101
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Yoshio S, Kanto T. Host-virus interactions in hepatitis B and hepatitis C infection. J Gastroenterol 2016; 51:409-20. [PMID: 26894594 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-016-1183-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are among the most endemic pathogens worldwide, with more than 500 million people globally currently infected with these viruses. These pathogens can cause acute and chronic hepatitis that progress to liver cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. Both viruses utilize multifaceted strategies to evade the host surveillance system and fall below the immunological radar. HBV has developed specific strategies to evade recognition by the innate immune system and is acknowledged to be a stealth virus. However, extensive research has revealed that HBV is recognized by dendritic cells (DCs) and natural killer (NK) cells. Indoleamine-2, 3-dioxygenase is an enforcer of sequential immune reactions in acute hepatitis B, and this molecule has been shown to be induced by the interaction of HBV-infected hepatocytes, DCs, and NK cells. The interleukin-28B genotype has been reported to influence HCV eradication either therapeutically or spontaneously, but the biological function of its gene product, a type-III interferon (IFN-λ3), remains to be elucidated. Human BDCA3(+)DCs have also been shown to be a potent producer of IFN-λ3 in HCV infection, suggesting the possibility that BDCA3(+)DCs could play a key role in developing therapeutic HCV vaccine. Here we review the current state of research on immune responses against HBV and HCV infection, with a specific focus on innate immunity. A comprehensive study based on clinical samples is urgently needed to improve our understanding of the immune mechanisms associated with viral control and thus to develop novel immune modulatory therapies to cure chronic HBV and HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiyo Yoshio
- The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-7-1 Kohnodai, Ichikawa, 272-8516, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kanto
- The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-7-1 Kohnodai, Ichikawa, 272-8516, Japan.
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102
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Oon S, Wilson NJ, Wicks I. Targeted therapeutics in SLE: emerging strategies to modulate the interferon pathway. Clin Transl Immunology 2016; 5:e79. [PMID: 27350879 PMCID: PMC4910120 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2016.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prototypic autoimmune disease characterized by impaired immune tolerance, resulting in the generation of pathogenic autoantibodies and immune complexes. Although autoreactive B lymphocytes have been the first targets for biologic therapies in SLE, the importance of the innate immune system, and in particular, pathways involved in interferon (IFN) signaling, has emerged. There are now data supporting a central role for a plasmacytoid dendritic cell-derived type I IFN pathway in SLE, with a number of biologic therapeutics and small-molecule inhibitors undergoing clinical trials. Monoclonal antibodies targeting IFN-α have completed phase II clinical trials, and an antibody against the type I IFN receptor is entering a phase III trial. However, other IFNs, such as IFN gamma, and the more recently discovered type III IFNs, are also emerging as targets in SLE; and blockade of upstream components of the IFN signaling pathway may enable inhibition of more than one IFN subtype. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of IFNs in SLE, focusing on emerging therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shereen Oon
- Division of Inflammation, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Rheumatology Department, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Ian Wicks
- Division of Inflammation, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Rheumatology Department, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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103
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Witte E, Kokolakis G, Witte K, Warszawska K, Friedrich M, Christou D, Kirsch S, Sterry W, Volk HD, Sabat R, Wolk K. Interleukin-29 induces epithelial production of CXCR3A ligands and T-cell infiltration. J Mol Med (Berl) 2016; 94:391-400. [PMID: 26612594 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-015-1367-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Psoriasis is considered as a model for chronic immune-mediated disorders. Th17-cells are pivotal players in those diseases. Recently, we demonstrated that Th17-cells produce interleukin (IL)-29 and that IL-29 is highly present in psoriatic lesions. Whether IL-29, with its action on epithelial cells and melanocytes, contributes to psoriasis pathogenesis, was unknown so far. Analysis of IL-29-treated human keratinocytes revealed induction of the chemokines CXCL10, CXCL11, and, to a much lesser extent, CXCL9. Unlike these CXCR3A ligands, known to attract Th1-, CD8(+), NK-, and Th1/Th17 transient cells, no influence was found on chemokines attracting other immune cell populations or on molecules modulating the CXCR3A/CXCR3A ligand interaction. CXCR3A ligand expression was also induced by IL-29 in melanocytes and in epidermis models and explanted skin. Regarding other psoriasis-relevant cytokines, interferon-γ and, less potently, tumor necrosis factor-α and IL-1β shared and strengthened IL-29's capacity. Murine IL-29 counterpart injected into mouse skin provoked local CXCL10 and CXCL11 expression, T-cell infiltration, and, in consequence, skin swelling. The elevated IL-29 expression in psoriatic lesions was associated with upregulation of CXCR3A ligands compared to non-lesional skin of these patients and to the skin of healthy donors and atopic dermatitis patients, which lack IL-29 production. Importantly, neutralization of IL-29 reduced CXCR3A ligand levels in explant cultures of psoriatic lesions. Finally, elevated blood CXCL11 levels were found in psoriasis that might be useful for monitoring lesional activity of the IL-29 axis. In summary, the Th17-cytokine IL-29 induces specific chemokines and, in consequence, provokes skin infiltration of potentially pathogenic T-cells. KEY MESSAGES IL-29 selectively induces CXCR3A-binding chemokines (CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11) in skin cells. Murine IL-29 counterpart induces skin T-cell infiltration and inflammation in mice. CXCR3A ligands are IL-29-dependently increased in lesional skin of psoriasis patients. CXCR3A ligand levels in psoriatic skin correlate with epidermal T-cell numbers. Increased blood CXCL11 levels in psoriasis may be a biomarker for local IL-29 action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Witte
- Psoriasis Research and Treatment Center, University Hospital Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Georgios Kokolakis
- Psoriasis Research and Treatment Center, University Hospital Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Witte
- Psoriasis Research and Treatment Center, University Hospital Charité, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, University Hospital Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katarzyna Warszawska
- Psoriasis Research and Treatment Center, University Hospital Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Friedrich
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Demetrios Christou
- Psoriasis Research and Treatment Center, University Hospital Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Kirsch
- Psoriasis Research and Treatment Center, University Hospital Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfram Sterry
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Dieter Volk
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, University Hospital Charité, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Medical Immunology, University Hospital Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Sabat
- Psoriasis Research and Treatment Center, University Hospital Charité, Berlin, Germany
- Research Center Immunosciences, University Hospital Charité, Berlin, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Group Molecular Immunopathology, University Hospital Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerstin Wolk
- Psoriasis Research and Treatment Center, University Hospital Charité, Berlin, Germany.
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, University Hospital Charité, Berlin, Germany.
- Research Center Immunosciences, University Hospital Charité, Berlin, Germany.
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104
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Apweiler R, Bairoch A, Wu CH, Barker WC, Boeckmann B, Ferro S, Gasteiger E, Huang H, Lopez R, Magrane M, Martin MJ, Natale DA, O'Donovan C, Redaschi N, Yeh LSL. Host-virus interactions in hepatitis B and hepatitis C infection. J Gastroenterol 2016; 32:D115-9. [PMID: 14681372 PMCID: PMC308865 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkh131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2218] [Impact Index Per Article: 277.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are among the most endemic pathogens worldwide, with more than 500 million people globally currently infected with these viruses. These pathogens can cause acute and chronic hepatitis that progress to liver cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. Both viruses utilize multifaceted strategies to evade the host surveillance system and fall below the immunological radar. HBV has developed specific strategies to evade recognition by the innate immune system and is acknowledged to be a stealth virus. However, extensive research has revealed that HBV is recognized by dendritic cells (DCs) and natural killer (NK) cells. Indoleamine-2, 3-dioxygenase is an enforcer of sequential immune reactions in acute hepatitis B, and this molecule has been shown to be induced by the interaction of HBV-infected hepatocytes, DCs, and NK cells. The interleukin-28B genotype has been reported to influence HCV eradication either therapeutically or spontaneously, but the biological function of its gene product, a type-III interferon (IFN-λ3), remains to be elucidated. Human BDCA3(+)DCs have also been shown to be a potent producer of IFN-λ3 in HCV infection, suggesting the possibility that BDCA3(+)DCs could play a key role in developing therapeutic HCV vaccine. Here we review the current state of research on immune responses against HBV and HCV infection, with a specific focus on innate immunity. A comprehensive study based on clinical samples is urgently needed to improve our understanding of the immune mechanisms associated with viral control and thus to develop novel immune modulatory therapies to cure chronic HBV and HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Apweiler
- The EMBL Outstation--European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK.
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105
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A Comparative Study of the T Cell Stimulatory and Polarizing Capacity of Human Primary Blood Dendritic Cell Subsets. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:3605643. [PMID: 27057096 PMCID: PMC4761397 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3605643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are central players of immune responses; they become activated upon infection or inflammation and migrate to lymph nodes, where they can initiate an antigen-specific immune response by activating naive T cells. Two major types of naturally occurring DCs circulate in peripheral blood, namely, myeloid and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs). Myeloid DCs (mDCs) can be subdivided based on the expression of either CD1c or CD141. These human DC subsets differ in surface marker expression, Toll-like receptor (TLR) repertoire, and transcriptional profile, suggesting functional differences between them. Here, we directly compared the capacity of human blood mDCs and pDCs to activate and polarize CD4(+) T cells. CD141(+) mDCs show an overall more mature phenotype over CD1c(+) mDC and pDCs; they produce less IL-10 and more IL-12 than CD1c(+) mDCs. Despite these differences, all subsets can induce the production of IFN-γ in naive CD4(+) T cells. CD1c(+) and CD141(+) mDCs especially induce a strong T helper 1 profile. Importantly, naive CD4(+) T cells are not polarized towards regulatory T cells by any subset. These findings further establish all three human blood DCs-despite their differences-as promising candidates for immunostimulatory effectors in cancer immunotherapy.
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106
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Greyer M, Whitney P, Stock A, Davey G, Tebartz C, Bachem A, Mintern J, Strugnell R, Turner S, Gebhardt T, O’Keeffe M, Heath W, Bedoui S. T Cell Help Amplifies Innate Signals in CD8 + DCs for Optimal CD8 + T Cell Priming. Cell Rep 2016; 14:586-597. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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Abstract
T cells are an essential element that regulates the balance in immunity, by killing infected cells, helping antibody formation and suppressing autoimmune responses. However, T cells are incapable of recognizing native antigens. Instead, they recognize processed peptides presented by MHC molecules. Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen presenting cells that inform the fight against invasive pathogens while enforcing tolerance to self and harmless environmental antigens. They capture pathogens and receive signals from pathogens that influence the outcome of immune responses. On the basis of these signals, DCs orchestrate antigen specific T cell differentiation. Alternatively they can silence self-reactive T cells by inducing deletion, anergy or regulation (Treg). This article will discuss the discovery, function and development of DCs and the mechanisms by which they link innate immunity to adaptive immunity.
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108
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Vremec D. The Isolation and Enrichment of Large Numbers of Highly Purified Mouse Spleen Dendritic Cell Populations and Their In Vitro Equivalents. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1423:61-87. [PMID: 27142009 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3606-9_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) form a complex network of cells that initiate and orchestrate immune responses against a vast array of pathogenic challenges. Developmentally and functionally distinct DC subtypes differentially regulate T-cell function. Importantly it is the ability of DC to capture and process antigen, whether from pathogens, vaccines, or self-components, and present it to naive T cells that is the key to their ability to initiate an immune response. Our typical isolation procedure for DC from murine spleen was designed to efficiently extract all DC subtypes, without bias and without alteration to their in vivo phenotype, and involves a short collagenase digestion of the tissue, followed by selection for cells of light density and finally negative selection for DC. The isolation procedure can accommodate DC numbers that have been artificially increased via administration of fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3L), either directly through a series of subcutaneous injections or by seeding with an Flt3L secreting murine melanoma. Flt3L may also be added to bone marrow cultures to produce large numbers of in vitro equivalents of the spleen DC subsets. Total DC, or their subsets, may be further purified using immunofluorescent labeling and flow cytometric cell sorting. Cell sorting may be completely bypassed by separating DC subsets using a combination of fluorescent antibody labeling and anti-fluorochrome magnetic beads. Our procedure enables efficient separation of the distinct DC subsets, even in cases where mouse numbers or flow cytometric cell sorting time is limiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Vremec
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia.
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109
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Primary Human Blood Dendritic Cells for Cancer Immunotherapy-Tailoring the Immune Response by Dendritic Cell Maturation. Biomedicines 2015; 3:282-303. [PMID: 28536413 PMCID: PMC5344227 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines3040282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC)-based cancer vaccines hold the great promise of tipping the balance from tolerance of the tumor to rejection. In the last two decades, we have gained tremendous knowledge about DC-based cancer vaccines. The maturation of DCs has proven indispensable to induce immunogenic T cell responses. We review the insights gained from the development of maturation cocktails in monocyte derived DC-based trials. More recently, we have also gained insights into the functional specialization of primary human blood DC subsets. In peripheral human blood, we can distinguish at least three primary DC subsets, namely CD1c+ and CD141+ myeloid DCs and plasmacytoid DCs. We reflect the current knowledge on maturation and T helper polarization by these blood DC subsets in the context of DC-based cancer vaccines. The maturation stimulus in combination with the DC subset will determine the type of T cell response that is induced. First trials with these natural DCs underline their excellent in vivo functioning and mark them as promising tools for future vaccination strategies.
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110
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Yazdi AS, Röcken M, Ghoreschi K. Cutaneous immunology: basics and new concepts. Semin Immunopathol 2015; 38:3-10. [PMID: 26563284 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-015-0545-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
As one of the largest organs, the skin forms a mechanical and immunological barrier to the environment. The skin immune system harbors cells of the innate immune system and cells of the adaptive immune system. Signals of the innate immune system typically initiate skin immune responses, while cells and cytokines of the adaptive immune system perpetuate the inflammation. Skin immune responses ensure effective host defense against pathogens but can also cause inflammatory skin diseases. An extensive crosstalk between the different cell types of the immune system, tissue cells, and pathogens is responsible for the complexity of skin immune reactions. Here we summarize the major cellular and molecular components of the innate and adaptive skin immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir S Yazdi
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Röcken
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kamran Ghoreschi
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany.
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111
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Verronèse E, Delgado A, Valladeau-Guilemond J, Garin G, Guillemaut S, Tredan O, Ray-Coquard I, Bachelot T, N'Kodia A, Bardin-Dit-Courageot C, Rigal C, Pérol D, Caux C, Ménétrier-Caux C. Immune cell dysfunctions in breast cancer patients detected through whole blood multi-parametric flow cytometry assay. Oncoimmunology 2015; 5:e1100791. [PMID: 27141361 PMCID: PMC4839376 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1100791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Monitoring functional competence of immune cell populations in clinical routine represents a major challenge. We developed a whole-blood assay to monitor functional competence of peripheral innate immune cells including NK cells, dendritic and monocyte cell subsets through their ability to produce specific cytokines after short-term stimulation, detected through intra-cytoplasmic staining and multi-parametric flow-cytometry. A PMA/ionomycin T cell activation assay complemented this analysis. Comparing cohorts of healthy women and breast cancer (BC) patients at different stages, we identified significant functional alteration of circulating immune cells during BC progression prior to initiation of treatment. Of upmost importance, as early as the localized primary tumor (PT) stage, we observed functional alterations in several innate immune populations and T cells i.e. (i) reduced TNFα production by BDCA-1+ DC and non-classical monocytes in response to Type-I IFN, (ii) a strong drop in IFNγ production by NK cells in response to either Type-I IFN or TLR7/8 ligand, and (iii) a coordinated impairment of cytokine (IL-2, IFNγ, IL-21) production by T cell subpopulations. Overall, these alterations are further accentuated according to the stage of the disease in first-line metastatic patients. Finally, whereas we did not detect functional modification of DC subsets in response to TLR7/8 ligand, we highlighted increased IL-12p40 production by monocytes specifically at first relapse (FR). Our results reinforce the importance of monitoring both innate and adaptive immunity to better evaluate dysfunctions in cancer patients and suggest that our whole-blood assay will be useful to monitor response to treatment, particularly for immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Verronèse
- Innovation in Immuno-monitoring and Immunotherapy Platform (PI3), Léon Bérard Cancer Center , Lyon, France
| | - A Delgado
- Innovation in Immuno-monitoring and Immunotherapy Platform (PI3), Léon Bérard Cancer Center , Lyon, France
| | - J Valladeau-Guilemond
- Team 11, INSERM U1052/CNRS UMR5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Lyon, France; Université de Lyon, Lyon, France; Université Lyon 1, ISPB, Lyon, France
| | - G Garin
- DRCI department, Léon Bérard Cancer Center , Lyon, France
| | - S Guillemaut
- DRCI department, Léon Bérard Cancer Center , Lyon, France
| | - O Tredan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Léon Bérard Cancer Center , Lyon, France
| | - I Ray-Coquard
- Department of Medical Oncology, Léon Bérard Cancer Center , Lyon, France
| | - T Bachelot
- Team 11, INSERM U1052/CNRS UMR5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Lyon, France; Université de Lyon, Lyon, France; Université Lyon 1, ISPB, Lyon, France; Department of Medical Oncology, Léon Bérard Cancer Center, Lyon, France
| | - A N'Kodia
- Innovation in Immuno-monitoring and Immunotherapy Platform (PI3), Léon Bérard Cancer Center , Lyon, France
| | - C Bardin-Dit-Courageot
- Innovation in Immuno-monitoring and Immunotherapy Platform (PI3), Léon Bérard Cancer Center , Lyon, France
| | - C Rigal
- Innovation in Immuno-monitoring and Immunotherapy Platform (PI3), Léon Bérard Cancer Center , Lyon, France
| | - D Pérol
- DRCI department, Léon Bérard Cancer Center , Lyon, France
| | - C Caux
- Innovation in Immuno-monitoring and Immunotherapy Platform (PI3), Léon Bérard Cancer Center, Lyon, France; Team 11, INSERM U1052/CNRS UMR5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Lyon, France; Université de Lyon, Lyon, France; Université Lyon 1, ISPB, Lyon, France
| | - C Ménétrier-Caux
- Innovation in Immuno-monitoring and Immunotherapy Platform (PI3), Léon Bérard Cancer Center, Lyon, France; Team 11, INSERM U1052/CNRS UMR5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Lyon, France; Université de Lyon, Lyon, France; Université Lyon 1, ISPB, Lyon, France
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112
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O'Keeffe M, Mok WH, Radford KJ. Human dendritic cell subsets and function in health and disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:4309-25. [PMID: 26243730 PMCID: PMC11113503 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The method of choice for the development of new vaccines is to target distinct dendritic cell subsets with antigen in vivo and to harness their function in situ to enhance cell-mediated immunity or induce tolerance to specific antigens. The innate functions of dendritic cells themselves may also be targeted by inhibitors or activators that would target a specific function such as interferon production, potentially important in autoimmune disease and chronic viral infections. Importantly targeting dendritic cells requires detailed knowledge of both the surface phenotype and function of each dendritic cell subset, including how they may respond to different types of vaccine adjuvants, their ability to produce soluble mediators and to process and present antigens and induce priming of naïve T cells. This review summarizes our knowledge of the functional attributes of the human dendritic cell subsets in the steady state and upon activation and their roles in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith O'Keeffe
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Wai Hong Mok
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, 37 Kent St, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4012, Australia
| | - Kristen J Radford
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, 37 Kent St, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4012, Australia.
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113
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Abstract
When type III interferon (IFN-λ; also known as interleukin-28 [IL-28] and IL-29) was discovered in 2003, its antiviral function was expected to be analogous to that of type I IFNs (IFN-α and IFN-β) via the induction of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). Although IFN-λ stimulates expression of antiviral ISGs preferentially in cells of epithelial origin, recent studies have defined additional antiviral mechanisms in other cell types and tissues. Viral infection models using mice lacking IFN-λ signaling and SNP associations with human disease have expanded our understanding of the contribution of IFN-λ to the antiviral response at anatomic barriers and the immune response beyond these barriers. In this review, we highlight recent insights into IFN-λ functions, including its ability to restrict virus spread into the brain and to clear chronic viral infections in the gastrointestinal tract. We also discuss how IFN-λ modulates innate and adaptive immunity, autoimmunity, and tumor progression and its possible therapeutic applications in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M Lazear
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Timothy J Nice
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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114
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Nakai M, Oshiumi H, Funami K, Okamoto M, Matsumoto M, Seya T, Sakamoto N. Interferon (IFN) and Cellular Immune Response Evoked in RNA-Pattern Sensing During Infection with Hepatitis C Virus (HCV). SENSORS 2015; 15:27160-73. [PMID: 26512676 PMCID: PMC4634469 DOI: 10.3390/s151027160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects hepatocytes but not dendritic cells (DCs), but DCs effectively mature in response to HCV-infected hepatocytes. Using gene-disrupted mice and hydrodynamic injection strategy, we found the MAVS pathway to be crucial for induction of type III interferons (IFNs) in response to HCV in mouse. Human hepatocytes barely express TLR3 under non-infectious states, but frequently express it in HCV infection. Type I and III IFNs are induced upon stimulation with polyI:C, an analog of double-stranded (ds)RNA. Activation of TLR3 and the TICAM-1 pathway, followed by DC-mediated activation of cellular immunity, is augmented during exposure to viral RNA. Although type III IFNs are released from replication-competent human hepatocytes, DC-mediated CTL proliferation and NK cell activation hardly occur in response to the released type III IFNs. Yet, type I IFNs and HCV-infected hepatocytes can induce maturation of DCs in either human or mouse origin. In addition, mouse CD8+ DCs mature in response to HCV-infected hepatocytes unless the TLR3/TICAM-1 pathway is blocked. We found the exosomes containing HCV RNA in the supernatant of the HCV-infected hepatocytes act as a source of TLR3-mediated DC maturation. Here we summarize our view on the mechanism by which DCs mature to induce NK and CTL in a status of HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Nakai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Oshiumi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
| | - Kenji Funami
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
| | - Masaaki Okamoto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
| | - Misako Matsumoto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
| | - Tsukasa Seya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
| | - Naoya Sakamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
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115
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Geginat J, Nizzoli G, Paroni M, Maglie S, Larghi P, Pascolo S, Abrignani S. Immunity to Pathogens Taught by Specialized Human Dendritic Cell Subsets. Front Immunol 2015; 6:527. [PMID: 26528289 PMCID: PMC4603245 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that have a key role in immune responses because they bridge the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. They mature upon recognition of pathogens and upregulate MHC molecules and costimulatory receptors to activate antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. It is now well established that DCs are not a homogeneous population but are composed of different subsets with specialized functions in immune responses to specific pathogens. Upon viral infections, plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) rapidly produce large amounts of IFN-α, which has potent antiviral functions and activates several other immune cells. However, pDCs are not particularly potent APCs and induce the tolerogenic cytokine IL-10 in CD4+ T cells. In contrast, myeloid DCs (mDCs) are very potent APCs and possess the unique capacity to prime naive T cells and consequently to initiate a primary adaptive immune response. Different subsets of mDCs with specialized functions have been identified. In mice, CD8α+ mDCs capture antigenic material from necrotic cells, secrete high levels of IL-12, and prime Th1 and cytotoxic T-cell responses to control intracellular pathogens. Conversely, CD8α− mDCs preferentially prime CD4+ T cells and promote Th2 or Th17 differentiation. BDCA-3+ mDC2 are the human homologue of CD8α+ mDCs, since they share the expression of several key molecules, the capacity to cross-present antigens to CD8+ T-cells and to produce IFN-λ. However, although several features of the DC network are conserved between humans and mice, the expression of several toll-like receptors as well as the production of cytokines that regulate T-cell differentiation are different. Intriguingly, recent data suggest specific roles for human DC subsets in immune responses against individual pathogens. The biology of human DC subsets holds the promise to be exploitable in translational medicine, in particular for the development of vaccines against persistent infections or cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Geginat
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi" (INGM) , Milan , Italy
| | - Giulia Nizzoli
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi" (INGM) , Milan , Italy
| | - Moira Paroni
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi" (INGM) , Milan , Italy
| | - Stefano Maglie
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi" (INGM) , Milan , Italy
| | - Paola Larghi
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi" (INGM) , Milan , Italy
| | - Steve Pascolo
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Sergio Abrignani
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi" (INGM) , Milan , Italy ; DISCCO, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milano , Milan , Italy
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116
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de Groen RA, Groothuismink ZMA, Liu BS, Boonstra A. IFN-λ is able to augment TLR-mediated activation and subsequent function of primary human B cells. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 98:623-30. [PMID: 26130701 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3a0215-041rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past decade, increased emphasis has been placed on finding alternatives to IFN-α-based therapies. One such alternative, IFN-λ, has shown therapeutic promise in a variety of diseases, but research of this family of cytokines has been primarily focused on their antiviral activities. The goal of the present study was to investigate the role of IFN-λ in the regulation and modulation of B cell function. We show that, similar to IFN-α, IFN-λ1 is able to augment TLR-mediated B cell activation, partially attributed to an upregulation of TLR7 expression, and that both naïve and memory B cells express the limiting type III IFN receptor component, IFN-λR1. Furthermore, this IFN-λ-enhanced B cell activation resulted in increased cytokine and Ig production during TLR7 challenge, most prominently after the addition of helper T cell signals. Ultimately, these elevated cytokine and Ig levels could be partially attributed to the increase in proliferation of TLR7-challenged B cells by both type I and type III IFNs. These findings demonstrate the ability of IFN-λ to boost humoral immunity, an important attribute to consider for further studies on immunity to pathogens, vaccine development, and ongoing advancement of therapeutic strategies aimed at replacing IFN-α-based treatments with IFN-λ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rik A de Groen
- *Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Zwier M A Groothuismink
- *Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bi-Sheng Liu
- *Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - André Boonstra
- *Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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117
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Kreutz M, Bakdash G, Dolen Y, Sköld AE, van Hout-Kuijer MA, de Vries IJM, Figdor CG. Type I IFN-mediated synergistic activation of mouse and human DC subsets by TLR agonists. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:2798-809. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kreutz
- Department of Tumor Immunology; Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Ghaith Bakdash
- Department of Tumor Immunology; Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Yusuf Dolen
- Department of Tumor Immunology; Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Annette E. Sköld
- Department of Tumor Immunology; Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Department of Oncology and Pathology; Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Karolinska Institute; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Maaike A. van Hout-Kuijer
- Department of Tumor Immunology; Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - I. Jolanda M. de Vries
- Department of Tumor Immunology; Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Oncology; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Carl G. Figdor
- Department of Tumor Immunology; Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
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118
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Martínez VG, Canseco NM, Hidalgo L, Valencia J, Entrena A, Fernández-Sevilla LM, Hernández-López C, Sacedón R, Vicente A, Varas A. A discrete population of IFN λ-expressing BDCA3hi dendritic cells is present in human thymus. Immunol Cell Biol 2015; 93:673-8. [PMID: 25753268 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2015.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human thymus contains two major subpopulations of dendritic cells (DCs), conventional DCs (cDCs) and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs), which are mainly involved in central tolerance and also in protecting the thymus against infections. In blood and peripheral organs cDCs include the subpopulation of BDCA3(hi) DCs, considered as equivalents to mouse CD8α(+) DCs. In this study we describe in human thymus the presence of a discrete population of BDCA3(hi) DCs that, like their peripheral counterparts, express CD13, low-intermediate levels of CD11c, CLEC9A, high levels of XCR1, IRF8 and TLR3, and mostly lack the expression of CD11b, CD14 and TLR7. Thymic BDCA3(hi) DCs display immature features with a low expression of costimulatory molecules and HLA-DR, and a low allostimulatory capacity. Also, BDCA3(hi) DCs exhibit a strong response to TLR3 stimulation, producing high levels of interferon (IFN)-λ1 and CXCL10, which indicates that, similarly to thymic pDCs, BDCA3(hi) DCs can have an important role in thymus protection against viral infections.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, Differentiation/analysis
- Antigens, Surface/analysis
- Apoptosis
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CXCL10/analysis
- Child, Preschool
- Coculture Techniques
- Dendritic Cells/chemistry
- Dendritic Cells/classification
- Dendritic Cells/cytology
- HLA-DR Antigens/analysis
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Interferons
- Interleukins/analysis
- Interleukins/biosynthesis
- Interleukins/genetics
- Lectins, C-Type/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/analysis
- Receptors, Mitogen/analysis
- Thrombomodulin
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Toll-Like Receptor 3/analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor G Martínez
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Noelia M Canseco
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Hidalgo
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaris Valencia
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Entrena
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Rosa Sacedón
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angeles Vicente
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Varas
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
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119
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Wack A, Terczyńska-Dyla E, Hartmann R. Guarding the frontiers: the biology of type III interferons. Nat Immunol 2015; 16:802-9. [PMID: 26194286 PMCID: PMC7096991 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Type III interferons (IFNs) or IFN-λs regulate a similar set of genes as type I IFNs, but whereas type I IFNs act globally, IFN-λs primarily target mucosal epithelial cells and protect them against the frequent viral attacks that are typical for barrier tissues. IFN-λs thereby help to maintain healthy mucosal surfaces through immune protection, without the significant immune-related pathogenic risk associated with type I IFN responses. Type III IFNs also target the human liver, with dual effects: they induce an antiviral state in hepatocytes, but specific IFN-λ4 action impairs the clearance of hepatitis C virus and could influence inflammatory responses. This constitutes a paradox that has yet to be resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Wack
- Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ewa Terczyńska-Dyla
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rune Hartmann
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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120
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Stoitzner P, Schaffenrath S, Tripp CH, Reider D, Komenda K, Del Frari B, Djedovic G, Ebner S, Romani N. Human skin dendritic cells can be targeted in situ by intradermal injection of antibodies against lectin receptors. Exp Dermatol 2015; 23:909-15. [PMID: 25346475 PMCID: PMC4282089 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Skin dendritic cells (DC) express C-type lectin receptors for the recognition of pathogens. Langerhans cells (LC) express the receptor Langerin/CD207, whereas DEC-205/CD205 is mainly expressed by dermal DC, but can also be detected at low levels on LC. In this study, we tested an ex vivo approach for targeting DC in situ with monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against Langerin and DEC-205. The targeting mAb was injected intradermally into human skin biopsies or added to the medium during skin explant culture. Corresponding to the expression patterns of these lectin receptors on skin DC, Langerin mAb was detected merely in LC in the epidermis and DEC-205 mainly in dermal DC in human skin explants, regardless of the application route. Migratory skin DC bound and carried targeting mAb from skin explants according to their lectin receptor expression profiles. In contrast to the very selective transport of Langerin mAb by LC, DEC-205 mAb was more widely distributed on all CD1a+ skin DC subsets but almost absent in CD14+ dermal DC. As effective vaccination requires the addition of adjuvant, we co-administered the toll-like receptor (TLR)-3 ligand poly I:C with the mAb. This adjuvant enhanced binding of DEC-205 mAb to all skin DC subsets, whereas Langerin targeting efficacy remained unchanged. Our findings demonstrate that LC can be preferentially targeted by Langerin mAb. In contrast, DEC-205 mAb can be bound by all CD1a+ skin DC subsets. The efficacy of DEC-205 mAb targeting strategy can be boosted by addition of poly I:C underlining the potential of this combination for immunotherapeutical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Stoitzner
- Department of Dermatology & Venereology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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121
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Hernández PP, Mahlakoiv T, Yang I, Schwierzeck V, Nguyen N, Guendel F, Gronke K, Ryffel B, Hoelscher C, Dumoutier L, Renauld JC, Suerbaum S, Staeheli P, Diefenbach A. Interferon-λ and interleukin 22 act synergistically for the induction of interferon-stimulated genes and control of rotavirus infection. Nat Immunol 2015; 16:698-707. [PMID: 26006013 PMCID: PMC4589158 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The epithelium is the main entry point for many viruses, but the processes that protect barrier surfaces against viral infections are incompletely understood. Here we identified interleukin 22 (IL-22) produced by innate lymphoid cell group 3 (ILC3) as an amplifier of signaling via interferon-λ (IFN-λ), a synergism needed to curtail the replication of rotavirus, the leading cause of childhood gastroenteritis. Cooperation between the receptor for IL-22 and the receptor for IFN-λ, both of which were 'preferentially' expressed by intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), was required for optimal activation of the transcription factor STAT1 and expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). These data suggested that epithelial cells are protected against viral replication by co-option of two evolutionarily related cytokine networks. These data may inform the design of novel immunotherapy for viral infections that are sensitive to interferons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro P. Hernández
- Research Centre Immunology and Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Mainz Medical Centre, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Freiburg University Medical Centre, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 11, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tanel Mahlakoiv
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Institute for Virology, Freiburg University Medical Centre, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 11, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 19A, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ines Yang
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany and DZIF – German Center for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig Site, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Vera Schwierzeck
- Research Centre Immunology and Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Mainz Medical Centre, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Freiburg University Medical Centre, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 11, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nam Nguyen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Freiburg University Medical Centre, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 11, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Guendel
- Research Centre Immunology and Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Mainz Medical Centre, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Freiburg University Medical Centre, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 11, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Research Training Group (GRK1104) of Organogenesis, Hauptstrasse 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Konrad Gronke
- Research Centre Immunology and Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Mainz Medical Centre, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Freiburg University Medical Centre, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 11, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Ryffel
- INEM - UMR7355, Molecular Immunology, University and CNRS, F-45071 Orleans, France and Institute of Infectious Disease, University of Cape Town, RSA
| | - Christoph Hoelscher
- Infection Immunology Research, Research Center Borstel, D-23845 Borstel, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Inflammation at Interfaces (Borstel-Kiel-Lübeck-Plön)
| | - Laure Dumoutier
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Université Catholique de Louvain, 74 Avenue Hippocrate, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Christophe Renauld
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Université Catholique de Louvain, 74 Avenue Hippocrate, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sebastian Suerbaum
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany and DZIF – German Center for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig Site, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter Staeheli
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Institute for Virology, Freiburg University Medical Centre, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 11, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Diefenbach
- Research Centre Immunology and Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Mainz Medical Centre, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Freiburg University Medical Centre, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 11, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Research Training Group (GRK1104) of Organogenesis, Hauptstrasse 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
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122
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Reynolds G, Haniffa M. Human and Mouse Mononuclear Phagocyte Networks: A Tale of Two Species? Front Immunol 2015; 6:330. [PMID: 26124761 PMCID: PMC4479794 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs), monocytes, and macrophages are a heterogeneous population of mononuclear phagocytes that are involved in antigen processing and presentation to initiate and regulate immune responses to pathogens, vaccines, tumor, and tolerance to self. In addition to their afferent sentinel function, DCs and macrophages are also critical as effectors and coordinators of inflammation and homeostasis in peripheral tissues. Harnessing DCs and macrophages for therapeutic purposes has major implications for infectious disease, vaccination, transplantation, tolerance induction, inflammation, and cancer immunotherapy. There has been a paradigm shift in our understanding of the developmental origin and function of the cellular constituents of the mononuclear phagocyte system. Significant progress has been made in tandem in both human and mouse mononuclear phagocyte biology. This progress has been accelerated by comparative biology analysis between mouse and human, which has proved to be an exceptionally fruitful strategy to harmonize findings across species. Such analyses have provided unexpected insights and facilitated productive reciprocal and iterative processes to inform our understanding of human and mouse mononuclear phagocytes. In this review, we discuss the strategies, power, and utility of comparative biology approaches to integrate recent advances in human and mouse mononuclear phagocyte biology and its potential to drive forward clinical translation of this knowledge. We also present a functional framework on the parallel organization of human and mouse mononuclear phagocyte networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Reynolds
- Human Dendritic Cell Laboratory, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK ; Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Muzlifah Haniffa
- Human Dendritic Cell Laboratory, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
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123
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Széles L, Meissner F, Dunand-Sauthier I, Thelemann C, Hersch M, Singovski S, Haller S, Gobet F, Fuertes Marraco SA, Mann M, Garcin D, Acha-Orbea H, Reith W. TLR3-Mediated CD8+ Dendritic Cell Activation Is Coupled with Establishment of a Cell-Intrinsic Antiviral State. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:1025-33. [PMID: 26101320 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Because of their unique capacity to cross-present Ags to CD8(+) T cells, mouse lymphoid tissue-resident CD8(+) dendritic cells (DCs) and their migratory counterparts are critical for priming antiviral T cell responses. High expression of the dsRNA sensor TLR3 is a distinctive feature of these cross-presenting DC subsets. TLR3 engagement in CD8(+) DCs promotes cross-presentation and the acquisition of effector functions required for driving antiviral T cell responses. In this study, we performed a comprehensive analysis of the TLR3-induced antiviral program and cell-autonomous immunity in CD8(+) DC lines and primary CD8(+) DCs. We found that TLR3-ligand polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid and human rhinovirus infection induced a potent antiviral protection against Sendai and vesicular stomatitis virus in a TLR3 and type I IFN receptor-dependent manner. Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid-induced antiviral genes were identified by mass spectrometry-based proteomics and transcriptomics in the CD8(+) DC line. Nanostring nCounter experiments confirmed that these antiviral genes were induced by TLR3 engagement in primary CD8(+) DCs, and indicated that many are secondary TLR3-response genes requiring autocrine IFN-β stimulation. TLR3-activation thus establishes a type I IFN-dependent antiviral program in a DC subtype playing crucial roles in priming adaptive antiviral immune responses. This mechanism is likely to shield the priming of antiviral responses against inhibition or abrogation by the viral infection. It could be particularly relevant for viruses detected mainly by TLR3, which may not trigger type I IFN production by DCs that lack TLR3, such as plasmacytoid DCs or CD8(-) DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lajos Széles
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Felix Meissner
- Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Isabelle Dunand-Sauthier
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Thelemann
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Micha Hersch
- Computational Biology Group, Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland; and
| | - Simon Singovski
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sergio Haller
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Florian Gobet
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Matthias Mann
- Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Dominique Garcin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hans Acha-Orbea
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Walter Reith
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland;
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124
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Vu Manh TP, Bertho N, Hosmalin A, Schwartz-Cornil I, Dalod M. Investigating Evolutionary Conservation of Dendritic Cell Subset Identity and Functions. Front Immunol 2015; 6:260. [PMID: 26082777 PMCID: PMC4451681 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) were initially defined as mononuclear phagocytes with a dendritic morphology and an exquisite efficiency for naïve T-cell activation. DC encompass several subsets initially identified by their expression of specific cell surface molecules and later shown to excel in distinct functions and to develop under the instruction of different transcription factors or cytokines. Very few cell surface molecules are expressed in a specific manner on any immune cell type. Hence, to identify cell types, the sole use of a small number of cell surface markers in classical flow cytometry can be deceiving. Moreover, the markers currently used to define mononuclear phagocyte subsets vary depending on the tissue and animal species studied and even between laboratories. This has led to confusion in the definition of DC subset identity and in their attribution of specific functions. There is a strong need to identify a rigorous and consensus way to define mononuclear phagocyte subsets, with precise guidelines potentially applicable throughout tissues and species. We will discuss the advantages, drawbacks, and complementarities of different methodologies: cell surface phenotyping, ontogeny, functional characterization, and molecular profiling. We will advocate that gene expression profiling is a very rigorous, largely unbiased and accessible method to define the identity of mononuclear phagocyte subsets, which strengthens and refines surface phenotyping. It is uniquely powerful to yield new, experimentally testable, hypotheses on the ontogeny or functions of mononuclear phagocyte subsets, their molecular regulation, and their evolutionary conservation. We propose defining cell populations based on a combination of cell surface phenotyping, expression analysis of hallmark genes, and robust functional assays, in order to reach a consensus and integrate faster the huge but scattered knowledge accumulated by different laboratories on different cell types, organs, and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thien-Phong Vu Manh
- UM2, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University , Marseille , France ; U1104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) , Marseille , France ; UMR7280, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , Marseille , France
| | - Nicolas Bertho
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires UR892, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique , Jouy-en-Josas , France
| | - Anne Hosmalin
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin , Paris , France ; CNRS UMR8104 , Paris , France ; Université Paris Descartes , Paris , France ; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Cochin , Paris , France
| | - Isabelle Schwartz-Cornil
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires UR892, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique , Jouy-en-Josas , France
| | - Marc Dalod
- UM2, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University , Marseille , France ; U1104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) , Marseille , France ; UMR7280, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , Marseille , France
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125
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Schuster P, Thomann S, Werner M, Vollmer J, Schmidt B. A subset of human plasmacytoid dendritic cells expresses CD8α upon exposure to herpes simplex virus type 1. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:557. [PMID: 26082771 PMCID: PMC4451679 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (DC) play important roles in the defense against murine and human infections with herpes simplex virus (HSV). So far, CD8α expression has only been reported for murine DC. CD8α+ DC have prominent cross-presenting activities, which are enhanced by murine CD8α+ PDC. The human orthologue of murine CD8α+ DC, the CD141 (BDCA3)+ DC, mainly cross-present after TLR3 ligation. We report here the serendipitous finding that a subset of human PDC upregulates CD8α upon HSV-1 stimulation, as shown by gene array and flow cytometry analyses. CD8α, not CD8ß, was expressed upon exposure. Markers of activation, migration, and costimulation were upregulated on CD8α-expressing human PDC. In these cells, increased cytokine and chemokine levels were detected that enhance development and function of T, B, and NK cells, and recruit immature DC, monocytes, and Th1 cells, respectively. Altogether, human CD8α+ PDC exhibit a highly activated phenotype and appear to recruit other immune cells to the site of inflammation. Further studies will show whether CD8α-expressing PDC contribute to antigen cross-presentation, which may be important for immune defenses against HSV infections in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Schuster
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg , Regensburg, Germany ; Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sabrina Thomann
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maren Werner
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg , Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Barbara Schmidt
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg , Regensburg, Germany ; Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Erlangen, Germany
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126
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Chistiakov DA, Sobenin IA, Orekhov AN, Bobryshev YV. Myeloid dendritic cells: Development, functions, and role in atherosclerotic inflammation. Immunobiology 2015; 220:833-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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127
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Human mononuclear phagocyte system reunited. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 41:59-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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128
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van der Aa E, van Montfoort N, Woltman AM. BDCA3(+)CLEC9A(+) human dendritic cell function and development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 41:39-48. [PMID: 24910448 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are the most potent antigen presenting cells (APC). They comprise a family of different subsets and play an essential role in the induction and regulation of immune responses. Recently, gene expression profiling identified BDCA3(+)CLEC9A(+) DC as a separate human DC subset. This subset was identified in blood, where they represent the smallest population of human DC, as well as in lymphoid and peripheral tissues. This review summarizes the phenotypic, functional and developmental characteristics of BDCA3(+)CLEC9A(+) DC in relation to their mouse equivalents CD8α(+) DC and CD103(+) DC and other human DC subsets. Apart from being potent antigen presenting cells, their specialized functional capacities compared to other human DC subsets, indicate that these BDCA3(+)CLEC9A(+) DC are of major importance in the induction of anti-viral and anti-tumor immunity. Further characterization of their functional properties, developmental pathways and underlying molecular mechanisms may identify target molecules to fully exploit the immune modulatory function of BDCA3(+)CLEC9A(+) DC and potential use of these cells in immunotherapy.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, Surface/genetics
- Antigens, Surface/immunology
- Antigens, Surface/metabolism
- Cross-Priming/immunology
- Cytokines/immunology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Humans
- Interferons
- Interleukins/immunology
- Interleukins/metabolism
- Lectins, C-Type/genetics
- Lectins, C-Type/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Models, Immunological
- Receptors, Mitogen/genetics
- Receptors, Mitogen/immunology
- Receptors, Mitogen/metabolism
- Thrombomodulin
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn van der Aa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nadine van Montfoort
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea M Woltman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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129
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Schlitzer A, McGovern N, Ginhoux F. Dendritic cells and monocyte-derived cells: Two complementary and integrated functional systems. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 41:9-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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130
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Schulte BM, Gielen PR, Kers-Rebel ED, Schreibelt G, van Kuppeveld FJM, Adema GJ. Enterovirus-infected β-cells induce distinct response patterns in BDCA1+ and BDCA3+ human dendritic cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121670. [PMID: 25806537 PMCID: PMC4373773 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses often cause mild disease, yet are also linked to development of autoimmune diabetes. Dendritic cells (DCs) shape both innate and adaptive immune responses, including anti-viral responses. How different human DC subsets shape anti-viral responses, whether they have complementary or overlapping functions and how this relates to autoimmune responses is largely unknown. We used enterovirus-infected β-cells and freshly isolated human myeloid DC (mDC) subsets as a model for autoimmune type 1 diabetes. Our data show that both the BDCA1+ and BDCA3+ mDC subsets engulf mock- as well as virus-infected β-cells, albeit BDCA1+ mDCs are more efficient. Uptake of enterovirus-infected, but not mock-infected cells, activated both DC subsets as indicated by the induction of co-stimulatory molecules and secretion of type I and type III interferons. Both subsets produced similar amounts of interferon-α, yet the BDCA3+ DC were superior in IFN-λ production. The BDCA1+ mDCs more strongly upregulated PD-L1, and were superior in IL-12 and IL-10 production as compared to the BDCA3+ DC. Despite lack of IL-12 production by the BDCA3+ DC, both BDCA1+ and BDCA3+ DCs activated T cells in allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction towards a Th1-type reactivity while suppressing Th2-associated cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara M. Schulte
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud university medical center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul R. Gielen
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud university medical center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Esther D. Kers-Rebel
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud university medical center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerty Schreibelt
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud university medical center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J. M. van Kuppeveld
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gosse J. Adema
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud university medical center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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131
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Durand M, Segura E. The known unknowns of the human dendritic cell network. Front Immunol 2015; 6:129. [PMID: 25852695 PMCID: PMC4369872 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) initiate and orient immune responses and comprise several subsets that display distinct phenotypes and properties. Most of our knowledge of DC subsets biology is based on mouse studies. In the past few years, the alignment of the human DC network with the mouse DC network has been the focus of much attention. Although comparative phenotypic and transcriptomic analysis have shown a high level of homology between mouse and human DC subsets, significant differences in phenotype and function have also been evidenced. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the human DC network and discuss some remaining gaps and future challenges of the human DC field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Durand
- Centre de Recherche, Institut Curie , Paris , France ; INSERM U932 , Paris , France
| | - Elodie Segura
- Centre de Recherche, Institut Curie , Paris , France ; INSERM U932 , Paris , France
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132
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Prosurvival Bcl-2 family members reveal a distinct apoptotic identity between conventional and plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:4044-9. [PMID: 25775525 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1417620112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are heterogeneous, comprising subsets with functional specializations that play distinct roles in immunity as well as immunopathology. We investigated the molecular control of cell survival of two main DC subsets: plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) and conventional DCs (cDCs) and their dependence on individual antiapoptotic BCL-2 family members. Compared with cDCs, pDCs had higher expression of BCL-2, lower A1, and similar levels of MCL-1 and BCL-XL. Transgenic overexpression of BCL-2 increased the pDC pool size in vivo with only minor impact on cDCs. With a view to immune intervention, we tested BCL-2 inhibitors and found that ABT-199 (the BCL-2 specific inhibitor) selectively killed pDCs but not cDCs. Conversely, genetic knockdown of A1 profoundly reduced the proportion of cDCs but not pDCs. We also found that conditional ablation of MCL-1 significantly reduced the size of both DC populations in mice and impeded DC-mediated immune responses. Thus, we revealed that the two DC types have different cell survival requirements. The molecular basis of survival of different DC subsets thus advocates the antagonism of selective BCL-2 family members for treating diseases pertaining to distinct DC subsets.
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133
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van der Aa E, van de Laar L, Janssen HLA, van Montfoort N, Woltman AM. BDCA3 expression is associated with high IFN-λ production by CD34(+)-derived dendritic cells generated in the presence of GM-CSF, IL-4, and/or TGF-β. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:1471-81. [PMID: 25616220 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
High BDCA3 expression is associated with a specific human IFN-λ-producing dendritic cell (DC) subset. However, BDCA3 has also been detected on other DC subsets. Thus far, development and function of BDCA3 expression on DCs remains poorly understood. Human Langerhans cells (LCs) and interstitial DCs (intDCs) can be generated in vitro by differentiation of CD34(+) hematopoietic progenitors via distinct precursor DCs (preDCs), CD1a(+) preDCs, and CD14(+) preDCs, respectively. Here, we identified BDCA3 expression in this well-known GM-CSF/TNF-α-driven culture system and described the effect of IL-4 and/or TGF-β on induction of BDCA3 expression. In control or TGF-β cultures, BDCA3 was only detected on CD14(+) preDC-derived intDCs. IL-4 induced BDCA3 expression in both CD14(+)-derived and CD1a(+)-derived cultures. TGF-β and IL-4 together further increased CD14(+)-derived and CD1a(+)-derived BDCA3(+) DC frequencies, which partly expressed CLEC9A, but were not identical to the BDCA3(high) CLEC9A(+) DC subset in vivo. Importantly, BDCA3(+) cells, but not BDCA3(-) cells, in this system produced high IFN-λ levels upon polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (polyI:C) stimulation. This culture system, in which BDCA3 expression is preferentially associated with the intDC lineage and IFN-λ-producing capacity, will greatly contribute to further research on the function and regulation of BDCA3 expression and IFN-λ production by DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn van der Aa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lianne van de Laar
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harry L A Janssen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nadine van Montfoort
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea M Woltman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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134
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Mihm S. Activation of Type I and Type III Interferons in Chronic Hepatitis C. J Innate Immun 2015; 7:251-259. [PMID: 25766746 DOI: 10.1159/000369973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) results in chronic and progressive liver disease. Persistency rates add up to 85%. Despite recognition of the virus by the human host in peripheral blood and in the liver, immune response appears to be ineffective in clearing infection. The ability to spontaneously eradicate the virus as well as the outcome of infection upon therapy with human recombinant interferon-α (IFN-α) was found to correlate most closely with genetic variations within the region encoding the IFN-λ genes, as revealed by genome-wide association studies on main ethnic populations in 2009. This review summarizes the induction of type I and type III IFN genes and their effectors, the IFN-stimulated genes. It focusses on the in vivo situation in chronic HCV infection in man both in the peripheral blood compartment and in the liver. It also addresses the impact of genetic polymorphisms in the region of type III IFN genes on their activation. Finally, it discusses how antiviral drugs (i.e. IFN-α, ribavirin and the direct-acting antivirals) may complementarily control the activation of endogenous IFNs and succeed in combatting infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Mihm
- Department of Gastroenterology II, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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135
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Koch S, Finotto S. Role of Interferon-λ in Allergic Asthma. J Innate Immun 2015; 7:224-30. [PMID: 25592858 PMCID: PMC6738890 DOI: 10.1159/000369459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Type III interferons (IFNs), or IFN-λ, are known to have potent antiviral and antiproliferative activities. It inhibits viral replication and upregulates cytotoxic responses to virally infected cells. Besides these characteristics, IFN-λ also has additional activities in the immune system. In fact, it induces the proliferation of Foxp3-expressing regulatory T cells mediated in part by dendritic cells and inhibit the production of IL-5 and IL-13 in vitro. Regulatory T cells and the Th2 cytokines like IL-5 and IL-13 play important roles in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma. In humans, there seems to be an inverse link between IFN-λ and the severity of allergic asthma and allergic asthma exacerbations. Asthmatic patients, without a detectable viral infection show an inverse correlation between IL-28 and IL-29 mRNA levels and severity of allergic responses in the airways. These additional features of IFN-λ that affect the adaptive immune system make it a potential immunotherapeutic agent for the treatment of allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susetta Finotto
- Department of Molecular Pneumology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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136
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Soumelis V, Pattarini L, Michea P, Cappuccio A. Systems approaches to unravel innate immune cell diversity, environmental plasticity and functional specialization. Curr Opin Immunol 2015; 32:42-7. [PMID: 25588554 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Innate immune cells are generated through central and peripheral differentiation pathways, and receive multiple signals from tissue microenvironment. The complex interplay between immune cell state and environmental signals is crucial for the adaptation and efficient response to pathogenic threats. Here, we discuss how systems biology approaches have brought global view and high resolution to the characterization of (1) immune cell diversity, (2) phenotypic, transcriptional and functional changes in response to environmental signals, (3) integration of multiple stimuli. We will mostly focus on systems level studies in dendritic cells and macrophages. Generalization of these approaches should elucidate innate immune cell diversity and plasticity, and may be used in the human to generate hypothesis on cell filiation and novel strategies for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassili Soumelis
- Integrative Biology of Human Dendritic Cells and T Cells Laboratory, U932 Immunity and Cancer, Institut Curie, 26 Rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Lucia Pattarini
- Integrative Biology of Human Dendritic Cells and T Cells Laboratory, U932 Immunity and Cancer, Institut Curie, 26 Rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Paula Michea
- Integrative Biology of Human Dendritic Cells and T Cells Laboratory, U932 Immunity and Cancer, Institut Curie, 26 Rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Antonio Cappuccio
- Integrative Biology of Human Dendritic Cells and T Cells Laboratory, U932 Immunity and Cancer, Institut Curie, 26 Rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
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137
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Galani IE, Koltsida O, Andreakos E. Type III interferons (IFNs): Emerging Master Regulators of Immunity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 850:1-15. [PMID: 26324342 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-15774-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lambda interferons (IFN-λs), type III interferons or interleukins 28 and 29 are the latest addition to the class II cytokine family. They share low homology with the interferon (IFN) and IL-10 cytokine families, yet they exhibit common and unique activities, the full spectrum of which still remains incompletely understood. Although initially described for their antiviral functions, it is now appreciated that IFN-λs also mediate diverse antitumor and immune-modulatory effects, and are key determinants of innate immunity at mucosal sites such as the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracks. Here, we are reviewing the biological functions of IFN-λs, the mechanisms controlling their expression, their downstream effects and their role in the maintenance of homeostasis and disease. We are also exploring the potential application of IFN-λs as novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna E Galani
- Department of Immunology, Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece
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138
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O’Connor KS, George J, Booth D, Ahlenstiel G. Dendritic cells in hepatitis C virus infection: key players in the IFNL3-genotype response. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:17830-8. [PMID: 25548481 PMCID: PMC4273133 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i47.17830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, single nucleotide polymorphisms, in the vicinity of the interferon lambda 3 (IFNL3) gene have been identified as the strongest predictor of spontaneous and treatment induced clearance of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Since then, increasing evidence has implicated the innate immune response in mediating the IFNL3 genotype effect. Dendritic cells (DCs) are key to the host immune response in HCV infection and their vital role in the IFNL3 genotype effect is emerging. Reports have identified subclasses of DCs, particularly myeloid DC2s and potentially plasmacytoid DCs as the major producers of IFNL3 in the setting of HCV infection. Given the complexities of dendritic cell biology and the conflicting current available data, this review aims to summarize what is currently known regarding the role of dendritic cells in HCV infection and to place it into context of what is know about lambda interferons and dendritic cells in general.
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139
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Egli A, Santer DM, O'Shea D, Barakat K, Syedbasha M, Vollmer M, Baluch A, Bhat R, Groenendyk J, Joyce MA, Lisboa LF, Thomas BS, Battegay M, Khanna N, Mueller T, Tyrrell DLJ, Houghton M, Humar A, Kumar D. IL-28B is a key regulator of B- and T-cell vaccine responses against influenza. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004556. [PMID: 25503988 PMCID: PMC4263767 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in immunosuppressed persons, and vaccination often confers insufficient protection. IL-28B, a member of the interferon (IFN)-λ family, has variable expression due to single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). While type-I IFNs are well known to modulate adaptive immunity, the impact of IL-28B on B- and T-cell vaccine responses is unclear. Here we demonstrate that the presence of the IL-28B TG/GG genotype (rs8099917, minor-allele) was associated with increased seroconversion following influenza vaccination (OR 1.99 p = 0.038). Also, influenza A (H1N1)-stimulated T- and B-cells from minor-allele carriers showed increased IL-4 production (4-fold) and HLA-DR expression, respectively. In vitro, recombinant IL-28B increased Th1-cytokines (e.g. IFN-γ), and suppressed Th2-cytokines (e.g. IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13), H1N1-stimulated B-cell proliferation (reduced 70%), and IgG-production (reduced>70%). Since IL-28B inhibited B-cell responses, we designed antagonistic peptides to block the IL-28 receptor α-subunit (IL28RA). In vitro, these peptides significantly suppressed binding of IFN-λs to IL28RA, increased H1N1-stimulated B-cell activation and IgG-production in samples from healthy volunteers (2-fold) and from transplant patients previously unresponsive to vaccination (1.4-fold). Together, these findings identify IL-28B as a key regulator of the Th1/Th2 balance during influenza vaccination. Blockade of IL28RA offers a novel strategy to augment vaccine responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Egli
- Infection Biology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Deanna M. Santer
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Daire O'Shea
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Khaled Barakat
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Madeleine Vollmer
- Infection Biology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Aliyah Baluch
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Rakesh Bhat
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jody Groenendyk
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michael A. Joyce
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Luiz F. Lisboa
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Brad S. Thomas
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Manuel Battegay
- Infection Biology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nina Khanna
- Infection Biology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Mueller
- Division of Nephrology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - D. Lorne J. Tyrrell
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michael Houghton
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Atul Humar
- Department of Medicine and Multi-Organ Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Deepali Kumar
- Department of Medicine and Multi-Organ Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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140
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Laidlaw SM, Dustin LB. Interferon lambda: opportunities, risks, and uncertainties in the fight against HCV. Front Immunol 2014; 5:545. [PMID: 25400636 PMCID: PMC4215632 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is key to the fight against the daily onslaught from viruses that our bodies are subjected to. Essential to this response are the interferons (IFNs) that prime our cells to block viral pathogens. Recent evidence suggests that the Type III (λ) IFNs are intimately associated with the immune response to hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Genome-wide association studies have identified polymorphisms within the IFN-λ gene locus that correlate with response to IFNα-based antiviral therapy and with spontaneous clearance of HCV infection. The mechanisms for these correlations are incompletely understood. Restricted expression of the IFN-λ receptor, and the ability of IFN-λ to induce IFN-stimulated genes in HCV-infected cells, suggest potential roles for IFN-λ in HCV therapy even in this era of directly acting antivirals. This review summarizes our current understanding of the IFN-λ family and the role of λ IFNs in the natural history of HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M. Laidlaw
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lynn B. Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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141
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Tomasello E, Pollet E, Vu Manh TP, Uzé G, Dalod M. Harnessing Mechanistic Knowledge on Beneficial Versus Deleterious IFN-I Effects to Design Innovative Immunotherapies Targeting Cytokine Activity to Specific Cell Types. Front Immunol 2014; 5:526. [PMID: 25400632 PMCID: PMC4214202 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN-I) were identified over 50 years ago as cytokines critical for host defense against viral infections. IFN-I promote anti-viral defense through two main mechanisms. First, IFN-I directly reinforce or induce de novo in potentially all cells the expression of effector molecules of intrinsic anti-viral immunity. Second, IFN-I orchestrate innate and adaptive anti-viral immunity. However, IFN-I responses can be deleterious for the host in a number of circumstances, including secondary bacterial or fungal infections, several autoimmune diseases, and, paradoxically, certain chronic viral infections. We will review the proposed nature of protective versus deleterious IFN-I responses in selected diseases. Emphasis will be put on the potentially deleterious functions of IFN-I in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, and on the respective roles of IFN-I and IFN-III in promoting resolution of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. We will then discuss how the balance between beneficial versus deleterious IFN-I responses is modulated by several key parameters including (i) the subtypes and dose of IFN-I produced, (ii) the cell types affected by IFN-I, and (iii) the source and timing of IFN-I production. Finally, we will speculate how integration of this knowledge combined with advanced biochemical manipulation of the activity of the cytokines should allow designing innovative immunotherapeutic treatments in patients. Specifically, we will discuss how induction or blockade of specific IFN-I responses in targeted cell types could promote the beneficial functions of IFN-I and/or dampen their deleterious effects, in a manner adapted to each disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Tomasello
- UM2, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University , Marseille , France ; U1104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) , Marseille , France ; UMR7280, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , Marseille , France
| | - Emeline Pollet
- UM2, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University , Marseille , France ; U1104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) , Marseille , France ; UMR7280, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , Marseille , France
| | - Thien-Phong Vu Manh
- UM2, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University , Marseille , France ; U1104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) , Marseille , France ; UMR7280, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , Marseille , France
| | - Gilles Uzé
- UMR 5235, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University Montpellier II , Montpellier , France
| | - Marc Dalod
- UM2, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University , Marseille , France ; U1104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) , Marseille , France ; UMR7280, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , Marseille , France
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142
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Bedoui S, Greyer M. The role of dendritic cells in immunity against primary herpes simplex virus infections. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:533. [PMID: 25374562 PMCID: PMC4204531 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a DNA virus with tropism for infecting skin and mucosal epithelia during the lytic stages of its complex life cycle. The immune system has evolved a multitude of strategies to respond to primary HSV infections. These include rapid innate immune responses largely driven by pattern recognition systems and protective anti-viral immunity. Dendritic cells (DC) represent a versatile and heterogenic group of antigen presenting cells that are important for pathogen recognition at sites of infection and for priming of protective HSV-specific T cells. Here we will review the current knowledge on the role of DCs in the host immune response to primary HSV infection. We will discuss how DCs integrate viral cues into effective innate immune responses, will dissect how HSV infection of DCs interferes with their capacity to migrate from sites of infection to the draining lymph nodes and will outline how migratory DCs can make antigens available to lymph node resident DCs. The role of distinct DC subsets and their relevant contribution to antigen presentation on MHC class I and MHC class II molecules will be detailed in the context of T cell priming in the lymph node and the elicitation of effector function in infected tissues. An improved understanding of the fundamental mechanisms of how DCs recognize HSV, process and present its antigens to naïve and effector T cells will not only assist in the improvement of vaccine-based preventions of this important viral disease, but also serves as a paradigm to resolve basic immunological principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sammy Bedoui
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Marie Greyer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia
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143
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McGovern N, Chan JKY, Ginhoux F. Dendritic cells in humans--from fetus to adult. Int Immunol 2014; 27:65-72. [PMID: 25323843 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxu091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immune system evolves continuously during development from the embryo into the adult, reflecting the ever-changing environment and demands of our body. This ability of our immune system to sense external cues and adapt as we develop is just as important in the early tolerogenic environment of the fetus, as it is in the constantly pathogen-challenged adult. Dendritic cells (DCs), the professional antigen-sensing and antigen-presenting components of the immune system, play a crucial role in this process where they act as sentinels, both initiating and regulating immune responses. Here, we provide an overview of the human immune system in the developing fetus and the adult, with a focus on DC ontogeny and function during these discrete but intimately linked life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi McGovern
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 8A Biomedical Grove, IMMUNOS Building #3-4, BIOPOLIS, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | | | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 8A Biomedical Grove, IMMUNOS Building #3-4, BIOPOLIS, Singapore 138648, Singapore Department of Reproductive Medicine, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore
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144
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Martins KAO, Bavari S, Salazar AM. Vaccine adjuvant uses of poly-IC and derivatives. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 14:447-59. [PMID: 25308798 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.966085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are stand-alone immunomodulators or 'danger signals,' that are increasingly recognized as critical components of many modern vaccines. Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly-IC) is a synthetic dsRNA that can activate multiple elements of the host defense in a pattern that parallels that of a viral infection. When properly combined with an antigen, it can be utilized as a PAMP-adjuvant, resulting in modulation and optimization of the antigen-specific immune response. We briefly review the preclinical and clinical uses of poly-IC and two poly-IC derivatives, poly-IC12U (Ampligen) and poly-ICLC (Hiltonol), as vaccine adjuvants.
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145
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Yu CI, Becker C, Metang P, Marches F, Wang Y, Toshiyuki H, Banchereau J, Merad M, Palucka AK. Human CD141+ dendritic cells induce CD4+ T cells to produce type 2 cytokines. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:4335-43. [PMID: 25246496 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play the central role in the priming of naive T cells and the differentiation of unique effector T cells. In this study, using lung tissues and blood from both humans and humanized mice, we analyzed the response of human CD1c(+) and CD141(+) DC subsets to live-attenuated influenza virus. Specifically, we analyzed the type of CD4(+) T cell immunity elicited by live-attenuated influenza virus-exposed DCs. Both DC subsets induce proliferation of allogeneic naive CD4(+) T cells with the capacity to secrete IFN-γ. However, CD141(+) DCs are uniquely able to induce the differentiation of IL-4- and IL-13-producing CD4(+) T cells. CD141(+) DCs induce IL-4- and IL-13-secreting CD4(+) T cells through OX40 ligand. Thus, CD141(+) DCs demonstrate remarkable plasticity in guiding adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun I Yu
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204
| | - Christian Becker
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029; Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029
| | - Patrick Metang
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204
| | | | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204; Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798
| | - Hori Toshiyuki
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | | | - Miriam Merad
- Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029; Department of Oncological Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029
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146
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Abstract
Solid tumors are well known for their genomic heterogeneity. Although some aspects of this derive from so-called driver mutations, it is now clear that tumor cells possess a seemingly limitless capacity to evade cell death pathway activation, maintain essential survival programming, and initiate resistance networks that block efficacy of cytotoxic and targeted therapy. Given this amazing survival capability, how then to design approaches for effective eradication of malignant cells? Also present within all solid tumors is a diverse assemblage of genomically stable immune cell types. Whereas some of these possess documented activities that foster tumor progression, others possess inherent activities that when favored lead to rapid tumor cell elimination. This review focuses on aspects of dendritic cell biology in solid tumors, especially breast cancers, which point to dendritic cells as a tractable tool to exploit for immune-based therapies.
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147
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Dutertre CA, Wang LF, Ginhoux F. Aligning bona fide dendritic cell populations across species. Cell Immunol 2014; 291:3-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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148
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von Buttlar H, Siegemund S, Büttner M, Alber G. Identification of Toll-like receptor 9 as parapoxvirus ovis-sensing receptor in plasmacytoid dendritic cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106188. [PMID: 25171368 PMCID: PMC4149514 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Parapoxvirus ovis (PPVO) is known for its immunostimulatory capacities and has been successfully used to generate vector vaccines effective especially in non-permissive host species. Murine conventional and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (cDC and pDC) are able to recognize PPVO. The PPVO-sensing receptor on pDC is hitherto unknown. In this study we aimed to define the pattern recognition receptor responsible for the activation of murine pDC by inactivated and replication-competent PPVO. We show that PPVO-induced expression of type I and type III interferons, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and co-stimulatory CD86 by bone marrow-derived pDC but not cDC is blocked by chloroquine, an inhibitor of endosomal maturation. The activation of pDC is independent of viral replication and depends mainly on TLR9. Moreover, the use of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor wortmannin or C-Jun-N-terminal kinase inhibitor SP600125 results in significant reduction of PPVO-induced pDC activation. Taken together, our data identify endosomal TLR9 as PPVO-sensing receptor in pDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiner von Buttlar
- Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sabine Siegemund
- Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mathias Büttner
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Gottfried Alber
- Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- * E-mail:
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149
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Sehgal K, Ragheb R, Fahmy TM, Dhodapkar MV, Dhodapkar KM. Nanoparticle-mediated combinatorial targeting of multiple human dendritic cell (DC) subsets leads to enhanced T cell activation via IL-15-dependent DC crosstalk. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:2297-305. [PMID: 25080481 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Most vaccines depend on coadministration of Ags and adjuvants that activate APCs. Nanoparticles (NPs) have emerged as an attractive vehicle for synchronized delivery of Ags and adjuvants to APCs and can be targeted to specific cell types, such as dendritic cells (DCs), which are potent APCs. Which subset of human DCs should be targeted for optimal activation of T cell immunity, however, remains unknown. In this article, we describe a poly-lactic-coglycolic acid-based NP platform, wherein avidin-decorated NPs can be targeted to multiple human DC subsets via biotinylated Abs. Both BDCA3(+) and monocyte-derived DC-SIGN(+) NP-loaded DCs were equally effective at generating Ag-specific human T cells in culture, including against complex peptide mixtures from viral and tumor Ags across multiple MHC molecules. Ab-mediated targeting of NPs to distinct DC subsets led to enhanced T cell immunity. However, combination targeting to both DC-SIGN and BDCA3(+) DCs led to significantly greater activation of T cells compared with targeting either DC subset alone. Enhanced T cell activation following combination targeting depended on DC-mediated cytokine release and was IL-15 dependent. These data demonstrate that simultaneous targeting of multiple DC subsets may improve NP vaccines by engaging DC crosstalk and provides a novel approach to improving vaccines against pathogens and tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartik Sehgal
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510; Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Ragy Ragheb
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale School of Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Tarek M Fahmy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale School of Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510; Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510; and
| | - Madhav V Dhodapkar
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510; Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510; and Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Kavita M Dhodapkar
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510; Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510
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150
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Abstract
Immune cell populations in the skin are predominantly comprised of dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages. A lack of consensus regarding how to define these cell types has hampered research in this area. In this Review, we focus on recent advances that, based on ontogeny and global gene-expression profiles, have succeeded in discriminating DCs from macrophages in the skin. We discuss how these studies have enabled researchers to revisit the origin, diversity and T cell-stimulatory properties of these cells, and have led to unifying principles that extend across tissues and species. By aligning the DC and macrophage subsets that are found in mouse skin with those that are present in human skin, these studies also provide crucial information for developing intradermal vaccines and for managing inflammatory skin conditions.
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