101
|
Aboagye-Nuamah F, Kwoseh CK, Maier DE. Toxigenic mycoflora, aflatoxin and fumonisin contamination of poultry feeds in Ghana. Toxicon 2021; 198:164-170. [PMID: 34019909 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The study was undertaken to identify the major mycotoxigenic fungi, aflatoxin and fumonisin levels in prepared poultry feeds in Ghana. Three hundred and fifty (350) prepared feed samples were randomly collected from 133 commercial poultry farms, 76 feed processors and eight (8) feed vendors in three major poultry producing regions of Ghana over two seasons. Fungi were isolated using the serial dilution method on potato dextrose agar and identified using standard methods of identification. Total aflatoxin and fumonisin levels were quantified using AgraStrip® Total Aflatoxin and Fumonisin Quantitative test Watex® from RomerLab, USA. Eight (8) different fungi were isolated from the feed samples with isolation frequency as follows: Aspergillus flavus (47%), A. niger (24%), A. fumigatus (17%), A. oryzae (3%), A. tamarii (2%), Penicillium sp. (3%), Colletotrichum sp. (4%) and Rhizopus sp. (0.1%). Feed samples collected during the rainy season recorded higher mean colony counts (3.39 ± 0.29) than that of the dry season (1.10 ± 0.18). Total aflatoxin and fumonisin levels ranged from 0 to 118 ppb with a mean of 57.25 ± 2.55 ppb, and 0.28-15 ppm with a mean of 1.54 ± 0.12 ppm, respectively. The study revealed co-occurrence of aflatoxin and fumonisin in all the feed samples. Significant correlations (r = 0.298, r = 0.694) (p < 0.05) were observed among the aflatoxin and fumonisin levels and the fungi isolated. Seventy-four percent (74%) of all the feed samples exceeded the 15 ppb Ghana Standards Authority threshold, the EU regulatory limit of 20 ppb and the FAO/WHO recommended maximum permissible limit of 30 ppb for poultry feeds. Although fumonisin levels were less than the EU guidance values of 20 ppm for poultry feeds, 20% of the samples were higher than the FAO/WHO maximum tolerable daily intake limit of 2 ppm. Proper handling of prepared feeds and ingredients could prevent or minimize toxigenic fungi contamination and lower the likelihood of mycotoxin development in poultry feeds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francis Aboagye-Nuamah
- Department of Nursing and Applied Sciences, Methodist University College Ghana, Wenchi Campus, Ghana; Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
| | - Charles Kodia Kwoseh
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Dirk E Maier
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University of Science and Technology, Ames, IA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Ouf SA, Ali EM. Does the treatment of dried herbs with ozone as a fungal decontaminating agent affect the active constituents? ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 277:116715. [PMID: 33652183 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Herbs and spices are food crops susceptible to contamination by toxigenic fungi. Ozone, as a decontamination approach in the industry, has attractive benefits over traditional food preservation practices. A contribution to the studying of ozone as an antifungal and anti-mycotoxigenic agent in herbs and spices storage processes is achieved in this research. Nine powdered sun-dried herbs and spices were analyzed for their fungal contamination. The results indicate that licorice root and peppermint leaves were found to have the highest population of fungi while black cumin and fennel record the lowest population. The most dominant fungal genera are Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, and Rhizopus. Ozone treatment was performed at a concentration of 3 ppm applied for exposure times of 0, 30, 90, 150, 210, and 280 min. After 280 min of exposure to ozone, the reduction of fungal count ranged from 96.39 to 98.26%. The maximum reduction in spore production was achieved in the case of A. humicola and Trichderma viride exposed for 210 min ozone gas. There was a remarkable reduction in the production of the total mycotoxin, reaching 24.15% in aflatoxins for the 150 min-treated inoculum in the case of A. flavus. The total volume of essential oil of chamomile and peppermint was reduced by 57.14 and 26.67%, respectively, when exposed to 3 ppm. For 280 min. In conclusion, fumigation with ozone gas can be used as a suitable method for achieving sanitation and decreasing microbial load in herbs and spices. Still, it is crucial to provide precautions on ozone's effect on major active constituents before recommending this method for industrial application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salama A Ouf
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt.
| | - Enas M Ali
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt; Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
Bhowate RR, Lohe VK, Meshram MG, Dangore SB. Serum aflatoxin B1 antibody titer, percent hemolysis and transaminases in oral submucous fibrosis. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2021; 25:110-117. [PMID: 34349420 PMCID: PMC8272487 DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_226_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Areca nut is deeply rooted sociocultural habit in India. Areca nut reported to be infested by fungi during the field and storage conditions. Areca nut alkaloids, nitrosamines, tobacco and aflatoxin are cytotoxic, immunotoxic to red blood cell and epithelial cell. Hence, the present study was conducted to assess the serum aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) antibody titer, percent hemolysis and transaminases in oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) patients. Materials and Methods In this study, 128 participants of which 88 were suffering from OSMF. Twenty participants were areca nut habitual without OSMF (habitual control) and 20 participants without any habit (healthy control). For the detection of AFB1 antibody titer, AFB1 antigen (Sigma) A6636 from Aspergillus flavus was used. Percent hemolysis was estimated as per the procedure described by Mathuria and Verma. Serum Glutamic oxalo acetic transaminase (SGOT) and Serum Glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) were estimated by the optimized ultraviolet method using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. Results Mean SGOT, SGPT, percent hemolysis and AFB1 antibody titer were significantly higher in participants with OSMF than the habitual and healthy controls. AFB1 antibody titer and % hemolysis in both OSMF and habitual without OSMF were showed significant correlation, i.e., increased AFB1 antibody titer with increased % hemolysis. Conclusions A study result demonstrates that aflatoxin causes increase in serum transaminases which is indicative of liver damage in OSMF. The combined toxic effects of areca nut alkaloids, tobacco and AFB1 on red blood cell (RBC) cell wall might be responsible for increased percent hemolysis in OSMF and habitual control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul R Bhowate
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (Deemed to be University), Wardha, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vidya K Lohe
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (Deemed to be University), Wardha, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mrunal Ghusaji Meshram
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (Deemed to be University), Wardha, Maharashtra, India
| | - Suwarna B Dangore
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (Deemed to be University), Wardha, Maharashtra, India
| |
Collapse
|
104
|
Neckermann K, Claus G, De Baere S, Antonissen G, Lebrun S, Gemmi C, Taminiau B, Douny C, Scippo ML, Schatzmayr D, Gathumbi J, Uhlig S, Croubels S, Delcenserie V. The efficacy and effect on gut microbiota of an aflatoxin binder and a fumonisin esterase using an in vitro simulator of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem (SHIME®). Food Res Int 2021; 145:110395. [PMID: 34112398 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxin intoxication is in general an acknowledged and tackled issue in animals. However, in several parts of the world, mycotoxicoses in humans still remain a relevant issue. The efficacy of two mycotoxin detoxifying animal feed additives, an aflatoxin bentonite clay binder and a fumonisin esterase, was investigated in a human child gut model, i.e. the in vitro Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem (SHIME®). Additionally, the effect of the detoxifiers on gut microbiota was examined in the SHIME. After an initial two weeks of system stabilisation, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) were added to the SHIME diet during one week. Next, the two detoxifiers and mycotoxins were added to the system for an additional week. The AFB1, FB1, hydrolysed FB1 (HFB1), partially hydrolysed FB1a and FB1b concentrations were determined in SHIME samples using a validated ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. The short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations were determined by a validated gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method. Colonic bacterial communities were analysed using metabarcoding, targeting the hypervariable V1-V3 regions of the 16S rRNA genes. The AFB1 and FB1 concentrations significantly decreased after the addition of the detoxifiers. Likewise, the concentration of HFB1 significantly increased. Concentrations of SCFAs remained generally stable throughout the experiment. No major changes in bacterial composition occurred during the experiment. The results demonstrate the promising effect of these detoxifiers in reducing AFB1 and FB1 concentrations in the human intestinal environment, without compromising the gastrointestinal microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaat Neckermann
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Avenue de Cureghem 10, 4000 Liège, Belgium; Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Gregor Claus
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Siegrid De Baere
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Gunther Antonissen
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Sarah Lebrun
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Avenue de Cureghem 10, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Céline Gemmi
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Avenue de Cureghem 10, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Bernard Taminiau
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Avenue de Cureghem 10, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Caroline Douny
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, FARAH-Veterinary Public Health, University of Liège, Avenue de Cureghem 10, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Marie-Louise Scippo
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, FARAH-Veterinary Public Health, University of Liège, Avenue de Cureghem 10, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Dian Schatzmayr
- BIOMIN Holding GmbH, BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - James Gathumbi
- Department of Pathology, Parasitology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, 00625 Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Silvio Uhlig
- Toxinology Research Group, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ullevålsveien 68, 0454 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Siska Croubels
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Véronique Delcenserie
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Avenue de Cureghem 10, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
105
|
Graf J, Stengel A. Psychological Burden and Psycho-Oncological Interventions for Patients With Hepatobiliary Cancers-A Systematic Review. Front Psychol 2021; 12:662777. [PMID: 34025526 PMCID: PMC8131509 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.662777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Worldwide, hepatobiliary cancers are frequent diseases and often accompanied by a poor prognosis. These cancers, with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cholangiocarcinoma (CHC) being the most frequent, are often associated with a considerable amount of psychological burden such as anxiety, depressiveness, and reduced health-related quality of life (HRQOL) which may lead to psychiatric comorbidities. This systematic review gives an overview on psychological burden and on the effectiveness of psycho-oncological interventions for patients with HCC and CHC. Methods The databases PubMed, PubPsych, and PsycINFO were used and searched using the following combination of terms: (Neoplasm OR Cancer OR Tumor OR Carcinoma) AND (Psycho-Oncology OR Psychotherapy OR Psychiatr∗) AND (Liver OR Hepatic OR Hepatocellular OR Gallbladder OR Bile∗). Studies were eligible for inclusion if investigating patients affected with tumors of the liver (HCC/CHC) and using diagnostic instruments to assess mental health symptoms and research concerning specific psycho-oncological interventions. In total, 1027 studies were screened by one author with regard to title and abstracts. Afterward, the two authors of the paper discussed inclusion of possible articles. Results Twelve studies focusing on distress, anxiety, and depression symptoms as well as quality of life among patients with HCC/CHC and three studies on psycho-oncological interventions were included. Patients suffering from hepatobiliary cancers often experience considerable psychological burden. A quarter of patients suffer from depressive symptoms; anxiety is even more common among these patients with almost 40%. The HRQOL of those affected is reduced in almost all areas, suicide rates increased and the level of distress is considerably increased in one third of patients even in comparison to those with other kinds of cancer. By psycho-oncological intervention the prevalence of depressive symptoms and anxiety can be reduced, while the quality of life and also the survival rate of patients with hepatobiliary cancer can be increased. Discussion and Conclusion Psychological burden is high in patients with hepatobiliary cancers as reflected in high levels of depressiveness and anxiety as well as reduced quality of life. The use of psycho-oncological interventions can reduce psychological burden and increase quality of life compared to patients receiving standard support only. Systematic Review Registration (prospero), identifier (CRD42021243192).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Graf
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Section Psychooncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Tübingen-Stuttgart, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Stengel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Section Psychooncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Tübingen-Stuttgart, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charite - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
Bukirwa P, Wabinga H, Nambooze S, Amulen PM, Joko WY, Liu B, Parkin DM. Trends in the incidence of cancer in Kampala, Uganda, 1991 to 2015. Int J Cancer 2021; 148:2129-2138. [PMID: 33129228 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Trends in the incidence of cancer in the population of Kyadondo County, Uganda-which comprises the city of Kampala and a peri-urban hinterland-are presented for a period of 25 years (1991-2015) based on data collected by the Kampala Cancer Registry. Incidence rates have risen overall-age-adjusted rates are some 25% higher in 2011 to 2015 compared with 1991 to 1995. The biggest absolute increases have been in cancers of the prostate, breast and cervix, with rates of some 100% (prostate), 70% (breast) and 45% (cervix) higher in 2010 to 2015 than in 1991 to 1995. There were also increases in the incidence of cancers of the esophagus and colon-rectum (statistically significant in men), while the incidence of liver cancer-the fifth most common in this population-increased until 2007, and subsequently declined. By far the most commonly registered cancer over the 25-year period was Kaposi sarcoma, but the incidence has declined, consistent with the decreasing population-prevalence of HIV. Non-Hodgkin lymphomas, also AIDS-related, increased in incidence until 2006/2007 and then declined-possibly as a result of availability of antiretroviral therapy. The trends reflect the changing lifestyles of this urban African population, as well as the consequences of the epidemic of HIV/AIDS and the availability of treatment with ARVs. At the same time, it highlights the fact that the decreases in cancer of the cervix observed in high and upper-middle income countries are not a consequence of changes in lifestyle, but demand active intervention through screening (and, in the longer term, vaccination).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phiona Bukirwa
- Department of Pathology, Makerere University Medical School, Kampala, Uganda
- Kampala Cancer Registry, Makerere University Medical School, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Henry Wabinga
- Department of Pathology, Makerere University Medical School, Kampala, Uganda
- Kampala Cancer Registry, Makerere University Medical School, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sarah Nambooze
- Kampala Cancer Registry, Makerere University Medical School, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Phoebe Mary Amulen
- Kampala Cancer Registry, Makerere University Medical School, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Biying Liu
- African Cancer Registry Network, Oxford, UK
| | - Donald Maxwell Parkin
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Cancer Surveillance Unit, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
Assessment of aflatoxins exposure through urinary biomarker approach and the evaluation of the impacts of aflatoxins exposure on the selected health parameters of the children of Multan city of Pakistan. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.107863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
108
|
Zhai S, Zhu Y, Feng P, Li M, Wang W, Yang L, Yang Y. Ochratoxin A: its impact on poultry gut health and microbiota, an overview. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101037. [PMID: 33752074 PMCID: PMC8005833 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a widespread mycotoxin, that has strong thermal stability, and is difficult to remove from feed. OTA is nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, teratogenic, immunotoxic, and enterotoxic to several species of animals. The gut is the first defense barrier against various types of mycotoxins present in feed that enter the body, and it is closely connected to other tissues through enterohepatic circulation. Compared with mammals, poultry is more sensitive to OTA and has a lower absorption rate. Therefore, the gut is an important target tissue for OTA in poultry. This review comprehensively discusses the role of OTA in gut health and the gut microbiota of poultry, focusing on the effect of OTA on digestive and absorptive processes, intestinal barrier integrity, intestinal histomorphology, gut immunity, and gut microbiota. According to the studies described to date, OTA can affect gut dysbiosis, including increasing gut permeability, immunity, and bacterial translocation, and can eventually lead to gut and other organ injury. Although there are many studies investigating the effects of OTA on the gut health of poultry, further studies are needed to better characterize the underlying mechanisms of action and develop preventative or therapeutic interventions for mycotoxicosis in poultry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshuang Zhai
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434000, China
| | - Yongwen Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Peishi Feng
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Macheng Li
- Research and Development department, Hunan Microorganism & Herb Biological Feed Technology Co., Ltd., Xiangtan 411100, China
| | - Wence Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Ye Yang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
109
|
Iqbal N, Czékus Z, Poór P, Ördög A. Plant defence mechanisms against mycotoxin Fumonisin B1. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 343:109494. [PMID: 33915161 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is the most harmful mycotoxin which prevails in several crops and affects the growth and yield as well. Hence, keeping the alarming consequences of FB1 under consideration, there is still a need to seek other more reliable approaches and scientific knowledge for FB1-induced cell death and a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of plant defence strategies. FB1-induced disturbance in sphingolipid metabolism initiates programmed cell death (PCD) through various modes such as the elevated generation of reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, cytochrome c release from the mitochondria, and activation of specific proteases and nucleases causing DNA fragmentation. There is a close interaction between sphingolipids and defence phytohormones in response to FB1 exposure regulating PCD and defence. In this review, the model plant Arabidopsis and various crops have been presented with different levels of susceptibility and resistivity exposed to various concentration of FB1. In addition to this, regulation of PCD and defence mechanisms have been also demonstrated at the physiological, biochemical and molecular levels to help the understanding of the role and function of FB1-inducible molecules and genes and their expressions in plants against pathogen attacks which could provide molecular and biochemical markers for the detection of toxin exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem Iqbal
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H-6726, Szeged, Közép fasor 52., Hungary; Doctoral School of Environmental Sciences, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zalán Czékus
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H-6726, Szeged, Közép fasor 52., Hungary; Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Poór
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H-6726, Szeged, Közép fasor 52., Hungary.
| | - Attila Ördög
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H-6726, Szeged, Közép fasor 52., Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Rodrigues AI, Gudiña EJ, Abrunhosa L, Malheiro AR, Fernandes R, Teixeira JA, Rodrigues LR. Rhamnolipids inhibit aflatoxins production in Aspergillus flavus by causing structural damages in the fungal hyphae and down-regulating the expression of their biosynthetic genes. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 348:109207. [PMID: 33930837 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are hepatotoxic and carcinogenic fungal secondary metabolites that usually contaminate crops and represent a serious health hazard for humans and animals worldwide. In this work, the effect of rhamnolipids (RLs) produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa #112 on the growth and aflatoxins production by Aspergillus flavus MUM 17.14 was studied in vitro. At concentrations between 45 and 1500 mg/L, RLs reduced the mycelial growth of A. flavus by 23-40% and the production of aflatoxins by 93.9-99.5%. Purified mono-RLs and di-RLs exhibited a similar inhibitory activity on fungal growth. However, the RL mixture had a stronger inhibitory effect on aflatoxins production at concentrations up to 190 mg/L, probably due to a synergistic effect resulting from the combination of both congeners. Using transmission electron microscopy, it was demonstrated that RLs damaged the cell wall and the cytoplasmic membrane of the fungus, leading to the loss of intracellular content. This disruptive phenomenon explains the growth inhibition observed. Furthermore, RLs down-regulated the expression of genes aflC, aflE, aflP and aflQ involved in the aflatoxins biosynthetic pathway (6.4, 44.3, 38.1 and 2.0-fold, respectively), which is in agreement with the almost complete inhibition of aflatoxins production. Overall, the results herein gathered demonstrate for the first time that RLs could be used against aflatoxigenic fungi to attenuate the production of aflatoxins, and unraveled some of their mechanisms of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Rodrigues
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Eduardo J Gudiña
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Luís Abrunhosa
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana R Malheiro
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Fernandes
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - José A Teixeira
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Lígia R Rodrigues
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
Groopman JD, Smith JW, Rivera-Andrade A, Alvarez CS, Kroker-Lobos MF, Egner PA, Gharzouzi E, Dean M, McGlynn KA, Ramírez-Zea M. Aflatoxin and the Etiology of Liver Cancer and Its Implications for Guatemala. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2021; 14:305-317. [PMID: 35096197 PMCID: PMC8797158 DOI: 10.3920/wmj2020.2641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
During the 60 years since the first scientific reports about a relation between aflatoxin exposure and adverse health consequences, both in animals and humans, there has been a remarkable number of basic, clinical and population science studies characterizing the impact of this mycotoxin on diseases such as liver cancer. Many of these human investigations to date have focused on populations residing in Asia and Africa due to the high incidence of liver cancer and high exposures to aflatoxin. These studies formed the basis for the International Agency for Research on Cancer to classify the aflatoxins as Group 1 known human carcinogens. In addition, aflatoxin contamination levels have been used in international commodity trade to set the price of various staples such as maize and groundnuts. While there have been many case-control and prospective cohort studies of liver cancer risk over the years there have been remarkably few investigations focused on liver cancer in Latin America. Our interdisciplinary and multiple institutional collaborative has been developing a long-term strategy to characterize the role of aflatoxin and other mycotoxins as health risk factors in Guatemala and neighboring countries. This paper summarizes a number of the investigations to date and provides a roadmap of our strategies for the near term to discern the emergent etiology of liver cancer in this region. With these data in hand public health-based prevention strategies could be strategically implemented and conducted to lower the impact of these mycotoxins on human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John D. Groopman
- Departments of Environmental Health and Engineering and Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, U.S.A
| | - Joshua W. Smith
- Departments of Environmental Health and Engineering and Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, U.S.A
| | - Alvaro Rivera-Andrade
- INCAP Research Center for the Prevention of Chronic Diseases, Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Christian S. Alvarez
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - María F. Kroker-Lobos
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Patricia A. Egner
- Departments of Environmental Health and Engineering and Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, U.S.A
| | | | - Michael Dean
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Katherine A. McGlynn
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Manuel Ramírez-Zea
- INCAP Research Center for the Prevention of Chronic Diseases, Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| |
Collapse
|
112
|
Mehta RV, Wenndt AJ, Girard AW, Taneja S, Ranjan S, Ramakrishnan U, Martorell R, Ryan PB, Rangiah K, Young MF. Risk of dietary and breastmilk exposure to mycotoxins among lactating women and infants 2-4 months in northern India. MATERNAL & CHILD NUTRITION 2021; 17:e13100. [PMID: 33200580 PMCID: PMC7988843 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.13100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are carcinogenic secondary metabolites of fungi that have been linked to infant growth faltering. In this study, we quantified co-occurring mycotoxins in breast milk and food samples from Haryana, India, and characterized determinants of exposure. Deterministic risk assessment was conducted for mothers and infants. We examined levels of eight mycotoxins (Aflatoxin B1 , B2 , G1 , G2 , M1 , M2 ; Ochratoxin A, B) in 100 breast milk samples (infants 2-4 months) using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1 ), fumonisin B1 (FB1 ) and deoxynivalenol (DON) were detected in several food items (n = 298) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. We report novel data on the presence of mycotoxins in breast milk samples from India. Whereas breast milk concentrations (AFM1 median: 13.7; range: 3.9-1200 ng/L) remain low, AFM1 was detected above regulatory limits in 27% of animal milk samples. Additionally, 41% of infants were above provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) limits for AFM1 due to consumption of breast milk (mean: 3.04, range: 0.26-80.7 ng kg-1 bw day-1 ). Maternal consumption of breads (p < 0.05) was associated with breast milk AFM1 exposure. AFB1 (μg/kg) was detected in dried red chilies (15.7; 0-302.3), flour (3.13; 0-214.9), groundnuts (0; 0-249.1), maize (56.0; 0-836.7), pearl millet (1.85; 0-160.2), rice (0; 0-195.6), wheat (1.9; 0-196.0) and sorghum (0; 0-63.5). FB1 (mg/kg) was detected in maize (0; 0-61.4), pearl millet (0; 0-35.4) and sorghum (0.95; 0-33.2). DON was not detected in food samples. Mothers in our study exceeded PMTDI recommendations for AFB1 due to consumption of rice and flour (mean: 75.81; range: 35.2-318.2 ng kg-1 bw day-1 ). Our findings show the presence of Aflatoxin B1 and M1 at various levels of the food chain and in breast milk, with estimated intakes exceeding PMTDI recommendations. Aflatoxins are known carcinogens and have also been linked to stunting in children. Their presence across the food system and in breast milk is concerning, thus warranting further research to replicate and expand on our findings and to understand implications for maternal and child health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rukshan V. Mehta
- Doctoral Program in Nutrition and Health Sciences, Laney Graduate SchoolEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- The Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public HealthEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Anthony J. Wenndt
- School of Integrative Plant Science & Tata Cornell InstituteCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Amy Webb Girard
- Doctoral Program in Nutrition and Health Sciences, Laney Graduate SchoolEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- The Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public HealthEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Sunita Taneja
- Centre for Health Research and DevelopmentSociety for Applied StudiesNew DelhiIndia
| | - Samriddhi Ranjan
- Centre for Health Research and DevelopmentSociety for Applied StudiesNew DelhiIndia
| | - Usha Ramakrishnan
- Doctoral Program in Nutrition and Health Sciences, Laney Graduate SchoolEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- The Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public HealthEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Reynaldo Martorell
- Doctoral Program in Nutrition and Health Sciences, Laney Graduate SchoolEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- The Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public HealthEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - P. Barry Ryan
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public HealthEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Kannan Rangiah
- Council for Scientific and Industrial ResearchCentral Food Technological Research InstituteMysuruIndia
| | - Melissa F. Young
- Doctoral Program in Nutrition and Health Sciences, Laney Graduate SchoolEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- The Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public HealthEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
113
|
Tkaczyk A, Jedziniak P. Development of a multi-mycotoxin LC-MS/MS method for the determination of biomarkers in pig urine. Mycotoxin Res 2021; 37:169-181. [PMID: 33772455 PMCID: PMC8163674 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-021-00428-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
An LC-MS/MS method has been developed for the sensitive and selective determination of 35 mycotoxins (biomarkers of exposure) in pig urine samples. Sample preparation includes creatinine adjustment (with the developed LC-UV method) with enzymatic hydrolysis of pig urine samples followed by liquid-liquid (LLE) extraction. The LLE protocol, as well as enzymatic hydrolysis for indirect mycotoxin glucuronides determination, was optimized in this study. Additionally, two other sample preparation protocols were compared with the developed LLE method: immunoaffinity columns and solid-phase extraction cartridges (Oasis HLB). The detection and quantification of the biomarkers were performed using triple quadrupole mass spectrometry.The method was validated with regard to the guidelines specified by the EMEA (European Medicines Agency). The extraction recoveries were higher than 60% for 77% of the analytes studied, with the intra- and inter-day relative standard deviation being lower than 20% for most of the compounds at four different concentration levels. The limits of quantification ranged from 0.1 ng/mL for zearalenone and sterigmatocystin to 8 ng/mL for nivalenol. To the best knowledge of the authors, the matrix effect was evaluated for the first time in this study for six different urine samples, and the coefficient of variation was found to be lower than 15% for most analytes studied. Finally, the developed method was applied to analyse 56 pig urine samples. Deoxynivalenol (1-20 ng/mL), zearalenone (0.1-1.5 ng/mL) and ochratoxin A (1.5-15 ng/mL) were the main analytes detected in these samples. Moreover, the co-occurrence of alternariol monomethyl ether and alternariol in pig urine is reported herein for the first time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Tkaczyk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantow 57, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland.
| | - Piotr Jedziniak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantow 57, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
114
|
Gichohi-Wainaina WN, Kumwenda N, Zulu R, Munthali J, Okori P. Aflatoxin contamination: Knowledge disparities among agriculture extension officers, frontline health workers and small holder farming households in Malawi. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
115
|
Qiu T, Wang H, Yang Y, Yu J, Ji J, Sun J, Zhang S, Sun X. Exploration of biodegradation mechanism by AFB1-degrading strain Aspergillus niger FS10 and its metabolic feedback. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
116
|
Min L, Fink-Gremmels J, Li D, Tong X, Tang J, Nan X, Yu Z, Chen W, Wang G. An overview of aflatoxin B1 biotransformation and aflatoxin M1 secretion in lactating dairy cows. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2021; 7:42-48. [PMID: 33997330 PMCID: PMC8110862 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Milk is considered a perfect natural food for humans and animals. However, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contaminating the feeds fed to lactating dairy cows can introduce aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), the main toxic metabolite of aflatoxins into the milk, consequently posing a risk to human health. As a result of AFM1 monitoring in raw milk worldwide, it is evident that high AFM1 concentrations exist in raw milk in many countries. Thus, the incidence of AFM1 in milk from dairy cows should not be underestimated. To further optimize the intervention strategies, it is necessary to better understand the metabolism of AFB1 and its biotransformation into AFM1 and the specific secretion pathways in lactating dairy cows. The metabolism of AFB1 and its biotransformation into AFM1 in lactating dairy cows are drawn in this review. Furthermore, recent data provide evidence that in the mammary tissue of lactating dairy cows, aflatoxins significantly increase the activity of a protein, ATP-binding cassette super-family G member 2 (ABCG2), an efflux transporter known to facilitate the excretion of various xenobiotics and veterinary drugs into milk. Further research should focus on identifying and understanding the factors that affect the expression of ABCG2 in the mammary gland of cows.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Min
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Johanna Fink-Gremmels
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Dagang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiong Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuemei Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongtang Yu
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
| | - Weidong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
117
|
Ducos C, Pinson-Gadais L, Chereau S, Richard-Forget F, Vásquez-Ocmín P, Cerapio JP, Casavilca-Zambrano S, Ruiz E, Pineau P, Bertani S, Ponts N. Natural Occurrence of Mycotoxin-Producing Fusaria in Market-Bought Peruvian Cereals: A Food Safety Threat for Andean Populations. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:172. [PMID: 33672426 PMCID: PMC7926892 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of cereals contaminated by mycotoxins poses health risks. For instance, Fumonisins B, mainly produced by Fusarium verticillioides and Fusariumproliferatum, and the type B trichothecene deoxynivalenol, typically produced by Fusarium graminearum, are highly prevalent on cereal grains that are staples of many cultural diets and known to represent a toxic risk hazard. In Peru, corn and other cereals are frequently consumed on a daily basis under various forms, the majority of food grains being sold through traditional markets for direct consumption. Here, we surveyed mycotoxin contents of market-bought grain samples in order to assess the threat these mycotoxins might represent to Peruvian population, with a focus on corn. We found that nearly one sample of Peruvian corn out of six was contaminated with very high levels of Fumonisins, levels mostly ascribed to the presence of F. verticillioides. Extensive profiling of Peruvian corn kernels for fungal contaminants could provide elements to refine the potential risk associated with Fusarium toxins and help define adapted food safety standards.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Ducos
- INRAE, MycSA, F-33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (C.D.); (L.P.-G.); (S.C.); (F.R.-F.)
| | | | - Sylvain Chereau
- INRAE, MycSA, F-33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (C.D.); (L.P.-G.); (S.C.); (F.R.-F.)
| | | | - Pedro Vásquez-Ocmín
- Université de Toulouse, IRD, UPS, UMR 152 PHARMADEV, 31000 Toulouse, France;
| | - Juan Pablo Cerapio
- Unité Organisation Nucléaire et Oncogenèse, Institut Pasteur, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités, 75015 Paris, France;
| | | | - Eloy Ruiz
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas, Departamento de Cirugía en Abdomen, Lima 15038, Peru;
| | - Pascal Pineau
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Organisation Nucléaire et Oncogenèse, INSERM, U 993, 75015 Paris, France;
| | - Stéphane Bertani
- Université de Toulouse, IRD, UPS, UMR 152 PHARMADEV, 31000 Toulouse, France;
| | - Nadia Ponts
- INRAE, MycSA, F-33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (C.D.); (L.P.-G.); (S.C.); (F.R.-F.)
| |
Collapse
|
118
|
Arumugam T, Ghazi T, Chuturgoon AA. Molecular and epigenetic modes of Fumonisin B 1 mediated toxicity and carcinogenesis and detoxification strategies. Crit Rev Toxicol 2021; 51:76-94. [PMID: 33605189 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2021.1881040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a natural contaminant of agricultural commodities that has displayed a myriad of toxicities in animals. Moreover, it is known to be a hepatorenal carcinogen in rodents and may be associated with oesophageal and hepatocellular carcinomas in humans. The most well elucidated mode of FB1-mediated toxicity is its disruption of sphingolipid metabolism; however, enhanced oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy, and alterations in immune response may also play a role in its toxicity and carcinogenicity. Alterations to the host epigenome may impact on the toxic and carcinogenic response to FB1. Seeing that the contamination of FB1 in food poses a considerable risk to human and animal health, a great deal of research has focused on new methods to prevent and attenuate FB1-induced toxic consequences. The focus of the present review is on the molecular and epigenetic interactions of FB1 as well as recent research involving FB1 detoxification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thilona Arumugam
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Terisha Ghazi
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Anil A Chuturgoon
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
119
|
Abstract
Aflatoxins are endemic in Kenya. The 2004 outbreak of acute aflatoxicosis in the country was one of the unprecedented epidemics of human aflatoxin poisoning recorded in mycotoxin history. In this study, an elaborate review was performed to synthesize Kenya’s major findings in relation to aflatoxins, their prevalence, detection, quantification, exposure assessment, prevention, and management in various matrices. Data retrieved indicate that the toxins are primarily biosynthesized by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, with the eastern part of the country reportedly more aflatoxin-prone. Aflatoxins have been reported in maize and maize products (Busaa, chan’gaa, githeri, irio, muthokoi, uji, and ugali), peanuts and its products, rice, cassava, sorghum, millet, yams, beers, dried fish, animal feeds, dairy and herbal products, and sometimes in tandem with other mycotoxins. The highest total aflatoxin concentration of 58,000 μg/kg has been reported in maize. At least 500 acute human illnesses and 200 deaths due to aflatoxins have been reported. The causes and prevalence of aflatoxins have been grossly ascribed to poor agronomic practices, low education levels, and inadequate statutory regulation and sensitization. Low diet diversity has aggravated exposure to aflatoxins in Kenya because maize as a dietetic staple is aflatoxin-prone. Detection and surveillance are only barely adequate, though some exposure assessments have been conducted. There is a need to widen diet diversity as a measure of reducing exposure due to consumption of aflatoxin-contaminated foods.
Collapse
|
120
|
Loncar J, Bellich B, Parroni A, Reverberi M, Rizzo R, Zjalić S, Cescutti P. Oligosaccharides Derived from Tramesan: Their Structure and Activity on Mycotoxin Inhibition in Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus carbonarius. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020243. [PMID: 33567727 PMCID: PMC7914814 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Food and feed safety are of paramount relevance in everyday life. The awareness that different chemicals, e.g., those largely used in agriculture, could present both environmental problems and health hazards, has led to a large limitation of their use. Chemicals were also the main tool in a control of fungal pathogens and their secondary metabolites, mycotoxins. There is a drive to develop more environmentally friendly, “green”, approaches to control mycotoxin contamination of foodstuffs. Different mushroom metabolites showed the potential to act as control agents against mycotoxin production. The use of a polysaccharide, Tramesan, extracted from the basidiomycete Trametes versicolor, for controlling biosynthesis of aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A, has been previously discussed. In this study, oligosaccharides obtained from Tramesan were evaluated. The purified exopolysaccharide of T. versicolor was partially hydrolyzed and separated by chromatography into fractions from disaccharides to heptasaccharides. Each fraction was individually tested for mycotoxin inhibition in A. flavus and A. carbonarius. Fragments smaller than seven units showed no significant effect on mycotoxin inhibition; heptasaccharides showed inhibitory activity of up to 90% in both fungi. These results indicated that these oligosaccharides could be used as natural alternatives to crop protection chemicals for controlling these two mycotoxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Loncar
- Department of Ecology, Aquaculture and Agriculture, University of Zadar, Mihovila Pavlinovića 1, 23000 Zadar, Croatia;
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.P.); (M.R.)
| | - Barbara Bellich
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, Bdg. C11, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (B.B.); (R.R.); (P.C.)
| | - Alessia Parroni
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.P.); (M.R.)
| | - Massimo Reverberi
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.P.); (M.R.)
| | - Roberto Rizzo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, Bdg. C11, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (B.B.); (R.R.); (P.C.)
| | - Slaven Zjalić
- Department of Ecology, Aquaculture and Agriculture, University of Zadar, Mihovila Pavlinovića 1, 23000 Zadar, Croatia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-5994-268-744
| | - Paola Cescutti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, Bdg. C11, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (B.B.); (R.R.); (P.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
121
|
Exposure to aflatoxins and fumonisins and linear growth of children in rural Ethiopia: a longitudinal study. Public Health Nutr 2021; 24:3662-3673. [PMID: 33517942 PMCID: PMC8369457 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980021000422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Objective: We hypothesise that exposure to aflatoxins and fumonisins, measured in serum, alters protein synthesis, reducing serum protein and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), increasing inflammation and infection, leading to child’s linear growth failure. Design: Children 6–35 months, stratified by baseline stunting, were subsampled from an intervention trial on quality protein maize consumption and evaluated at two time-points. Setting: Blood samples and anthropometric data were collected in the pre-harvest (August–September 2015) and post-harvest (February 2016) seasons in rural Ethiopia. Participants: 102 children (50 stunted and 52 non-stunted). Results: Proportions of children exposed to aflatoxin G1, aflatoxin G2 and aflatoxin M1 were higher in the pre-harvest (8, 33 and 7, respectively) compared to post-harvest season (4, 28 and 4, respectively). The proportion of children exposed to any aflatoxin was higher in the pre-harvest than post-harvest season (51 % v. 41 %). Fumonisin exposure ranged from 0 % to 11 %. In joint statistical tests, aflatoxin exposure was associated with serum biomarkers of inflammation (C-reactive protein, α-1-glycoprotein) and protein status (transthyretin, lysine, tryptophan), IGF-1 and linear growth (all P < 0·01). However, exposure to specific aflatoxins was not significantly associated with any biomarkers or outcomes (all P > 0·05). Conclusions: Aflatoxin exposure among rural Ethiopian children was high, with large variation between seasons and individual aflatoxins. Fumonisin exposure was low. There was no clear association between aflatoxin exposure and protein status, inflammation or linear growth. A larger study may be needed to examine the potential biological interactions, and the assessment of aflatoxins in food is needed to determine sources of high exposure.
Collapse
|
122
|
Estimating the health burden of aflatoxin attributable stunting among children in low income countries of Africa. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1619. [PMID: 33452336 PMCID: PMC7810982 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80356-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous population-based studies have documented high prevalence of aflatoxin associated childhood stunting in low income countries. We provide an estimate of the disease burden of aflatoxin related stunting using data from the four African countries. For this empirical analysis, we obtained blood aflatoxin albumin adduct biomarker based exposure data as measured using ELISA technique and anthropometric measurement data from surveys done over a 12-year period from 2001 to 2012 in four low income countries in Africa. We used these data to calculate population attributable risk (PAR), life time disease burden for children under five by comparing two groups of stunted children using both prevalence and incidence-based approaches. We combined prevalence estimates with a disability weight, measuring childhood stunting and co-occurrence of stunting-underweight to produce years lived with disability. Using a previously reported mortality, years of life lost were estimated. We used probabilistic analysis to model these associations to estimate the disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and compared these with those given by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation’s Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2016 study. The PAR increased from 3 to 36% for aflatoxin-related stunting and 14–50% for co-occurrence of stunting and underweight. Using prevalence-based approach, children with aflatoxin related stunting resulted in 48,965.20 (95% uncertainty interval (UI): 45,868.75–52,207.53) DALYs per 100,000 individuals. Children with co-occurrence of stunting and underweight due to exposure to aflatoxin resulted in 40,703.41 (95% UI: 38,041.57–43,517.89) DALYs per 100,000 individuals. Uncertainty analysis revealed that reducing aflatoxin exposure in high exposure areas upto non-detectable levels could save the stunting DALYs up to 50%. The burden of childhood all causes stunting is greater in countries with higher aflatoxin exposure such as Benin. In high exposure areas, these results might help guide research protocols and prioritisation efforts and focus aflatoxin exposure reduction. HEFCE Global Challenge Research Fund Aflatoxin project.
Collapse
|
123
|
Alazzouni AS, Mahmoud AA, Omran MM, Essawy EA, Abdalla MS, Abdelfattah MS. Inhibitory and ameliorative effect of heliomycin derived from actinomycete on induced hepatocellular carcinoma in rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2021; 394:1091-1102. [PMID: 33416934 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-020-02043-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
The hepatoprotective activity of heliomycin obtained from the culture broth of actinomycete AB5 against diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced hepatic cancer in Wistar rats was estimated. Heliomycin exhibited a significant decrease in the levels of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) compared to the positive control. For instance, the heliomycin group after 20 weeks showed a significant decline in ALT, AST, and ALP values (70.75 ± 5.12, 140.25 ± 11.75, and 163.25 ± 18.66, respectively) compared to the positive control group (170.00 ± 9.55, 252.75 ± 12.33, and 278.00 ± 21.32, respectively). Additionally, the isolated compound showed a highly significant decrease in serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels. After 8, 16, and 20 weeks, the mean values of AFP in the heliomycin group revealed a highly significant decrease (33.62 ± 2.46, 30.00 ± 4.05, and 28.50 ± 2.64, respectively) compared to the positive control group (49.45 ± 3.03, 81.90 ± 6.70, and 90.75 ± 5.12, respectively). The histopathological investigation of liver sections supported the results of biochemical analysis. It was demonstrated that heliomycin showed histological improvement of hepatocytes and marked increase of nuclear pyknotic with clear cytoplasm, which is a sign of improving the apoptotic pathway of malignant cells. It also displayed marked fibrosis at most of the malignant cells and the development of some regenerative nodules. Heliomycin showed moderate immunoreactivity with alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), and proliferation cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) compared to the positive control group. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report the anticancer activity of heliomycin against hepatocellular carcinoma in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S Alazzouni
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, 11795, Egypt
| | - Abdulla A Mahmoud
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, 11795, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Omran
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, 11795, Egypt
| | - Ehab A Essawy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, 11795, Egypt
| | - Mohga S Abdalla
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, 11795, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed S Abdelfattah
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, 11795, Egypt. .,Natural Products Research Unit, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, 11795, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
124
|
Shirani K, Riahi Zanjani B, Mehri S, Razavi-Azarkhiavi K, Badiee A, Hayes AW, Giesy JP, Karimi G. miR-155 influences cell-mediated immunity in Balb/c mice treated with aflatoxin M 1. Drug Chem Toxicol 2021; 44:39-46. [PMID: 30739504 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2018.1556682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a 4-hydroxylated metabolite of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). It induces various toxicological effects including immunotoxicity. In the present study, we investigated the effects of AFM1 on immune system and its modulation by MicroRNA (miR)-155. AFM1 was administered intraperitoneally at doses of 25 and 50 µg/kg for 28 days to Balb/c mice and different immune system parameters were analyzed. The levels of miR-155 and targeted proteins were evaluated in isolated T cells from spleens of mice. Spleen weight was reduced in mice exposed to AFM1 compared to negative control. Proliferation of splenocytes in response to phytohemagglutinin-A was reduced in mice exposed to AFM1. IFN-γ was decreased in mice exposed to AFM1, whereas IL-10 was increased. Concentration of IL-4 did not change different in mice exposed to AFM1 compared to negative control. Exposure to AFM1 reduced the expression of miR-155. Significant upregulation of phosphatidylinositol-3, 4, 5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase 1 (Ship1) and suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (Socs1) was observed in isolated T cells from spleens of mice treated with AFM1, but the transcription factor Maf (c-MAF) was not affected. These results suggest that miR-155 and targeted proteins might be involved in the immunotoxicity observed in mice exposed to AFM1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kobra Shirani
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Bamdad Riahi Zanjani
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Soghra Mehri
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Kamal Razavi-Azarkhiavi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Badiee
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - A Wallace Hayes
- University of South Florida College of Public Health, Tampa, FL, USA
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Zoology and Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Gholamreza Karimi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
125
|
Transcriptome Analysis Identified Coordinated Control of Key Pathways Regulating Cellular Physiology and Metabolism upon Aspergillus flavus Infection Resulting in Reduced Aflatoxin Production in Groundnut. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6040370. [PMID: 33339393 PMCID: PMC7767264 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin-affected groundnut or peanut presents a major global health issue to both commercial and subsistence farming. Therefore, understanding the genetic and molecular mechanisms associated with resistance to aflatoxin production during host–pathogen interactions is crucial for breeding groundnut cultivars with minimal level of aflatoxin contamination. Here, we performed gene expression profiling to better understand the mechanisms involved in reduction and prevention of aflatoxin contamination resulting from Aspergillus flavus infection in groundnut seeds. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) of 16 samples from different time points during infection (24 h, 48 h, 72 h and the 7th day after inoculation) in U 4-7-5 (resistant) and JL 24 (susceptible) genotypes yielded 840.5 million raw reads with an average of 52.5 million reads per sample. A total of 1779 unique differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Furthermore, comprehensive analysis revealed several pathways, such as disease resistance, hormone biosynthetic signaling, flavonoid biosynthesis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxifying, cell wall metabolism and catabolizing and seed germination. We also detected several highly upregulated transcription factors, such as ARF, DBB, MYB, NAC and C2H2 in the resistant genotype in comparison to the susceptible genotype after inoculation. Moreover, RNA-Seq analysis suggested the occurrence of coordinated control of key pathways controlling cellular physiology and metabolism upon A. flavus infection, resulting in reduced aflatoxin production.
Collapse
|
126
|
Biological detoxification of fumonisin by a novel carboxylesterase from Sphingomonadales bacterium and its biochemical characterization. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 169:18-27. [PMID: 33309671 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fumonisins have posed hazardous threat to human and animal health worldwide. Enzymatic degradation is a desirable detoxification approach but is severely hindered by serious shortage of detoxification enzymes. After mining enzymes by bioinformatics analysis, a novel carboxylesterase FumDSB from Sphingomonadales bacterium was expressed in Escherichia coli, and confirmed to catalyze fumonisin B1 to produce hydrolyzed fumonisin B1 by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry for the first time. FumDSB showed high sequence novelty, sharing only ~34% sequence identity with three reported fumonisin detoxification carboxylesterases. Besides, FumDSB displayed its high degrading activity at 30-40 °C within a broad pH range from 6.0 to 9.0, which is perfectly suitable to be used in animal physiological condition. It also exhibited excellent pH stability and moderate thermostability. This study provides a FB1 detoxification carboxylesterase which could be further used as a potential food and feed additive.
Collapse
|
127
|
Aoun M, Stafstrom W, Priest P, Fuchs J, Windham GL, Williams WP, Nelson RJ. Low-cost grain sorting technologies to reduce mycotoxin contamination in maize and groundnut. Food Control 2020; 118:107363. [PMID: 33273755 PMCID: PMC7439795 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The widespread contamination of foods by mycotoxins continues to be a public health hazard in sub-Saharan Africa, with maize and groundnut being major sources of contamination. This study was undertaken to assess the hypothesis that grain sorting can be used to reduce mycotoxin contamination in grain lots by removing toxic kernels. We tested a set of sorting principles and methods for reducing mycotoxin levels in maize and groundnut from a variety of genotypes and environments. We found that kernel bulk density (KBD) and 100-kernel weight (HKW) were associated with the levels of aflatoxins (AF) and fumonisins (FUM) in maize grain. A low-cost sorter prototype (the 'DropSort' device) that separated maize grain based on KBD and HKW was more effective in reducing FUM than AF. We then evaluated the effectiveness of DropSorting when combined with either size or visual sorting. Size sorting followed by DropSorting was the fastest method for reducing FUM to under 2 ppm, but was not effective in reducing AF levels in maize grain to under 20 ppb, especially for heavily AF-contaminated grain. Analysis of individual kernels showed that high -AF maize kernels had lower weight, volume, density, length, and width and higher sphericity than those with low AF. Single kernel weight was the most significant predictor of AF concentration. The DropSort excluded kernels with lower single kernel weight, volume, width, depth, and sphericity. We also found that visual sorting and bright greenish-yellow fluorescence sorting of maize single kernels were successful in separating kernels based on AF levels. For groundnut, the DropSort grouped grain based on HKW and did not significantly reduce AF concentrations, whereas size sorting and visual sorting were much more effective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Aoun
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - William Stafstrom
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Paige Priest
- Masters of Public Health Program, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - John Fuchs
- The Widget Factory, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Gary L. Windham
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Corn Host Plant Resistance Research Unit, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - W. Paul Williams
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Corn Host Plant Resistance Research Unit, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Rebecca J. Nelson
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| |
Collapse
|
128
|
Wang Z, van der Fels‐Klerx HJ, Lansink AGJMO. Optimization of Sampling for Monitoring Chemicals in the Food Supply Chain Using a Risk-Based Approach: The Case of Aflatoxins and Dioxins in the Dutch Dairy Chain. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2020; 40:2539-2560. [PMID: 33067886 PMCID: PMC7821187 DOI: 10.1111/risa.13605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Food safety monitoring faces the challenge of tackling multiple chemicals along the various stages of the food supply chain. Our study developed a methodology for optimizing sampling for monitoring multiple chemicals along the dairy supply chain. We used a mixed integer nonlinear programming approach to maximize the performance of the sampling in terms of reducing the risk of the potential disability adjusted life years (DALYs) in the population. Decision variables are the number of samples collected and analyzed at each stage of the food chain (feed mills, dairy farms, milk trucks, and dairy processing plants) for each chemical, given a predefined budget. The model was applied to the case of monitoring for aflatoxin B1 /M1 (AFB1 /M1 ) and dioxins in a hypothetical Dutch dairy supply chain, and results were calculated for various contamination scenarios defined in terms of contamination fraction and concentrations. Considering various monitoring budgets for both chemicals, monitoring for AFB1 /M1 showed to be more effective than for dioxins in most of the considered scenarios, because AFB1 /M1 could result into more DALYs than dioxins when both chemicals are in same contamination fraction, and costs for analyzing one AFB1 /M1 sample are lower than for one dioxins sample. The results suggest that relatively more resources be spent on monitoring AFB1 /M1 when both chemicals' contamination fractions are low; when both contamination fractions are higher, relatively more budget should be addressed to monitoring dioxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z. Wang
- Business EconomicsWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - H. J. van der Fels‐Klerx
- Business EconomicsWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
- Wageningen Food Safety ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
129
|
Zitomer NC, Awuor AO, Widdowson MA, Daniel JH, Sternberg MR, Rybak ME, Mbidde EK. Human aflatoxin exposure in Uganda: Estimates from a subset of the 2011 Uganda AIDS indicator survey (UAIS). Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 38:136-147. [PMID: 33216708 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1825826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are carcinogenic mycotoxins that contaminate a variety of crops worldwide. Acute exposure can cause liver failure, and chronic exposure can lead to stunting in children and liver cancer in adults. We estimated aflatoxin exposure across Uganda by measuring a serum biomarker of aflatoxin exposure in a subsample from the 2011 Uganda AIDS Indicator Survey, a nationally representative survey of HIV prevalence, and examined its association with geographic, demographic, and socioeconomic variables. We analysed a subsample of 985 serum specimens selected among HIV-negative participants from 10 survey-defined geographic regions for serum aflatoxin B1-lysine (AFB1-lys) by use of isotope dilution LC-MS/MS and calculated results normalised to serum albumin. We used statistical techniques for censored data to estimate geometric means (GMs), standard deviations, and percentiles. We detected serum AFB1-lys in 71.7% of specimens (LOD = 0.5 pg/mg albumin). Unadjusted GM AFB1-lys (pg/mg albumin) was 1.33 (95% CI: 1.21-1.47). Serum AFB1-lys was higher in males (GM: 1.57; 95% CI: 1.38-1.80) vs. females (GM: 1.12; 95% CI: 0.97-1.30) (P = .0019), and higher in persons residing in urban settings (GM: 2.83; 95% CI: 2.37-3.37) vs. rural (GM: 1.10; 95% CI: 0.99-1.23) (P < .0001). When we used a multivariable censored regression model to assess confounding and interactions among variables we found that survey region, gender, age, occupation, distance to marketplace, and number of meals per day were statistically significant predictors of aflatoxin exposure. While not nationally representative, our findings provide an improved understanding of the widespread burden of aflatoxin exposure throughout Uganda and identify key geographic, demographic, and socioeconomic factors that may modulate aflatoxin exposure risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C Zitomer
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Environmental Health (NCEH) , Division of Laboratory Sciences (DLS), Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Abigael O Awuor
- CDC-Kenya, Center for Global Health (CGH) , Division of Global Health Protection, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Marc-Alain Widdowson
- CDC-Kenya, Center for Global Health (CGH) , Division of Global Health Protection, Nairobi, Kenya.,Institute of Tropical Medicine , Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Johnni H Daniel
- CDC, NCEH, Division of Environmental Health Hazards & Health Effects , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Maya R Sternberg
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Environmental Health (NCEH) , Division of Laboratory Sciences (DLS), Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Michael E Rybak
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Environmental Health (NCEH) , Division of Laboratory Sciences (DLS), Atlanta, Georgia
| | | |
Collapse
|
130
|
Malekinezhad P, Ellestad LE, Afzali N, Farhangfar SH, Omidi A, Mohammadi A. Evaluation of berberine efficacy in reducing the effects of aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A added to male broiler rations. Poult Sci 2020; 100:797-809. [PMID: 33518134 PMCID: PMC7858088 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Many types of mycotoxins are found in food sources contaminated with fungi, and if these are ingested in large quantities or over a long period, they can affect the health of humans and domestic animals. Berberine (BBR) is a plant alkaloid with multiple pharmacological functions. This study aimed to investigate the effect of different levels of the plant alkaloid BBR on reducing toxic effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB) and ochratoxin A (OTA) in broilers by examining performance characteristics, blood biochemistry, antioxidant systems, ileum morphology, and histopathology of the liver. The experiment was performed with 288 Ross 308 broilers reared in floor pens for 42 d in a randomized design with 9 treatments. Each treatment was replicated 4 times, and each replicate contained 8 chicks. Experimental treatments included (1) negative control diet with no additives (NC); (2) NC + 2 ppm AFB (positive control AFB; PCAFB); (3) NC + 2 ppm OTA (positive control OTA; PCOTA); (4) PCAFB + 200 mg/kg BBR; (5) PCAFB + 400 mg/kg BBR; (6) PCAFB + 600 mg/kg BBR; (7) PCOTA + 200 mg/kg BBR; (8) PCOTA + 400 mg/kg BBR; and (9) PCOTA + 600 mg/kg BBR. Compared with NC, feeding PCAFB and PCOTA diets reduced average daily feed intake, weight gain, serum concentrations of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and the length and width of ileum villi (P < 0.05). At the same time, these parameters increased in birds fed PCAFB or PCOTA diets supplemented with 600 mg/kg of BBR (P < 0.05). Feeding PCAFB and PCOTA diets increased feed conversion ratio (FCR), serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) activities, serum urea, and liver lesions compared with NC. By contrast, compared with PCAFB and PCOTA, adding 600 mg/kg BBR decreased FCR, AST, LDH, ALT, and GGT activities, urea, and liver lesions (P < 0.05). Overall, supplementation with 600 mg/kg BBR may improve growth performance, liver function, and antioxidant status of broilers fed diets contaminated with AFB and OTA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pouyan Malekinezhad
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran; Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Laura E Ellestad
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Nazar Afzali
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran.
| | | | - Arash Omidi
- Department of Animal Health Management, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Abbas Mohammadi
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
131
|
Thery T, Lynch KM, Zannini E, Arendt EK. Isolation, characterisation and application of a new antifungal protein from broccoli seeds – New food preservative with great potential. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
132
|
Adetunji MC, Ezeokoli OT, Ngoma L, Mwanza M. Phylogenetic diversity and prevalence of mycoflora in ready-to-eat supermarket and roadside-vended peanuts. Mycologia 2020; 113:1-11. [PMID: 33064064 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2020.1804235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Little is known of the mycobiota present in ready-to-eat peanuts consumed in Southern Africa. Knowledge of the mycobiota and aflatoxigenic species can elucidate potential health risks associated with consumption of ready-to-eat peanuts sold by supermarkets and roadside vendors. We investigated the culturable mycobiota diversity in supermarket and roadside-vended peanuts as well as the presence of five aflatoxin biosynthesis pathway-related genes (aflR, aflJ, aflM, aflD, and aflP) in 15 suspected aflatoxigenic isolates, with a focus on Mafikeng, South Africa. Mean colony-forming unit (CFU) counts of 288.7 and 619.7 CFU/g were observed in supermarket and roadside-vended peanuts, respectively. A total of 145 fungal isolates comprising 26 distinct taxa (based on 97% internal transcribed spacer region [ITS1-5.8S-ITS2] sequence similarity) were obtained, including strains representing Aspergillus, Acremonium, Alternaria, Bipolaris, Chaetomium, Ectophoma, Epicoccum, Hamigera, Leancillium, Monascus, Penicillium, Periconia, Talaromyces, and Trichoderma. Phylogenetic analyses of concatenated sequences of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2, β-tubulin, and calmodulin genes delineated the species of Aspergillus, which included A. flavus, A. fumigatus, A. hiratsukae, A. niger, and A. parasiticus. Higher species richness was obtained from supermarket peanuts compared with roadside-vended peanuts, with eight species common to both sources. Across supermarket or roadside-vended peanuts, A. fumigatus, A. niger, and A. flavus were prevalent (>40% incidence). In contrast, strains related to or representing Ectophoma multirostata, Aspergillus hiratsukae, Bipolaris zeae, Chaetomium bostrychodes, Epicoccum nigrum, Hamigera paravellanea, Lecanicillium aphanocladii, Monascus ruber, Periconia macrospinosa, Periconia lateralis, Talaromyces funiculosus, Talaromyces minioluteus, Talaromyces wortmannii, Talaromyces spp., and Trichoderma sp. were detected in either supermarket or roadside-vended peanuts. Among the five aflatoxin biosynthesis pathway-related genes, aflD and aflM were more prevalent (87%) and aflR was the least prevalent (40%). Findings suggest that roasted peanuts meant for human consumption and sold at supermarkets and by roadside vendors are contaminated with potential toxin-producing fungi. Hence, proper processing and packaging of peanuts before vending is recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Modupeade C Adetunji
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North-West University, Mafikeng Campus , Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho, 2735, South Africa.,Department of Biological Sciences, Trinity University , Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria.,Food Security and Food Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North-West University , Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho, 2735, South Africa
| | - Obinna T Ezeokoli
- Pathogenic Yeast Research Group, Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State , Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa
| | - Lubanza Ngoma
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North-West University, Mafikeng Campus , Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho, 2735, South Africa.,Food Security and Food Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North-West University , Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho, 2735, South Africa
| | - Mulunda Mwanza
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North-West University, Mafikeng Campus , Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho, 2735, South Africa.,Food Security and Food Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North-West University , Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho, 2735, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
133
|
Gilbert-Sandoval I, Wesseling S, Rietjens IMCM. Occurrence and Probabilistic Risk Assessment of Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2 and Deoxynivalenol in Nixtamalized Maize in Mexico City. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12100644. [PMID: 33036310 PMCID: PMC7600745 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12100644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fumonisins (FB1+FB2) and deoxynivalenol (DON) are mycotoxins produced by Fusarium species that might be present in maize and maize products. Knowledge on their occurrence in nixtamalized maize from Mexico together with an accompanying risk assessment are scarce, while nixtamalized maize is an important food in Mexico. This study presents the occurrence of FB1 + FB2 and DON in nixtamalized maize samples collected in Mexico City and analyses their distribution and resulting estimated daily intake for Mexican consumers by a probabilistic approach using a two-dimensional Monte-Carlo simulation. The results obtained reveal that for FB1 + FB2, 47% of the Mexican men and 30% of the Mexican women might exceed the provisional tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) of 2 µg/kg bw/day for fumonisins and for DON, 9% of men and 5% of women would be exceeding the PMTDI of 1 µg/kg bw/day, corresponding to the high consumers. The results raise a flag for risk managers in Mexico, to consider regulations and interventions that lower mycotoxin levels in nixtamalized maize for human consumption.
Collapse
|
134
|
Kusnik A, Teufel A. [Association of Aspirin with Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Liver-Related Mortality]. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR GASTROENTEROLOGIE 2020; 58:1003-1005. [PMID: 33036053 DOI: 10.1055/a-1162-1200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kusnik
- Sektion Hepatologie, II. Medizinische Klinik, Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim, Universität Heidelberg
| | - Andreas Teufel
- Sektion Hepatologie, II. Medizinische Klinik, Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim, Universität Heidelberg
| |
Collapse
|
135
|
|
136
|
Belasli A, Ben Miri Y, Aboudaou M, Aït Ouahioune L, Montañes L, Ariño A, Djenane D. Antifungal, antitoxigenic, and antioxidant activities of the essential oil from laurel ( Laurus nobilis L.): Potential use as wheat preservative. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:4717-4729. [PMID: 32994933 PMCID: PMC7500775 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) are widely used in the food industry as natural food preservatives to extend product shelf life and as flavoring agents. The aim of this work was to study the chemical profile of the EO from laurel (Laurus nobilis) and its antifungal, antitoxigenic, and antioxidant activities. The extractive yield of the EO from Algerian laurel was 1.13% being 1,8-cineole the most dominant compound (35.5%) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. The values of minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) against Aspergillus flavus were 1.75 and 2 mg/ml, respectively. The production of aflatoxin B1 was inhibited by EO concentrations between 0.25 mg/ml (15% decrease) and 1.50 mg/ml (86% decrease), and it was totally inhibited at the MFC value. The EO showed a wide antifungal spectrum against other species in a dose-dependent manner. In a food-model study, the L. nobilis EO showed remarkable efficacy in fumigated wheat grains, providing from 51.5% to 76.7% protection against A. flavus during 6-month storage. The L. nobilis EO showed good free radical scavenging activity by DPPH assay (IC50 value of 602 μg/ml) and moderate antioxidant activity in the β-carotene bleaching assay (46% inhibition of linoleic acid oxidation). The conclusions of this study justify future research for the application of EO from laurel as a natural preservative to improve food safety and extend shelf life by controlling spoilage and toxigenic molds as well as oxidative damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azem Belasli
- Laboratoire de Qualité et Sécurité des Aliments Département Technologie Alimentaire Université Mouloud MAMMERI de Tizi-Ouzou Tizi-Ouzou Algeria
| | - Yamina Ben Miri
- Laboratoire de Qualité et Sécurité des Aliments Département Technologie Alimentaire Université Mouloud MAMMERI de Tizi-Ouzou Tizi-Ouzou Algeria
| | - Malek Aboudaou
- Département Recherche & Développement ISO 9 International Isser Algeria
| | - Lidia Aït Ouahioune
- Laboratoire de Qualité et Sécurité des Aliments Département Technologie Alimentaire Université Mouloud MAMMERI de Tizi-Ouzou Tizi-Ouzou Algeria
| | | | - Agustín Ariño
- Facultad de Veterinaria Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA) Zaragoza Spain
| | - Djamel Djenane
- Laboratoire de Qualité et Sécurité des Aliments Département Technologie Alimentaire Université Mouloud MAMMERI de Tizi-Ouzou Tizi-Ouzou Algeria
| |
Collapse
|
137
|
Savary S, Willocquet L. Modeling the Impact of Crop Diseases on Global Food Security. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 58:313-341. [PMID: 32511041 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-010820-012856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathology must contribute to improving food security in a safe operating space, which is shrinking as a result of declining natural resources, climate change, and the growing world population. This review analyzes the position of plant pathology in a nexus of relationships, which is mapped and where the coupled dynamics of crop growth, disease, and yield losses are modeled. We derive a hierarchy of pathogens, whereby pathogens reducing radiation interception (RI), radiation use efficiency (RUE), and harvest index increasingly impact crop yields in the approximate proportions: 1:4.5:4,700. Since the dawn of agriculture, plant breeding has targeted the harvest index as a main objective for domesticated plants. Surprisingly, the literature suggests that pathogens that reduce yields by directly damaging harvestable plant tissues have received much less attention than those that reduce RI or RUE. Ecological disease management needs to target diverse production situations and therefore must consider variation in attainable yields; this can be achieved through the reengineering of agrosystems to incorporate built-in dynamic diversity of genes, plants, and crop stands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serge Savary
- INRAE, Université de Toulouse, UMR AGIR, F-31320, Castanet-Tolosan, France;
| | | |
Collapse
|
138
|
Anin SK, Saaka M, Fischer F, Kraemer A. Association between Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Indicators and the Nutritional Status of Children (6-23 Months) in Northern Ghana. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2565. [PMID: 32847027 PMCID: PMC7551146 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although recommended infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices have been found to be protective against undernutrition in some settings, there is no finality yet due to inconsistencies in the literature. A cross-sectional survey of 581 mother-child pairs was conducted in northern Ghana in June 2018. The association between IYCF indicators and child undernutrition (stunting and wasting) were assessed. The descriptive analysis showed that 66.4% of the children (6-23 months) were introduced to complementary feeding in a timely manner, 69.4% met the minimum meal frequency, and 38.9% met the minimum acceptable diet daily. The prevalence of stunting, wasting, underweight and overweight was 33.2%, 14.1%, 27% and 2.6%, respectively. From the multivariable binary logistic regression, child gender, child age group and source of power for lighting the household were significantly associated with wasting. Intake of iron-rich foods, child age group, and maternal height were significantly associated with stunting after adjusting for confounders. The prevalence of the compliance with IYCF indicators was relatively high. None of the individual IYCF indicators showed significant association with undernutrition, except intake of iron-rich foods for stunting. Nutrition-specific interventions targeted at improving IYCF practices, dietary diversification and intake of nutrient-rich meals, should be adopted and scaled up to address undernutrition in northern Ghana.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Kofi Anin
- School of Public Health, Bielefeld University, P.O. Box 100131, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany; (F.F.); (A.K.)
- Department of Industrial and Health Sciences, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Takoradi Technical University, P.O. Box 256, WS000 Takoradi, Ghana
| | - Mahama Saaka
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University for Development Studies, P.O. Box TL 1883, NT000 Tamale, Ghana;
| | - Florian Fischer
- School of Public Health, Bielefeld University, P.O. Box 100131, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany; (F.F.); (A.K.)
- Institute of Gerontological Health Services and Nursing Research, Ravensburg-Weingarten University of Applied Sciences, 88250 Weingarten, Germany
| | - Alexander Kraemer
- School of Public Health, Bielefeld University, P.O. Box 100131, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany; (F.F.); (A.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
139
|
Adsorption Behaviour and Kinetics of Zearalenone on Hydroxyl-Fe-Al-Intercalated Montmorillonite. JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/7680738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pristine montmorillonite (Mont) was used as raw materials to prepare hydroxyl-Fe-pillared Mont, hydroxyl-Al-pillared Mont, and hydroxyl-Fe-Al-pillared Mont composites. By varying the OH/Fe and Fe/Al molar ratios during the preparation of the pillared Mont, the adsorption capacity of zearalenone (ZEA) and the kinetics were elucidated. The characterization of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy reveals the adsorption mechanism of pristine and modified Mont. The results indicated that the ZEA adsorption capacity is Mont (0.05 mg/g) << 1.5OH/Fe-Mont (0.28 mg/g) << OH/Al-Mont (0.51 mg/g) < 0.5Fe/Al-Mont (0.56 mg/g) in the condition of pH = 8 and 37°C, in which both 0.5Fe/Al-Mont and OH/Al-Mont reached maximum adsorption capacity and 1.5OH/Fe-Mont attained 5 times the capacity of Mont. Adsorption isotherm studies revealed that Freundlich adsorption isotherms best represented the experimental data. The kinetic data for ZEA adsorption revealed that the Mont adsorption capacity for ZEA equilibrates in 1 hour and is best described using the pseudo-second-order rate equation. The XRD analysis indicated that the amplification of Fe-dominant pillared Mont interlayer spacing is the main reason for the observed increases in the adsorption capacity of ZEA, while Al-dominant pillared Mont has a relatively stable Keggin structure; therefore, interlayer spacing is not the primary mechanism for changes in the adsorption capacity of both OH/Al-Mont and Al-dominant pillared Mont. An FT-IR analysis demonstrated that cationic exchange was the dominant mechanism that allowed ZEA and hydroxyl-Al ions to enter the Mont interlayers, while this cationic exchange mechanism was not the dominant mechanism used by hydroxyl-Fe entering the Mont layers.
Collapse
|
140
|
Disease-mediated ecosystem services: Pathogens, plants, and people. Trends Ecol Evol 2020; 35:731-743. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
141
|
Franco LT, Ismail A, Amjad A, Oliveira CAFD. Occurrence of toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins in workplaces and human biomonitoring of mycotoxins in exposed workers: a systematic review. TOXIN REV 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2020.1795685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Tuanny Franco
- Department of Food Engineering, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Amir Ismail
- Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Adnan Amjad
- Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | | |
Collapse
|
142
|
Tshalibe R, Rheeder J, Alberts J, Taljaard-Krugell C, Gelderblom W, Shephard G, Lombard M, Burger HM. Multi-mycotoxin exposure of children (0-24 months) in rural maize-subsistence farming areas of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2020. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2019.2439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In South Africa, child malnutrition is highly prevalent among children from in rural areas mostly at risk. In the Eastern Cape (EC) Province, maize is commonly used as complementary and weaning food. Previous studies conducted in parts of EC have indicated high levels of fumonisin B (FB) mycotoxins in home-grown maize, as well as the co-occurrence of other Fusarium mycotoxins, such as deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN). A cross-sectional study of children below 24 months was conducted in rural maize-subsistence farming areas in Centane, EC to determine mycotoxin exposure. Home-grown maize samples (n=171) were collected from households in the study area and analysed by LC-MS/MS for FB, DON and ZEN. Food intakes of 129 children were quantified using a validated quantitative food frequency questionnaire (QFFQ). Individual raw maize consumption was calculated using recipes from the QFFQ. Probable daily intakes (PDIs) for each mycotoxin were determined using a deterministic approach and were compared to the respective mycotoxins’ provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI). The numerical means for total FB (sum of fumonisin B1, B2 and B3), DON and ZEN levels in home-grown maize were 1,035, 24.5 and 31.0 μg/kg, respectively. Mean daily maize intakes of children ranged from 2-321 g/day and increased with age. The mean PDIs for total FB, DON and ZEN were 8.4, 0.2 and 0.3 μg/kg body weight (bw)/day, respectively. Exposures stratified by age indicated persistent high mean PDIs for total FB, above the PMTDI of 2 μg/kg bw/day, ranging between 5.0-11.6 μg/kg bw/day. Mean exposure to DON and ZEN were below their relevant PMTDIs (1 and 0.5 μg/kg bw/day, respectively). Individually, 81 and 13% of children had exposures above the PMTDI for total FB and for ZEN, respectively. Results confirm the magnitude of FB exposure among vulnerable groups from rural maize subsistence farming areas in EC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R.S. Tshalibe
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition (CEN), Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - J.P. Rheeder
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, P.O. Box 1906, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - J.F. Alberts
- Department of Biotechnology and Consumer Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, P.O. Box 652, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
| | - C. Taljaard-Krugell
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition (CEN), Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - W.C.A. Gelderblom
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - G.S. Shephard
- Department of Biotechnology and Consumer Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, P.O. Box 652, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
| | - M.J. Lombard
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition (CEN), Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - H-M. Burger
- Unit of Research Integrity, Research Directorate, Peninsula University of Technology, P.O. Box 652, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
143
|
Gilbert‐Sandoval I, Wesseling S, Rietjens IMCM. Predicting the Acute Liver Toxicity of Aflatoxin B1 in Rats and Humans by an In Vitro-In Silico Testing Strategy. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e2000063. [PMID: 32421213 PMCID: PMC7379280 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE High-level exposure to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is known to cause acute liver damage and fatality in animals and humans. The intakes actually causing this acute toxicity have so far been estimated based on AFB1 levels in contaminated foods or biomarkers in serum. The aim of the present study is to predict the doses causing acute liver toxicity of AFB1 in rats and humans by an in vitro-in silico testing strategy. METHODS AND RESULTS Physiologically based kinetic (PBK) models for AFB1 in rats and humans are developed. The models are used to translate in vitro concentration-response curves for cytotoxicity in primary rat and human hepatocytes to in vivo dose-response curves using reverse dosimetry. From these data, the dose levels at which toxicity would be expected are obtained and compared to toxic dose levels from available rat and human case studies on AFB1 toxicity. The results show that the in vitro-in silico testing strategy can predict dose levels causing acute toxicity of AFB1 in rats and human. CONCLUSIONS Quantitative in vitro in vivo extrapolation (QIVIVE) using PBK modeling-based reverse dosimetry can predict AFB1 doses that cause acute liver toxicity in rats and human.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ixchel Gilbert‐Sandoval
- Division of ToxicologyWageningen University and ResearchStippeneng 4Wageningen6708 WEThe Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan Wesseling
- Division of ToxicologyWageningen University and ResearchStippeneng 4Wageningen6708 WEThe Netherlands
| | - Ivonne M. C. M. Rietjens
- Division of ToxicologyWageningen University and ResearchStippeneng 4Wageningen6708 WEThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
144
|
Pang VF, Chiang CF, Chang CC. The in vitro effects of aflatoxin B 1 on physiological functions of swine alveolar macrophages. Vet Med Sci 2020; 6:919-925. [PMID: 32594663 PMCID: PMC7738744 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The toxic effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1 ) on the physiological functions of swine alveolar macrophages (SAM) were investigated. Freshly isolated SAM were incubated with various AFB1 concentrations (1.6 × 10-1 - 1.6 × 105 nmol/L) and time periods, and their phagocytic ability, synthesis of DNA, RNA and protein, and cell activation by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), were analysed. Results demonstrated that a significant (p < .05) reduction (60%) in Staphylococcus aureus uptaken by SAM appeared 3 hr after AFB1 (>16 nmol/L) treatment. The synthesis of DNA, RNA and protein were markedly reduced, among which DNA and protein synthesis were affected more noticeably. The activation of SAM by LPS was significantly (p < .05) suppressed when the concentration of AFB1 reached 1.6 × 103 nmol/L. In general, most of the analysed effects were more prominent as AFB1 concentration or incubation period increased. Taken together, AFB 1 could elicit significant adverse effects on the physiological functions of SAM. Exposure of pigs to aflatoxin-contaminated feed may increase their susceptibility to various secondary infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Fei Pang
- Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Chih-Cheng Chang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
145
|
Short-term neuronal effects of fumonisin B1 on neuronal activity in rodents. Neurotoxicology 2020; 80:41-51. [PMID: 32561249 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2020.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a mycotoxin produced by microscopic fungi (mostly Fusarium species), which may infect our major crops. The toxin inhibits the development of these plants and may also have harmful effects on animals and humans consuming the infected crops. FB1 inhibits sphingolipid biosynthesis which leads to altered membrane characteristics and consequently, altered cellular functions. There are some indications that the toxin has inhibitory effects on neuronal activity in case of repeated consumption, presumably due to sphingolipid depletion. However, according to new literature data, FB1 may have acute excitatory neural effects, too, via different mechanisms of action. Therefore, in the present study, we addressed the neuronal network effects of FB1 following acute treatment, using different electrophysiological techniques in vitro and in vivo. Acute treatments with FB1 (10-100 μM) were carried out on brain slices, tissue cultures and live animals. After direct treatment of samples, electrically evoked or spontaneous field potentials were examined in the hippocampus and the neocortex of rat brain slices and in hippocampal cell cultures. In the hippocampus, a short-term increase in the excitability of neuronal networks and individual cells was observed in response to FB1 treatment. In some cases, the initially enhanced excitation was reversed presumably due to overactivation of neuronal networks. Normal spontaneous activity was found to be stimulated in hippocampal cell cultures. Seizure susceptibility was not affected in the neocortex of brain slices. For the verification of the results caused by direct treatment, effects of systemic administration of FB1 (7.5 mg/kg, i.p.) were also examined. Evoked field potentials recorded in vivo from the somatosensory cortex and cell activation measured by the c-fos technique in hippocampus and somatosensory cortex were analyzed. However, the hippocampal and cortical stimulatory effect detected in vitro could not be demonstrated by these in vivo assays. Altogether, the toxin enhanced the basic excitability of neurons and neuronal networks after direct treatment but there were no effects on the given brain areas after systemic treatment in vivo. Based on the observed in vitro FB1 effects and the lack of data on the penetration of FB1 across the blood-brain barrier, we assume that in vivo consequences of FB1 administration can be more prominent in case of perturbed blood-brain barrier functions.
Collapse
|
146
|
Safety evaluation of Ochratoxin A and Citrinin after 28 days repeated dose oral exposure to Wistar rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 115:104700. [PMID: 32525063 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins, ochratoxin A (OTA), and citrinin (CTN) are toxic metabolites of filamentous fungi. The most common fungal species that produce OTA and CTN belong to genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, and Monascus, and these fungal species are found to be contaminant a wide range of grains, food, and food product. The aim of our study was to evaluate the sub-acute repeated dose oral toxicity of OTA and CTN in experimental rodents by following OECD test guidelines for testing chemicals no. 407 with minor modifications. Twenty-five rats of each sex were divided equally into five groups; vehicle control, OTA 25 μg/kg b. wt., OTA 100 μg/kg b. wt., CTN 25 μg/kg b.wt. and CTN 100 μg/kg b. wt. The results of this study showed no abnormal clinical signs during 28 days of the experimental period. We did not found any significant changes in body weight gain, food consumption pattern, organ weight, hematology except few parameters, and biochemical values in any of the treatment and control groups. However, histopathological observations revealed severe nephrotoxicity and mild follicular depletion in the spleen of 100 μg/kg b. wt. treated groups of both OTA and CTN mycotoxins. The findings of our study are of its first kind that reports the systemic toxicity of OTA and CTN oral exposure to laboratory rodents.
Collapse
|
147
|
Mekuria AN, Routledge MN, Gong YY, Sisay M. Aflatoxins as a risk factor for liver cirrhosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2020; 21:39. [PMID: 32487162 PMCID: PMC7268458 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-020-00420-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Liver cirrhosis is characterized by fibrosis and nodule formation in the liver, due to a chronic injury, and subsequent alteration of the normal architecture of the liver. Even though there is a huge effort to elucidate the possible etiologic factors of liver cirrhosis, a significant number of cases are cryptogenic, especially in Sub Saharan Africa, where there is a high burden of aflatoxin exposure. Aflatoxins are known to cause hepatocellular carcinoma, which share similar etiologic factors with liver cirrhosis. This study aimed to assess the association between aflatoxin exposure and the risk of liver cirrhosis. Methods Relevant studies were identified through systematic searches conducted in Ovid MEDLINE, PubMed and Google Scholar. Also, by searching the references of retrieved articles. The abstracts and full text were screened for eligibility and the risk of bias was assessed for each study using Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal checklist for observational studies. The extracted data from included studies using Microsoft Excel were exported to Stata software version 15.0 for analyses. The overall pooled estimation of outcomes was calculated using a random-effects model of DerSimonian–Laird method at a 95% confidence level. The heterogeneity of studies was determined using I2 statistics. The presence of publication bias between studies was evaluated using the Begg’s and Egger’s tests and funnel plot. The protocol of this systematic review and meta-analysis was registered in the Prospero database with reference number ID: CRD42019148481. Results A total of 5 studies published between the years 2005 and 2018 that met the pre-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria were included. The meta-analysis showed that a significant increase in the risk of liver cirrhosis is associated with aflatoxin exposure (unadjusted pooled odds ratio (OR) = 3.35, 95% CI: 2.74–4.10, p = 0.000; I2 = 88.3%, p = 0.000; adjusted OR = 2.5, 95% CI: 1.84–3.39, p = 0.000; I2 = 0%, p = 0.429). Conclusions The present meta-analysis suggests that aflatoxin exposure is associated with a higher risk of liver cirrhosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Nigussie Mekuria
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Haramaya University, P.O. Box 235, Harar, Ethiopia.
| | - Michael N Routledge
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yun Yun Gong
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Mekonnen Sisay
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
148
|
Wang S, Pan D, Zhang T, Su M, Sun G, Wei J, Guo Z, Wang K, Song G, Yan Q. Corn Flour Intake, Aflatoxin B 1 Exposure, and Risk of Esophageal Precancerous Lesions in a High-Risk Area of Huai'an, China: A Case-Control Study. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12050299. [PMID: 32384611 PMCID: PMC7291006 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12050299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), which has potent toxicity and carcinogenicity, is a common contaminant of important agricultural commodities. This study aimed to investigate the frequency of corn flour intake and assess the exposure to AFB1 via direct detection of AFB1 in the diet and serum AFB1 exposure biomarker, so as to evaluate their associations with the risk of esophageal precancerous lesions (EPL). A case-control study based on three-day duplicate diet samples was performed in Huai'an District. One hundred EPL cases and 100 healthy controls were enrolled and required to be age- (±2 years) and gender-matched. The concentration of AFB1 in food samples and the level of serum AFB1-albumin (AFB1-Alb) adduct were quantitatively analyzed. Results showed that corn flour intake was positively associated with serum AFB1-Alb adduct level (p for trend = 0.003), dietary AFB1 exposure (p for trend < 0.001), and the risk of EPL (p for trend = 0.017). Increased serum AFB1-Alb adduct level was associated with an increased risk of EPL as well (p for trend < 0.001). In conclusion, corn flour may be an essential source of AFB1 in Huai'an District, whereas high exposure to AFB1 is likely to be an important risk factor contributing to the progression of EPL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaokang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; (D.P.); (T.Z.); (G.S.); (J.W.); (Z.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Da Pan
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; (D.P.); (T.Z.); (G.S.); (J.W.); (Z.G.)
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; (D.P.); (T.Z.); (G.S.); (J.W.); (Z.G.)
| | - Ming Su
- Huai’an District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huai’an 223200, China; (M.S.); (K.W.); (G.S.); (Q.Y.)
| | - Guiju Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; (D.P.); (T.Z.); (G.S.); (J.W.); (Z.G.)
| | - Jie Wei
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; (D.P.); (T.Z.); (G.S.); (J.W.); (Z.G.)
| | - Ziqi Guo
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; (D.P.); (T.Z.); (G.S.); (J.W.); (Z.G.)
| | - Kai Wang
- Huai’an District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huai’an 223200, China; (M.S.); (K.W.); (G.S.); (Q.Y.)
| | - Guang Song
- Huai’an District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huai’an 223200, China; (M.S.); (K.W.); (G.S.); (Q.Y.)
| | - Qingyang Yan
- Huai’an District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huai’an 223200, China; (M.S.); (K.W.); (G.S.); (Q.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
149
|
Abdel-Wahhab MA, El-Nekeety AA, Hathout AS, Salman AS, Abdel-Aziem SH, Sabry BA, Hassan NS, Abdel-Aziz MS, Aly SE, Jaswir I. Bioactive compounds from Aspergillus niger extract enhance the antioxidant activity and prevent the genotoxicity in aflatoxin B 1-treated rats. Toxicon 2020; 181:57-68. [PMID: 32353570 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.04.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify the bioactive compounds of the ethyl acetate extract of Aspergillus niger SH2-EGY using GC-MS and to evaluate their protective role against aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-induced oxidative stress, genotoxicity and cytotoxicity in rats. Six groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated orally for 4 weeks included the control group, AFB1-treated group (80 μg/kg b.w); fungal extract (FE)-treated groups at low (140) or high dose (280) mg/kg b.w and the groups treated with AFB1 plus FE at the two tested doses. The GC-MS analysis identified 26 compounds. The major compounds found were 1,2,3,4,6-Penta-trimethylsilyl Glucopyranose, Fmoc-L-3-(2-Naphthyl)-alanine, D-(-)-Fructopyranose, pentakis (trimethylsilyl) ether, bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, trimethylsilyl ether-glucitol, and octadecanamide, N-(2- methylpropyl)-N-nitroso. The in vivo results showed that AFB1 significantly increased serum ALT, AST, creatinine, uric acid, urea, cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, carcinoembryonic antigen, alpha-fetoprotein, interleukin-6, Malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, Bax, caspase-3 and P53 mRNA expression, chromosomal aberrations and DNA fragmentation. It decreased serum TP, albumin, HDL, Bcl-2 mRNA expression, hepatic and renal TAC, SOD and GPx content and induced histological changes in the liver and kidney. FE prevented these disturbances in a dosage-dependent manner. It could be concluded that A. niger SH2-EGY extract is safe a promising agent for pharmaceutical and food industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mosaad A Abdel-Wahhab
- Food Toxicology & Contaminants Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Aziza A El-Nekeety
- Food Toxicology & Contaminants Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amal S Hathout
- Food Toxicology & Contaminants Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Asmaa S Salman
- Genetic and Cytology Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Bassem A Sabry
- Food Toxicology & Contaminants Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nabila S Hassan
- Pathology Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Soher E Aly
- Food Toxicology & Contaminants Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Irwandi Jaswir
- International Institute for Halal Research & Training (INHART), International Islamic University Malaysia, Gombak, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
150
|
Coppa CFSC, Cirelli AC, Gonçalves BL, Barnabé EMB, Mousavi Khaneghah A, Corassin CH, Oliveira CAF. Dietary exposure assessment and risk characterization of mycotoxins in lactating women: Case study of São Paulo state, Brazil. Food Res Int 2020; 134:109272. [PMID: 32517925 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The exposure and risk characterization of lactating women to aflatoxins (AFs), fumonisins (FBs), ochratoxin A (OTA) and zearalenone (ZEN) due to consumption of different types of food products in Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil, was assessed. Lactating women (N = 74) provided samples of foods stored and available at their households between April-August/2018, totaling 184 samples. Mycotoxins were determined in food samples by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. According to findings, 20% (n = 36) of all food samples were contaminated with AFs at median concentrations ranging from 9.2 to 18.5 µg/kg, while OTA was detected only in three samples (rice, bread and pasta) at concentrations of 22.3, 23.8 and 48.7 µg/kg, respectively. ZEN was detected in 34 samples (18%) at median levels of 62-195 µg/kg, and FBs at median levels of 58-1546 µg/kg was observed in 22 samples (12%). Moreover, the concentration of AFs, OTA, ZEN and FBs exceeded their respective maximum permitted levels in 11 (6%), 3 (2%), 8 (4%) and 5 (3%) from total samples, respectively. Twenty-eight samples (15%) were contaminated with two or three types of mycotoxins. Corn products contributed for the highest mean probable daily intakes (PDI) of AFs (0.119 ± 0.193 µg/kg body weight (bw)/day), ZEN (0.325 ± 0.097 µg/kg bw/day) and FBs (2.936 ± 1.541 µg/kg bw/day), while wheat-based products contributed for the highest PDI of OTA (0.035 ± 0.028 µg/kg bw/day). The Margin of Exposure (MoE) value for AFs (3.72) demonstrated a high cancer risk (MoE < 10,000), and the Hazard Quotient (HQ) obtained for OTA (24.66), ZEN (4.24) and total FBs (5.01) also resulted in a non-tolerable risk (HQ > 1) via consumption of the investigated food products. Results of this trial indicate high exposure levels of lactating women to dietary mycotoxins in the studied area, which warrant concern about the possible transfer of residual mycotoxins into breast milk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Fernanda S C Coppa
- Department of Food Engeneering, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, CEP 13635-900 Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Amanda C Cirelli
- Department of Food Engeneering, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, CEP 13635-900 Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruna L Gonçalves
- Department of Food Engeneering, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, CEP 13635-900 Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Eliana Maria B Barnabé
- Mother and Child Care Unit, Center of Medical Specialties at Pirassununga, Av. Antônio Joaquim Mendes, 1017, CEP 13634-502 Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), R. Monteiro Lobato, 80, CEP 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos H Corassin
- Department of Food Engeneering, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, CEP 13635-900 Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos A F Oliveira
- Department of Food Engeneering, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, CEP 13635-900 Pirassununga, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|