101
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Macia L, Yulyaningsih E, Pangon L, Nguyen AD, Lin S, Shi YC, Zhang L, Bijker M, Grey S, Mackay F, Herzog H, Sainsbury A. Neuropeptide Y1 receptor in immune cells regulates inflammation and insulin resistance associated with diet-induced obesity. Diabetes 2012; 61:3228-38. [PMID: 23011592 PMCID: PMC3501846 DOI: 10.2337/db12-0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recruitment of activated immune cells into white adipose tissue (WAT) is linked to the development of insulin resistance and obesity, but the mechanism behind this is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that Y1 receptor signaling in immune cells controls inflammation and insulin resistance in obesity. Selective deletion of Y1 receptors in the hematopoietic compartment of mice leads to insulin resistance and inflammation in WAT under high fat-fed conditions. This is accompanied by decreased mRNA expression of the anti-inflammatory marker adiponectin in WAT and an increase of the proinflammatory monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). In vitro, activated Y1-deficient intraperitoneal macrophages display an increased inflammatory response, with exacerbated secretion of MCP-1 and tumor necrosis factor, whereas addition of neuropeptide Y to wild-type macrophages attenuates the release of these cytokines, this effect being blocked by Y1 but not Y2 receptor antagonism. Importantly, treatment of adipocytes with the supernatant of activated Y1-deficient macrophages causes insulin resistance, as demonstrated by decreased insulin-induced phosphorylation of the insulin receptor and Akt as well as decreased expression of insulin receptor substrate 1. Thus, Y1 signaling in hematopoietic-derived cells such as macrophages is critical for the control of inflammation and insulin resistance in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Macia
- Neuroscience Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ernie Yulyaningsih
- Neuroscience Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Laurent Pangon
- Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Amy D. Nguyen
- Neuroscience Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shu Lin
- Neuroscience Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yan C. Shi
- Neuroscience Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lei Zhang
- Neuroscience Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Martijn Bijker
- Neuroscience Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shane Grey
- Immunology Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Fabienne Mackay
- Department of Immunology, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Herbert Herzog
- Neuroscience Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- Corresponding author: Amanda Sainsbury, , or Herbert Herzog,
| | - Amanda Sainsbury
- Neuroscience Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Corresponding author: Amanda Sainsbury, , or Herbert Herzog,
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102
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Zhang K, Rao F, Miramontes-Gonzalez JP, Hightower CM, Vaught B, Chen Y, Greenwood TA, Schork AJ, Wang L, Mahata M, Stridsberg M, Khandrika S, Biswas N, Fung MM, Waalen J, Middelberg RP, Heath AC, Montgomery GW, Martin NG, Whitfield JB, Baker DG, Schork NJ, Nievergelt CM, O'Connor DT. Neuropeptide Y (NPY): genetic variation in the human promoter alters glucocorticoid signaling, yielding increased NPY secretion and stress responses. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 60:1678-89. [PMID: 23021333 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study sought to understand whether genetic variation at the Neuropeptide Y (NPY) locus governs secretion and stress responses in vivo as well as NPY gene expression in sympathochromaffin cells. BACKGROUND The NPY is a potent pressor peptide co-released with catecholamines during stress by sympathetic axons. Genome-wide linkage on NPY secretion identified a LOD (logarithm of the odds ratio) peak spanning the NPY locus on chromosome 7p15. METHODS Our approach began with genomics (linkage and polymorphism determination), extended into NPY genetic control of heritable stress traits in twin pairs, established transcriptional mechanisms in transfected chromaffin cells, and concluded with observations on blood pressure (BP) in the population. RESULTS Systematic polymorphism tabulation at NPY (by re-sequencing across the locus: promoter, 4 exons, exon/intron borders, and untranslated regions; on 2n = 160 chromosomes of diverse biogeographic ancestries) identified 16 variants, of which 5 were common. We then studied healthy twin/sibling pairs (n = 399 individuals), typing 6 polymorphisms spanning the locus. Haplotype and single nucleotide polymorphism analyses indicated that proximal promoter variant ∇-880Δ (2-bp TG/-, Ins/Del, rs3037354) minor/Δ allele was associated with several heritable (h(2)) stress traits: higher NPY secretion (h(2) = 73 ± 4%) as well as greater BP response to environmental (cold) stress, and higher basal systemic vascular resistance. Association of ∇-880Δ and plasma NPY was replicated in an independent sample of 361 healthy young men, with consistent allelic effects; genetic variation at NPY also associated with plasma NPY in another independent series of 2,212 individuals derived from Australia twin pairs. Effects of allele -880Δ to increase NPY expression were directionally coordinate in vivo (on human traits) and in cells (transfected NPY promoter/luciferase reporter activity). Promoter -880Δ interrupts a novel glucocorticoid response element motif, an effect confirmed in chromaffin cells by site-directed mutagenesis on the transfected promoter, with differential glucocorticoid stimulation of the motif as well as alterations in electrophoretic mobility shifts. The same -880Δ allele also conferred risk for hypertension and accounted for approximately 4.5/approximately 2.1 mm Hg systolic BP/diastolic BP in a population sample from BP extremes. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that common genetic variation at the NPY locus, especially in proximal promoter ∇-880Δ, disrupts glucocorticoid signaling to influence NPY transcription and secretion, raising systemic vascular resistance and early heritable responses to environmental stress, eventuating in elevated resting BP in the population. The results point to new molecular strategies for probing autonomic control of the human circulation and ultimately susceptibility to and pathogenesis of cardiovascular and neuropsychiatric disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuixing Zhang
- Department of Medicine and Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
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103
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Ribeiro R, Monteiro C, Catalán V, Hu P, Cunha V, Rodríguez A, Gómez-Ambrosi J, Fraga A, Príncipe P, Lobato C, Lobo F, Morais A, Silva V, Sanches-Magalhães J, Oliveira J, Pina F, Lopes C, Medeiros R, Frühbeck G. Obesity and prostate cancer: gene expression signature of human periprostatic adipose tissue. BMC Med 2012; 10:108. [PMID: 23009291 PMCID: PMC3523039 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-10-108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periprostatic (PP) adipose tissue surrounds the prostate, an organ with a high predisposition to become malignant. Frequently, growing prostatic tumor cells extend beyond the prostatic organ towards this fat depot. This study aimed to determine the genome-wide expression of genes in PP adipose tissue in obesity/overweight (OB/OW) and prostate cancer patients. METHODS Differentially expressed genes in human PP adipose tissue were identified using microarrays. Analyses were conducted according to the donors' body mass index characteristics (OB/OW versus lean) and prostate disease (extra prostatic cancer versus organ confined prostate cancer versus benign prostatic hyperplasia). Selected genes with altered expression were validated by real-time PCR. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) was used to investigate gene ontology, canonical pathways and functional networks. RESULTS In the PP adipose tissue of OB/OW subjects, we found altered expression of genes encoding molecules involved in adipogenic/anti-lipolytic, proliferative/anti-apoptotic, and mild immunoinflammatory processes (for example, FADS1, down-regulated, and LEP and ANGPT1, both up-regulated). Conversely, in the PP adipose tissue of subjects with prostate cancer, altered genes were related to adipose tissue cellular activity (increased cell proliferation/differentiation, cell cycle activation and anti-apoptosis), whereas a downward impact on immunity and inflammation was also observed, mostly related to the complement (down-regulation of CFH). Interestingly, we found that the microRNA MIRLET7A2 was overexpressed in the PP adipose tissue of prostate cancer patients. CONCLUSIONS Obesity and excess adiposity modified the expression of PP adipose tissue genes to ultimately foster fat mass growth. In patients with prostate cancer the expression profile of PP adipose tissue accounted for hypercellularity and reduced immunosurveillance. Both findings may be liable to promote a favorable environment for prostate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Ribeiro
- Molecular Oncology Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Ed, Laboratórios-Piso 4, Rua Dr, António Bernardino de Almeida 4200-072, Porto, Portugal.
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104
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Wong IPL, Driessler F, Khor EC, Shi YC, Hörmer B, Nguyen AD, Enriquez RF, Eisman JA, Sainsbury A, Herzog H, Baldock PA. Peptide YY regulates bone remodeling in mice: a link between gut and skeletal biology. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40038. [PMID: 22792209 PMCID: PMC3391226 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Gastrointestinal peptides are increasingly being linked to processes controlling the maintenance of bone mass. Peptide YY (PYY), a gut-derived satiety peptide of the neuropeptide Y family, is upregulated in some states that also display low bone mass. Importantly, PYY has high affinity for Y-receptors, particularly Y1R and Y2R, which are known to regulate bone mass. Anorexic conditions and bariatric surgery for obesity influence circulating levels of PYY and have a negative impact on bone mass, but the precise mechanism behind this is unclear. We thus examined whether alterations in PYY expression affect bone mass. Methods Bone microstructure and cellular activity were analyzed in germline PYY knockout and conditional adult-onset PYY over-expressing mice at lumbar and femoral sites using histomorphometry and micro-computed tomography. Results PYY displayed a negative relationship with osteoblast activity. Male and female PYY knockout mice showed enhanced osteoblast activity, with greater cancellous bone mass. Conversely, PYY over-expression lowered osteoblast activity in vivo, via a direct Y1 receptor mediated mechanism involving MAPK stimulation evident in vitro. In contrast to PYY knockout mice, PYY over expression also altered bone resorption, as indicated by greater osteoclast surface, despite the lack of Y-receptor expression in osteoclastic cells. While evident in both sexes, cellular changes were generally more pronounced in females. Conclusions These data demonstrate that the gut peptide PYY is critical for the control of bone remodeling. This regulatory axis from the intestine to bone has the potential to contribute to the marked bone loss observed in situations of extreme weight loss and higher circulating PYY levels, such as anorexia and bariatric obesity surgery, and may be important in the maintenance of bone mass in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris P. L. Wong
- Neuroscience Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Osteoporosis and Bone Biology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Frank Driessler
- Neuroscience Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Osteoporosis and Bone Biology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ee Cheng Khor
- Neuroscience Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Osteoporosis and Bone Biology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yan-Chuan Shi
- Neuroscience Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Birgit Hörmer
- Osteoporosis and Bone Biology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Amy D. Nguyen
- Neuroscience Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ronaldo F. Enriquez
- Neuroscience Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Osteoporosis and Bone Biology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John A. Eisman
- Osteoporosis and Bone Biology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Amanda Sainsbury
- Neuroscience Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Herbert Herzog
- Neuroscience Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Paul A. Baldock
- Neuroscience Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Osteoporosis and Bone Biology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- * E-mail:
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105
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Sousa DM, Baldock PA, Enriquez RF, Zhang L, Sainsbury A, Lamghari M, Herzog H. Neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor antagonism increases bone mass in mice. Bone 2012; 51:8-16. [PMID: 22484690 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2012.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptide Y system has emerged as one of the major neural signalling pathways regulating bone homeostasis. Absence of Y1 receptor signalling from bone forming osteoblasts is responsible for an enhancement on bone mass in mice, suggesting that pharmacological blockade of Y1 receptors may offer a novel anabolic treatment option for improving bone mass. Here we show that oral administration of the selective Y1 receptor antagonist BIBO3304 for 8 weeks dose-dependently increases bone mass in mice. Histomorphometric analysis revealed a significant 1.5-fold increase in cancellous bone volume in the femora of mice treated with BIBO3304. Furthermore, bone microarchitecture was improved, with greater trabecular number and trabecular thickness. This increase in bone mass was associated with a significant increase in bone anabolic activity of osteoblasts and, interestingly, was evident despite a coincident increase in bone resorption, as evidenced by an increase in the number of the osteolytic osteoclasts. Changes were also evident in cortical bone, with a significant increase in periosteal mineral apposition rate. Importantly, no adverse extra-skeletal side effects were observed through Y1 receptor antagonism over the 8-week treatment period, with no effects of even the higher BIBO3304 dose on body weight, adiposity, energy metabolism or circulating corticosterone levels. Taken together, this work describes the first NPY-based anabolic treatment for improving bone mass, and highlights the therapeutic potential of blocking Y1 receptor signalling for the prevention of, or recovery from, degenerative skeletal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela M Sousa
- Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, NEWTherapies Group, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
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106
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Brod SA, Bauer VL. Ingested (oral) neuropeptide Y inhibits EAE. J Neuroimmunol 2012; 250:44-9. [PMID: 22703767 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2012.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ingested immunoactive proteins, type I IFN, SIRS peptide 1-21, α-MSH, ACTH, and SST inhibit clinical attacks and inflammation in acute EAE by decreasing Th1-like cytokines, increasing Th2-like cytokines or increasing T(reg) cell frequencies. OBJECTIVE We examined whether another protein, neuropeptide Y, would have similar anti-inflammatory effects in EAE after oral administration. DESIGN/METHODS B6 mice were immunized with MOG peptide 35-55 and gavaged with control saline or NPY during ongoing disease. Splenocytes from mock fed or NPY fed mice were adoptively transferred into active MOG peptide 35-55 immunized recipient mice during ongoing disease. RESULTS Ingested (oral) NPY inhibited ongoing disease, and decreased inflammation. Adoptively transferred cells from NPY fed donors protected against actively induced disease and decreased inflammation. In actively fed mice, oral NPY decreased Th1-like cytokines and increased Th2-like IL-13 cytokines in both the spleen and the CNS. In recipients of donor cells from NPY fed mice there was a reduction of Th1 and Th17 and induction of Th2-like IL-13 cytokines in both the spleen and CNS. Oral NPY decreased clinical score and decreased inflammatory foci in both actively fed and recipients of actively fed mice. There was no significant increase in T(reg) cell frequencies in actively fed or recipients of NPY fed donor cells. CONCLUSIONS Ingested (orally administered) NPY can inhibit clinical disease, inhibit CNS inflammation by decreasing Th17 and Th1-like cytokines and increasing Th2-like cytokines in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Staley A Brod
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas — Houston, Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States.
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107
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Makinde TO, Steininger R, Agrawal DK. NPY and NPY receptors in airway structural and inflammatory cells in allergic asthma. Exp Mol Pathol 2012; 94:45-50. [PMID: 22705097 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2012.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Neuropeptide Y (NPY) level is elevated in allergic asthmatic airways and activation of NPY receptor-1 (NPY-Y1) on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) is essential for T cell priming. Paradoxically, NPY-Y1 modulates hyper-responsiveness in T cells, suggesting a bimodal role for NPY in APCs and T cells. Therefore, determination of the temporal and spatial expression pattern of NPY and its receptors in asthmatic airways is essential to further understand the role of NPY in allergic asthma. METHODS Lungs were isolated from control and acute and chronic stages of OVA-sensitized and challenged mice (OVA). Stains, including H&E, PAS, and trichrome, were used to determine the severity of lung pathology. The expression patterns of NPY and NPY-Y receptors in the airways were determined using ELISA and immunofluorescence. Cytokine levels in the BALF were also measured. RESULTS NPY levels were undetectable in the BALF of control mice, but significantly increased in the OVA group at day 80. Levels of IL-4, TGF-β1 and TGF-β2, significantly increased and peaked on day 45 and decreased on day 80 in the OVA group, exhibiting an inverse correlation with NPY levels. NPY expression was localized to macrophage-like cells in the peri-bronchial and peri-vascular areas in the lung tissue. NPY-Y1 and -Y5 receptors were constitutively expressed by both structural and inflammatory cells in the lung tissue. CONCLUSIONS NPY produced by activated macrophage-like cells may be involved in regulating cytokine production and cellular activities of immune cells in asthma. However, it remains unclear whether such an increase in NPY is a defensive/compensatory mechanism to modulate the effects of inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toluwalope O Makinde
- Center of Clinical and Translational Sciences, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
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108
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Dimitrijević M, Mitić K, Kuštrimović N, Vujić V, Stanojević S. NPY suppressed development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in Dark Agouti rats by disrupting costimulatory molecule interactions. J Neuroimmunol 2012; 245:23-31. [PMID: 22365383 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2012.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) suppressed clinical experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and reduced numbers of CD28+, CD11b+ and CD80+ cells among spinal cord infiltrating cells at the peak of disease in Dark Agouti rat strain. Suppression of EAE was accompanied by the reduced expression of costimulatory CD80 and CD86 molecules on ED1+ macrophages and OX62+ dendritic cells in draining lymph nodes during the inductive phase of EAE. An inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase 4, an enzyme which terminates the action of NPY on Y1 receptor subtype, did not sustain the suppressive effect of NPY on the EAE development, suggesting involvement of Y2 and Y5 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana Dimitrijević
- Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera, "Torlak", Immunology Research Center "Branislav Janković", Vojvode Stepe 458, 11152 Belgrade, Serbia.
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109
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Hirsch D, Zukowska Z. NPY and stress 30 years later: the peripheral view. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2012; 32:645-59. [PMID: 22271177 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-011-9793-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/26/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Almost 30 years ago, neuropeptide Y (NPY) was discovered as a sympathetic co-transmitter and one of the most evolutionarily conserved peptides abundantly present all over the body. Soon afterward, NPY's multiple receptors were characterized and cloned, and the peptide's role in stress was first documented. NPY has proven to be pivotal for maintaining many stress responses. Most notably, NPY is known for activating long-lasting vasoconstriction in many vascular beds, including coronary arteries. More recently, NPY was found to play a role in stress-induced accretion of adipose tissue which many times can lead to detrimental metabolic changes. It is however due to its prominent actions in the brain, one of which is its powerful ability to stimulate appetite as well as its anxiolytic activities that NPY became a peptide of importance in neuroscience. In contrast, its actions in the rest of the body, including its role as a stress mediator, remained, surprisingly underappreciated and not well understood. Our research has focused on that other, "peripheral" side of NPY. In this review, we will discuss those actions of NPY on the cardiovascular system and metabolism, as they relate to adaptation to stress, and attempt to both distinguish NPY's effects from and integrate them with the effects of the classical stress mediators, glucocorticoids, and catecholamines. To limit the bias of someone (ZZ) who has viewed the world of stress through the eyes of NPY for over 20 years, fresh insight (DH) has been solicited to more objectively assess NPY's contributions to stress-related diseases and the body's ability to adapt to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalay Hirsch
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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110
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The intriguing mission of neuropeptide Y in the immune system. Amino Acids 2011; 45:41-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1185-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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111
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Neuropeptide Y inhibits interleukin-1β-induced phagocytosis by microglial cells. J Neuroinflammation 2011; 8:169. [PMID: 22136135 PMCID: PMC3239417 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is emerging as a modulator of communication between the brain and the immune system. However, in spite of increasing evidence that supports a role for NPY in the modulation of microglial cell responses to inflammatory conditions, there is no consistent information regarding the action of NPY on microglial phagocytic activity, a vital component of the inflammatory response in brain injury. Taking this into consideration, we sought to assess a potential new role for NPY as a modulator of phagocytosis by microglial cells. Methods The N9 murine microglial cell line was used to evaluate the role of NPY in phagocytosis. For that purpose, an IgG-opsonized latex bead assay was performed in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and an interleukin-1β (IL-1β) challenge, and upon NPY treatment. A pharmacological approach using NPY receptor agonists and antagonists followed to uncover which NPY receptor was involved. Moreover, western blotting and immunocytochemical studies were performed to evaluate expression of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and heat shock protein 27 (HSP27), in an inflammatory context, upon NPY treatment. Results Here, we show that NPY inhibits phagocytosis of opsonized latex beads and inhibits actin cytoskeleton reorganization triggered by LPS stimulation. Co-stimulation of microglia with LPS and adenosine triphosphate also resulted in increased phagocytosis, an effect inhibited by an interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, suggesting involvement of IL-1β signaling. Furthermore, direct application of LPS or IL-1β activated downstream signaling molecules, including p38 MAPK and HSP27, and these effects were inhibited by NPY. Moreover, we also observed that the inhibitory effect of NPY on phagocytosis was mediated via Y1 receptor activation. Conclusions Altogether, we have identified a novel role for NPY in the regulation of microglial phagocytic properties, in an inflammatory context.
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112
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Andrews JA, Neises KD. Cells, biomarkers, and post-traumatic stress disorder: evidence for peripheral involvement in a central disease. J Neurochem 2011; 120:26-36. [PMID: 22017326 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07545.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a complicated CNS syndrome. Looking beyond the CNS, recent studies suggest that peripheral blood mononuclear cells could cause and/or exacerbate PTSD. This review summarizes the literature, describes associations between circulating peripheral blood cells and PTSD, proposes a novel mechanism, and analyzes several biomarkers that appear to associate with PTSD symptoms. Several experimental animal models have shown that peripheral blood mononuclear cell activity can cause hippocampal volume loss and PTSD-like symptoms. Data from these models suggest that a traumatic event and/or traumatic events can trigger peripheral cells to migrate, mediate inflammation, and decrease neurogenesis, potentially leading to CNS volume loss. Biomarkers that associate with PTSD symptoms have the potential to differentiate PTSD from traumatic brain injury, but more work needs to be done. Research examining the mechanism of how traumatic events are linked to peripheral blood mononuclear cell functions and biomarkers may offer improved diagnoses and treatments for PTSD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Andrews
- Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, California 92106-3521, USA.
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113
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Miyake S. Mind over cytokines: Crosstalk and regulation between the neuroendocrine and immune systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1759-1961.2011.00023.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Li L, Najafi AH, Kitlinska JB, Neville R, Laredo J, Epstein SE, Burnett MS, Zukowska Z. Of mice and men: neuropeptide Y and its receptors are associated with atherosclerotic lesion burden and vulnerability. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2011; 4:351-62. [PMID: 21468772 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-011-9271-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY), a sympathetic and platelet-derived vascular mitogen and angiogenic factor, has been implicated in atherosclerosis in animal and human genetic studies. Here we evaluate its association with human and murine atherosclerosis, and assess the role of platelet-derived NPY in lesion vulnerability. NPY immunoreactivity (NPY-ir) was measured in the platelet-poor and platelet-rich (PRP) plasmas, and NPY receptors (mitogenic Y1R and angiogenic Y2 and Y5Rs), CD26/DPPIV (a protease forming Y2/Y5-selective agonist), CD31-positive vascularity, and lesion morphology assessed by histo- and immunocyto-chemistry-in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) and healthy volunteers, and in lard-fed ApoE-/- mice. NPY and NPY-R immunostaining was greater in lesions from PAD patients compared to normal vessels of healthy volunteers (p < 0.001), and localized to smooth muscle cells, macrophages, and adventitial/neovascular endothelial cells. CD26/DPPIV staining co-localized with CD31-positive endothelial cells only in atherosclerotic lesions. NPY-ir in PRP (but not plasma) and vascular immunostaining was higher (p < 0.05 and 0.001, respectively) in men (not women) with PAD compared to healthy subjects. A similar gender specificity was observed in mice. PRP NPY-ir levels correlated with lesion area (p = 0.03), necrotic core area, and the necrotic core-to-lesion area ratio (p < 0.01) in male, but not female, mice. Also males with neovascularized lesions had higher PRP NPY-ir levels than those lacking lesion microvessels (p < 0.05). NPY and its Rs are up-regulated in human and murine atherosclerotic lesions suggesting pathogenic role. DPPIV expression by microvascular endothelium in atherosclerotic tissue may shift NPY's affinity toward angiogenic Y2/Y5Rs, and thus enhance angiogenesis and lesion vulnerability. Remarkably, plaque neovascularization was associated with increased NPY-ir in PRP in males but not females, suggesting that platelet NPY may be a novel mediator/marker of lesion vulnerability particularly in males, for reasons that remain to be determined. Both animal and human data suggest that NPY is an important contributor to, and platelet NPY-ir a marker of, atherosclerotic lesion burden and vulnerability but only in males, perhaps due to androgen-dependent up-regulation of NPY, previously shown in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Li
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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115
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Y1 signalling has a critical role in allergic airway inflammation. Immunol Cell Biol 2011; 89:882-8. [PMID: 21383768 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2011.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Asthma affects 300 million people worldwide, yet the mechanism behind this pathology has only been partially elucidated. The documented connection between psychological stress and airway inflammation strongly suggests the involvement of the nervous system and its secreted mediators, including neuropeptides, on allergic respiratory disease. In this study, we show that neuropeptide Y (NPY), a prominent neurotransmitter, which release is strongly upregulated during stress, exacerbates allergic airway inflammation (AAI) in mice, via its Y1 receptor. Our data indicate that the development of AAI was associated with elevated NPY expression in the lung and that lack of NPY-mediated signalling in NPYKO mice or its Y1 receptor in Y1KO mice significantly improved AAI. In vivo, eosinophilia in the bronchoalveolar fluid as well as circulating immunoglobulin E in response to AAI, were significantly reduced in NPY- and Y1-deficient compared with wild-type mice. These changes correlated with a blunting of the Th2 immune profile that is characteristic for AAI, as shown by the decreased release of interleukin-5 during ex vivo re-stimulation of T cells isolated from the thoracic draining lymph nodes of NPY- or Y1-deficient mice subjected to AAI. Taken together this study demonstrates that signalling through Y1-receptors emerges as a critical pathway for the development of airway inflammation and as such potentially opens novel avenues for therapeutic intervention in asthma.
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Kuncová J, Sýkora R, Chvojka J, Švíglerová J, Štengl M, Kroužecký A, Nalos L, Matějovič M. Plasma and Tissue Levels of Neuropeptide Y in Experimental Septic Shock: Relation to Hemodynamics, Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Hemofiltration. Artif Organs 2011; 35:625-33. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1594.2010.01154.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lee NJ, Nguyen AD, Enriquez RF, Doyle KL, Sainsbury A, Baldock PA, Herzog H. Osteoblast specific Y1 receptor deletion enhances bone mass. Bone 2011; 48:461-7. [PMID: 21040809 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2010.10.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Revised: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y, Y1 receptors are found in neuronal as well as bone tissue and Y1 signalling has been implicated in the regulation of bone mass. However, the contribution of Y1 receptors located in these different tissues, particularly that of the bone-specific Y1 receptors, to the regulation of bone homeostasis is unclear. Here we demonstrate that osteoblast-specific Y1 receptor deletion resulted in a marked increase in femoral cancellous bone volume, trabecular thickness and trabecular number. This is the result of elevated osteoblast activity as shown by increased mineral apposition rate and bone formation rate, and is associated with an upregulation in the mRNA expression levels of alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin and dentin matrix protein-1. Furthermore, osteoblastic Y1 receptor deletion also led to increased mineral apposition rate on both the endocortical and the periosteal surfaces resulting in increased femoral diameter. Together these data demonstrate a direct role for the Y1 receptor on osteoblasts in the regulation of osteoblast activity and bone formation in vivo and suggest that targeting Y1 receptor signalling directly in the bone may have potential therapeutic implications for stimulating bone accrual in diseases such as osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J Lee
- Neuroscience Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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118
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Sacchetti M, Micera A, Lambiase A, Speranza S, Mantelli F, Petrachi G, Bonini S, Bonini S. Tear levels of neuropeptides increase after specific allergen challenge in allergic conjunctivitis. Mol Vis 2011; 17:47-52. [PMID: 21245958 PMCID: PMC3021574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Growing evidence is showing a role of neurogenic inflammation in allergic reactions, with sensory and autonomic nerve fibers releasing neuromediators, which may actively participate in the allergic inflammatory cascade. Although the cornea is the most densely innervated tissue of the human body, little is known on the role of neuromediators at the ocular surface. In this study, we aimed at evaluating the role of substance P (SP), calcitonine gene related peptide (CGRP), neuropeptide Y (NPY) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in allergic reactions of the ocular surface. METHODS Fifteen patients with allergic conjunctivitis (6 female, 9 male, mean age 30±8 years) in non-active phase, and 10 age-matched healthy subjects were included in this study. The conjunctival provocation test (CPT) with allergen was performed in all allergic patients and in 5 healthy subjects. Tear samples were collected and the tear content of VIP, NPY, CGRP, and SP was measured by ELISA at baseline and after CPT. The Mann-Whitney U-test and Wilcoxon test were used to compare neuromediator tear levels. RESULTS No significant differences in neuropeptide tear levels were observed between healthy and allergic patients in non-active phase. CPT induced conjunctival hyperemia and itching in all allergic patients, while no reaction was observed in the control eyes and in healthy subjects. In allergic patients SP, CGRP, and VIP, but not NPY, were significantly higher after CPT as compared to baseline (SP: 3.9±1.3 ng/ml versus 5.8±1.1 ng/ml, p=0.011; CGRP: 5.5±2.3 ng/ml versus 7.3±2.7 ng/ml; p=0.002; VIP: 4±0.9 ng/ml versus 5.1±1.5 ng/ml, p=0.007). No significant changes were observed in the control eyes of allergic patients challenged with diluent and in healthy subjects after allergen provocation. CONCLUSIONS Locally-released neuromediators may participate in modulating the allergic response of the ocular surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sacchetti
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Rome Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Lambiase
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Rome Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Flavio Mantelli
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Rome Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Sergio Bonini
- Department of Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Stefano Bonini
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Rome Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
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Ferreira R, Xapelli S, Santos T, Silva AP, Cristóvão A, Cortes L, Malva JO. Neuropeptide Y modulation of interleukin-1{beta} (IL-1{beta})-induced nitric oxide production in microglia. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:41921-34. [PMID: 20959451 PMCID: PMC3009919 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.164020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Revised: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the modulatory role of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the immune system, we investigated the effect of NPY on the production of NO and IL-1β in microglia. Upon LPS stimulation, NPY treatment inhibited NO production as well as the expression of inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS). Pharmacological studies with a selective Y(1) receptor agonist and selective antagonists for Y(1), Y(2), and Y(5) receptors demonstrated that inhibition of NO production and iNOS expression was mediated exclusively through Y(1) receptor activation. Microglial cells stimulated with LPS and ATP responded with a massive release of IL-1β, as measured by ELISA. NPY inhibited this effect, suggesting that it can strongly impair the release of IL-1β. Furthermore, we observed that IL-1β stimulation induced NO production and that the use of a selective IL-1 receptor antagonist prevented NO production upon LPS stimulation. Moreover, NPY acting through Y(1) receptor inhibited LPS-stimulated release of IL-1β, inhibiting NO synthesis. IL-1β activation of NF-κB was inhibited by NPY treatment, as observed by confocal microscopy and Western blotting analysis of nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 subunit, leading to the decrease of NO synthesis. Our results showed that upon LPS challenge, microglial cells release IL-1β, promoting the production of NO through a NF-κB-dependent pathway. Also, NPY was able to strongly inhibit NO synthesis through Y(1) receptor activation, which prevents IL-1β release and thus inhibits nuclear translocation of NF-κB. The role of NPY in key inflammatory events may contribute to unravel novel gateways to modulate inflammation associated with brain pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Xapelli
- From the Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology
| | - Tiago Santos
- From the Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology
| | - Ana Paula Silva
- the Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
- the Institute of Biomedical Research on Light and Image
| | - Armando Cristóvão
- From the Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology
- the Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luísa Cortes
- From the Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology
| | - João O. Malva
- From the Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology
- the Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, and
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Neuropeptide Y receptor Y2 gene polymorphism interacts with plasma neuropeptide Y levels in predicting left ventricular hypertrophy in dialysis patients. J Hypertens 2010; 28:1745-51. [PMID: 20543711 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e32833bd21b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a sympathetic neurotransmitter that acts on multiple receptors involved in cardiovascular remodelling and angiogenesis. Plasma levels of NPY are increased in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and are independently related to left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and incident cardiovascular events in these patients. OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between NPY receptor Y2 gene polymorphism and left ventricular mass index (LVMI) as well as the interaction between this polymorphism and plasma NPY in determining LVH in 189 ESRD patients. RESULTS LVMI was significantly higher (+12%, P = 0.03) in patients carrying the C allele than in those without C allele and was linearly associated with plasma NPY (P = 0.01). Interaction analysis showed a significant NPY-LVMI relationship in patients with the C allele, both at univariate (r = 0.27, P = 0.001) and multivariate (r = 0.21, P = 0.01) analyses, whereas no such relationship existed in patients without this allele. In fully adjusted analyses, a 10 pmol/l increase in plasma NPY entailed a 4.9 g/m increase in LVMI in patients with C allele, whereas the same change in NPY levels did not modify the NPY-LVMI link in patients without such allele (P = 0.009). CONCLUSION NPY receptor Y2 polymorphism is independently associated with LVMI and interacts with plasma levels of NPY in explaining the variability of LVH in ESRD. These results offer a genetic basis to the hypothesis that NPY is causally implicated in the pathogenetic pathway leading to LVH in ESRD patients.
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Pang XH, Gan HT. Role of neuropeptide Y in the immune system and the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2010; 18:2013-2016. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v18.i19.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC) remains unclear. Immune dysfunction has been considered to be main etiological factor for UC. Increasing evidence suggests that neuropeptide Y (NPY) is involved in immune dysfunction and the pathogenesis of UC. This paper reviews the latest advances in understanding the role of NPY in the immune system and the pathogenesis of UC.
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Rethnam S, Raju B, Fristad I, Berggreen E, Heyeraas KJ. Differential expression of neuropeptide Y Y1 receptors during pulpal inflammation. Int Endod J 2010; 43:492-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2010.01704.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Neuropeptide Y gene polymorphisms confer risk of early-onset atherosclerosis. PLoS Genet 2009; 5:e1000318. [PMID: 19119412 PMCID: PMC2602734 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2008] [Accepted: 11/25/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a strong candidate gene for coronary artery disease (CAD). We have previously identified genetic linkage to familial CAD in the genomic region of NPY. We performed follow-up genetic, biostatistical, and functional analysis of NPY in early-onset CAD. In familial CAD (GENECARD, N = 420 families), we found increased microsatellite linkage to chromosome 7p14 (OSA LOD = 4.2, p = 0.004) in 97 earliest age-of-onset families. Tagged NPY SNPs demonstrated linkage to CAD of a 6-SNP block (LOD = 1.58-2.72), family-based association of this block with CAD (p = 0.02), and stronger linkage to CAD in the earliest age-of-onset families. Association of this 6-SNP block with CAD was validated in: (a) 556 non-familial early-onset CAD cases and 256 controls (OR 1.46-1.65, p = 0.01-0.05), showing stronger association in youngest cases (OR 1.84-2.20, p = 0.0004-0.09); and (b) GENECARD probands versus non-familial controls (OR 1.79-2.06, p = 0.003-0.02). A promoter SNP (rs16147) within this 6-SNP block was associated with higher plasma NPY levels (p = 0.04). To assess a causal role of NPY in atherosclerosis, we applied the NPY1-receptor-antagonist BIBP-3226 adventitially to endothelium-denuded carotid arteries of apolipoprotein E-deficient mice; treatment reduced atherosclerotic neointimal area by 50% (p = 0.03). Thus, NPY variants associate with atherosclerosis in two independent datasets (with strong age-of-onset effects) and show allele-specific expression with NPY levels, while NPY receptor antagonism reduces atherosclerosis in mice. We conclude that NPY contributes to atherosclerosis pathogenesis.
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Holler J, Zakrzewicz A, Kaufmann A, Wilhelm J, Fuchs-Moll G, Dietrich H, Padberg W, Kuncová J, Kummer W, Grau V. Neuropeptide Y is expressed by rat mononuclear blood leukocytes and strongly down-regulated during inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:6906-12. [PMID: 18981110 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.10.6906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY), a classical sympathetic comediator, regulates immunological functions including T cell activation and migration of blood leukocytes. A NPY-mediated neuroimmune cross-talk is well conceivable in sympathetically innervated tissues. In denervated, e.g., transplanted organs, however, leukocyte function is not fundamentally disturbed. Thus, we hypothesized that NPY is expressed by blood leukocytes themselves and regulated during inflammation. NPY mRNA and peptide expression were analyzed in mononuclear leukocytes isolated from the blood vessels of healthy rat kidneys, as well as from the blood vessels of isogeneic and allogeneic renal grafts transplanted in the Dark Agouti to Lewis or in the Fischer 344 to Lewis rat strain combination. Depending on the donor strain, acute allograft rejection is either fatal or reversible but both experimental models are characterized by massive accumulation of intravascular leukocytes. Leukocytes, predominantly monocytes, isolated from the blood vessels of untreated kidneys and isografts expressed high amounts of NPY mRNA and peptide, similar to expression levels in sympathetic ganglia. During acute allograft rejection, leukocytic NPY expression drastically dropped to approximately 1% of control levels in both rat strain combinations. In conclusion, NPY is an abundantly produced and tightly regulated cytokine of mononuclear blood leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Holler
- Department of General and Thoracic Surgery, Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, University of Giessen Lung Center, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Dimitrijević M, Stanojević S, Mitić K, Kustrimović N, Vujić V, Miletić T, Kovacević-Jovanović V. The anti-inflammatory effect of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in rats is dependent on dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DP4) activity and age. Peptides 2008; 29:2179-87. [PMID: 18805447 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2008.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2008] [Revised: 08/21/2008] [Accepted: 08/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY)-induced modulation of the immune and inflammatory responses is regulated by tissue-specific expression of different receptor subtypes (Y1-Y6) and the activity of the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DP4, CD26) which terminates the action of NPY on Y1 receptor subtype. The present study investigated the age-dependent effect of NPY on inflammatory paw edema and macrophage nitric oxide production in Dark Agouti rats exhibiting a high-plasma DP4 activity, as acknowledged earlier. The results showed that NPY suppressed paw edema in adult and aged, but not in young rats. Furthermore, plasma DP4 activity decreased, while macrophage DP4 activity, as well as macrophage CD26 expression increased with aging. The use of NPY-related peptides and Y receptor-specific antagonists revealed that anti-inflammatory effect of NPY is mediated via Y1 and Y5 receptors. NPY-induced suppression of paw edema in young rats following inhibition of DP4 additionally emphasized the role for Y1 receptor in the anti-inflammatory action of NPY. In contrast to the in vivo situation, NPY stimulated macrophage nitric oxide production in vitro only in young rats, and this effect was mediated via Y1 and Y2 receptors. It can be concluded that age-dependant modulation of inflammatory reactions by NPY is determined by plasma, but not macrophage DP4 activity at different ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana Dimitrijević
- Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak", Immunology Research Center "Branislav Janković", Vojvode Stepe 458, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia.
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Zhang DK, Gan HT. Emphasis on the role of intestinal nervous system in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2008; 16:3200-3203. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v16.i28.3200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The etiology of inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis remains unknown. In a great many studies about the pathogenesis of IBD, great attention was paid to the immune dysfunction, genetic susceptibility, and various environmental factors, whereas the effects of enteric nervous system (ENS) were neglected. In fact, increasing evidence now indicates that ENS is involved in the pathogenesis of IBD. In this paper, we review the abnormal regulation of enteric nervous system in IBD.
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Targeted deletion of neuropeptide Y (NPY) modulates experimental colitis. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3304. [PMID: 18836554 PMCID: PMC2561053 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2008] [Accepted: 09/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neurogenic inflammation plays a major role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We examined the role of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in modulating colitis. Methods Colitis was induced by administration of dextran sodium sulphate (3% DSS) or streptomycin pre-treated Salmonella typhimurium (S.T.) in wild type (WT) and NPY (NPY−/−) knockout mice. Colitis was assessed by clinical score, histological score and myeloperoxidase activity. NPY and nNOS expression was assessed by immunostaining. Oxidative stress was assessed by measuring catalase activity, glutathione and nitrite levels. Colonic motility was assessed by isometric muscle recording in WT and DSS-treated mice. Results DSS/S.T. induced an increase in enteric neuronal NPY and nNOS expression in WT mice. WT mice were more susceptible to inflammation compared to NPY−/− as indicated by higher clinical & histological scores, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity (p<0.01). DSS-WT mice had increased nitrite, decreased glutathione (GSH) levels and increased catalase activity indicating more oxidative stress. The lower histological scores, MPO and chemokine KC in S.T.-treated nNOS−/− and NPY−/−/nNOS−/− mice supported the finding that loss of NPY-induced nNOS attenuated inflammation. The inflammation resulted in chronic impairment of colonic motility in DSS-WT mice. NPY –treated rat enteric neurons in vitro exhibited increased nitrite and TNF-α production. Conclusions NPY mediated increase in nNOS is a determinant of oxidative stress and subsequent inflammation. Our study highlights the role of neuronal NPY and nNOS as mediators of inflammatory processes in IBD.
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Wong IP, Zengin A, Herzog H, Baldock PA. Central regulation of bone mass. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2008; 19:452-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2008.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2008] [Revised: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 08/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Neuroendocrine and immune network re-modeling in chronic fatigue syndrome: an exploratory analysis. Genomics 2008; 92:393-9. [PMID: 18775774 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2008.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2008] [Revised: 07/19/2008] [Accepted: 08/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This work investigates the significance of changes in association patterns linking indicators of neuroendocrine and immune activity in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Gene sets preferentially expressed in specific immune cell isolates were integrated with neuroendocrine data from a large population-based study. Co-expression patterns linking immune cell activity with hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA), thyroidal (HPT) and gonadal (HPG) axis status were computed using mutual information criteria. Networks in control and CFS subjects were compared globally in terms of a weighted graph edit distance. Local re-modeling of node connectivity was quantified by node degree and eigenvector centrality measures. Results indicate statistically significant differences between CFS and control networks determined mainly by re-modeling around pituitary and thyroid nodes as well as an emergent immune sub-network. Findings align with known mechanisms of chronic inflammation and support possible immune-mediated loss of thyroid function in CFS exacerbated by blunted HPA axis responsiveness.
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Abstract
Systemic autoimmunity such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is associated with the loss of B-cell tolerance, B-cell dysregulation and autoantibody production. While some autoantibodies may contribute to the pathology seen with SLE, numerous studies have shown that dysregulation of T-cell function is another critical aspect driving disease. The positive results obtained in clinical trials using T-cell- or B-cell-specific treatments have suggested that cooperation between T and B cells probably underlies disease progression in many patients. A similar cooperative mechanism seemed to explain SLE developing in mice overexpressing the B-cell-activating factor from the tumor necrosis factor family (BAFF). However, surprisingly, T-cell-deficient BAFF transgenic (Tg) mice develop SLE similar to T-cell-sufficient BAFF Tg mice, and the disease was linked to innate activation of B cells and production of proinflammatory autoantibody isotypes. In conclusion, dysregulated innate activation of B cells alone can drive disease independently of T cells, and as such this aspect represents a new pathogenic mechanism in autoimmunity.
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Zhou JR, Xu Z, Jiang CL. Neuropeptide Y promotes TGF-beta1 production in RAW264.7 cells by activating PI3K pathway via Y1 receptor. Neurosci Bull 2008; 24:155-9. [PMID: 18500388 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-008-0130-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of neuropeptide Y (NPY) on TGF-beta1 production in RAW264.7 macrophages. METHODS Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect TGF-beta1 production. Cell counting kit 8 (CCK-8) was used to assay the viability of RAW264.7 cells. Western blot was used to detect the phosphorylation of PI3K p85. RESULTS NPY treatment could promote TGF-beta1 production and rapid phosphorylation of PI3K p85 in RAW264.7 cells via Y1 receptor. The elevated TGF-beta1 production induced by NPY could be abolished by wortmannin pretreatment. CONCLUSION NPY may elicit TGF-beta1 production in RAW264.7 cells via Y1 receptor, and the activated PI3K pathway may account for this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Rui Zhou
- Department of Nautical Medicine, Laboratory of Stress Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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El Karim IA, Lamey PJ, Linden GJ, Lundy FT. Neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor in human dental pulp cells of noncarious and carious teeth. Int Endod J 2008; 41:850-5. [PMID: 18699789 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2008.01436.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine the distribution of the NPY Y1 receptor in carious and noncarious human dental pulp tissue using immunohistochemistry. A subsidiary aim was to confirm the presence of the NPY Y1 protein product in membrane fractions of dental pulp tissue from carious and noncarious teeth using western blotting. METHODOLOGY Twenty two dental pulp samples were collected from carious and noncarious extracted teeth. Ten samples were processed for immunohistochemistry using a specific antibody to the NPY Y1 receptor. Twelve samples were used to obtain membrane extracts which were electrophoresed, blotted onto nitrocellulose and probed with NPY Y1 receptor antibody. Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance was employed to test for overall statistical differences between NPY Y1 levels in noncarious, moderately carious and grossly carious teeth. RESULTS Neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor immunoreactivity was detected on the walls of blood vessels in pulp tissue from noncarious teeth. In carious teeth NPY Y1 immunoreactivity was observed on nerve fibres, blood vessels and inflammatory cells. Western blotting indicated the presence and confirmed the variability of NPY Y1 receptor protein expression in solubilised membrane preparations of human dental pulp tissue from carious and noncarious teeth. CONCLUSIONS Neuropeptide Y Y1 is expressed in human dental pulp tissue with evidence of increased expression in carious compared with noncarious teeth, suggesting a role for NPY Y1 in modulation of caries induced pulpal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A El Karim
- Oral Science Research Centre, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
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135
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Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) and the immune system are two extremely complex and highly adaptive systems. In the face of a real or anticipated threat, be it physical (eg, infection) or psychological (eg, psychosocial stress) in nature, the two systems act in concert to provide optimal adaptation to the demanding internal or environmental conditions. During instances of well being, the communication between these two systems is well tuned and balanced. However, a disturbed crosstalk between the CNS and the immune system is thought to play a major role in a wide series of disorders characterized by a hyporesponsive or hyperresponsive immune system. In multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease, an excess of inflammatory processes seems to be a hallmark and there is growing evidence for a disturbed communication between the CNS and the immune system as a crucial pathogenic factor. While the exact mechanisms for these phenomena are still poorly understood, the young discipline of psychoneuroimmunology (PNI), which focuses on the mechanism underlying the brain to immune crosstalk, might offer some insights into the existing pathogenic mechanisms. Findings from the field of PNI might also help to gain a better understanding regarding the origin and course of MS clinical symptoms such as fatigue and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kern
- Technische Universität Dresden, Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, Multiple Sklerose Zentrum Dresden, Fetscherstr 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
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136
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Abstract
Diabetes is associated with several changes in gastrointestinal (GI) motility and associated symptoms such as nausea, bloating, abdominal pain, diarrhoea and constipation. The pathogenesis of altered GI functions in diabetes is multifactorial and the role of the enteric nervous system (ENS) in this respect has gained significant importance. In this review, we summarize the research carried out on diabetes-related changes in the ENS. Changes in the inhibitory and excitatory enteric neurons are described highlighting the role of loss of inhibitory neurons in early diabetic enteric neuropathy. The functional consequences of these neuronal changes result in altered gastric emptying, diarrhoea or constipation. Diabetes can also affect GI motility through changes in intestinal smooth muscle or alterations in extrinsic neuronal control. Hyperglycaemia and oxidative stress play an important role in the pathophysiology of these ENS changes. Antioxidants to prevent or treat diabetic GI motility problems have therapeutic potential. Recent research on the nerve-immune interactions demonstrates inflammation-associated neurodegeneration which can lead to motility related problems in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Chandrasekharan
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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137
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Di Comite G, Grazia Sabbadini M, Corti A, Rovere-Querini P, Manfredi AA. Conversation galante: how the immune and the neuroendocrine systems talk to each other. Autoimmun Rev 2007; 7:23-29. [PMID: 17967721 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2007.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The generation of endogenous adjuvants and the clearance of apoptotic cells occur at the intersection between the neuroendocrine and the immune systems. Recent data suggest that autoimmunity associates with a communication breakdown between the two systems and that events taking place in lymphoid organs and in peripheral inflamed tissues shape the response to tissue damage. Autonomic nerve endings release norepinephrine and acetylcholine, whereas sensitive fibers release neuropeptides. Moreover, nervous endings in the tissues control the secretory activity of neuroendocrine cells, which are distributed in the gut, the pancreas, the lung, the thyroid, the liver, the prostate, the skin. Intracellular enzymes, and in particular the 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1, regulate the availability of active glucocorticoids in inflammatory macrophages and maturing dendritic cells; in turn the rate of active glucocorticoids determine the efficiency of phagocytes in clearing apoptotic cells, possibly influencing the availability of autoantigens. Immune cells release cytokines, which, in turn signal to the central and peripheral nervous system. We learnt from cytokine-neutralizing therapies that the sustained production of pro-inflammatory signals interferes with various neuro-endocrine axes. A better molecular dissection of this finely regulated inter-system cross-talk, in physiological conditions and during self-sustaining inflammatory diseases, might enable more rational therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Di Comite
- H. San Raffaele Scientific Institute & Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Sabbadini
- H. San Raffaele Scientific Institute & Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Angelo Corti
- H. San Raffaele Scientific Institute & Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Patrizia Rovere-Querini
- H. San Raffaele Scientific Institute & Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Angelo A Manfredi
- H. San Raffaele Scientific Institute & Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milano, Italy.
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138
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Stanojević S, Mitić K, Vujić V, Kovacević-Jovanović V, Dimitrijević M. Exposure to acute physical and psychological stress alters the response of rat macrophages to corticosterone, neuropeptide Y and beta-endorphin. Stress 2007; 10:65-73. [PMID: 17454968 DOI: 10.1080/10253890601181289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of acute exposure to electric tail shock stress (ES) and a stress witnessing procedure (SW), as models for physical and psychological stress paradigms, respectively on adherence, phagocytosis and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) release from rat peritoneal macrophages. In addition, we studied the in vitro effects of corticosterone (CORT), neuropeptide Y (NPY) and beta-endorphin (BE) on adherence, phagocytosis and H(2)O(2) release from macrophages isolated from control rats and from rats that had been exposed to ES or SW procedures 24 h earlier. ES and SW comparably diminished phagocytosis and H(2)O(2) release, but did not influence macrophage adherence. In vitro treatment with CORT and NPY notably suppressed phagocytosis and potentiated H(2)O(2) release from macrophages. BE suppressed both phagocytosis and H(2)O(2) release from macrophages. Previous exposure to ES and SW altered the responsiveness of the isolated macrophages to their in vitro treatment with mediators of stress, making the cells less sensitive to the influence of CORT and NPY and to a lesser extent to BE. It could be concluded that changes in the local macrophage milieu induced by ES and SW 24 h earlier modify macrophage responses to subsequent in vitro exposure to the stress mimics, CORT, NPY and BE.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Animals
- Cell Adhesion/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Corticosterone/pharmacology
- Electroshock
- Hydrogen Peroxide/metabolism
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/drug effects
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/metabolism
- Male
- Neuropeptide Y/pharmacology
- Phagocytosis/drug effects
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Strains
- Stress, Physiological/etiology
- Stress, Physiological/pathology
- Stress, Physiological/physiopathology
- Stress, Psychological/etiology
- Stress, Psychological/pathology
- Stress, Psychological/physiopathology
- Tail
- beta-Endorphin/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislava Stanojević
- Institute of Immunology and Virology Torlak, Immunology Research Centre Branislav Jankovic, Vojvode Stepe 458, Belgrade, Serbia.
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139
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Correa SG, Maccioni M, Rivero VE, Iribarren P, Sotomayor CE, Riera CM. Cytokines and the immune–neuroendocrine network: What did we learn from infection and autoimmunity? Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2007; 18:125-34. [PMID: 17347025 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2007.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The initial view of the neuroendocrine-immune communication as the brake of immune activation is changing. Recent evidence suggests that the optimization of the body's overall response to infection could be actually the role of the immune-endocrine network. In gradually more complex organisms, the multiplicity of host-pathogen interfaces forced the development of efficient and protective responses. Molecules such as cytokines and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are distributed both in the periphery and in the brain to participate in a coordinated adaptive function. When sustained release of inflammatory mediators occurs, as in autoimmune diseases, undesirable pathological consequences become evident with different manifestations and outcomes. Clearly, organisms are not well adapted to that disregulated condition yet, suggesting that additional partners within neuroendocrine-immune interactions might emerge from the evolutionary road.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia G Correa
- Immunology, Department of Biochemical Chemistry, CIBICI (CONICET), Faculty of Chemical Sciences, National University of Cordoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, 5000 Cordoba, Argentina.
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140
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Kuo LE, Abe K, Zukowska Z. Stress, NPY and vascular remodeling: Implications for stress-related diseases. Peptides 2007; 28:435-40. [PMID: 17241699 PMCID: PMC1868452 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2006.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2006] [Accepted: 08/20/2006] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has long been known to be involved in stress, centrally as an anxiolytic neuromodulator, and peripherally as a sympathetic nerve- and in some species, platelet-derived vasoconstrictor. The peptide is also a vascular mitogen, via Y1/Y5, and is angiogenic via Y2/Y5 receptors. Arterial injury activates platelet NPY and vascular Y1 receptors, inducing medial hypertrophy and neointima formation. Exogenous NPY, dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV, forming an Y2/Y5-selective agonist) and chronic stress augment these effects and occlude vessels with atherosclerotic-like lesions, containing thrombus and lipid-laden macrophages. Y1 antagonist blocks stress-induced vasoconstriction and post-angioplasty occlusions, and hence may be therapeutic in angina and atherosclerosis/restenosis. Conversely, tissue ischemia activates neuronal and platelet-derived NPY, Y2/Y5 and DPPIV, which stimulate angiogenesis/arteriogenesis. NPY-Y2-DPPIV agonists may be beneficial for ischemic revascularization and wound healing, whereas antagonists may be therapeutic in retinopathy, tumors, and obesity. Since stress is an underestimated risk factor in many of these conditions, NPY-based drugs may offer new treatment possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia E Kuo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stress Physiology and Research Center (SPaRC), Georgetown University Medical Center, United States
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141
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Wheway J, Herzog H, Mackay F. The Y1 receptor for NPY: a key modulator of the adaptive immune system. Peptides 2007; 28:453-8. [PMID: 17240480 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2006.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2006] [Accepted: 09/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that the neuropeptide Y (NPY) system plays an important role in the immune system. Yet, little is known about the expression of NPY and receptors in the immune system. Moreover, original contradicting results have confused the picture and hampered a clear understanding of its role in the immune system. The use of Y(1) receptor-deficient mice, combined with advanced methods to investigate immune functions, have provided the solution to the problem raised by previous disparities. From results obtained using Y(1)-deficient mice (Y(1)(-/-)), we uncovered a bimodal role for Y(1) on immune cells. Y(1) expression on antigen-presenting cells (APC) is essential for their function as T cell priming elements. Conversely, Y(1) signaling in T cells plays a regulatory role without which T cells are hyper-responsive. The opposite role of Y(1) on APC and T cells has reconciled previous disparities by showing that signaling via Y(1) protects against inflammation by inhibiting T cell responses, whereas Y(1)(-/-) mice are protected in the same inflammatory models due to defective APCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Wheway
- Autoimmune Research Unit, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria St., Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
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142
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Bedoui S, von Hörsten S, Gebhardt T. A role for neuropeptide Y (NPY) in phagocytosis: implications for innate and adaptive immunity. Peptides 2007; 28:373-6. [PMID: 17239992 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2006.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2006] [Accepted: 07/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although it is broadly accepted that the immune system and the nervous system functionally interact with each other at various levels, many aspects of this crosstalk still remain unclear. One player in this interaction is neuropeptide Y (NPY), a sympathetic neurotransmitter, which has been demonstrated to regulate a broad variety of immune functions. In this review we will outline key findings on the effects NPY exerts on phagocytosis by neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages and its relevance to the elimination of invading pathogens. Furthermore, we will discuss the implications of these findings for antigen presentation by dendritic cells and the induction of adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sammy Bedoui
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3051, Australia.
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143
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Dimitrijević M, Stanojević S, Mićić S, Vujić V, Kovacević-Jovanović V, Mitić K, von Hörsten S, Kosec D. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) modulates oxidative burst and nitric oxide production in carrageenan-elicited granulocytes from rat air pouch. Peptides 2006; 27:3208-15. [PMID: 17010476 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2006.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2006] [Revised: 08/27/2006] [Accepted: 08/28/2006] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We studied the effects of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and NPY-related receptor specific peptides on functions of carrageenan-elicited granulocytes in vitro and ability of NPY to modulate carrageenan-induced air pouch inflammation in rats in vivo. Anti-inflammatory effect of NPY comprises reduced granulocyte accumulation into the air pouch, to some extent attenuation of phagocytosis, attained via Y1 receptor, and considerable decrease in peroxide production, albeit mediated via Y2 and Y5 receptors activation. Conversely, NPY increases nitric oxide production and this potentiation is mediated via Y1 receptor. It is concluded that NPY Y1 and Y2/Y5 receptors' interaction participates in NPY-induced modulation of granulocyte functions related to inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana Dimitrijević
- Immunology Research Center "Branislav Janković", Institute of Immunology and Virology "Torlak", Vojvode Stepe 458, 11152 Belgrade, Serbia.
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144
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Prod'homme T, Weber MS, Steinman L, Zamvil SS. A neuropeptide in immune-mediated inflammation, Y? Trends Immunol 2006; 27:164-7. [PMID: 16530483 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2006.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2006] [Revised: 01/23/2006] [Accepted: 02/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Disturbances in crosstalk between the immune system and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) can contribute to the pathogenesis of Th1-mediated autoimmunity. Recent studies indicate that neuropeptide Y (NPY) has a major role in the regulation of Th1 responses. The precise role of NPY has been an enigma, but a recent study provides a breakthrough, demonstrating that NPY has a bimodal role as a negative regulator of T cells and an activator of antigen-presenting cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Prod'homme
- Department of Neurology, and Program in Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0114, USA
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