101
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Dual functions of Expansin in cell wall extension and compression during cotton fiber development. Biologia (Bratisl) 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-020-00514-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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102
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Gui J, Lam PY, Tobimatsu Y, Sun J, Huang C, Cao S, Zhong Y, Umezawa T, Li L. Fibre-specific regulation of lignin biosynthesis improves biomass quality in Populus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:1074-1087. [PMID: 31909485 PMCID: PMC7216960 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is a major component of cell wall biomass and decisively affects biomass utilisation. Engineering of lignin biosynthesis is extensively studied, while lignin modification often causes growth defects. We developed a strategy for cell-type-specific modification of lignin to achieve improvements in cell wall property without growth penalty. We targeted a lignin-related transcription factor, LTF1, for modification of lignin biosynthesis. LTF1 can be engineered to a nonphosphorylation form which is introduced into Populus under the control of either a vessel-specific or fibre-specific promoter. The transgenics with lignin suppression in vessels showed severe dwarfism and thin-walled vessels, while the transgenics with lignin suppression in fibres displayed vigorous growth with normal vessels under phytotron, glasshouse and field conditions. In-depth lignin structural analyses revealed that such cell-type-specific downregulation of lignin biosynthesis led to the alteration of overall lignin composition in xylem tissues reflecting the population of distinctive lignin polymers produced in vessel and fibre cells. This study demonstrates that fibre-specific suppression of lignin biosynthesis resulted in the improvement of wood biomass quality and saccharification efficiency and presents an effective strategy to precisely regulate lignin biosynthesis with desired growth performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinshan Gui
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesShanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200032China
| | - Pui Ying Lam
- Research Institute for Sustainable HumanosphereKyoto UniversityUjiKyoto611‐0011Japan
| | - Yuki Tobimatsu
- Research Institute for Sustainable HumanosphereKyoto UniversityUjiKyoto611‐0011Japan
| | - Jiayan Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesShanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200032China
| | - Cheng Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesShanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200032China
| | - Shumin Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesShanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200032China
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Yu Zhong
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesShanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200032China
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Toshiaki Umezawa
- Research Institute for Sustainable HumanosphereKyoto UniversityUjiKyoto611‐0011Japan
| | - Laigeng Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesShanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200032China
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103
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Anderson CT, Kieber JJ. Dynamic Construction, Perception, and Remodeling of Plant Cell Walls. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 71:39-69. [PMID: 32084323 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-081519-035846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls are dynamic structures that are synthesized by plants to provide durable coverings for the delicate cells they encase. They are made of polysaccharides, proteins, and other biomolecules and have evolved to withstand large amounts of physical force and to resist external attack by herbivores and pathogens but can in many cases expand, contract, and undergo controlled degradation and reconstruction to facilitate developmental transitions and regulate plant physiology and reproduction. Recent advances in genetics, microscopy, biochemistry, structural biology, and physical characterization methods have revealed a diverse set of mechanisms by which plant cells dynamically monitor and regulate the composition and architecture of their cell walls, but much remains to be discovered about how the nanoscale assembly of these remarkable structures underpins the majestic forms and vital ecological functions achieved by plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA;
| | - Joseph J Kieber
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA;
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104
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De-Jesús-García R, Rosas U, Dubrovsky JG. The barrier function of plant roots: biological bases for selective uptake and avoidance of soil compounds. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2020; 47:383-397. [PMID: 32213271 DOI: 10.1071/fp19144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The root is the main organ through which water and mineral nutrients enter the plant organism. In addition, root fulfils several other functions. Here, we propose that the root also performs the barrier function, which is essential not only for plant survival but for plant acclimation and adaptation to a constantly changing and heterogeneous soil environment. This function is related to selective uptake and avoidance of some soil compounds at the whole plant level. We review the toolkit of morpho-anatomical, structural, and other components that support this view. The components of the root structure involved in selectivity, permeability or barrier at a cellular, tissue, and organ level and their properties are discussed. In consideration of the arguments supporting barrier function of plant roots, evolutionary aspects of this function are also reviewed. Additionally, natural variation in selective root permeability is discussed which suggests that the barrier function is constantly evolving and is subject of natural selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramces De-Jesús-García
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenuenida Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | - Ulises Rosas
- Jardín Botánico, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Joseph G Dubrovsky
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenuenida Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico; and Corresponding author.
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105
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Crivellaro A, Büntgen U. New Evidence of Thermally Constrained Plant Cell Wall Lignification. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 25:322-324. [PMID: 32191868 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lignin enhances the mechanical strength of plants and enables their intrinsic water transport. Dendrochronological, wood anatomical, and plant physiological evidence now suggests that the degree of lignin deposition is constrained by low temperature. Placing these findings in an ecological context implies rethinking of the global treeline position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Crivellaro
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Downing Place, CB2 3EN, UK.
| | - Ulf Büntgen
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Downing Place, CB2 3EN, UK; Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstr 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland; Global Change Research Centre (CzechGlobe), Bělidla 986/4a, Brno 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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106
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Brandon AG, Scheller HV. Engineering of Bioenergy Crops: Dominant Genetic Approaches to Improve Polysaccharide Properties and Composition in Biomass. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:282. [PMID: 32218797 PMCID: PMC7078332 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale, sustainable production of lignocellulosic bioenergy from biomass will depend on a variety of dedicated bioenergy crops. Despite their great genetic diversity, prospective bioenergy crops share many similarities in the polysaccharide composition of their cell walls, and the changes needed to optimize them for conversion are largely universal. Therefore, biomass modification strategies that do not depend on genetic background or require mutant varieties are extremely valuable. Due to their preferential fermentation and conversion by microorganisms downstream, the ideal bioenergy crop should contain a high proportion of C6-sugars in polysaccharides like cellulose, callose, galactan, and mixed-linkage glucans. In addition, the biomass should be reduced in inhibitors of fermentation like pentoses and acetate. Finally, the overall complexity of the plant cell wall should be modified to reduce its recalcitrance to enzymatic deconstruction in ways that do no compromise plant health or come at a yield penalty. This review will focus on progress in the use of a variety of genetically dominant strategies to reach these ideals. Due to the breadth and volume of research in the field of lignin bioengineering, this review will instead focus on approaches to improve polysaccharide component plant biomass. Carbohydrate content can be dramatically increased by transgenic overexpression of enzymes involved in cell wall polysaccharide biosynthesis. Additionally, the recalcitrance of the cell wall can be reduced via the overexpression of native or non-native carbohydrate active enzymes like glycosyl hydrolases or carbohydrate esterases. Some research in this area has focused on engineering plants that accumulate cell wall-degrading enzymes that are sequestered to organelles or only active at very high temperatures. The rationale being that, in order to avoid potential negative effects of cell wall modification during plant growth, the enzymes could be activated post-harvest, and post-maturation of the cell wall. A potentially significant limitation of this approach is that at harvest, the cell wall is heavily lignified, making the substrates for these enzymes inaccessible and their activity ineffective. Therefore, this review will only include research employing enzymes that are at least partially active under the ambient conditions of plant growth and cell wall development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G. Brandon
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, United States
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Henrik V. Scheller
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, United States
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
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107
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Hennet L, Berger A, Trabanco N, Ricciuti E, Dufayard JF, Bocs S, Bastianelli D, Bonnal L, Roques S, Rossini L, Luquet D, Terrier N, Pot D. Transcriptional Regulation of Sorghum Stem Composition: Key Players Identified Through Co-expression Gene Network and Comparative Genomics Analyses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:224. [PMID: 32194601 PMCID: PMC7064007 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Most sorghum biomass accumulates in stem secondary cell walls (SCW). As sorghum stems are used as raw materials for various purposes such as feed, energy and fiber reinforced polymers, identifying the genes responsible for SCW establishment is highly important. Taking advantage of studies performed in model species, most of the structural genes contributing at the molecular level to the SCW biosynthesis in sorghum have been proposed while their regulatory factors have mostly not been determined. Validation of the role of several MYB and NAC transcription factors in SCW regulation in Arabidopsis and a few other species has been provided. In this study, we contributed to the recent efforts made in grasses to uncover the mechanisms underlying SCW establishment. We reported updated phylogenies of NAC and MYB in 9 different species and exploited findings from other species to highlight candidate regulators of SCW in sorghum. We acquired expression data during sorghum internode development and used co-expression analyses to determine groups of co-expressed genes that are likely to be involved in SCW establishment. We were able to identify two groups of co-expressed genes presenting multiple evidences of involvement in SCW building. Gene enrichment analysis of MYB and NAC genes provided evidence that while NAC SECONDARY WALL THICKENING PROMOTING FACTOR NST genes and SECONDARY WALL-ASSOCIATED NAC DOMAIN PROTEIN gene functions appear to be conserved in sorghum, NAC master regulators of SCW in sorghum may not be as tissue compartmentalized as in Arabidopsis. We showed that for every homolog of the key SCW MYB in Arabidopsis, a similar role is expected for sorghum. In addition, we unveiled sorghum MYB and NAC that have not been identified to date as being involved in cell wall regulation. Although specific validation of the MYB and NAC genes uncovered in this study is needed, we provide a network of sorghum genes involved in SCW both at the structural and regulatory levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauriane Hennet
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Angélique Berger
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Noemi Trabanco
- Parco Tecnologico Padano, Lodi, Italy
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, UPM-INIA, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Emeline Ricciuti
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-François Dufayard
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Stéphanie Bocs
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Denis Bastianelli
- CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR SELMET, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurent Bonnal
- CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR SELMET, Montpellier, France
| | - Sandrine Roques
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Laura Rossini
- Parco Tecnologico Padano, Lodi, Italy
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Delphine Luquet
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Nancy Terrier
- AGAP, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - David Pot
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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108
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Wang BT, Hu S, Yu XY, Jin L, Zhu YJ, Jin FJ. Studies of Cellulose and Starch Utilization and the Regulatory Mechanisms of Related Enzymes in Fungi. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12030530. [PMID: 32121667 PMCID: PMC7182937 DOI: 10.3390/polym12030530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharides are biopolymers made up of a large number of monosaccharides joined together by glycosidic bonds. Polysaccharides are widely distributed in nature: Some, such as peptidoglycan and cellulose, are the components that make up the cell walls of bacteria and plants, and some, such as starch and glycogen, are used as carbohydrate storage in plants and animals. Fungi exist in a variety of natural environments and can exploit a wide range of carbon sources. They play a crucial role in the global carbon cycle because of their ability to break down plant biomass, which is composed primarily of cell wall polysaccharides, including cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin. Fungi produce a variety of enzymes that in combination degrade cell wall polysaccharides into different monosaccharides. Starch, the main component of grain, is also a polysaccharide that can be broken down into monosaccharides by fungi. These monosaccharides can be used for energy or as precursors for the biosynthesis of biomolecules through a series of enzymatic reactions. Industrial fermentation by microbes has been widely used to produce traditional foods, beverages, and biofuels from starch and to a lesser extent plant biomass. This review focuses on the degradation and utilization of plant homopolysaccharides, cellulose and starch; summarizes the activities of the enzymes involved and the regulation of the induction of the enzymes in well-studied filamentous fungi.
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109
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Ferro AP, Flores Júnior R, Finger-Teixeira A, Parizotto AV, Bevilaqua JM, Oliveira DMD, Molinari HBC, Marchiosi R, dos Santos WD, Seixas FAV, Ferrarese-Filho O. Inhibition of Zea mays coniferyl aldehyde dehydrogenase by daidzin: A potential approach for the investigation of lignocellulose recalcitrance. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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110
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Tobias LM, Spokevicius AV, McFarlane HE, Bossinger G. The Cytoskeleton and Its Role in Determining Cellulose Microfibril Angle in Secondary Cell Walls of Woody Tree Species. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E90. [PMID: 31936868 PMCID: PMC7020502 DOI: 10.3390/plants9010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in our understanding of the molecular control of secondary cell wall (SCW) formation have shed light on molecular mechanisms that underpin domestication traits related to wood formation. One such trait is the cellulose microfibril angle (MFA), an important wood quality determinant that varies along tree developmental phases and in response to gravitational stimulus. The cytoskeleton, mainly composed of microtubules and actin filaments, collectively contribute to plant growth and development by participating in several cellular processes, including cellulose deposition. Studies in Arabidopsis have significantly aided our understanding of the roles of microtubules in xylem cell development during which correct SCW deposition and patterning are essential to provide structural support and allow for water transport. In contrast, studies relating to SCW formation in xylary elements performed in woody trees remain elusive. In combination, the data reviewed here suggest that the cytoskeleton plays important roles in determining the exact sites of cellulose deposition, overall SCW patterning and more specifically, the alignment and orientation of cellulose microfibrils. By relating the reviewed evidence to the process of wood formation, we present a model of microtubule participation in determining MFA in woody trees forming reaction wood (RW).
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Machado Tobias
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Creswick, Victoria 3363, Australia; (A.V.S.); (G.B.)
| | - Antanas V. Spokevicius
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Creswick, Victoria 3363, Australia; (A.V.S.); (G.B.)
| | - Heather E. McFarlane
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Gerd Bossinger
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Creswick, Victoria 3363, Australia; (A.V.S.); (G.B.)
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111
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De La Torre AR, Piot A, Liu B, Wilhite B, Weiss M, Porth I. Functional and morphological evolution in gymnosperms: A portrait of implicated gene families. Evol Appl 2020; 13:210-227. [PMID: 31892953 PMCID: PMC6935586 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gymnosperms diverged from their sister plant clade of flowering plants 300 Mya. Morphological and functional divergence between the two major seed plant clades involved significant changes in their reproductive biology, water-conducting systems, secondary metabolism, stress defense mechanisms, and small RNA-mediated epigenetic silencing. The relatively recent sequencing of several gymnosperm genomes and the development of new genomic resources have enabled whole-genome comparisons within gymnosperms, and between angiosperms and gymnosperms. In this paper, we aim to understand how genes and gene families have contributed to the major functional and morphological differences in gymnosperms, and how this information can be used for applied breeding and biotechnology. In addition, we have analyzed the angiosperm versus gymnosperm evolution of the pleiotropic drug resistance (PDR) gene family with a wide range of functionalities in plants' interaction with their environment including defense mechanisms. Some of the genes reviewed here are newly studied members of gene families that hold potential for biotechnological applications related to commercial and pharmacological value. Some members of conifer gene families can also be exploited for their potential in phytoremediation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthony Piot
- Department of Wood and Forest SciencesLaval UniversityQuebec CityQuebecCanada
- Institute for System and Integrated Biology (IBIS)Laval UniversityQuebec CityQuebecCanada
- Centre for Forest Research (CEF)Laval UniversityQuebec CityQuebecCanada
| | - Bobin Liu
- School of ForestryNorthern Arizona UniversityFlagstaffAZUSA
- College of ForestryFujian Agricultural and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujianChina
| | | | - Matthew Weiss
- School of ForestryNorthern Arizona UniversityFlagstaffAZUSA
| | - Ilga Porth
- Department of Wood and Forest SciencesLaval UniversityQuebec CityQuebecCanada
- Institute for System and Integrated Biology (IBIS)Laval UniversityQuebec CityQuebecCanada
- Centre for Forest Research (CEF)Laval UniversityQuebec CityQuebecCanada
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112
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Xu D, Dhiman R, Garibay A, Mock HP, Leister D, Kleine T. Cellulose defects in the Arabidopsis secondary cell wall promote early chloroplast development. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 101:156-170. [PMID: 31498930 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lincomycin (LIN)-mediated inhibition of protein synthesis in chloroplasts prevents the greening of seedlings, represses the activity of photosynthesis-related genes in the nucleus, including LHCB1.2, and induces the phenylpropanoid pathway, resulting in the production of anthocyanins. In genomes uncoupled (gun) mutants, LHCB1.2 expression is maintained in the presence of LIN or other inhibitors of early chloroplast development. In a screen using concentrations of LIN lower than those employed to isolate gun mutants, we have identified happy on lincomycin (holi) mutants. Several holi mutants show an increased tolerance to LIN, exhibiting de-repressed LHCB1.2 expression and chlorophyll synthesis in seedlings. The mutations responsible were identified by whole-genome single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) mapping, and most were found to affect the phenylpropanoid pathway; however, LHCB1.2 expression does not appear to be directly regulated by phenylpropanoids, as indicated by the metabolic profiling of mutants. The most potent holi mutant is defective in a subunit of cellulose synthase encoded by IRREGULAR XYLEM 3, and comparative analysis of this and other cell-wall mutants establishes a link between secondary cell-wall integrity and early chloroplast development, possibly involving altered ABA metabolism or sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duorong Xu
- Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ravi Dhiman
- Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Adriana Garibay
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK-Gatersleben), Corrensstraße 3, 06466, Stadt Seeland, OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Mock
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK-Gatersleben), Corrensstraße 3, 06466, Stadt Seeland, OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Dario Leister
- Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Tatjana Kleine
- Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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113
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Weidener D, Dama M, Dietrich SK, Ohrem B, Pauly M, Leitner W, Domínguez de María P, Grande PM, Klose H. Multiscale analysis of lignocellulose recalcitrance towards OrganoCat pretreatment and fractionation. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2020; 13:155. [PMID: 32944071 PMCID: PMC7487623 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01796-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biomass recalcitrance towards pretreatment and further processing can be related to the compositional and structural features of the biomass. However, the exact role and relative importance to those structural attributes has still to be further evaluated. Herein, ten different types of biomass currently considered to be important raw materials for biorefineries were chosen to be processed by the recently developed, acid-catalyzed OrganoCat pretreatment to produce cellulose-enriched pulp, sugars, and lignin with different amounts and qualities. Using wet chemistry analysis and NMR spectroscopy, the generic factors of lignocellulose recalcitrance towards OrganoCat were determined. RESULTS The different materials were processed applying different conditions (e.g., type of acid catalyst and temperature), and fractions with different qualities were obtained. Raw materials and products were characterized in terms of their compositional and structural features. For the first time, generic correlation coefficients were calculated between the measured chemical and structural features and the different OrganoCat product yields and qualities. Especially lignin-related factors displayed a detrimental role for enzymatic pulp hydrolysis, as well as sugar and lignin yield exhibiting inverse correlation coefficients. Hemicellulose appeared to have less impact, not being as detrimental as lignin factors, but xylan-O-acetylation was inversely correlated with product yield and qualities. CONCLUSION These results illustrate the role of generic features of lignocellulosic recalcitrance towards acidic pretreatments and fractionation, exemplified in the OrganoCat strategy. Discriminating between types of lignocellulosic biomass and highlighting important compositional variables, the improved understanding of how these parameters affect OrganoCat products will ameliorate bioeconomic concepts from agricultural production to chemical products. Herein, a methodological approach is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Weidener
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Leo- Brandt-Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry (ITMC), RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC) C/O Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Murali Dama
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC) C/O Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sabine K. Dietrich
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Leo- Brandt-Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC) C/O Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Benedict Ohrem
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Leo- Brandt-Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC) C/O Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Markus Pauly
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC) C/O Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Walter Leitner
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry (ITMC), RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an Der Ruhr, Germany
| | | | - Philipp M. Grande
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Leo- Brandt-Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC) C/O Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Holger Klose
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Leo- Brandt-Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC) C/O Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Blokhina O, Laitinen T, Hatakeyama Y, Delhomme N, Paasela T, Zhao L, Street NR, Wada H, Kärkönen A, Fagerstedt K. Ray Parenchymal Cells Contribute to Lignification of Tracheids in Developing Xylem of Norway Spruce. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 181:1552-1572. [PMID: 31558578 PMCID: PMC6878020 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A comparative transcriptomic study and a single-cell metabolome analysis were combined to determine whether parenchymal ray cells contribute to the biosynthesis of monolignols in the lignifying xylem of Norway spruce (Picea abies). Ray parenchymal cells may function in the lignification of upright tracheids by supplying monolignols. To test this hypothesis, parenchymal ray cells and upright tracheids were dissected with laser-capture microdissection from tangential cryosections of developing xylem of spruce trees. The transcriptome analysis revealed that among the genes involved in processes typical for vascular tissues, genes encoding cell wall biogenesis-related enzymes were highly expressed in both developing tracheids and ray cells. Interestingly, most of the shikimate and monolignol biosynthesis pathway-related genes were equally expressed in both cell types. Nonetheless, 1,073 differentially expressed genes were detected between developing ray cells and tracheids, among which a set of genes expressed only in ray cells was identified. In situ single cell metabolomics of semi-intact plants by picoliter pressure probe-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry detected monolignols and their glycoconjugates in both cell types, indicating that the biosynthetic route for monolignols is active in both upright tracheids and parenchymal ray cells. The data strongly support the hypothesis that in developing xylem, ray cells produce monolignols that contribute to lignification of tracheid cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Blokhina
- Viikki Plant Science Centre, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Helsinki University, Fi-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teresa Laitinen
- Viikki Plant Science Centre, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Helsinki University, Fi-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yuto Hatakeyama
- Kyushu Okinawa Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Chikugo, 833-0041 Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Nicolas Delhomme
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90187 Umea, Sweden
| | - Tanja Paasela
- Viikki Plant Science Centre, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Helsinki University, Fi-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Production Systems, Plant Genetics, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lei Zhao
- Viikki Plant Science Centre, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Helsinki University, Fi-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nathaniel R Street
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 90187 Umea, Sweden
| | - Hiroshi Wada
- Kyushu Okinawa Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Chikugo, 833-0041 Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Anna Kärkönen
- Viikki Plant Science Centre, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Helsinki University, Fi-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Production Systems, Plant Genetics, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kurt Fagerstedt
- Viikki Plant Science Centre, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Helsinki University, Fi-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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115
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Panter PE, Kent O, Dale M, Smith SJ, Skipsey M, Thorlby G, Cummins I, Ramsay N, Begum RA, Sanhueza D, Fry SC, Knight MR, Knight H. MUR1-mediated cell-wall fucosylation is required for freezing tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 224:1518-1531. [PMID: 31549420 PMCID: PMC6899859 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Forward genetic screens play a key role in the identification of genes contributing to plant stress tolerance. Using a screen for freezing sensitivity, we have identified a novel freezing tolerance gene, SENSITIVE-TO-FREEZING8, in Arabidopsis thaliana. We identified SFR8 using recombination-based mapping and whole-genome sequencing. As SFR8 was predicted to have an effect on cell wall composition, we used GC-MS and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to measure cell-wall fucose and boron (B)-dependent dimerization of the cell-wall pectic domain rhamnogalacturonan II (RGII) in planta. After treatments to promote borate-bridging of RGII, we assessed freeze-induced damage in wild-type and sfr8 plants by measuring electrolyte leakage from freeze-thawed leaf discs. We mapped the sfr8 mutation to MUR1, a gene encoding the fucose biosynthetic enzyme GDP-d-mannose-4,6-dehydratase. sfr8 cell walls exhibited low cell-wall fucose levels and reduced RGII bridging. Freezing sensitivity of sfr8 mutants was ameliorated by B supplementation, which can restore RGII dimerization. B transport mutants with reduced RGII dimerization were also freezing-sensitive. Our research identifies a role for the structure and composition of the plant primary cell wall in determining basal plant freezing tolerance and highlights the specific importance of fucosylation, most likely through its effect on the ability of RGII pectin to dimerize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige E. Panter
- Department of Biosciences & Durham Centre for Crop Improvement TechnologyDurham UniversitySouth RoadDurhamDH1 3LEUK
| | - Olivia Kent
- Department of Biosciences & Durham Centre for Crop Improvement TechnologyDurham UniversitySouth RoadDurhamDH1 3LEUK
| | - Maeve Dale
- Department of Biosciences & Durham Centre for Crop Improvement TechnologyDurham UniversitySouth RoadDurhamDH1 3LEUK
| | - Sarah J. Smith
- Department of Biosciences & Durham Centre for Crop Improvement TechnologyDurham UniversitySouth RoadDurhamDH1 3LEUK
| | - Mark Skipsey
- Department of Biosciences & Durham Centre for Crop Improvement TechnologyDurham UniversitySouth RoadDurhamDH1 3LEUK
| | - Glenn Thorlby
- Scion49 Sala Street, Private Bag 3020Rotorua3046New Zealand
| | - Ian Cummins
- Department of Biosciences & Durham Centre for Crop Improvement TechnologyDurham UniversitySouth RoadDurhamDH1 3LEUK
| | - Nathan Ramsay
- Department of Biosciences & Durham Centre for Crop Improvement TechnologyDurham UniversitySouth RoadDurhamDH1 3LEUK
| | - Rifat A. Begum
- Institute of Molecular Plant SciencesThe University of EdinburghDaniel Rutherford Building, The King’s Buildings, Max Born CrescentEdinburghEH9 3BFUK
| | - Dayan Sanhueza
- Institute of Molecular Plant SciencesThe University of EdinburghDaniel Rutherford Building, The King’s Buildings, Max Born CrescentEdinburghEH9 3BFUK
| | - Stephen C. Fry
- Institute of Molecular Plant SciencesThe University of EdinburghDaniel Rutherford Building, The King’s Buildings, Max Born CrescentEdinburghEH9 3BFUK
| | - Marc R. Knight
- Department of Biosciences & Durham Centre for Crop Improvement TechnologyDurham UniversitySouth RoadDurhamDH1 3LEUK
| | - Heather Knight
- Department of Biosciences & Durham Centre for Crop Improvement TechnologyDurham UniversitySouth RoadDurhamDH1 3LEUK
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Taylor G, Donnison IS, Murphy-Bokern D, Morgante M, Bogeat-Triboulot MB, Bhalerao R, Hertzberg M, Polle A, Harfouche A, Alasia F, Petoussi V, Trebbi D, Schwarz K, Keurentjes JJB, Centritto M, Genty B, Flexas J, Grill E, Salvi S, Davies WJ. Sustainable bioenergy for climate mitigation: developing drought-tolerant trees and grasses. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 124:513-520. [PMID: 31665761 PMCID: PMC6821384 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Bioenergy crops are central to climate mitigation strategies that utilize biogenic carbon, such as BECCS (bioenergy with carbon capture and storage), alongside the use of biomass for heat, power, liquid fuels and, in the future, biorefining to chemicals. Several promising lignocellulosic crops are emerging that have no food role - fast-growing trees and grasses - but are well suited as bioenergy feedstocks, including Populus, Salix, Arundo, Miscanthus, Panicum and Sorghum. SCOPE These promising crops remain largely undomesticated and, until recently, have had limited germplasm resources. In order to avoid competition with food crops for land and nature conservation, it is likely that future bioenergy crops will be grown on marginal land that is not needed for food production and is of poor quality and subject to drought stress. Thus, here we define an ideotype for drought tolerance that will enable biomass production to be maintained in the face of moderate drought stress. This includes traits that can readily be measured in wide populations of several hundred unique genotypes for genome-wide association studies, alongside traits that are informative but can only easily be assessed in limited numbers or training populations that may be more suitable for genomic selection. Phenotyping, not genotyping, is now the major bottleneck for progress, since in all lignocellulosic crops studied extensive use has been made of next-generation sequencing such that several thousand markers are now available and populations are emerging that will enable rapid progress for drought-tolerance breeding. The emergence of novel technologies for targeted genotyping by sequencing are particularly welcome. Genome editing has already been demonstrated for Populus and offers significant potential for rapid deployment of drought-tolerant crops through manipulation of ABA receptors, as demonstrated in Arabidopsis, with other gene targets yet to be tested. CONCLUSIONS Bioenergy is predicted to be the fastest-developing renewable energy over the coming decade and significant investment over the past decade has been made in developing genomic resources and in collecting wild germplasm from within the natural ranges of several tree and grass crops. Harnessing these resources for climate-resilient crops for the future remains a challenge but one that is likely to be successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Taylor
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - I S Donnison
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, UK
| | | | - M Morgante
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze, Udine, Italy
| | | | - R Bhalerao
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umea Plant Sciences Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umea, Sweden
| | - M Hertzberg
- SweTree Technologies AB, SE-904 03 Umeå, Sweden
| | - A Polle
- Büsgen‐Institute, Department of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Georg‐August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - A Harfouche
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - F Alasia
- Franco Alasia Vivai, Strada Solerette, Savigliano, Italy
| | - V Petoussi
- Department of Sociology, University of Crete, Rethymno, Greece
| | - D Trebbi
- Geneticlab, Via Roveredo, Pordenone, Italy
| | - K Schwarz
- Julius Kühn‐Institut (JKI) Bundesforschungsinstitut für Kulturpflanzen, Institute for Crop and Soil Science, Bundesallee 50, D‐38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - J J B Keurentjes
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - M Centritto
- Trees and Timber Institute, National Research Council of Italy, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - B Genty
- Aix-Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR 7265, Saint Paul lez Durance, France
| | - J Flexas
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - E Grill
- Lehrstuhl für Botanik, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - S Salvi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin, Bologna, Italy
| | - W J Davies
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
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Meents MJ, Motani S, Mansfield SD, Samuels AL. Organization of Xylan Production in the Golgi During Secondary Cell Wall Biosynthesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 181:527-546. [PMID: 31431513 PMCID: PMC6776863 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Secondary cell wall (SCW) production during xylem development requires massive up-regulation of hemicellulose (e.g. glucuronoxylan) biosynthesis in the Golgi. Although mutant studies have revealed much of the xylan biosynthetic machinery, the precise arrangement of these proteins and their products in the Golgi apparatus is largely unknown. We used a fluorescently tagged xylan backbone biosynthetic protein (IRREGULAR XYLEM9; IRX9) as a marker of xylan production in the Golgi of developing protoxylem tracheary elements in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Both live-cell confocal and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed SCW deposition is accompanied by a significant proliferation of Golgi stacks. Furthermore, although Golgi stacks were randomly distributed, the organization of the cytoplasm ensured their close proximity to developing SCWs. Quantitative immuno-TEM revealed IRX9 is present in a specific subdomain of the Golgi stack and was most abundant in the ring of the inner margins of medial cisternae where fenestrations are abundant. Conversely, the xylan product accumulated in swollen trans cisternal margins and the Trans-Golgi network (TGN). The irx9 mutant lacked this expansion for both the cisternal margins and the TGN, whereas Golgi stack proliferation was unaffected. Golgi in irx9 also displayed dramatic changes in their structure, with increases in cisternal fenestration and tubulation. Our data support a new model where xylan biosynthesis and packaging into secretory vesicles are localized in distinct structural and functional domains of the Golgi. Rather than polysaccharide biosynthesis occurring in the center of the cisternae, IRX9 and the xylan product are arranged in successive concentric rings in Golgi cisternae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda J Meents
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4 British Columbia
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4 British Columbia
| | - Sanya Motani
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4 British Columbia
| | - Shawn D Mansfield
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4 British Columbia
| | - A Lacey Samuels
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4 British Columbia
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118
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Bevilaqua JM, Finger-Teixeira A, Marchiosi R, Oliveira DMD, Joia BM, Ferro AP, Parizotto ÂV, Dos Santos WD, Ferrarese-Filho O. Exogenous application of rosmarinic acid improves saccharification without affecting growth and lignification of maize. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 142:275-282. [PMID: 31330394 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biomimetically incorporated into the lignin structure, rosmarinic acid improves in vitro maize cell wall saccharification; however, no in planta studies have been performed. We hypothesized that rosmarinic acid, itself, could inducer saccharification without disturbing plant growth. Its effects on growth, enzymes of the phenylpropanoid pathway, lignin, monomeric composition, and saccharification of maize were evaluated. In a short-term (24 h) exposure, rosmarinic acid caused deleterious effects on maize roots, inhibiting the first enzymes of the phenylpropanoid pathway, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and tyrosine ammonia-lyase, altering lignin composition and slightly increasing saccharification. In a long-term (14 d) exposure, rosmarinic acid increased saccharification of maize stems by about 50% without any deleterious effects on plant growth, the phenylpropanoid pathway and lignin formation. This demonstrated that exogenous application of rosmarinic acid on maize plants improved saccharification, and represented an interesting approach in facilitating enzymatic hydrolysis of biomass polysaccharides and increasing bioethanol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Munik Bevilaqua
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, University of Maringá, 87020-900, PR, Brazil
| | - Aline Finger-Teixeira
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, University of Maringá, 87020-900, PR, Brazil
| | - Rogério Marchiosi
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, University of Maringá, 87020-900, PR, Brazil
| | - Dyoni Matias de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, University of Maringá, 87020-900, PR, Brazil
| | - Breno Miguel Joia
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, University of Maringá, 87020-900, PR, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Ferro
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, University of Maringá, 87020-900, PR, Brazil
| | | | | | - Osvaldo Ferrarese-Filho
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, University of Maringá, 87020-900, PR, Brazil.
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Fradera-Sola A, Thomas A, Gasior D, Harper J, Hegarty M, Armstead I, Fernandez-Fuentes N. Differential gene expression and gene ontologies associated with increasing water-stress in leaf and root transcriptomes of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220518. [PMID: 31361773 PMCID: PMC6667212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) is a forage and amenity grass species widely cultivated in temperate regions worldwide. As such, perennial ryegrass populations are exposed to a range of environmental conditions and stresses on a seasonal basis and from year to year. One source of potential stress is limitation on water availability. The ability of these perennial grasses to be able to withstand and recover after periods of water limitation or drought can be a key component of grassland performance. Thus, we were interested in looking at changes in patterns of gene expression associated with increasing water stress. Clones of a single genotype of perennial ryegrass were grown under non-flowering growth room conditions in vermiculite supplemented with nutrient solution. Leaf and root tissue was sampled at 4 times in quadruplicate relating to estimated water contents of 35%, 15%, 5% and 1%. RNA was extracted and RNAseq used to generate transcriptome profiles at each sampling point. Transcriptomes were assembled using the published reference genome sequence and differential gene expression analysed using 3 different programmes, DESeq2, edgeR and limma (with the voom transformation), individually and in combination, deriving Early, Middle and Late stage comparisons. Identified differentially expressed genes were then associated with enriched GO terms using BLAST2GO. For the leaf, up-regulated differentially expressed genes were strongly associated with GO terms only during the Early stage and the majority of GO terms were associated with only down-regulated genes at the Middle or Late stages. For the roots, few differentially expressed genes were identified at either Early or Middle stages. Only one replicate at 1% estimated water content produced high quality data for the root, however, this indicated a high level of differential expression. Again the majority of enriched GO terms were associated with down-regulated genes. The performance of the different analysis programmes and the annotations associated with identified differentially expressed genes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Fradera-Sola
- Quantitative Proteomics, Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany
| | - Ann Thomas
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Dagmara Gasior
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - John Harper
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Hegarty
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Armstead
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Narcis Fernandez-Fuentes
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
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120
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Tsuyama T, Matsushita Y, Fukushima K, Takabe K, Yazaki K, Kamei I. Proton Gradient-Dependent Transport of p-Glucocoumaryl Alcohol in Differentiating Xylem of Woody Plants. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8900. [PMID: 31222148 PMCID: PMC6586893 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45394-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin is a cell wall component of vascular plants crucial for survival in terrestrial environments. While p-hydroxyphenyl lignin is minor, it is considered to be localised in the outermost part of the cell wall providing strong adhesion between cells, which determines cell shape. Transport of the lignin precursor from the cytosol to the cell wall is critical to regulate temporal and spatial lignin deposition; however, little information on the transport step is available. Here, we report transport activity of p-glucocoumaryl alcohol, a precursor of p-hydroxyphenyl lignin, in a broad-leaved tree (hybrid poplar, Populus sieboldii × P. grandidentata) and a coniferous tree (Japanese cypress, Chamaecyparis obtusa). Membrane vesicles of both trees were prepared from differentiating xylem with vigorous lignification and used for transport assays. Several inhibition assays indicated that not ABC transporters but the proton gradient and V-ATPase are involved in p-glucocoumaryl alcohol transport depending on ATP. These results support the hypothesis that p-glucocoumaryl alcohol is loaded into the secretory vesicles and delivered to the cell wall by exocytosis. Furthermore, this transport mechanism was common in both poplar and Japanese cypress, strongly suggesting that p-glucocoumaryl alcohol transport in the differentiating xylem is conserved within woody plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Tsuyama
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan.
| | - Yasuyuki Matsushita
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Fukushima
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Keiji Takabe
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Yazaki
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Ichiro Kamei
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
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Cheng X, Li G, Manzoor MA, Wang H, Abdullah M, Su X, Zhang J, Jiang T, Jin Q, Cai Y, Lin Y. In Silico Genome-Wide Analysis of Respiratory Burst Oxidase Homolog (RBOH) Family Genes in Five Fruit-Producing Trees, and Potential Functional Analysis on Lignification of Stone Cells in Chinese White Pear. Cells 2019; 8:E520. [PMID: 31146469 PMCID: PMC6627160 DOI: 10.3390/cells8060520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
: The accumulation of lignin in fruit has a significant negative impact on the quality of fruit-producing trees, and in particular the lignin formation stimulates the development of stone cells in pear fruit. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are essential for lignin polymerization. However, knowledge of the RBOH family, a key enzyme in ROS metabolism, remains unknown in most fruit trees. In this study, a total of 40 RBOHs were identified from five fruit-producing trees (Pyrusbretschneideri, Prunuspersica, Citrussinensis, Vitisvinifera, and Prunusmume), and 10 of these sequences came from Pyrusbretschneideri. Multiple sequence alignments revealed that all 10 PbRBOHs contained the NADPH_Ox domain and the six alpha-helical transmembrane domains (TM-I to TM-VI). Chromosome localization and interspecies phylogenetic tree analysis showed that 10 PbRBOHs irregularly distributed on 8 chromosomes and 3 PbRBOHs (PbRBOHA, PbRBOHB, and PbRBOHD) are closely related to known lignification-related RBOHs. Furthermore, hormone response pattern analysis showed that the transcription of PbRBOHs is regulated by SA, ABA and MeJA. Reverse transcription-quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and transcriptome sequencing analysis showed that PbRBOHA, PbRBOHB, and PbRBOHD accumulated high transcript abundance in pear fruit, and the transcriptional trends of PbRBOHA and PbRBOHD was consistent with the change of stone cell content during fruit development. In addition, subcellular localization revealed that PbRBOHA and PbRBOHD are distributed on the plasma membrane. Combining the changes of apoplastic superoxide (O2.-) content and spatio-temporal expression analysis, these results indicate that PbRBOHA and PbRBOHD, which are candidate genes, may play an important role in ROS metabolism during the lignification of pear stone cells. This study not only provided insight into the molecular characteristics of the RBOH family in fruit-producing trees, but also lays the foundation for studying the role of ROS in plant lignification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Cheng
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Guohui Li
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Muhammad Aamir Manzoor
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Han Wang
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Muhammad Abdullah
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Xueqiang Su
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Jingyun Zhang
- Horticultural Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China.
| | - Taoshan Jiang
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Qing Jin
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Yongping Cai
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Yi Lin
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130, Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China.
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Wierzbicki MP, Maloney V, Mizrachi E, Myburg AA. Xylan in the Middle: Understanding Xylan Biosynthesis and Its Metabolic Dependencies Toward Improving Wood Fiber for Industrial Processing. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:176. [PMID: 30858858 PMCID: PMC6397879 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass, encompassing cellulose, lignin and hemicellulose in plant secondary cell walls (SCWs), is the most abundant source of renewable materials on earth. Currently, fast-growing woody dicots such as Eucalyptus and Populus trees are major lignocellulosic (wood fiber) feedstocks for bioproducts such as pulp, paper, cellulose, textiles, bioplastics and other biomaterials. Processing wood for these products entails separating the biomass into its three main components as efficiently as possible without compromising yield. Glucuronoxylan (xylan), the main hemicellulose present in the SCWs of hardwood trees carries chemical modifications that are associated with SCW composition and ultrastructure, and affect the recalcitrance of woody biomass to industrial processing. In this review we highlight the importance of xylan properties for industrial wood fiber processing and how gaining a greater understanding of xylan biosynthesis, specifically xylan modification, could yield novel biotechnology approaches to reduce recalcitrance or introduce novel processing traits. Altering xylan modification patterns has recently become a focus of plant SCW studies due to early findings that altered modification patterns can yield beneficial biomass processing traits. Additionally, it has been noted that plants with altered xylan composition display metabolic differences linked to changes in precursor usage. We explore the possibility of using systems biology and systems genetics approaches to gain insight into the coordination of SCW formation with other interdependent biological processes. Acetyl-CoA, s-adenosylmethionine and nucleotide sugars are precursors needed for xylan modification, however, the pathways which produce metabolic pools during different stages of fiber cell wall formation still have to be identified and their co-regulation during SCW formation elucidated. The crucial dependence on precursor metabolism provides an opportunity to alter xylan modification patterns through metabolic engineering of one or more of these interdependent pathways. The complexity of xylan biosynthesis and modification is currently a stumbling point, but it may provide new avenues for woody biomass engineering that are not possible for other biopolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alexander A. Myburg
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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123
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Polko JK, Kieber JJ. The Regulation of Cellulose Biosynthesis in Plants. THE PLANT CELL 2019; 31:282-296. [PMID: 30647077 PMCID: PMC6447023 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.18.00760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cell walls define the shape of plant cells, controlling the extent and orientation of cell elongation, and hence organ growth. The main load-bearing component of plant cell walls is cellulose, and how plants regulate its biosynthesis during development and in response to various environmental perturbations is a central question in plant biology. Cellulose is synthesized by cellulose synthase (CESA) complexes (CSCs) that are assembled in the Golgi apparatus and then delivered to the plasma membrane (PM), where they actively synthesize cellulose. CSCs travel along cortical microtubule paths that define the orientation of synthesis of the cellulose microfibrils. CSCs recycle between the PM and various intracellular compartments, and this trafficking plays an important role in determining the level of cellulose synthesized. In this review, we summarize recent findings in CESA complex organization, CESA posttranslational modifications and trafficking, and other components that interact with CESAs. We also discuss cell wall integrity maintenance, with a focus on how this impacts cellulose biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna K Polko
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Joseph J Kieber
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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124
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Wang L, Yin Y, Wang LF, Wang M, Zhao M, Tian Y, Li YF. Transcriptome Profiling of the Elongating Internode of Cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) Seedlings in Response to Mepiquat Chloride. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1751. [PMID: 32047505 PMCID: PMC6997534 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The plant growth retardant mepiquat chloride (MC) has been extensively used to produce compact plant canopies and increase yield in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Previous studies showed that MC reduced plant height and internode length by inhibiting GA biosynthesis and cell elongation. However, whether there are other molecular mechanisms underlying MC-induced growth retardation has remained largely unknown. In the present study, we conducted histological, transcriptomic, and phytohormone analyses of the second elongating internodes of cotton seedlings treated with MC. Histological analysis revealed that the MC shortened the internodes through suppressing both cell division and cell elongation. Consistent with the observed phenotype, many genes related to cell growth were significantly downregulated by MC. Transcriptome profiling showed that the expression of genes related not only to GA, but also to auxin, brassinosteroid (BR), and ethylene metabolism and signaling was remarkably suppressed, whereas that of genes related to cytokinin (CK) and abscisic acid (ABA) metabolism was induced by MC. Consistent with the expression pattern, significant decrease of endogenous GA, auxin, and BR content, but an increase in CK content was observed after MC treatment. Most of these hormone related genes displayed opposite regulation pattern by exogenous GA3 treatment compared to MC; simultaneous application of MC and GA3 could alleviate the genes expression changes induced by MC treatment, indicating MC does not directly affect other plant hormones, but through the inhibition of the GA biosynthesis. In addition, the expression of genes related to secondary metabolism and many transcription factors (TFs) were differentially regulated by MC. In summary, we confirmed the important role of GA in MC-induced growth inhibition of cotton, and further found that other hormones were also involved in this process in a GA-dependent manner. This study provides novel insights into the molecular mechanism underlying the MC-mediated inhibition of internode elongation in cotton seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- *Correspondence: Yong-Fang Li, ; Li Wang,
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125
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Liu C, Yu H, Li L. SUMO modification of LBD30 by SIZ1 regulates secondary cell wall formation in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1007928. [PMID: 30657769 PMCID: PMC6355022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A wide range of biological processes are regulated by sumoylation, a post-translational modification involving the conjugation of SUMO (Small Ubiquitin-Like Modifier) to protein. In Arabidopsis thaliana, AtSIZ1 encodes a SUMO E3 ligase for SUMO modification. siz1 mutants displayed defective secondary cell walls (SCWs) in inflorescence fiber cells. Such defects were caused by repression of SND1/NST1-mediated transcriptional networks. Yeast two-hybrid assay indicated that SIZ1 interacts with the LBD30 C-terminal domain, which was further confirmed using bimolecular fluorescence complementation and immunoprecipitation. Mass spectrometry and co-immunoprecipitation indicated that SIZ1 mediates SUMO conjugation to LBD30 at the K226 residue. Genes controlling SCW formation were activated by the overexpression of LBD30, but not in the LBD30(K226R) mutant. LBD30 enhancement of SCW formation resulted from upregulation of SND1/NST1-mediated transcriptional networks. This study presents a mechanism by which sumoylation of LBD30, mediated by SIZ1, regulates SCW formation in A. thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hasi Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Laigeng Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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126
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Hellmann E, Ko D, Ruonala R, Helariutta Y. Plant Vascular Tissues-Connecting Tissue Comes in All Shapes. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 7:E109. [PMID: 30551673 PMCID: PMC6313914 DOI: 10.3390/plants7040109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
For centuries, humans have grown and used structures based on vascular tissues in plants. One could imagine that life would have developed differently without wood as a resource for building material, paper, heating energy, or fuel and without edible tubers as a food source. In this review, we will summarise the status of research on Arabidopsis thaliana vascular development and subsequently focus on how this knowledge has been applied and expanded in research on the wood of trees and storage organs of crop plants. We will conclude with an outlook on interesting open questions and exciting new research opportunities in this growing and important field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Hellmann
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK.
| | - Donghwi Ko
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK.
| | - Raili Ruonala
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK.
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Ykä Helariutta
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK.
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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127
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Anderson CT. Finding order in a bustling construction zone: quantitative imaging and analysis of cell wall assembly in plants. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 46:62-67. [PMID: 30107305 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Assembly of polysaccharide-based walls by plant cells involves the rapid synthesis, trafficking, and deposition of complex biopolymers, but how these events are controlled and coordinated to achieve a strong, resilient extracellular matrix has remained obscure for decades. Recent quantitative analyses of fluorescence microscopy data have revealed details of the trafficking and synthetic activity of cellulose synthases, and new methods for labeling matrix polymers have unveiled aspects of their regulated deposition in the wall. Detailed studies of the identity, architecture, activity, and trafficking of the proteins and protein complexes that synthesize wall polymers, combined with advances in image acquisition and analysis, will aid future efforts to dissect wall assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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128
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Takenaka Y, Watanabe Y, Schuetz M, Unda F, Hill JL, Phookaew P, Yoneda A, Mansfield SD, Samuels L, Ohtani M, Demura T. Patterned Deposition of Xylan and Lignin is Independent from that of the Secondary Wall Cellulose of Arabidopsis Xylem Vessels. THE PLANT CELL 2018; 30:2663-2676. [PMID: 30337427 PMCID: PMC6305973 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.18.00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The secondary cell wall (SCW) of xylem vessel cells provides rigidity and strength that enables efficient water conduction throughout the plant. To gain insight into SCW deposition, we mutagenized Arabidopsis thaliana VASCULAR-RELATED NAC-DOMAIN7-inducible plant lines, in which ectopic protoxylem vessel cell differentiation is synchronously induced. The baculites mutant was isolated based on the absence of helical SCW patterns in ectopically-induced protoxylem vessel cells, and mature baculites plants exhibited an irregular xylem (irx) mutant phenotype in mature plants. A single nucleic acid substitution in the CELLULOSE SYNTHASE SUBUNIT 7 (CESA7) gene in baculites was identified: while the mutation was predicted to produce a C-terminal truncated protein, immunoblot analysis revealed that cesa7bac mutation results in loss of production of CESA7 proteins, indicating that baculites is a novel cesa7 loss-of-function mutant. In cesa7bac , despite a lack of patterned cellulose deposition, the helically-patterned deposition of other SCW components, such as the hemicellulose xylan and the phenolic polymer lignin, was not affected. Similar phenotypes were found in another point mutation mutant cesa7mur10-2 , and an established knock-out mutant, cesa7irx3-4 Taken together, we propose that the spatio-temporal deposition of different SCW components, such as xylan and lignin, is not dependent on cellulose patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Takenaka
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Watanabe
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mathias Schuetz
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Faride Unda
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Joseph L Hill
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Pawittra Phookaew
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
| | - Arata Yoneda
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
| | - Shawn D Mansfield
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Lacey Samuels
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Misato Ohtani
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
| | - Taku Demura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
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129
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Lignin polymerization: how do plants manage the chemistry so well? Curr Opin Biotechnol 2018; 56:75-81. [PMID: 30359808 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The final step of lignin biosynthesis is the polymerization of monolignols in apoplastic cell wall domains. In this process, monolignols secreted by lignifying cells, or occasionally neighboring non-lignifying and/or other lignifying cells, are activated by cell-wall-localized oxidation systems, such as laccase/O2 and/or peroxidase/H2O2, for combinatorial radical coupling to make the final lignin polymers. Plants can precisely control when, where, and which types of lignin polymers are assembled at tissue and cellular levels, but do not control the polymers' exact chemical structures per se. Recent studies have begun to identify specific laccase and peroxidase proteins responsible for lignin polymerization in specific cell types and during different developmental stages. The coordination of polymerization machinery localization and monolignol supply is likely critical for the spatio-temporal patterning of lignin polymerization. Further advancement in this research area will continue to increase our capacity to manipulate lignin content/structure in biomass to meet our own biotechnological purposes.
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130
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Reyes-Rivera J, Soto-Hernández M, Canché-Escamilla G, Terrazas T. Structural Characterization of Lignin in Four Cacti Wood: Implications of Lignification in the Growth Form and Succulence. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1518. [PMID: 30386367 PMCID: PMC6199501 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Wood lignin composition strongly depends on anatomical features and it has been used as a marker for characterizing major plant groups. Wood heterogeneity in Cactaceae is involved in evolutionary and adaptive processes within this group; moreover, it is highly correlated to the species growth form. Here we studied the lignin structure from different types of woods in four Cactaceae species with different stem morphologies (Pereskia lychnidiflora, tree/fibrous wood; Opuntia streptacantha and Pilosocereus chrysacanthus, tree/succulent fibrous wood; Ferocactus hamatacanthus, cylindrical stem/dimorphic wood) in order to determine their relationship with the wood anatomy in an evolutionary-adaptive context. Dioxane lignin was isolated and analyzed by pyrolysis coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (2D-NMR) and attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). The main linkages are the β-O-4' ether (67-85%), the β-β' resinol (10-26%) and the β-5' and α-O-4' linkages of the phenylcoumaran structures (≤7%). Spirodienone structures have a considerable abundance (5%) in the dimorphic wood of F. hamatacanthus. In addition, low contents (≤3%) of α,β-diaryl ether, α-oxidized β-O-4' ether and dibenzodioxocin structures were found. The sinapyl- and coniferyl acetates are not part of the wood lignin in any of the studied species. The low (≤5%) γ-acetylation in the F. hamatacanthus and P. chrysacanthus wood lignin is here interpreted as an evidence of a high specialization of the wood elements in the conduction/storage of water. The lignin of the studied Cactaceae is composed predominantly of guaiacyl and syringyl units (S/G: 0.9-16.4). High abundance of syringyl units (62-94%) in three of the four species is considered as a defense mechanism against oxidative agents, it is a very conspicuous trait in the most succulent species with dimorphic wood. Furthermore, it is also associated with ferulates and the herein called γ-acetylated guaiacyl-syringaresinol complexes acting as nucleation sites for lignification and as cross-links between lignin and carbohydrates at the wide-band tracheid-fiber junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Reyes-Rivera
- Programa de Botánica, Colegio de Postgraduados en Ciencias Agrícolas, Texcoco, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Marcos Soto-Hernández
- Programa de Botánica, Colegio de Postgraduados en Ciencias Agrícolas, Texcoco, Estado de México, Mexico
| | | | - Teresa Terrazas
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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131
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Sinclair R, Rosquete MR, Drakakaki G. Post-Golgi Trafficking and Transport of Cell Wall Components. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1784. [PMID: 30581448 PMCID: PMC6292943 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The cell wall, a complex macromolecular composite structure surrounding and protecting plant cells, is essential for development, signal transduction, and disease resistance. This structure is also integral to cell expansion, as its tensile resistance is the primary balancing mechanism against internal turgor pressure. Throughout these processes, the biosynthesis, transport, deposition, and assembly of cell wall polymers are tightly regulated. The plant endomembrane system facilitates transport of polysaccharides, polysaccharide biosynthetic and modifying enzymes and glycoproteins through vesicle trafficking pathways. Although a number of enzymes involved in cell wall biosynthesis have been identified, comparatively little is known about the transport of cell wall polysaccharides and glycoproteins by the endomembrane system. This review summarizes our current understanding of trafficking of cell wall components during cell growth and cell division. Emerging technologies, such as vesicle glycomics, are also discussed as promising avenues to gain insights into the trafficking of structural polysaccharides to the apoplast.
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