Furthermore, p-Akt and p-GSK-3α/β were decreased by treatment with a TLR-2 ligand, lipoteichoic acid, in WT mice. Thus, our data suggest that the dysregulation of the innate immune system by a TLR-2 deficiency may contribute to the development and/or pathophysiology of schizophrenia-like behaviors via Akt-GSK-3α/β signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Jin Park
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Jee Youn Lee
- Age-Related and Brain Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Sang Jeong Kim
- Department of Physiology, Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Se-Young Choi
- Department of Physiology and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul 110-749, Korea
| | - Tae Young Yune
- 1] Age-Related and Brain Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea [2] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Jong Hoon Ryu
- 1] Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea [2] Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
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117
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Nakamoto FK, Tsutsumiuchi M, Maeda MH, Uesaka Y, Takeda K. Memory impairment following right cerebellar infarction: a case study. Neurocase 2015; 21:660-4. [PMID: 25350282 DOI: 10.1080/13554794.2014.969277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We reported a patient with a right cerebellar infarction who showed anterograde amnesia. Cognitive dysfunction caused by cerebellar lesions was called cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome, and deactivation of the contralateral prefrontal cortex function due to disconnections of cerebello-cerebral fiber tracts have been hypothesized as mechanism underlying the syndrome. The episodic memory impairment, however, could not be supported by the same mechanism because the prefrontal lesions cannot cause amnesia syndrome. The feature of the impairment of our patient was similar to that of diencephalic amnesia, and a single photon emission computed tomography study showed a relative hypoperfusion in the right cerebellar hemisphere and left anterior thalamus. We considered that the memory deficit was caused by the dysfunction of the thalamus, which is a relay center of the cerebello-cerebral connectivity network.
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Abstract
There is increasing evidence for a cerebellar role in working memory. Clinical research has shown that working memory impairments after cerebellar damage and neuroimaging studies have revealed task-specific activation in the cerebellum during working memory processing. A lateralisation of cerebellar function within working memory has been proposed with the right hemisphere making the greater contribution to verbal processing and the left hemisphere for visuospatial tasks. We used continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) to examine whether differences in post-stimulation performance could be observed based on the cerebellar hemisphere stimulated and the type of data presented. We observed that participants were significantly less accurate on a verbal version of a Sternberg task after stimulation to the right cerebellar hemisphere when compared to left hemisphere stimulation. Performance on a visual Sternberg task was unaffected by stimulation of either hemisphere. We discuss our results in the context of prior studies that have used cerebellar stimulation to investigate working memory and highlight the cerebellar role in phonological encoding.
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119
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Bösche K, Weissenborn K, Christians U, Witzke O, Engler H, Schedlowski M, Hadamitzky M. Neurobehavioral consequences of small molecule-drug immunosuppression. Neuropharmacology 2014; 96:83-93. [PMID: 25529273 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
60 years after the first successful kidney transplantation in humans, transplant patients have decent survival rates owing to a broad spectrum of immunosuppressive medication available today. Not only transplant patients, but also patients with inflammatory autoimmune diseases or cancer benefit from these life-saving immunosuppressive and anti-proliferative medications. However, this success is gained with the disadvantage of neuropsychological disturbances and mental health problems such as depression, anxiety and impaired quality of life after long-term treatment with immunosuppressive drugs. So far, surprisingly little is known about unwanted neuropsychological side effects of immunosuppressants and anti-proliferative drugs from the group of so called small molecule-drugs. This is partly due to the fact that it is difficult to disentangle whether and to what extent the observed neuropsychiatric disturbances are a direct result of the patient's medical history or of the immunosuppressive treatment. Thus, here we summarize experimental as well as clinical data of mammalian and human studies, with the focus on selected small-molecule drugs that are frequently employed in solid organ transplantation, autoimmune disorders or cancer therapy and their effects on neuropsychological functions, mood, and behavior. These data reveal the necessity to develop immunosuppressive and anti-proliferative drugs inducing fewer or no unwanted neuropsychological side effects, thereby increasing the quality of life in patients requiring long term immunosuppressive treatment. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Neuroimmunology and Synaptic Function'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Bösche
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital, Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122 Essen, Germany.
| | - Karin Weissenborn
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Uwe Christians
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Oliver Witzke
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Harald Engler
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital, Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Manfred Schedlowski
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital, Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Martin Hadamitzky
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital, Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122 Essen, Germany.
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Increased neural activity during overt and continuous semantic verbal fluency in major depression: mainly a failure to deactivate. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2014; 264:631-45. [PMID: 24557502 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-014-0491-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Major depression is associated with impairments in semantic verbal fluency (VF). However, the neural correlates underlying dysfunctional cognitive processing in depressed subjects during the production of semantic category members still remain unclear. In the current study, an overt and continuous semantic VF paradigm was used to examine these mechanisms in a representative sample of 33 patients diagnosed with a current episode of unipolar depression and 33 statistically matched healthy controls. Subjects articulated words in response to semantic category cues while brain activity was measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Compared to controls, patients showed poorer task performance. On the neural level, a group by condition interaction analysis, corrected for task performance, revealed a reduced task-related deactivation in patients in the right parahippocampal gyrus, the right fusiform gyrus, and the right supplementary motor area. An additional and an increased task-related activation in patients were observed in the right precentral gyrus and the left cerebellum, respectively. These results indicate that a failure to suppress potentially interfering activity from inferior temporal regions involved in default-mode network functions and visual imagery, accompanied by an enhanced recruitment of areas implicated in speech initiation and higher-order language processes, may underlie dysfunctional cognitive processing during semantic VF in depression. The finding that patients with depression demonstrated both decreased performance and aberrant brain activation during the current semantic VF task demonstrates that this paradigm is a sensitive tool for assessing brain dysfunctions in clinical populations.
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121
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Elevated 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in the Engrailed-2 (EN-2) promoter is associated with increased gene expression and decreased MeCP2 binding in autism cerebellum. Transl Psychiatry 2014; 4:e460. [PMID: 25290267 PMCID: PMC4350522 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2014.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms regulate programmed gene expression during prenatal neurogenesis and serve as a mediator between genetics and environment in postnatal life. The recent discovery of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC), with highest concentration in the brain, has added a new dimension to epigenetic regulation of neurogenesis and the development of complex behavior disorders. Here, we take a candidate gene approach to define the role 5-hmC in Engrailed-2 (EN-2) gene expression in the autism cerebellum. The EN-2 homeobox transcription factor, previously implicated in autism, is essential for normal cerebellar patterning and development. We previously reported EN-2 overexpression associated with promoter DNA hypermethylation in the autism cerebellum but because traditional DNA methylation methodology cannot distinguish 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) from 5-hmC, we now extend our investigation by quantifying global and gene-specific 5-mC and 5-hmC. Globally, 5-hmC was significantly increased in the autism cerebellum and accompanied by increases in the expression of de novo methyltransferases DNMT3A and DNMT3B, ten-eleven translocase genes TET1 and TET3, and in 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG) content, a marker of oxidative DNA damage. Within the EN-2 promoter, there was a significant positive correlation between 5-hmC content and EN-2 gene expression. Based on reports of reduced MeCP2 affinity for 5-hmC, MeCP2 binding studies in the EN-2 promoter revealed a significant decrease in repressive MeCP2 binding that may contribute to the aberrant overexpression of EN-2. Because normal cerebellar development depends on perinatal EN-2 downregulation, the sustained postnatal overexpression suggests that a critical window of cerebellar development may have been missed in some individuals with autism with downstream developmental consequences. Epigenetic regulation of the programmed on-off switches in gene expression that occur at birth and during early brain development warrants further investigation.
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122
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Grimaldi G, Argyropoulos GP, Boehringer A, Celnik P, Edwards MJ, Ferrucci R, Galea JM, Groiss SJ, Hiraoka K, Kassavetis P, Lesage E, Manto M, Miall RC, Priori A, Sadnicka A, Ugawa Y, Ziemann U. Non-invasive cerebellar stimulation--a consensus paper. THE CEREBELLUM 2014; 13:121-38. [PMID: 23943521 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-013-0514-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The field of neurostimulation of the cerebellum either with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS; single pulse or repetitive (rTMS)) or transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS; anodal or cathodal) is gaining popularity in the scientific community, in particular because these stimulation techniques are non-invasive and provide novel information on cerebellar functions. There is a consensus amongst the panel of experts that both TMS and tDCS can effectively influence cerebellar functions, not only in the motor domain, with effects on visually guided tracking tasks, motor surround inhibition, motor adaptation and learning, but also for the cognitive and affective operations handled by the cerebro-cerebellar circuits. Verbal working memory, semantic associations and predictive language processing are amongst these operations. Both TMS and tDCS modulate the connectivity between the cerebellum and the primary motor cortex, tuning cerebellar excitability. Cerebellar TMS is an effective and valuable method to evaluate the cerebello-thalamo-cortical loop functions and for the study of the pathophysiology of ataxia. In most circumstances, DCS induces a polarity-dependent site-specific modulation of cerebellar activity. Paired associative stimulation of the cerebello-dentato-thalamo-M1 pathway can induce bidirectional long-term spike-timing-dependent plasticity-like changes of corticospinal excitability. However, the panel of experts considers that several important issues still remain unresolved and require further research. In particular, the role of TMS in promoting cerebellar plasticity is not established. Moreover, the exact positioning of electrode stimulation and the duration of the after effects of tDCS remain unclear. Future studies are required to better define how DCS over particular regions of the cerebellum affects individual cerebellar symptoms, given the topographical organization of cerebellar symptoms. The long-term neural consequences of non-invasive cerebellar modulation are also unclear. Although there is an agreement that the clinical applications in cerebellar disorders are likely numerous, it is emphasized that rigorous large-scale clinical trials are missing. Further studies should be encouraged to better clarify the role of using non-invasive neurostimulation techniques over the cerebellum in motor, cognitive and psychiatric rehabilitation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Grimaldi
- Unité d'Etude du Mouvement, Hôpital Erasme-ULB, 808 Route de Lennik, 1070, Brussels, Belgium,
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Cerebellar integrity in the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-frontotemporal dementia continuum. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105632. [PMID: 25144223 PMCID: PMC4140802 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) are multisystem neurodegenerative disorders that manifest overlapping cognitive, neuropsychiatric and motor features. The cerebellum has long been known to be crucial for intact motor function although emerging evidence over the past decade has attributed cognitive and neuropsychiatric processes to this structure. The current study set out i) to establish the integrity of cerebellar subregions in the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia spectrum (ALS-bvFTD) and ii) determine whether specific cerebellar atrophy regions are associated with cognitive, neuropsychiatric and motor symptoms in the patients. Seventy-eight patients diagnosed with ALS, ALS-bvFTD, behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), most without C9ORF72 gene abnormalities, and healthy controls were investigated. Participants underwent cognitive, neuropsychiatric and functional evaluation as well as structural imaging using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to examine the grey matter subregions of the cerebellar lobules, vermis and crus. VBM analyses revealed: i) significant grey matter atrophy in the cerebellum across the whole ALS-bvFTD continuum; ii) atrophy predominantly of the superior cerebellum and crus in bvFTD patients, atrophy of the inferior cerebellum and vermis in ALS patients, while ALS-bvFTD patients had both patterns of atrophy. Post-hoc covariance analyses revealed that cognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms were particularly associated with atrophy of the crus and superior lobule, while motor symptoms were more associated with atrophy of the inferior lobules. Taken together, these findings indicate an important role of the cerebellum in the ALS-bvFTD disease spectrum, with all three clinical phenotypes demonstrating specific patterns of subregional atrophy that associated with different symptomology.
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124
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Deer TR, Krames E, Mekhail N, Pope J, Leong M, Stanton-Hicks M, Golovac S, Kapural L, Alo K, Anderson J, Foreman RD, Caraway D, Narouze S, Linderoth B, Buvanendran A, Feler C, Poree L, Lynch P, McJunkin T, Swing T, Staats P, Liem L, Williams K. The Appropriate Use of Neurostimulation: New and Evolving Neurostimulation Therapies and Applicable Treatment for Chronic Pain and Selected Disease States. Neuromodulation 2014; 17:599-615; discussion 615. [DOI: 10.1111/ner.12204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nagy Mekhail
- University of Kentucky-Lexington; Lexington KY USA
| | - Jason Pope
- Center for Pain Relief; Charleston WV USA
| | | | | | | | - Leo Kapural
- Carolinas Pain Institute at Brookstown; Wake Forest Baptist Health; Winston-Salem NC USA
| | - Ken Alo
- The Methodist Hospital Research Institute; Houston TX USA
- Monterey Technical Institute; Monterey Mexico
| | | | - Robert D. Foreman
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, College of Medicine; Oklahoma City OK USA
| | - David Caraway
- Center for Pain Relief, Tri-State, LLC; Huntington WV USA
| | - Samer Narouze
- Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Neurological Surgery; Summa Western Reserve Hospital; Cuyahoga Falls OH USA
| | - Bengt Linderoth
- Functional Neurosurgery and Applied Neuroscience Research Unit, Karolinska Institute; Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| | | | - Claudio Feler
- University of Tennessee; Memphis TN USA
- Valley View Hospital; Glenwood Springs CO USA
| | - Lawrence Poree
- University of California at San Francisco; San Francisco CA USA
- Pain Clinic of Monterey Bay; Aptos CA
| | - Paul Lynch
- Arizona Pain Specialists; Scottsdale AZ USA
| | | | - Ted Swing
- Arizona Pain Specialists; Scottsdale AZ USA
| | - Peter Staats
- Premier Pain Management Centers; Shrewsbury NJ USA
- Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore MD USA
| | - Liong Liem
- St. Antonius Hospital; Nieuwegein The Netherlands
| | - Kayode Williams
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and Carey Business School; Baltimore MD USA
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125
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Li F, He N, Li Y, Chen L, Huang X, Lui S, Guo L, Kemp GJ, Gong Q. Intrinsic brain abnormalities in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a resting-state functional MR imaging study. Radiology 2014; 272:514-523. [PMID: 24785156 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.14131622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore alterations of regional and network-level neural function using resting-state functional magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and to assess the association between these alterations of intrinsic neural activity and executive dysfunction in ADHD. MATERIALS AND METHODS This prospective study was approved by the local ethical committee, and written informed consent was obtained from guardians of all participants. Thirty-three boys with ADHD who were not receiving medication and who were without comorbidity (aged 6-16 years) and 32 healthy control subjects (aged 8-16 years) underwent imaging by using resting-state functional MR imaging. Amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) and seed-based functional connectivity (FC) were calculated to examine regional neural function and functional integration, respectively, and were compared between patients and control subjects by using the voxel-based two-sample t test, while Pearson correlation analyses were performed to identify neural correlates of executive function measured with the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and the Stroop Color-Word Test. RESULTS Relative to healthy control subjects, patients with ADHD showed impaired executive function (P < .05), along with the following: lower ALFF in the left orbitofrontal cortex (P = .004) and the left ventral superior frontal gyrus (P = .003); higher ALFF in the left globus pallidus (P = .004), the right globus pallidus (P = .002), and the right dorsal superior frontal gyrus (P = .025); lower long-range FC in the frontoparietal and frontocerebellar networks; and higher FC in the frontostriatal circuit that correlated across subjects with ADHD with the degree of executive dysfunction (P < .05). CONCLUSION These findings of focal spontaneous hyper- and hypofunction, together with altered brain connectivity in the large-scale resting-state networks, which correlates with executive dysfunction, point to a connectivity-based pathophysiologic process in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- From the Huaxi MR Research Center, Department of Radiology (F.L., L.C., X.H., S.L., Q.G.), and Department of Psychiatry, the State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy (N.H., Y.L., L.G.), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China; and Magnetic Resonance and Image Analysis Research Centre and Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England (G.J.K.)
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126
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Tomlinson SP, Davis NJ, Morgan HM, Bracewell RM. Cerebellar contributions to spatial memory. Neurosci Lett 2014; 578:182-6. [PMID: 25004407 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
There is mounting evidence for a role for the cerebellum in working memory (WM). The majority of relevant studies has examined verbal WM and has suggested specialisation of the right cerebellar hemisphere for language processing. Our study used theta burst stimulation (TBS) to examine whether there is a converse cerebellar hemispheric specialisation for spatial WM. We conducted two experiments to examine spatial WM performance before and after TBS to mid-hemispheric and lateral locations in the posterior cerebellum. Participants were required to recall the order of presentation of targets on a screen or the targets' order of presentation and their locations. We observed impaired recollection of target order after TBS to the mid left cerebellar hemisphere and reduced response speed after TBS to the left lateral cerebellum. We suggest that these results give evidence of the contributions of the left cerebellar cortex to the encoding and retrieval of spatial information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon P Tomlinson
- School of Psychology, Bangor University, Brigantia Building, Penrallt Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2AS, United Kingdom.
| | - Nick J Davis
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Helen M Morgan
- School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom
| | - R Martyn Bracewell
- School of Psychology, Bangor University, Brigantia Building, Penrallt Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2AS, United Kingdom; School of Medical Sciences, Bangor University, Brigantia Building, Penrallt Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2AS, United Kingdom
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127
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Derivation of high-resolution MRI atlases of the human cerebellum at 3T and segmentation using multiple automatically generated templates. Neuroimage 2014; 95:217-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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128
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Glutamate and GABA-Metabolizing Enzymes in Post-mortem Cerebellum in Alzheimer’s Disease: Phosphate-Activated Glutaminase and Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase. THE CEREBELLUM 2014; 13:607-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s12311-014-0573-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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129
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Wong LM, Goodrich-Hunsaker NJ, McLennan Y, Tassone F, Zhang M, Rivera SM, Simon TJ. Eye movements reveal impaired inhibitory control in adult male fragile X premutation carriers asymptomatic for FXTAS. Neuropsychology 2014; 28:571-584. [PMID: 24773414 DOI: 10.1037/neu0000066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fragile X premutation carriers (fXPCs) have an expansion of 55-200 CGG repeats in the FMR1 gene. Male fXPCs are at risk for developing a neurodegenerative motor disorder (FXTAS) often accompanied by inhibitory control impairments, even in fXPCs without motor symptoms. Inhibitory control impairments might precede, and thus indicate elevated risk for motor impairment associated with FXTAS. We tested whether inhibitory impairments are observable in fXPCs by assessing oculomotor performance. METHOD Participants were males aged 18-48 years asymptomatic for FXTAS. FXPCs (n = 21) and healthy age-matched controls (n = 22) performed four oculomotor tasks. In a Fixation task, participants fixated on a central cross and maintained gaze position when a peripheral stimulus appeared. In a Pursuit task, participants maintained gaze on a square moving at constant velocity. In a Prosaccade task, participants fixated on a central cross, then looked at a peripheral stimulus. An Antisaccade task was identical to the Prosaccade task, except participants looked in the direction opposite the stimulus. Inhibitory cost was the difference in saccade latency between the Antisaccade and Prosaccade tasks. RESULTS Relative to controls, fXPCs had longer saccade latency in the Antisaccade task. In fXPCs, inhibitory cost was positively associated with vermis area in lobules VI-VII. CONCLUSION Antisaccades require inhibitory control to inhibit reflexive eye movements. We found that eye movements are sensitive to impaired inhibitory control in fXPCs asymptomatic for FXTAS. Thus, eye movements may be useful in assessing FXTAS risk or disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling M Wong
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis Medical Center
| | | | - Yingratana McLennan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis Medical Center
| | - Flora Tassone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis Medical Center
| | - Melody Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis
| | - Susan M Rivera
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis
| | - Tony J Simon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis Medical Center
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130
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Allen PA, Houston JR, Pollock JW, Buzzelli C, Li X, Harrington AK, Martin BA, Loth F, Lien MC, Maleki J, Luciano MG. Task-specific and general cognitive effects in Chiari malformation type I. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94844. [PMID: 24736676 PMCID: PMC3988081 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our objective was to use episodic memory and executive function tests to determine whether or not Chiari Malformation Type I (CM) patients experience cognitive dysfunction. BACKGROUND CM is a neurological syndrome in which the cerebellum descends into the cervical spine causing neural compression, severe headaches, neck pain, and number of other physical symptoms. While primarily a disorder of the cervico-medullary junction, both clinicians and researchers have suspected deficits in higher-level cognitive function. DESIGN AND METHODS We tested 24 CM patients who had undergone decompression neurosurgery and 24 age- and education-matched controls on measures of immediate and delayed episodic memory, as well as three measures of executive function. RESULTS The CM group showed performance decrements relative to the controls in response inhibition (Stroop interference), working memory computational speed (Ospan), and processing speed (automated digit symbol substitution task), but group differences in recall did not reach statistical significance. After statistical control for depression and anxiety scores, the group effects for working memory and processing speed were eliminated, but not for response inhibition. This response inhibition difference was not due to overall general slowing for the CM group, either, because when controls' data were transformed using the linear function fit to all of the reaction time tasks, the interaction with group remained statistically significant. Furthermore, there was a multivariate group effect for all of the response time measures and immediate and delayed recall after statistical control of depression and anxiety scores. CONCLUSION These results suggest that CM patients with decompression surgery exhibit cognitive dysfunction compared to age- and education-matched controls. While some of these results may be related to anxiety and depression (likely proxies for chronic pain), response inhibition effects, in particular, as well as a general cognitive deficit persisted even after control for anxiety and decompression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A. Allen
- Department of Psychology, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, United States of America
- Conquer Chiari Research Center, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, United States of America
| | - James R. Houston
- Department of Psychology, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Joshua W. Pollock
- Department of Psychology, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, United States of America
- Conquer Chiari Research Center, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Christopher Buzzelli
- Department of Psychology, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Xuan Li
- Department of Psychology, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, United States of America
| | | | - Bryn A. Martin
- Conquer Chiari Research Center, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Francis Loth
- Conquer Chiari Research Center, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mei-Ching Lien
- School of Psychological Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jahangir Maleki
- Neurological Center for Pain, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mark G. Luciano
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
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131
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A hypothetical universal model of cerebellar function: reconsideration of the current dogma. THE CEREBELLUM 2014; 12:758-72. [PMID: 23584616 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-013-0477-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellum is commonly studied in the context of the classical eyeblink conditioning model, which attributes an adaptive motor function to cerebellar learning processes. This model of cerebellar function has quite a few shortcomings and may in fact be somewhat deficient in explaining the myriad functions attributed to the cerebellum, functions ranging from motor sequencing to emotion and cognition. The involvement of the cerebellum in these motor and non-motor functions has been demonstrated in both animals and humans in electrophysiological, behavioral, tracing, functional neuroimaging, and PET studies, as well as in clinical human case studies. A closer look at the cerebellum's evolutionary origin provides a clue to its underlying purpose as a tool which evolved to aid predation rather than as a tool for protection. Based upon this evidence, an alternative model of cerebellar function is proposed, one which might more comprehensively account both for the cerebellum's involvement in a myriad of motor, affective, and cognitive functions and for the relative simplicity and ubiquitous repetitiveness of its circuitry. This alternative model suggests that the cerebellum has the ability to detect coincidences of events, be they sensory, motor, affective, or cognitive in nature, and, after having learned to associate these, it can then trigger (or "mirror") these events after having temporally adjusted their onset based on positive/negative reinforcement. The model also provides for the cerebellum's direction of the proper and uninterrupted sequence of events resulting from this learning through the inhibition of efferent structures (as demonstrated in our lab).
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132
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Heck A, Fastenrath M, Ackermann S, Auschra B, Bickel H, Coynel D, Gschwind L, Jessen F, Kaduszkiewicz H, Maier W, Milnik A, Pentzek M, Riedel-Heller SG, Ripke S, Spalek K, Sullivan P, Vogler C, Wagner M, Weyerer S, Wolfsgruber S, de Quervain DJF, Papassotiropoulos A. Converging genetic and functional brain imaging evidence links neuronal excitability to working memory, psychiatric disease, and brain activity. Neuron 2014; 81:1203-1213. [PMID: 24529980 PMCID: PMC4205276 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Working memory, the capacity of actively maintaining task-relevant information during a cognitive task, is a heritable trait. Working memory deficits are characteristic for many psychiatric disorders. We performed genome-wide gene set enrichment analyses in multiple independent data sets of young and aged cognitively healthy subjects (n = 2,824) and in a large schizophrenia case-control sample (n = 32,143). The voltage-gated cation channel activity gene set, consisting of genes related to neuronal excitability, was robustly linked to performance in working memory-related tasks across ages and to schizophrenia. Functional brain imaging in 707 healthy participants linked this gene set also to working memory-related activity in the parietal cortex and the cerebellum. Gene set analyses may help to dissect the molecular underpinnings of cognitive dimensions, brain activity, and psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Heck
- Division of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland; Psychiatric University Clinics, University of Basel, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Matthias Fastenrath
- Division of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland; Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Ackermann
- Division of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bianca Auschra
- Division of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Horst Bickel
- Department of Psychiatry, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Munich, Germany
| | - David Coynel
- Division of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland; Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Leo Gschwind
- Division of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland; Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Frank Jessen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany; DZNE, German Center for Neurogenerative Diseases, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Hanna Kaduszkiewicz
- Department of Primary Medical Care, Center of Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Maier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany; DZNE, German Center for Neurogenerative Diseases, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Annette Milnik
- Division of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland; Psychiatric University Clinics, University of Basel, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Pentzek
- Institute of General Practice, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Steffi G Riedel-Heller
- Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephan Ripke
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Klara Spalek
- Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Sullivan
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7264, USA
| | - Christian Vogler
- Division of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland; Psychiatric University Clinics, University of Basel, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Wagner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany; DZNE, German Center for Neurogenerative Diseases, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Steffen Wolfsgruber
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany; DZNE, German Center for Neurogenerative Diseases, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Dominique J-F de Quervain
- Psychiatric University Clinics, University of Basel, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland; Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland; Transfaculty Research Platform, University of Basel, CH-4012 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Papassotiropoulos
- Division of Molecular Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland; Psychiatric University Clinics, University of Basel, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland; Department Biozentrum, Life Sciences Training Facility, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland; Transfaculty Research Platform, University of Basel, CH-4012 Basel, Switzerland.
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Ferrucci R, Brunoni AR, Parazzini M, Vergari M, Rossi E, Fumagalli M, Mameli F, Rosa M, Giannicola G, Zago S, Priori A. Modulating human procedural learning by cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation. THE CEREBELLUM 2014; 12:485-92. [PMID: 23328908 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-012-0436-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Neuroimaging studies suggest that the cerebellum contributes to human cognitive processing, particularly procedural learning. This type of learning is often described as implicit learning and involves automatic, associative, and unintentional learning processes. Our aim was to investigate whether cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) influences procedural learning as measured by the serial reaction time task (SRTT), in which subjects make speeded key press responses to visual cues. A preliminary modeling study demonstrated that our electrode montage (active electrode over the cerebellum with an extra-cephalic reference) generated the maximum electric field amplitude in the cerebellum. We enrolled 21 healthy subjects (aged 20-49 years). Participants did the SRTT, a visual analogue scale and a visual attention task, before and 35 min after receiving 20-min anodal and sham cerebellar tDCS in a randomized order. To avoid carry-over effects, experimental sessions were held at least 1 week apart. For our primary outcome measure (difference in RTs for random and repeated blocks) anodal versus sham tDCS, RTs were significantly slower for sham tDCS than for anodal cerebellar tDCS (p = 0.04), demonstrating that anodal tDCS influenced implicit learning processes. When we assessed RTs for procedural learning across the one to eight blocks, we found that RTs changed significantly after anodal stimulation (interaction "time" × "blocks 1/8": anodal, p = 0.006), but after sham tDCS, they remained unchanged (p = 0.094). No significant changes were found in the other variables assessed. Our finding that anodal cerebellar tDCS improves an implicit learning type essential to the development of several motor skills or cognitive activity suggests that the cerebellum has a critical role in procedural learning. tDCS could be a new tool for improving procedural learning in daily life in healthy subjects and for correcting abnormal learning in neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Ferrucci
- Centro Clinico per la Neurostimolazione, le Neurotecnologie ed i Disordini del Movimento, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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134
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Cognitive and emotional deficits in chronic alcoholics: a role for the cerebellum? THE CEREBELLUM 2014; 12:520-33. [PMID: 23436003 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-013-0461-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
It is now widely accepted that in addition to motor coordination, the cerebellum is also involved in the modulation of cognitive and affective processes. Despite alcoholic cerebellar degeneration (ACD) being the most common form of cerebellar disorder, little systematic investigation of cerebellar-mediated cognitive and affective deficits has occurred in chronic alcoholics. Forty-nine chronic alcoholics and 29 healthy control participants underwent testing of cognitive and affective function, along with measurement of cerebellar ataxia using the International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale (Trouillas et al., Journal of the Neurological Sciences 145:205-11, 1997). The alcoholic group demonstrated significantly poorer performance as compared to the control group in a number of domains, including visuospatial and language skills, psychomotor speed, new learning and memory, executive functioning, and emotional regulation and affect processing. There were no differences between the alcoholic and control groups in immediate attention and working memory abilities. Years of heavy drinking and total period of abstinence were found to be the best predictors of cognitive and emotional function in the alcoholic group. After accounting for alcohol chronicity, there was still a relationship between the degree of clinical signs of ACD and some areas of cognitive and emotional functioning, including language, executive functioning, processing speed and affect processing. The results suggest that some of the cognitive and affective deficits observed in chronic alcoholics may be mediated, at least in part, by cerebellar dysfunction. These findings add support to the theory of disruption to bidirectional cerebro-cerebellar circuitry underlying cognitive and affective deficits in chronic alcoholics.
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135
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Cerebellar morphology and the effects of stimulant medications in youths with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:718-26. [PMID: 24077064 PMCID: PMC3895250 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellum is emerging as a key anatomical structure underlying normal attentional and cognitive control mechanisms. Dysregulation within cerebellar circuits may contribute to the core symptoms of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). In the present study we aimed to characterize surface morphological features of the cerebellum in ADHD and healthy comparison youths. Further, we studied the association of cerebellar morphology with the severity of ADHD symptoms and the effects of stimulant treatment. We examined 46 youths with ADHD and 59 comparison youths 8-18 years of age in a cross-sectional, case-control study using magnetic resonance imaging. Measures of cerebellar surface morphology were the primary outcome. Relative to comparison participants, youths with ADHD exhibited smaller regional volumes corresponding to the lateral surface of the left anterior and the right posterior cerebellar hemispheres. Stimulant medication was associated with larger regional volumes over the left cerebellar surface, whereas more severe ADHD symptoms were associated with smaller regional volumes in the vermis. We used optimized measures of morphology to detect alterations in cerebellar anatomy specific to ADHD, dimensions of symptomology, and stimulant treatment. Duration of treatment correlated positively with volumes of specific cerebellar subregions, supporting a model whereby compensatory morphological changes support the effects of stimulant treatment.
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136
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Papadopoulos N, Rinehart N, Bradshaw JL, McGinley JL. Brief report: children with ADHD without co-morbid autism do not have impaired motor proficiency on the movement assessment battery for children. J Autism Dev Disord 2014; 43:1477-82. [PMID: 23100051 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-012-1687-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Motor proficiency was investigated in a sample of children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder-Combined type (ADHD-CT) without autism. Accounting for the influence of co-morbid autistic symptoms in ADHD motor studies is vital given that motor impairment has been linked to social-communication symptoms in children who have co-morbid ADHD and autistic-like symptoms. Two groups of children aged between 7-14 years were recruited; children with ADHD-CT (n = 16; mean age 10 years, 7 months [SD = 1 year, 10 months]) and a typically developing (n = 16; mean age 10 years, 6 months [SD = 2 years, 6 months]) group. Motor proficiency was measured using the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2nd Edition, ADHD symptoms were measured using the Conner's Parent Rating Scale. Children with ADHD-CT who had been screened for co-morbid autism did not display motor difficulties on the MABC-2. Higher levels of inattention, but not hyperactivity or impulsivity were associated with poorer motor performance. These findings provide indirect evidence that the motor problems that children with ADHD experience may be related to co-occurring social responsiveness impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Papadopoulos
- Centre for Developmental Psychiatry and Psychology, School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Monash University, Building 1, 270 Ferntree Gully Road Notting hill, Melbourne, VIC, 3168, Australia.
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137
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Akakin A, Peris-Celda M, Kilic T, Seker A, Gutierrez-Martin A, Rhoton A. The Dentate Nucleus and Its Projection System in the Human Cerebellum. Neurosurgery 2014; 74:401-24; discussion 424-5. [DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000000293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND:
Neurosurgical management of cerebellar lesions remains challenging. Thus, it is important to have sound knowledge of the microsurgical anatomy of the cerebellum and dentate nucleus (DN) and to define different types of exposure in a variety of surgical interventions.
OBJECTIVE:
To examine the anatomy of the DN from a neurosurgical viewpoint using fiber tracking techniques.
METHODS:
Ten formalin-fixed human hemispheres were dissected with the Ludwig and Klingler fiber dissection technique under × 6 to × 40 magnification. Anatomic images were created with 3-dimensional diffusion tensor imaging. The relationships of the DN to tentorium and suboccipital and lateral surfaces of the cerebellum and its spatial positioning relative to different surgical approaches in the cerebellum and fourth ventricle were examined. The fiber tracts terminating at and surrounding the DN were defined.
RESULTS:
The DN is at greater risk of being injured in the transvermian and supratonsillar approaches to the cerebellum and fourth ventricle, with lesser risk in the telovelar and subtonsillar approaches. Superior approaches are safer compared with other approaches.
CONCLUSION:
The DN represents an important anatomic structure in surgical interventions involving the posterior fossa, particularly in the elderly because of the common occurrence of atrophy-related problems in this age group. Functionally and anatomically, the DN is closely related to the superior and middle cerebellar peduncles. The inferior cerebellar peduncle poses positional risks because it follows an anterior and superior course relative to the DN. The telovelar approach is a safer procedure for interventions involving the pathological lesions of the fourth ventricle floor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akin Akakin
- University of Florida, College of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Neuroanatomy Laboratory, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Maria Peris-Celda
- University of Florida, College of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Neuroanatomy Laboratory, Gainesville, Florida
- La Fe University Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Valencia, Spain
| | - Turker Kilic
- Bahcesehir University, College of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Askin Seker
- University of Florida, College of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Neuroanatomy Laboratory, Gainesville, Florida
| | | | - Albert Rhoton
- University of Florida, College of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Neuroanatomy Laboratory, Gainesville, Florida
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138
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Zhubi A, Cook EH, Guidotti A, Grayson DR. Epigenetic Mechanisms in Autism Spectrum Disorder. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2014; 115:203-44. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801311-3.00006-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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139
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Konicarova J, Bob P, Raboch J. Balance deficits and ADHD symptoms in medication-naïve school-aged boys. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2014; 10:85-8. [PMID: 24476629 PMCID: PMC3896312 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s56017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Functional disturbances developed early in life include balance deficits which are linked to dysfunctions of higher levels of cognitive and motor integration. According to our knowledge, there are only a few studies suggesting that balance deficits are related to behavioral disturbances in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS We tested the extent to which balance deficits were related to ADHD symptoms in 35 medication-naïve boys of school age (8-11 years) and compared the results with a control group of 30 boys of the same age. RESULTS ADHD symptoms in medication-naïve boys had specific relationships to disturbances of postural and gait balance. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this study provides the first evidence in the medical literature for a direct relationship between ADHD symptoms and balance deficits, that cannot be attributed to medication and the presence of any neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Konicarova
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Rsearch of Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry and UHSL, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Bob
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Rsearch of Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry and UHSL, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic ; Central European Institute of Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Raboch
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Rsearch of Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry and UHSL, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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140
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Cerebellar dentate nuclei lesions alter prefrontal cortex dendritic spine morphology. Brain Res 2014; 1544:15-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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141
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Lionel AC, Tammimies K, Vaags AK, Rosenfeld JA, Ahn JW, Merico D, Noor A, Runke CK, Pillalamarri VK, Carter MT, Gazzellone MJ, Thiruvahindrapuram B, Fagerberg C, Laulund LW, Pellecchia G, Lamoureux S, Deshpande C, Clayton-Smith J, White AC, Leather S, Trounce J, Melanie Bedford H, Hatchwell E, Eis PS, Yuen RKC, Walker S, Uddin M, Geraghty MT, Nikkel SM, Tomiak EM, Fernandez BA, Soreni N, Crosbie J, Arnold PD, Schachar RJ, Roberts W, Paterson AD, So J, Szatmari P, Chrysler C, Woodbury-Smith M, Brian Lowry R, Zwaigenbaum L, Mandyam D, Wei J, Macdonald JR, Howe JL, Nalpathamkalam T, Wang Z, Tolson D, Cobb DS, Wilks TM, Sorensen MJ, Bader PI, An Y, Wu BL, Musumeci SA, Romano C, Postorivo D, Nardone AM, Monica MD, Scarano G, Zoccante L, Novara F, Zuffardi O, Ciccone R, Antona V, Carella M, Zelante L, Cavalli P, Poggiani C, Cavallari U, Argiropoulos B, Chernos J, Brasch-Andersen C, Speevak M, Fichera M, Ogilvie CM, Shen Y, Hodge JC, Talkowski ME, Stavropoulos DJ, Marshall CR, Scherer SW. Disruption of the ASTN2/TRIM32 locus at 9q33.1 is a risk factor in males for autism spectrum disorders, ADHD and other neurodevelopmental phenotypes. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 23:2752-68. [PMID: 24381304 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rare copy number variants (CNVs) disrupting ASTN2 or both ASTN2 and TRIM32 have been reported at 9q33.1 by genome-wide studies in a few individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). The vertebrate-specific astrotactins, ASTN2 and its paralog ASTN1, have key roles in glial-guided neuronal migration during brain development. To determine the prevalence of astrotactin mutations and delineate their associated phenotypic spectrum, we screened ASTN2/TRIM32 and ASTN1 (1q25.2) for exonic CNVs in clinical microarray data from 89 985 individuals across 10 sites, including 64 114 NDD subjects. In this clinical dataset, we identified 46 deletions and 12 duplications affecting ASTN2. Deletions of ASTN1 were much rarer. Deletions near the 3' terminus of ASTN2, which would disrupt all transcript isoforms (a subset of these deletions also included TRIM32), were significantly enriched in the NDD subjects (P = 0.002) compared with 44 085 population-based controls. Frequent phenotypes observed in individuals with such deletions include autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), speech delay, anxiety and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). The 3'-terminal ASTN2 deletions were significantly enriched compared with controls in males with NDDs, but not in females. Upon quantifying ASTN2 human brain RNA, we observed shorter isoforms expressed from an alternative transcription start site of recent evolutionary origin near the 3' end. Spatiotemporal expression profiling in the human brain revealed consistently high ASTN1 expression while ASTN2 expression peaked in the early embryonic neocortex and postnatal cerebellar cortex. Our findings shed new light on the role of the astrotactins in psychopathology and their interplay in human neurodevelopment.
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142
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Diaz MR, Vollmer CC, Zamudio-Bulcock PA, Vollmer W, Blomquist SL, Morton RA, Everett JC, Zurek AA, Yu J, Orser BA, Valenzuela CF. Repeated intermittent alcohol exposure during the third trimester-equivalent increases expression of the GABA(A) receptor δ subunit in cerebellar granule neurons and delays motor development in rats. Neuropharmacology 2013; 79:262-74. [PMID: 24316160 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to ethanol (EtOH) during fetal development can lead to long-lasting alterations, including deficits in fine motor skills and motor learning. Studies suggest that these are, in part, a consequence of cerebellar damage. Cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) are the gateway of information into the cerebellar cortex. Functionally, CGNs are heavily regulated by phasic and tonic GABAergic inhibition from Golgi cell interneurons; however, the effect of EtOH exposure on the development of GABAergic transmission in immature CGNs has not been investigated. To model EtOH exposure during the 3rd trimester-equivalent of human pregnancy, neonatal pups were exposed intermittently to high levels of vaporized EtOH from postnatal day (P) 2 to P12. This exposure gradually increased pup serum EtOH concentrations (SECs) to ∼60 mM (∼0.28 g/dl) during the 4 h of exposure. EtOH levels gradually decreased to baseline 8 h after the end of exposure. Surprisingly, basal tonic and phasic GABAergic currents in CGNs were not significantly affected by postnatal alcohol exposure (PAE). However, PAE increased δ subunit expression at P28 as detected by immunohistochemical and western blot analyses. Also, electrophysiological studies with an agonist that is highly selective for δ-containing GABA(A) receptors, 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo[4,5-c]pyridine-3-ol (THIP), showed an increase in THIP-induced tonic current. Behavioral studies of PAE rats did not reveal any deficits in motor coordination, except for a delay in the acquisition of the mid-air righting reflex that was apparent at P15 to P18. These findings demonstrate that repeated intermittent exposure to high levels of EtOH during the equivalent of the last trimester of human pregnancy has significant but relatively subtle effects on motor coordination and GABAergic transmission in CGNs in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin R Diaz
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Cyndel C Vollmer
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Paula A Zamudio-Bulcock
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - William Vollmer
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Samantha L Blomquist
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Russell A Morton
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Julie C Everett
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Agnieszka A Zurek
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jieying Yu
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Beverley A Orser
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Anesthesia, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - C Fernando Valenzuela
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
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143
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Gu F, Chauhan V, Chauhan A. Impaired synthesis and antioxidant defense of glutathione in the cerebellum of autistic subjects: alterations in the activities and protein expression of glutathione-related enzymes. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65:488-496. [PMID: 23892356 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with social deficits and behavioral abnormalities. Recent evidence in autism suggests a deficit in glutathione (GSH), a major endogenous antioxidant. It is not known whether the synthesis, consumption, and/or regeneration of GSH is affected in autism. In the cerebellum tissues from autism (n=10) and age-matched control subjects (n=10), the activities of GSH-related enzymes glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL) involved in antioxidant defense, detoxification, GSH regeneration, and synthesis, respectively, were analyzed. GCL is a rate-limiting enzyme for GSH synthesis, and the relationship between its activity and the protein expression of its catalytic subunit GCLC and its modulatory subunit GCLM was also compared between the autistic and the control groups. Results showed that the activities of GPx and GST were significantly decreased in autism compared to that of the control group (P<0.05). Although there was no significant difference in GR activity between autism and control groups, 40% of autistic subjects showed lower GR activity than 95% confidence interval (CI) of the control group. GCL activity was also significantly reduced by 38.7% in the autistic group compared to the control group (P=0.023), and 8 of 10 autistic subjects had values below 95% CI of the control group. The ratio of protein levels of GCLC to GCLM in the autism group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P=0.022), and GCLM protein levels were reduced by 37.3% in the autistic group compared to the control group. A positive strong correlation was observed between GCL activity and protein levels of GCLM (r=0.887) and GCLC (r=0.799) subunits in control subjects but not in autistic subjects, suggesting that regulation of GCL activity is affected in autism. These results suggest that enzymes involved in GSH homeostasis have impaired activities in the cerebellum in autism, and lower GCL activity in autism may be related to decreased protein expression of GCLM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gu
- NYS Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
| | - Ved Chauhan
- NYS Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
| | - Abha Chauhan
- NYS Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA.
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144
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Rao DB, Little PB, Sills R. Subsite awareness in neuropathology evaluation of National Toxicology Program (NTP) studies: a review of select neuroanatomical structures with their functional significance in rodents. Toxicol Pathol 2013; 42:487-509. [PMID: 24135464 PMCID: PMC3965620 DOI: 10.1177/0192623313501893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This review article is designed to serve as an introductory guide in neuroanatomy for toxicologic pathologists evaluating general toxicity studies. The article provides an overview of approximately 50 neuroanatomical subsites and their functional significance across 7 transverse sections of the brain. Also reviewed are 3 sections of the spinal cord, cranial and peripheral nerves (trigeminal and sciatic, respectively), and intestinal autonomic ganglia. The review is limited to the evaluation of hematoxylin and eosin-stained tissue sections, as light microscopic evaluation of these sections is an integral part of the first-tier toxicity screening of environmental chemicals, drugs, and other agents. Prominent neuroanatomical sites associated with major neurological disorders are noted. This guide, when used in conjunction with detailed neuroanatomic atlases, may aid in an understanding of the significance of functional neuroanatomy, thereby improving the characterization of neurotoxicity in general toxicity and safety evaluation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa B. Rao
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Peter B. Little
- Consultant, Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Robert Sills
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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145
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Basson MA, Wingate RJ. Congenital hypoplasia of the cerebellum: developmental causes and behavioral consequences. Front Neuroanat 2013; 7:29. [PMID: 24027500 PMCID: PMC3759752 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2013.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last 60 years, the spotlight of research has periodically returned to the cerebellum as new techniques and insights have emerged. Because of its simple homogeneous structure, limited diversity of cell types and characteristic behavioral pathologies, the cerebellum is a natural home for studies of cell specification, patterning, and neuronal migration. However, recent evidence has extended the traditional range of perceived cerebellar function to include modulation of cognitive processes and implicated cerebellar hypoplasia and Purkinje neuron hypo-cellularity with autistic spectrum disorder. In the light of this emerging frontier, we review the key stages and genetic mechanisms behind cerebellum development. In particular, we discuss the role of the midbrain hindbrain isthmic organizer in the development of the cerebellar vermis and the specification and differentiation of Purkinje cells and granule neurons. These developmental processes are then considered in relation to recent insights into selected human developmental cerebellar defects: Joubert syndrome, Dandy–Walker malformation, and pontocerebellar hypoplasia. Finally, we review current research that opens up the possibility of using the mouse as a genetic model to study the role of the cerebellum in cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Albert Basson
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London London, UK ; Medical Research Council Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London London, UK
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146
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Oostland M, van Hooft J. The role of serotonin in cerebellar development. Neuroscience 2013; 248:201-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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147
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Riva D, Cazzaniga F, Esposito S, Bulgheroni S. Executive Functions and Cerebellar Development in Children. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-CHILD 2013; 2:97-103. [DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2013.791092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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148
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Rayhan RU, Stevens BW, Raksit MP, Ripple JA, Timbol CR, Adewuyi O, VanMeter JW, Baraniuk JN. Exercise challenge in Gulf War Illness reveals two subgroups with altered brain structure and function. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63903. [PMID: 23798990 PMCID: PMC3683000 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly 30% of the approximately 700,000 military personnel who served in Operation Desert Storm (1990-1991) have developed Gulf War Illness, a condition that presents with symptoms such as cognitive impairment, autonomic dysfunction, debilitating fatigue and chronic widespread pain that implicate the central nervous system. A hallmark complaint of subjects with Gulf War Illness is post-exertional malaise; defined as an exacerbation of symptoms following physical and/or mental effort. To study the causal relationship between exercise, the brain, and changes in symptoms, 28 Gulf War veterans and 10 controls completed an fMRI scan before and after two exercise stress tests to investigate serial changes in pain, autonomic function, and working memory. Exercise induced two clinical Gulf War Illness subgroups. One subgroup presented with orthostatic tachycardia (n = 10). This phenotype correlated with brainstem atrophy, baseline working memory compensation in the cerebellar vermis, and subsequent loss of compensation after exercise. The other subgroup developed exercise induced hyperalgesia (n = 18) that was associated with cortical atrophy and baseline working memory compensation in the basal ganglia. Alterations in cognition, brain structure, and symptoms were absent in controls. Our novel findings may provide an understanding of the relationship between the brain and post-exertional malaise in Gulf War Illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakib U Rayhan
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America.
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149
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Cumming TB, Marshall RS, Lazar RM. Stroke, cognitive deficits, and rehabilitation: still an incomplete picture. Int J Stroke 2013; 8:38-45. [PMID: 23280268 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-4949.2012.00972.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment after stroke is common and can cause disability with major impacts on quality of life and independence. There are also indirect effects of cognitive impairment on functional recovery after stroke through reduced participation in rehabilitation and poor adherence to treatment guidelines. In this article, we attempt to establish the following: ● whether there is a distinct profile of cognitive impairment after stroke; ● whether the type of cognitive deficit can be associated with the features of stroke-related damage; and ● whether interventions can improve poststroke cognitive performance. There is not a consistent profile of cognitive deficits in stroke, though slowed information processing and executive dysfunction tend to predominate. Our understanding of structure-function relationships has been advanced using imaging techniques such as lesion mapping and will be further enhanced through better characterization of damage to functional networks and identification of subtle white matter abnormalities. Effective cognitive rehabilitation approaches have been reported for focal cortical deficits such as neglect and aphasia, but treatments for more diffusely represented cognitive impairment remain elusive. In the future, the hope is that different techniques that have been shown to promote neural plasticity (e.g., exercise, brain stimulation, and pharmacological agents) can be applied to improve the cognitive function of stroke survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby B Cumming
- Stroke Division, Florey Neuroscience Institutes, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.
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150
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Ferrucci R, Priori A. Transcranial cerebellar direct current stimulation (tcDCS): motor control, cognition, learning and emotions. Neuroimage 2013; 85 Pt 3:918-23. [PMID: 23664951 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.04.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurological manifestations of cerebellar diseases range from motor to cognitive or behavioral abnormalities. Experimental data in healthy subjects extend the cerebellar role to learning, emotional and mood control. The need for a non-invasive tool to influence cerebellar function in normal and pathological conditions led researchers to develop transcranial cerebellar direct current stimulation (tcDCS). tcDCS, like tDCS, depends on the principle that weak direct currents delivered at around 2mA for minutes over the cerebellum through surface electrodes induce prolonged changes in cerebellar function. tcDCS modulates several cerebellar skills in humans including motor control, learning and emotional processing. tcDCS also influences the cerebello-brain interactions induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), walking adaptation, working memory and emotional recognition. Hence tcDCS is a simple physiological tool that can improve our physiological understanding of the human cerebellum, and should prove useful also in patients with cerebellar dysfunction or psychiatric disorders and those undergoing neurorehabilitation to enhance neuroplasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Ferrucci
- Centro Clinico per la Neurostimolazione, le Neurotecnologie ed i Disordini del Movimento, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milano, Italy; Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-Chirurgica e dei Trapianti, via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milano, Italy.
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