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Gavin KM, Gutman JA, Kohrt WM, Wei Q, Shea KL, Miller HL, Sullivan TM, Erickson PF, Helm KM, Acosta AS, Childs CR, Musselwhite E, Varella-Garcia M, Kelly K, Majka SM, Klemm DJ. De novo generation of adipocytes from circulating progenitor cells in mouse and human adipose tissue. FASEB J 2015; 30:1096-108. [PMID: 26581599 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-278994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
White adipocytes in adults are typically derived from tissue resident mesenchymal progenitors. The recent identification of de novo production of adipocytes from bone marrow progenitor-derived cells in mice challenges this paradigm and indicates an alternative lineage specification that adipocytes exist. We hypothesized that alternative lineage specification of white adipocytes is also present in human adipose tissue. Bone marrow from transgenic mice in which luciferase expression is governed by the adipocyte-restricted adiponectin gene promoter was adoptively transferred to wild-type recipient mice. Light emission was quantitated in recipients by in vivo imaging and direct enzyme assay. Adipocytes were also obtained from human recipients of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. DNA was isolated, and microsatellite polymorphisms were exploited to quantify donor/recipient chimerism. Luciferase emission was detected from major fat depots of transplanted mice. No light emission was observed from intestines, liver, or lungs. Up to 35% of adipocytes in humans were generated from donor marrow cells in the absence of cell fusion. Nontransplanted mice and stromal-vascular fraction samples were used as negative and positive controls for the mouse and human experiments, respectively. This study provides evidence for a nontissue resident origin of an adipocyte subpopulation in both mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Gavin
- *Division of Geriatric Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, and Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Flow Cytometry Shared Resource, Molecular Pathology/Cytogenetics Shared Resource, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, and Colorado Obesity Research Initiative, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA; and Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and **Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jonathan A Gutman
- *Division of Geriatric Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, and Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Flow Cytometry Shared Resource, Molecular Pathology/Cytogenetics Shared Resource, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, and Colorado Obesity Research Initiative, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA; and Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and **Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Wendy M Kohrt
- *Division of Geriatric Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, and Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Flow Cytometry Shared Resource, Molecular Pathology/Cytogenetics Shared Resource, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, and Colorado Obesity Research Initiative, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA; and Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and **Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Qi Wei
- *Division of Geriatric Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, and Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Flow Cytometry Shared Resource, Molecular Pathology/Cytogenetics Shared Resource, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, and Colorado Obesity Research Initiative, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA; and Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and **Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Karen L Shea
- *Division of Geriatric Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, and Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Flow Cytometry Shared Resource, Molecular Pathology/Cytogenetics Shared Resource, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, and Colorado Obesity Research Initiative, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA; and Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and **Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Heidi L Miller
- *Division of Geriatric Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, and Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Flow Cytometry Shared Resource, Molecular Pathology/Cytogenetics Shared Resource, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, and Colorado Obesity Research Initiative, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA; and Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and **Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Timothy M Sullivan
- *Division of Geriatric Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, and Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Flow Cytometry Shared Resource, Molecular Pathology/Cytogenetics Shared Resource, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, and Colorado Obesity Research Initiative, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA; and Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and **Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Paul F Erickson
- *Division of Geriatric Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, and Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Flow Cytometry Shared Resource, Molecular Pathology/Cytogenetics Shared Resource, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, and Colorado Obesity Research Initiative, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA; and Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and **Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Karen M Helm
- *Division of Geriatric Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, and Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Flow Cytometry Shared Resource, Molecular Pathology/Cytogenetics Shared Resource, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, and Colorado Obesity Research Initiative, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA; and Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and **Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alistaire S Acosta
- *Division of Geriatric Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, and Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Flow Cytometry Shared Resource, Molecular Pathology/Cytogenetics Shared Resource, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, and Colorado Obesity Research Initiative, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA; and Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and **Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Christine R Childs
- *Division of Geriatric Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, and Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Flow Cytometry Shared Resource, Molecular Pathology/Cytogenetics Shared Resource, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, and Colorado Obesity Research Initiative, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA; and Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and **Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Evelyn Musselwhite
- *Division of Geriatric Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, and Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Flow Cytometry Shared Resource, Molecular Pathology/Cytogenetics Shared Resource, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, and Colorado Obesity Research Initiative, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA; and Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and **Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Marileila Varella-Garcia
- *Division of Geriatric Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, and Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Flow Cytometry Shared Resource, Molecular Pathology/Cytogenetics Shared Resource, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, and Colorado Obesity Research Initiative, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA; and Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and **Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kimberly Kelly
- *Division of Geriatric Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, and Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Flow Cytometry Shared Resource, Molecular Pathology/Cytogenetics Shared Resource, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, and Colorado Obesity Research Initiative, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA; and Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and **Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Susan M Majka
- *Division of Geriatric Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, and Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Flow Cytometry Shared Resource, Molecular Pathology/Cytogenetics Shared Resource, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, and Colorado Obesity Research Initiative, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA; and Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and **Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Dwight J Klemm
- *Division of Geriatric Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, and Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Flow Cytometry Shared Resource, Molecular Pathology/Cytogenetics Shared Resource, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, and Colorado Obesity Research Initiative, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA; and Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and **Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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102
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Lake JI, Avetisyan M, Zimmermann AG, Heuckeroth RO. Neural crest requires Impdh2 for development of the enteric nervous system, great vessels, and craniofacial skeleton. Dev Biol 2015; 409:152-165. [PMID: 26546974 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Mutations that impair the proliferation of enteric neural crest-derived cells (ENCDC) cause Hirschsprung disease, a potentially lethal birth defect where the enteric nervous system (ENS) is absent from distal bowel. Inosine 5' monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) activity is essential for de novo GMP synthesis, and chemical inhibition of IMPDH induces Hirschsprung disease-like pathology in mouse models by reducing ENCDC proliferation. Two IMPDH isoforms are ubiquitously expressed in the embryo, but only IMPDH2 is required for life. To further understand the role of IMPDH2 in ENS and neural crest development, we characterized a conditional Impdh2 mutant mouse. Deletion of Impdh2 in the early neural crest using the Wnt1-Cre transgene produced defects in multiple neural crest derivatives including highly penetrant intestinal aganglionosis, agenesis of the craniofacial skeleton, and cardiac outflow tract and great vessel malformations. Analysis using a Rosa26 reporter mouse suggested that some or all of the remaining ENS in Impdh2 conditional-knockout animals was derived from cells that escaped Wnt1-Cre mediated DNA recombination. These data suggest that IMPDH2 mediated guanine nucleotide synthesis is essential for normal development of the ENS and other neural crest derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan I Lake
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Developmental Regenerative and Stem Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Box 8208, St. Louis, MO 63021, USA
| | - Marina Avetisyan
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Developmental Regenerative and Stem Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Box 8208, St. Louis, MO 63021, USA
| | - Albert G Zimmermann
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, 125 Mason Farm Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Robert O Heuckeroth
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, 3615 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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103
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Ferrari N, Riggio AI, Mason S, McDonald L, King A, Higgins T, Rosewell I, Neil JC, Smalley MJ, Sansom OJ, Morris J, Cameron ER, Blyth K. Runx2 contributes to the regenerative potential of the mammary epithelium. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15658. [PMID: 26489514 PMCID: PMC4614940 DOI: 10.1038/srep15658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although best known for its role in bone development and associated structures the transcription factor RUNX2 is expressed in a wide range of lineages, including those of the mammary gland. Previous studies have indicated that Runx2 can regulate aspects of mammary cell function and influence the properties of cancer cells. In this study we investigate the role of Runx2 in the mammary stem/progenitor population and its relationship with WNT signalling. Results show that RUNX2 protein is differentially expressed throughout embryonic and adult development of the murine mammary gland with high levels of expression in mammary stem-cell enriched cultures. Importantly, functional analysis reveals a role for Runx2 in mammary stem/progenitor cell function in in vitro and in vivo regenerative assays. Furthermore, RUNX2 appears to be associated with WNT signalling in the mammary epithelium and is specifically upregulated in mouse models of WNT-driven breast cancer. Overall our studies reveal a novel function for Runx2 in regulating mammary epithelial cell regenerative potential, possibly acting as a downstream target of WNT signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Ferrari
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD
| | - Alessandra I. Riggio
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD
| | - Susan Mason
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD
| | - Laura McDonald
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD
| | - Ayala King
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD
| | - Theresa Higgins
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London, WC2A 3LY
| | - Ian Rosewell
- Clare Hall Laboratories, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, EN6 3LD
| | - James C. Neil
- University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1QH
| | - Matthew J. Smalley
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ
| | - Owen J. Sansom
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD
| | - Joanna Morris
- University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1QH
| | - Ewan R. Cameron
- University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1QH
| | - Karen Blyth
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD
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104
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Benazra M, Lecomte MJ, Colace C, Müller A, Machado C, Pechberty S, Bricout-Neveu E, Grenier-Godard M, Solimena M, Scharfmann R, Czernichow P, Ravassard P. A human beta cell line with drug inducible excision of immortalizing transgenes. Mol Metab 2015; 4:916-25. [PMID: 26909308 PMCID: PMC4731729 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Access to immortalized human pancreatic beta cell lines that are phenotypically close to genuine adult beta cells, represent a major tool to better understand human beta cell physiology and develop new therapeutics for Diabetes. Here we derived a new conditionally immortalized human beta cell line, EndoC-βH3 in which immortalizing transgene can be efficiently removed by simple addition of tamoxifen. Methods We used lentiviral mediated gene transfer to stably integrate a tamoxifen inducible form of CRE (CRE-ERT2) into the recently developed conditionally immortalized EndoC βH2 line. The resulting EndoC-βH3 line was characterized before and after tamoxifen treatment for cell proliferation, insulin content and insulin secretion. Results We showed that EndoC-βH3 expressing CRE-ERT2 can be massively amplified in culture. We established an optimized tamoxifen treatment to efficiently excise the immortalizing transgenes resulting in proliferation arrest. In addition, insulin expression raised by 12 fold and insulin content increased by 23 fold reaching 2 μg of insulin per million cells. Such massive increase was accompanied by enhanced insulin secretion upon glucose stimulation. We further observed that tamoxifen treated cells maintained a stable function for 5 weeks in culture. Conclusions EndoC βH3 cell line represents a powerful tool that allows, using a simple and efficient procedure, the massive production of functional non-proliferative human beta cells. Such cells are close to genuine human beta cells and maintain a stable phenotype for 5 weeks in culture. EndoC-βH3: a conditionally immortalized human pancreatic beta cell line. Proliferation arrest upon removal of immortalizing transgenes with Tamoxifen. Enhancement of beta cell function upon removal of immortalizing transgenes. Tamoxifen-treated EndoC-βH3 maintain a stable phenotype for 5 weeks in culture. EndoC-βH3: a unique tool for large-scale drug discovery and proliferation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Benazra
- Institut du cerveau et de la moelle (ICM), Biotechnology & Biotherapy Team, 75013 Paris, France
- CNRS UMR7225, 75013 Paris, France
- INSERM U1127, 75013 Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Marie-José Lecomte
- Endocells, Pépinière d'entreprises Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle, 75007 Paris, France
| | - Claire Colace
- Institut du cerveau et de la moelle (ICM), Biotechnology & Biotherapy Team, 75013 Paris, France
- CNRS UMR7225, 75013 Paris, France
- INSERM U1127, 75013 Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Andreas Müller
- Paul Langerhans Institute of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Cécile Machado
- Endocells, Pépinière d'entreprises Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle, 75007 Paris, France
| | - Severine Pechberty
- Endocells, Pépinière d'entreprises Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle, 75007 Paris, France
| | - Emilie Bricout-Neveu
- Endocells, Pépinière d'entreprises Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle, 75007 Paris, France
| | - Maud Grenier-Godard
- Endocells, Pépinière d'entreprises Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle, 75007 Paris, France
| | - Michele Solimena
- Paul Langerhans Institute of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Raphaël Scharfmann
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Paul Czernichow
- Endocells, Pépinière d'entreprises Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle, 75007 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Ravassard
- Institut du cerveau et de la moelle (ICM), Biotechnology & Biotherapy Team, 75013 Paris, France
- CNRS UMR7225, 75013 Paris, France
- INSERM U1127, 75013 Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75013 Paris, France
- Corresponding author. ICM Biotechnology & Biotherapy Team, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, 47 Bd. De l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France. Tel./fax: +33 157274575.
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105
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Yamaguchi YL, Tanaka SS, Kumagai M, Fujimoto Y, Terabayashi T, Matsui Y, Nishinakamura R. Sall4 is essential for mouse primordial germ cell specification by suppressing somatic cell program genes. Stem Cells 2015; 33:289-300. [PMID: 25263278 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The Spalt-like 4 (Sall4) zinc finger protein is a critical transcription factor for pluripotency in embryonic stem cells (ESCs). It is also involved in the formation of a variety of organs, in mice, and humans. We report the essential roles of Sall4 in mouse primordial germ cell (PGC) specification. PGC specification is accompanied by the activation of the stem cell program and repression of the somatic cell program in progenitor cells. Conditional inactivation of Sall4 during PGC specification led to a reduction in the number of PGCs in embryonic gonads. Sall4(del/del) PGCs failed to translocate from the mesoderm to the endoderm and underwent apoptosis. In Sall4(del/del) PGC progenitors, somatic cell program genes (Hoxa1 and Hoxb1) were derepressed, while activation of the stem cell program was not impaired. We demonstrated that in differentiated ESCs, Sall4 bound to these somatic cell program gene loci, which are reportedly occupied by Prdm1 in embryonic carcinoma cells. Given that Sall4 and Prdm1 are known to associate with the histone deacetylase repressor complex, our findings suggest that Sall4 suppresses the somatic cell program possibly by recruiting the repressor complex in conjunction with Prdm1; therefore, it is essential for PGC specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuka L Yamaguchi
- Department of Kidney Development, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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106
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Castinetti F, Brinkmeier ML, Mortensen AH, Vella KR, Gergics P, Brue T, Hollenberg AN, Gan L, Camper SA. ISL1 Is Necessary for Maximal Thyrotrope Response to Hypothyroidism. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 29:1510-21. [PMID: 26296153 DOI: 10.1210/me.2015-1192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
ISLET1 is a homeodomain transcription factor necessary for development of the pituitary, retina, motor neurons, heart, and pancreas. Isl1-deficient mice (Isl1(-/-)) die early during embryogenesis at embryonic day 10.5 due to heart defects, and at that time, they have an undersized pituitary primordium. ISL1 is expressed in differentiating pituitary cells in early embryogenesis. Here, we report the cell-specific expression of ISL1 and assessment of its role in gonadotropes and thyrotropes. Isl1 expression is elevated in pituitaries of Cga(-/-) mice, a model of hypothyroidism with thyrotrope hypertrophy and hyperplasia. Thyrotrope-specific disruption of Isl1 with Tshb-cre is permissive for normal serum TSH, but T4 levels are decreased, suggesting decreased thyrotrope function. Inducing hypothyroidism in normal mice causes a reduction in T4 levels and dramatically elevated TSH response, but mice with thyrotrope-specific disruption of Isl1 have a blunted TSH response. In contrast, deletion of Isl1 in gonadotropes with an Lhb-cre transgene has no obvious effect on gonadotrope function or fertility. These results show that ISL1 is necessary for maximal thyrotrope response to hypothyroidism, in addition to its role in development of Rathke's pouch.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Castinetti
- Human Genetics, University of Michigan (F.C., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., S.A.C.), Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (K.R.V., A.N.H.), Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215; Aix-Marseille University (F.C., T.B.), Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Endocrinology, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille, France 13000; and University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry (L.G.), Rochester, New York 14642
| | - M L Brinkmeier
- Human Genetics, University of Michigan (F.C., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., S.A.C.), Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (K.R.V., A.N.H.), Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215; Aix-Marseille University (F.C., T.B.), Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Endocrinology, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille, France 13000; and University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry (L.G.), Rochester, New York 14642
| | - A H Mortensen
- Human Genetics, University of Michigan (F.C., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., S.A.C.), Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (K.R.V., A.N.H.), Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215; Aix-Marseille University (F.C., T.B.), Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Endocrinology, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille, France 13000; and University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry (L.G.), Rochester, New York 14642
| | - K R Vella
- Human Genetics, University of Michigan (F.C., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., S.A.C.), Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (K.R.V., A.N.H.), Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215; Aix-Marseille University (F.C., T.B.), Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Endocrinology, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille, France 13000; and University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry (L.G.), Rochester, New York 14642
| | - P Gergics
- Human Genetics, University of Michigan (F.C., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., S.A.C.), Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (K.R.V., A.N.H.), Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215; Aix-Marseille University (F.C., T.B.), Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Endocrinology, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille, France 13000; and University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry (L.G.), Rochester, New York 14642
| | - T Brue
- Human Genetics, University of Michigan (F.C., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., S.A.C.), Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (K.R.V., A.N.H.), Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215; Aix-Marseille University (F.C., T.B.), Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Endocrinology, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille, France 13000; and University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry (L.G.), Rochester, New York 14642
| | - A N Hollenberg
- Human Genetics, University of Michigan (F.C., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., S.A.C.), Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (K.R.V., A.N.H.), Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215; Aix-Marseille University (F.C., T.B.), Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Endocrinology, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille, France 13000; and University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry (L.G.), Rochester, New York 14642
| | - L Gan
- Human Genetics, University of Michigan (F.C., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., S.A.C.), Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (K.R.V., A.N.H.), Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215; Aix-Marseille University (F.C., T.B.), Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Endocrinology, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille, France 13000; and University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry (L.G.), Rochester, New York 14642
| | - S A Camper
- Human Genetics, University of Michigan (F.C., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., S.A.C.), Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (K.R.V., A.N.H.), Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215; Aix-Marseille University (F.C., T.B.), Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Endocrinology, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille, France 13000; and University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry (L.G.), Rochester, New York 14642
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107
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Ye Y, Tan S, Zhou X, Li X, Jundt MC, Lichter N, Hidebrand A, Dhasarathy A, Wu M. Inhibition of p-IκBα Ubiquitylation by Autophagy-Related Gene 7 to Regulate Inflammatory Responses to Bacterial Infection. J Infect Dis 2015; 212:1816-26. [PMID: 26022442 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Klebsiella pneumoniae causes serious infections and healthcare burdens in humans. We have previously reported that the deficiency of autophagy-related gene (Atg) 7 in macrophages (murine alveolar macrophage cell line [MH-S]) induced irregular host immunity against K. pneumoniae and worsened pathologic effects in the lung. In the current study, we investigated the molecular mechanism by which Atg7 influenced K. pneumoniae-induced inflammatory responses. METHODS Expression levels of Atg7, ubiquitin (Ub), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α and phosphorylation of IκBα (p-IκBα) were determined with immunoblotting. Ubiquitylation of p-IκBα was determined with immunoprecipitation. RESULTS We noted an interaction between Atg7 and p-IκBα, which was decreased in MH-S after K. pneumoniae infection, whereas the interaction between Ub and p-IκBα was increased. Knock-down of Atg7 with small interfering RNA increased p-IκBα ubiquitylation, promoted nuclear factor κB translocation into the nucleus, and increased the production of TNF-α. Moreover, knock-down of Ub with lentivirus-short hairpin RNA Ub particles decreased binding of p-IκBα to Ub and inhibited TNF-α expression in the primary alveolar macrophages and lung tissue of atg7-knockout mice on K. pneumoniae infection. CONCLUSIONS Loss of Atg7 switched binding of p-IκBα from Atg7 to Ub, resulting in increased ubiquitylation of p-IκBα and intensified inflammatory responses against K. pneumoniae. Our findings not only reveal a regulatory role of Atg7 in ubiquitylation of p-IκBα but also indicate potential therapeutic targets for K. pneumoniae control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ye
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks
| | - Shirui Tan
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming
| | - Xikun Zhou
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuefeng Li
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Michael C Jundt
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks
| | - Natalie Lichter
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks
| | - Alec Hidebrand
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks
| | - Archana Dhasarathy
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks
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108
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KLF4-dependent phenotypic modulation of smooth muscle cells has a key role in atherosclerotic plaque pathogenesis. Nat Med 2015; 21:628-37. [PMID: 25985364 PMCID: PMC4552085 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 815] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies investigating the role of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and macrophages in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis have provided controversial results owing to the use of unreliable methods for clearly identifying each of these cell types. Here, using Myh11-CreER(T2) ROSA floxed STOP eYFP Apoe(-/-) mice to perform SMC lineage tracing, we find that traditional methods for detecting SMCs based on immunostaining for SMC markers fail to detect >80% of SMC-derived cells within advanced atherosclerotic lesions. These unidentified SMC-derived cells exhibit phenotypes of other cell lineages, including macrophages and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). SMC-specific conditional knockout of Krüppel-like factor 4 (Klf4) resulted in reduced numbers of SMC-derived MSC- and macrophage-like cells, a marked reduction in lesion size, and increases in multiple indices of plaque stability, including an increase in fibrous cap thickness as compared to wild-type controls. On the basis of in vivo KLF4 chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing (ChIP-seq) analyses and studies of cholesterol-treated cultured SMCs, we identified >800 KLF4 target genes, including many that regulate pro-inflammatory responses of SMCs. Our findings indicate that the contribution of SMCs to atherosclerotic plaques has been greatly underestimated, and that KLF4-dependent transitions in SMC phenotype are critical in lesion pathogenesis.
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109
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He MX, He YW. c-FLIP protects T lymphocytes from apoptosis in the intrinsic pathway. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:3444-51. [PMID: 25725104 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis can be induced by either death receptors on the plasma membrane (extrinsic pathway) or the damage of the genome and/or cellular organelles (intrinsic pathway). Previous studies suggest that cellular caspase 8 (FLICE)-like inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) promotes cell survival in death receptor-induced apoptosis pathway in T lymphocytes. Independent of death receptor signaling, mitochondria sense apoptotic stimuli and mediate the activation of effector caspases. Whether c-FLIP regulates mitochondrion-dependent apoptotic signals remains unknown. In this study, c-FLIP gene was deleted in mature T lymphocytes in vitro, and the role of c-FLIP protein in intrinsic apoptosis pathway was studied. In resting T cells treated with the intrinsic apoptosis inducer, c-FLIP suppressed cytochrome c release from mitochondria. Bim-deletion rescued the enhanced apoptosis in c-FLIP-deficient T cells, whereas inhibition of caspase 8 did not. Different from activated T cells, there was no necroptosis or increase in reactive oxygen species in c-FLIP-deficient resting T cells. These data suggest that c-FLIP is a negative regulator of intrinsic apoptosis pathway in T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Xiao He
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - You-Wen He
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
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110
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Knockout of leucine aminopeptidase in Toxoplasma gondii using CRISPR/Cas9. Int J Parasitol 2015; 45:141-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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111
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Melidoni AN, Dyson MR, McCafferty J. Selection of Antibodies Interfering with Cell Surface Receptor Signaling Using Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1341:111-32. [PMID: 26036698 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2015_270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies able to bind and modify the function of cell surface signaling components in vivo are increasingly being used as therapeutic drugs. The identification of such "functional" antibodies from within large antibody pools is, therefore, the subject of intense research. Here we describe a novel cell-based expression and reporting system for the identification of functional antibodies from antigen-binding populations preselected with phage display. The system involves inducible expression of the antibody gene population from the Rosa-26 locus of embryonic stem (ES) cells, followed by secretion of the antibodies during ES cell differentiation. Target antigens are cell-surface signaling components (receptors or ligands) with a known effect on the direction of cell differentiation (FGFR1 mediating ES cell exit from self renewal in this particular protocol). Therefore, inhibition or activation of these components by functional antibodies in a few elite clones causes a shift in the differentiation outcomes of these clones, leading to their phenotypic selection. Functional antibody genes are then recovered from positive clones and used to produce the purified antibodies, which can be tested for their ability to affect cell fates exogenously. Identified functional antibody genes can be further introduced in different stem cell types. Inducible expression of functional antibodies has a temporally controlled protein-knockdown capability, which can be used to study the unknown role of the signaling pathway in different developmental contexts. Moreover, it provides a means for control of stem cell differentiation with potential in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna N Melidoni
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Rd, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK. .,European Molecular Biology Laboratory-European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK.
| | - Michael R Dyson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Rd, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK.,IONTAS Ltd., Babraham Research Campus, Babraham, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - John McCafferty
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Rd, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK.,IONTAS Ltd., Babraham Research Campus, Babraham, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
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112
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Arnold-Schrauf C, Berod L, Sparwasser T. Dendritic cell specific targeting of MyD88 signalling pathways in vivo. Eur J Immunol 2014; 45:32-9. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catharina Arnold-Schrauf
- Institute for Infection Immunology; TWINCORE, Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI); Hannover Germany
| | - Luciana Berod
- Institute for Infection Immunology; TWINCORE, Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI); Hannover Germany
| | - Tim Sparwasser
- Institute for Infection Immunology; TWINCORE, Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI); Hannover Germany
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113
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Comai G, Sambasivan R, Gopalakrishnan S, Tajbakhsh S. Variations in the Efficiency of Lineage Marking and Ablation Confound Distinctions between Myogenic Cell Populations. Dev Cell 2014; 31:654-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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114
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Kim S, Günesdogan U, Zylicz JJ, Hackett JA, Cougot D, Bao S, Lee C, Dietmann S, Allen GE, Sengupta R, Surani MA. PRMT5 protects genomic integrity during global DNA demethylation in primordial germ cells and preimplantation embryos. Mol Cell 2014; 56:564-79. [PMID: 25457166 PMCID: PMC4250265 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Primordial germ cells (PGCs) and preimplantation embryos undergo epigenetic reprogramming, which includes comprehensive DNA demethylation. We found that PRMT5, an arginine methyltransferase, translocates from the cytoplasm to the nucleus during this process. Here we show that conditional loss of PRMT5 in early PGCs causes complete male and female sterility, preceded by the upregulation of LINE1 and IAP transposons as well as activation of a DNA damage response. Similarly, loss of maternal-zygotic PRMT5 also leads to IAP upregulation. PRMT5 is necessary for the repressive H2A/H4R3me2s chromatin modification on LINE1 and IAP transposons in PGCs, directly implicating this modification in transposon silencing during DNA hypomethylation. PRMT5 translocates back to the cytoplasm subsequently, to participate in the previously described PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA) pathway that promotes transposon silencing via de novo DNA remethylation. Thus, PRMT5 is directly involved in genome defense during preimplantation development and in PGCs at the time of global DNA demethylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinseog Kim
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK; Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Ufuk Günesdogan
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK; Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Jan J Zylicz
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK; Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Jamie A Hackett
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK; Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Delphine Cougot
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK; Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Siqin Bao
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, No. 235 Da Xue Xi Road, Huhhot, Inner Mongolia 010021, China
| | - Caroline Lee
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK; Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Sabine Dietmann
- Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - George E Allen
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Roopsha Sengupta
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK; Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - M Azim Surani
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK; Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK.
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115
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A transcriptional mechanism integrating inputs from extracellular signals to activate hippocampal stem cells. Neuron 2014; 83:1085-97. [PMID: 25189209 PMCID: PMC4157576 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The activity of adult stem cells is regulated by signals emanating from the surrounding tissue. Many niche signals have been identified, but it is unclear how they influence the choice of stem cells to remain quiescent or divide. Here we show that when stem cells of the adult hippocampus receive activating signals, they first induce the expression of the transcription factor Ascl1 and only subsequently exit quiescence. Moreover, lowering Ascl1 expression reduces the proliferation rate of hippocampal stem cells, and inactivating Ascl1 blocks quiescence exit completely, rendering them unresponsive to activating stimuli. Ascl1 promotes the proliferation of hippocampal stem cells by directly regulating the expression of cell-cycle regulatory genes. Ascl1 is similarly required for stem cell activation in the adult subventricular zone. Our results support a model whereby Ascl1 integrates inputs from both stimulatory and inhibitory signals and converts them into a transcriptional program activating adult neural stem cells.
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116
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Wang Y, Bu F, Royer C, Serres S, Larkin JR, Soto MS, Sibson NR, Salter V, Fritzsche F, Turnquist C, Koch S, Zak J, Zhong S, Wu G, Liang A, Olofsen PA, Moch H, Hancock DC, Downward J, Goldin RD, Zhao J, Tong X, Guo Y, Lu X. ASPP2 controls epithelial plasticity and inhibits metastasis through β-catenin-dependent regulation of ZEB1. Nat Cell Biol 2014; 16:1092-104. [PMID: 25344754 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), and the reverse mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET), are known examples of epithelial plasticity that are important in kidney development and cancer metastasis. Here we identify ASPP2, a haploinsufficient tumour suppressor, p53 activator and PAR3 binding partner, as a molecular switch of MET and EMT. ASPP2 contributes to MET in mouse kidney in vivo. Mechanistically, ASPP2 induces MET through its PAR3-binding amino-terminus, independently of p53 binding. ASPP2 prevents β-catenin from transactivating ZEB1, directly by forming an ASPP2-β-catenin-E-cadherin ternary complex and indirectly by inhibiting β-catenin's N-terminal phosphorylation to stabilize the β-catenin-E-cadherin complex. ASPP2 limits the pro-invasive property of oncogenic RAS and inhibits tumour metastasis in vivo. Reduced ASPP2 expression results in EMT, and is associated with poor survival in hepatocellular carcinoma and breast cancer patients. Hence, ASPP2 is a key regulator of epithelial plasticity that connects cell polarity to the suppression of WNT signalling, EMT and tumour metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihua Wang
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Fangfang Bu
- 1] International Joint Cancer Institute &Eastern Hospital of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China [2] PLA General Hospital Cancer Center, PLA Postgraduate School of Medicine, 28 Fuxing Road Beijing 100853, China
| | - Christophe Royer
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Sébastien Serres
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - James R Larkin
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Manuel Sarmiento Soto
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Nicola R Sibson
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Victoria Salter
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Florian Fritzsche
- 1] Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK [2] Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Casmir Turnquist
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Sofia Koch
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Jaroslav Zak
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Shan Zhong
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Guobin Wu
- Guangxi Cancer Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Anmin Liang
- Guangxi Cancer Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Patricia A Olofsen
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Holger Moch
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David C Hancock
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Julian Downward
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Robert D Goldin
- Centre for Pathology, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College, London W2 1NY, UK
| | - Jian Zhao
- 1] International Joint Cancer Institute &Eastern Hospital of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China [2] PLA General Hospital Cancer Center, PLA Postgraduate School of Medicine, 28 Fuxing Road Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xin Tong
- 1] International Joint Cancer Institute &Eastern Hospital of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China [2] PLA General Hospital Cancer Center, PLA Postgraduate School of Medicine, 28 Fuxing Road Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yajun Guo
- 1] International Joint Cancer Institute &Eastern Hospital of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China [2] PLA General Hospital Cancer Center, PLA Postgraduate School of Medicine, 28 Fuxing Road Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xin Lu
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
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117
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Abrogation of β-catenin signaling in oligodendrocyte precursor cells reduces glial scarring and promotes axon regeneration after CNS injury. J Neurosci 2014; 34:10285-97. [PMID: 25080590 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4915-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
When the brain or spinal cord is injured, glial cells in the damaged area undergo complex morphological and physiological changes resulting in the formation of the glial scar. This scar contains reactive astrocytes, activated microglia, macrophages and other myeloid cells, meningeal cells, proliferating oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), and a dense extracellular matrix. Whether the scar is beneficial or detrimental to recovery remains controversial. In the acute phase of recovery, scar-forming astrocytes limit the invasion of leukocytes and macrophages, but in the subacute and chronic phases of injury the glial scar is a physical and biochemical barrier to axonal regrowth. The signals that initiate the formation of the glial scar are unknown. Both canonical and noncanonical signaling Wnts are increased after spinal cord injury (SCI). Because Wnts are important regulators of OPC and oligodendrocyte development, we examined the role of canonical Wnt signaling in the glial reactions to CNS injury. In adult female mice carrying an OPC-specific conditionally deleted β-catenin gene, there is reduced proliferation of OPCs after SCI, reduced accumulation of activated microglia/macrophages, and reduced astrocyte hypertrophy. Using an infraorbital optic nerve crush injury, we show that reducing β-catenin-dependent signaling in OPCs creates an environment that is permissive to axonal regeneration. Viral-induced expression of Wnt3a in the normal adult mouse spinal cord induces an injury-like response in glia. Thus canonical Wnt signaling is both necessary and sufficient to induce injury responses among glial cells. These data suggest that targeting Wnt expression after SCI may have therapeutic potential in promoting axon regeneration.
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118
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Differential organ phenotypes after postnatal Igf1r gene conditional deletion induced by tamoxifen in UBC-CreERT2; Igf1r fl/fl double transgenic mice. Transgenic Res 2014; 24:279-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s11248-014-9837-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Aspelund A, Tammela T, Antila S, Nurmi H, Leppänen VM, Zarkada G, Stanczuk L, Francois M, Mäkinen T, Saharinen P, Immonen I, Alitalo K. The Schlemm's canal is a VEGF-C/VEGFR-3-responsive lymphatic-like vessel. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:3975-86. [PMID: 25061878 PMCID: PMC4153703 DOI: 10.1172/jci75395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In glaucoma, aqueous outflow into the Schlemm's canal (SC) is obstructed. Despite striking structural and functional similarities with the lymphatic vascular system, it is unknown whether the SC is a blood or lymphatic vessel. Here, we demonstrated the expression of lymphatic endothelial cell markers by the SC in murine and zebrafish models as well as in human eye tissue. The initial stages of SC development involved induction of the transcription factor PROX1 and the lymphangiogenic receptor tyrosine kinase VEGFR-3 in venous endothelial cells in postnatal mice. Using gene deletion and function-blocking antibodies in mice, we determined that the lymphangiogenic growth factor VEGF-C and its receptor, VEGFR-3, are essential for SC development. Delivery of VEGF-C into the adult eye resulted in sprouting, proliferation, and growth of SC endothelial cells, whereas VEGF-A obliterated the aqueous outflow system. Furthermore, a single injection of recombinant VEGF-C induced SC growth and was associated with trend toward a sustained decrease in intraocular pressure in adult mice. These results reveal the evolutionary conservation of the lymphatic-like phenotype of the SC, implicate VEGF-C and VEGFR-3 as critical regulators of SC lymphangiogenesis, and provide a basis for further studies on therapeutic manipulation of the SC with VEGF-C in glaucoma treatment.
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Accurate comparison of antibody expression levels by reproducible transgene targeting in engineered recombination-competent CHO cells. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:9723-33. [PMID: 25158835 PMCID: PMC4231286 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6011-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Over the years, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells have emerged as the major host for expressing biotherapeutic proteins. Traditional methods to generate high-producer cell lines rely on random integration(s) of the gene of interest but have thereby left the identification of bottlenecks as a challenging task. For comparison of different producer cell lines derived from various transfections, a system that provides control over transgene expression behavior is highly needed. This motivated us to develop a novel “DUKX-B11 F3/F” cell line to target different single-chain antibody fragments into the same chromosomal target site by recombinase-mediated cassette exchange (RMCE) using the flippase (FLP)/FLP recognition target (FRT) system. The RMCE-competent cell line contains a gfp reporter fused to a positive/negative selection system flanked by heterospecific FRT (F) variants under control of an external CMV promoter, constructed as “promoter trap”. The expression stability and FLP accessibility of the tagged locus was demonstrated by successive rounds of RMCE. As a proof of concept, we performed RMCE using cassettes encoding two different anti-HIV single-chain Fc fragments, 3D6scFv-Fc and 2F5scFv-Fc. Both targeted integrations yielded homogenous cell populations with comparable intracellular product contents and messenger RNA (mRNA) levels but product related differences in specific productivities. These studies confirm the potential of the newly available “DUKX-B11 F3/F” cell line to guide different transgenes into identical transcriptional control regions by RMCE and thereby generate clones with comparable amounts of transgene mRNA. This new host is a prerequisite for cell biology studies of independent transfections and transgenes.
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Diefenbacher ME, Popov N, Blake SM, Schülein-Völk C, Nye E, Spencer-Dene B, Jaenicke LA, Eilers M, Behrens A. The deubiquitinase USP28 controls intestinal homeostasis and promotes colorectal cancer. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:3407-18. [PMID: 24960159 PMCID: PMC4109555 DOI: 10.1172/jci73733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer worldwide. Although the transcription factor c-MYC is misregulated in the majority of colorectal tumors, it is difficult to target directly. The deubiquitinase USP28 stabilizes oncogenic factors, including c-MYC; however, the contribution of USP28 in tumorigenesis, particularly in the intestine, is unknown. Here, using murine genetic models, we determined that USP28 antagonizes the ubiquitin-dependent degradation of c-MYC, a known USP28 substrate, as well as 2 additional oncogenic factors, c-JUN and NOTCH1, in the intestine. Mice lacking Usp28 had no apparent adverse phenotypes, but exhibited reduced intestinal proliferation and impaired differentiation of secretory lineage cells. In a murine model of colorectal cancer, Usp28 deletion resulted in fewer intestinal tumors, and importantly, in established tumors, Usp28 deletion reduced tumor size and dramatically increased lifespan. Moreover, we identified Usp28 as a c-MYC target gene highly expressed in murine and human intestinal cancers, which indicates that USP28 and c-MYC form a positive feedback loop that maintains high c-MYC protein levels in tumors. Usp28 deficiency promoted tumor cell differentiation accompanied by decreased proliferation, which suggests that USP28 acts similarly in intestinal homeostasis and colorectal cancer models. Hence, inhibition of the enzymatic activity of USP28 may be a potential target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus E. Diefenbacher
- Mammalian Genetics Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratories, London, United Kingdom. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany. Experimental Histopathology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratories, London, United Kingdom. School of Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nikita Popov
- Mammalian Genetics Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratories, London, United Kingdom. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany. Experimental Histopathology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratories, London, United Kingdom. School of Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sophia M. Blake
- Mammalian Genetics Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratories, London, United Kingdom. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany. Experimental Histopathology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratories, London, United Kingdom. School of Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christina Schülein-Völk
- Mammalian Genetics Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratories, London, United Kingdom. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany. Experimental Histopathology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratories, London, United Kingdom. School of Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Nye
- Mammalian Genetics Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratories, London, United Kingdom. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany. Experimental Histopathology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratories, London, United Kingdom. School of Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bradley Spencer-Dene
- Mammalian Genetics Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratories, London, United Kingdom. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany. Experimental Histopathology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratories, London, United Kingdom. School of Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laura A. Jaenicke
- Mammalian Genetics Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratories, London, United Kingdom. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany. Experimental Histopathology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratories, London, United Kingdom. School of Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Eilers
- Mammalian Genetics Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratories, London, United Kingdom. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany. Experimental Histopathology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratories, London, United Kingdom. School of Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Axel Behrens
- Mammalian Genetics Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratories, London, United Kingdom. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany. Experimental Histopathology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratories, London, United Kingdom. School of Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
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Schmitt CE, Lizama CO, Zovein AC. From transplantation to transgenics: Mouse models of developmental hematopoiesis. Exp Hematol 2014; 42:707-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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123
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Cited2 is required in trophoblasts for correct placental capillary patterning. Dev Biol 2014; 392:62-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Ye Y, Li X, Wang W, Ouedraogo KC, Li Y, Gan C, Tan S, Zhou X, Wu M. Atg7 deficiency impairs host defense against Klebsiella pneumoniae by impacting bacterial clearance, survival and inflammatory responses in mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 307:L355-63. [PMID: 24993132 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00046.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kp) is a Gram-negative bacterium that can cause serious infections in humans. Autophagy-related gene 7 (Atg7) has been implicated in certain bacterial infections; however, the role of Atg7 in macrophage-mediated immunity against Kp infection has not been elucidated. Here we showed that Atg7 expression was significantly increased in murine alveolar macrophages (MH-S) upon Kp infection, indicating that Atg7 participated in host defense. Knocking down Atg7 with small-interfering RNA increased bacterial burdens in MH-S cells. Using cell biology assays and whole animal imaging analysis, we found that compared with wild-type mice atg7 knockout (KO) mice exhibited increased susceptibility to Kp infection, with decreased survival rates, decreased bacterial clearance, and intensified lung injury. Moreover, Kp infection induced excessive proinflammatory cytokines and superoxide in the lung of atg7 KO mice. Similarly, silencing Atg7 in MH-S cells markedly increased expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Collectively, these findings reveal that Atg7 offers critical resistance to Kp infection by modulating both systemic and local production of proinflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ye
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota
| | - Xuefeng Li
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota
| | - Wenxue Wang
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota
| | - Kiswendsida Claude Ouedraogo
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota
| | - Changpei Gan
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota
| | - Shirui Tan
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota
| | - Xikun Zhou
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota
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125
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Phesse TJ, Myant KB, Cole AM, Ridgway RA, Pearson H, Muncan V, van den Brink GR, Vousden KH, Sears R, Vassilev LT, Clarke AR, Sansom OJ. Endogenous c-Myc is essential for p53-induced apoptosis in response to DNA damage in vivo. Cell Death Differ 2014; 21:956-66. [PMID: 24583641 PMCID: PMC4013513 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that C-MYC may be an excellent therapeutic cancer target and a number of new agents targeting C-MYC are in preclinical development. Given most therapeutic regimes would combine C-MYC inhibition with genotoxic damage, it is important to assess the importance of C-MYC function for DNA damage signalling in vivo. In this study, we have conditionally deleted the c-Myc gene in the adult murine intestine and investigated the apoptotic response of intestinal enterocytes to DNA damage. Remarkably, c-Myc deletion completely abrogated the immediate wave of apoptosis following both ionizing irradiation and cisplatin treatment, recapitulating the phenotype of p53 deficiency in the intestine. Consistent with this, c-Myc-deficient intestinal enterocytes did not upregulate p53. Mechanistically, this was linked to an upregulation of the E3 Ubiquitin ligase Mdm2, which targets p53 for degradation in c-Myc-deficient intestinal enterocytes. Further, low level overexpression of c-Myc, which does not impact on basal levels of apoptosis, elicited sustained apoptosis in response to DNA damage, suggesting c-Myc activity acts as a crucial cell survival rheostat following DNA damage. We also identify the importance of MYC during DNA damage-induced apoptosis in several other tissues, including the thymus and spleen, using systemic deletion of c-Myc throughout the adult mouse. Together, we have elucidated for the first time in vivo an essential role for endogenous c-Myc in signalling DNA damage-induced apoptosis through the control of the p53 tumour suppressor protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Phesse
- School of Biosciences, University of Cardiff.CF10 3US, Cardiff, UK
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne, Australia
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - K B Myant
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - A M Cole
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - R A Ridgway
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - H Pearson
- School of Biosciences, University of Cardiff.CF10 3US, Cardiff, UK
| | - V Muncan
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - G R van den Brink
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - K H Vousden
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - R Sears
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - L T Vassilev
- Discovery Oncology, Roche Research Center, Nutley, NJ, USA
| | - A R Clarke
- School of Biosciences, University of Cardiff.CF10 3US, Cardiff, UK
| | - O J Sansom
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, UK
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126
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Lakhe-Reddy S, Li V, Arnold TD, Khan S, Schelling JR. Mesangial cell αvβ8-integrin regulates glomerular capillary integrity and repair. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 306:F1400-9. [PMID: 24740792 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00624.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
αvβ8-Integrin is most abundantly expressed in the kidney, brain, and female reproductive organs, and its cognate ligand is latent transforming growth factor (LTGF)-β. Kidney αvβ8-integrin localizes to mesangial cells, and global β8-integrin gene (Itgb8) deletion results in embryonic lethality due to impaired placentation and cerebral hemorrhage. To circumvent the lethality and better define kidney αvβ8-integrin function, Cre-lox technology was used to generate mesangial-specific Itgb8-null mice. Platelet-derived growth factor-β receptor (PDGFBR)-Cre mice crossed with a reporter strain revealed functional Cre recombinase activity in a predicted mesangial pattern. However, mating between two different PDGFBR-Cre or Ren1(d)-Cre strains with Itgb8 (flox/-) mice consistently resulted in incomplete recombination, with no renal phenotype in mosaic offspring. Induction of a renal phenotype with Habu snake venom, a reversible mesangiolytic agent, caused exaggerated glomerular capillary microaneurysms and delayed recovery in Cre(+/-) PDGFRB (flox/-) mice compared with Cre(+/-) PDGFRB (flox/+) control mice. To establish the mechanism, in vitro experiments were conducted in Itgb8-null versus Itgb8-expressing mesangial cells and fibroblasts, which revealed β8-integrin-regulated adhesion to Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptides within a mesangial-conditioned matrix as well as β8-integrin-dependent migration on RGD-containing LTGF-β or vitronectin matrices. We speculate that kidney αvβ8-integrin indirectly controls glomerular capillary integrity through mechanical tension generated by binding RGD peptides in the mesangial matrix, and healing after glomerular injury may be facilitated by mesangial cell migration, which is guided by transient β8-integrin interactions with RGD ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujata Lakhe-Reddy
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Rammelkamp Center for Research, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio; and
| | - Vincent Li
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Rammelkamp Center for Research, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio; and
| | - Thomas D Arnold
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Shenaz Khan
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Rammelkamp Center for Research, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio; and
| | - Jeffrey R Schelling
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Rammelkamp Center for Research, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio; and
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127
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Gierut JJ, Jacks TE, Haigis KM. Strategies to achieve conditional gene mutation in mice. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2014; 2014:339-49. [PMID: 24692485 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.top069807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The laboratory mouse is an ideal model organism for studying disease because it is physiologically similar to human and also because its genome is readily manipulated. Genetic engineering allows researchers to introduce specific loss-of-function or gain-of-function mutations into genes and then to study the resulting phenotypes in an in vivo context. One drawback of using traditional transgenic and knockout mice to study human diseases is that many mutations passed through the germline can profoundly affect development, thus impeding the study of disease phenotypes in adults. New technology has made it possible to generate conditional mutations that can be introduced in a spatially and/or temporally restricted manner. Mouse strains carrying conditional mutations represent valuable experimental models for the study of human diseases and they can be used to develop strategies for prevention and treatment of these diseases. In this article, we will describe the most widely used DNA recombinase systems used to achieve conditional gene mutation in mouse models and discuss how these systems can be employed in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J Gierut
- Molecular Pathology Unit and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129
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128
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Rutkowski MR, Allegrezza MJ, Svoronos N, Tesone AJ, Stephen TL, Perales-Puchalt A, Nguyen J, Zhang PJ, Fiering SN, Tchou J, Conejo-Garcia JR. Initiation of metastatic breast carcinoma by targeting of the ductal epithelium with adenovirus-cre: a novel transgenic mouse model of breast cancer. J Vis Exp 2014. [PMID: 24748051 PMCID: PMC4027029 DOI: 10.3791/51171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease involving complex cellular interactions between the developing tumor and immune system, eventually resulting in exponential tumor growth and metastasis to distal tissues and the collapse of anti-tumor immunity. Many useful animal models exist to study breast cancer, but none completely recapitulate the disease progression that occurs in humans. In order to gain a better understanding of the cellular interactions that result in the formation of latent metastasis and decreased survival, we have generated an inducible transgenic mouse model of YFP-expressing ductal carcinoma that develops after sexual maturity in immune-competent mice and is driven by consistent, endocrine-independent oncogene expression. Activation of YFP, ablation of p53, and expression of an oncogenic form of K-ras was achieved by the delivery of an adenovirus expressing Cre-recombinase into the mammary duct of sexually mature, virgin female mice. Tumors begin to appear 6 weeks after the initiation of oncogenic events. After tumors become apparent, they progress slowly for approximately two weeks before they begin to grow exponentially. After 7-8 weeks post-adenovirus injection, vasculature is observed connecting the tumor mass to distal lymph nodes, with eventual lymphovascular invasion of YFP+ tumor cells to the distal axillary lymph nodes. Infiltrating leukocyte populations are similar to those found in human breast carcinomas, including the presence of αβ and γδ T cells, macrophages and MDSCs. This unique model will facilitate the study of cellular and immunological mechanisms involved in latent metastasis and dormancy in addition to being useful for designing novel immunotherapeutic interventions to treat invasive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Amelia J Tesone
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, Wistar Institute
| | - Tom L Stephen
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, Wistar Institute
| | | | - Jenny Nguyen
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, Wistar Institute
| | - Paul J Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Steven N Fiering
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth
| | - Julia Tchou
- Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Rena Rowan Breast Center, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania; Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
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Miura H, Scott JK, Harada S, Barlow LA. Sonic hedgehog-expressing basal cells are general post-mitotic precursors of functional taste receptor cells. Dev Dyn 2014; 243:1286-97. [PMID: 24590958 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Taste buds contain ∼60 elongate cells and several basal cells. Elongate cells comprise three functional taste cell types: I, glial cells; II, bitter/sweet/umami receptor cells; and III, sour detectors. Although taste cells are continuously renewed, lineage relationships among cell types are ill-defined. Basal cells have been proposed as taste bud stem cells, a subset of which express Sonic hedgehog (Shh). However, Shh+ basal cells turn over rapidly suggesting that Shh+ cells are post-mitotic precursors of some or all taste cell types. RESULTS To fate map Shh-expressing cells, mice carrying ShhCreER(T2) and a high (CAG-CAT-EGFP) or low (R26RLacZ) efficiency reporter allele were given tamoxifen to activate Cre in Shh+ cells. Using R26RLacZ, lineage-labeled cells occur singly within buds, supporting a post-mitotic state for Shh+ cells. Using either reporter, we show that Shh+ cells differentiate into all three taste cell types, in proportions reflecting cell type ratios in taste buds (I > II > III). CONCLUSIONS Shh+ cells are not stem cells, but are post-mitotic, immediate precursors of taste cells. Shh+ cells differentiate into each of the three taste cell types, and the choice of a specific taste cell fate is regulated to maintain the proper ratio within buds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohito Miura
- Department of Oral Physiology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Kagoshima, Japan
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130
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Le Bin GC, Muñoz-Descalzo S, Kurowski A, Leitch H, Lou X, Mansfield W, Etienne-Dumeau C, Grabole N, Mulas C, Niwa H, Hadjantonakis AK, Nichols J. Oct4 is required for lineage priming in the developing inner cell mass of the mouse blastocyst. Development 2014; 141:1001-10. [PMID: 24504341 PMCID: PMC3929414 DOI: 10.1242/dev.096875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor Oct4 is required in vitro for establishment and maintenance of embryonic stem cells and for reprogramming somatic cells to pluripotency. In vivo, it prevents the ectopic differentiation of early embryos into trophoblast. Here, we further explore the role of Oct4 in blastocyst formation and specification of epiblast versus primitive endoderm lineages using conditional genetic deletion. Experiments involving mouse embryos deficient for both maternal and zygotic Oct4 suggest that it is dispensable for zygote formation, early cleavage and activation of Nanog expression. Nanog protein is significantly elevated in the presumptive inner cell mass of Oct4 null embryos, suggesting an unexpected role for Oct4 in attenuating the level of Nanog, which might be significant for priming differentiation during epiblast maturation. Induced deletion of Oct4 during the morula to blastocyst transition disrupts the ability of inner cell mass cells to adopt lineage-specific identity and acquire the molecular profile characteristic of either epiblast or primitive endoderm. Sox17, a marker of primitive endoderm, is not detected following prolonged culture of such embryos, but can be rescued by provision of exogenous FGF4. Interestingly, functional primitive endoderm can be rescued in Oct4-deficient embryos in embryonic stem cell complementation assays, but only if the host embryos are at the pre-blastocyst stage. We conclude that cell fate decisions within the inner cell mass are dependent upon Oct4 and that Oct4 is not cell-autonomously required for the differentiation of primitive endoderm derivatives, as long as an appropriate developmental environment is established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloryn Chia Le Bin
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
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131
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D'Amico G, Korhonen EA, Anisimov A, Zarkada G, Holopainen T, Hägerling R, Kiefer F, Eklund L, Sormunen R, Elamaa H, Brekken RA, Adams RH, Koh GY, Saharinen P, Alitalo K. Tie1 deletion inhibits tumor growth and improves angiopoietin antagonist therapy. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:824-34. [PMID: 24430181 DOI: 10.1172/jci68897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelial Tie1 receptor is ligand-less, but interacts with the Tie2 receptor for angiopoietins (Angpt). Angpt2 is expressed in tumor blood vessels, and its blockade inhibits tumor angiogenesis. Here we found that Tie1 deletion from the endothelium of adult mice inhibits tumor angiogenesis and growth by decreasing endothelial cell survival in tumor vessels, without affecting normal vasculature. Treatment with VEGF or VEGFR-2 blocking antibodies similarly reduced tumor angiogenesis and growth; however, no additive inhibition was obtained by targeting both Tie1 and VEGF/VEGFR-2. In contrast, treatment of Tie1-deficient mice with a soluble form of the extracellular domain of Tie2, which blocks Angpt activity, resulted in additive inhibition of tumor growth. Notably, Tie1 deletion decreased sprouting angiogenesis and increased Notch pathway activity in the postnatal retinal vasculature, while pharmacological Notch suppression in the absence of Tie1 promoted retinal hypervasularization. Moreover, substantial additive inhibition of the retinal vascular front migration was observed when Angpt2 blocking antibodies were administered to Tie1-deficient pups. Thus, Tie1 regulates tumor angiogenesis, postnatal sprouting angiogenesis, and endothelial cell survival, which are controlled by VEGF, Angpt, and Notch signals. Our results suggest that targeting Tie1 in combination with Angpt/Tie2 has the potential to improve antiangiogenic therapy.
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132
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Abstract
Fate maps, by defining the relationship between embryonic tissue organization and postnatal tissue structure, are one of the most important tools on hand to developmental biologists. In the past, generating such maps in mice was hindered by their in utero development limiting the physical access required for traditional methods involving tracer injection or cell transplantation. No longer is physical access a requirement. Innovations over the past decade have led to genetic techniques that offer means to "deliver" cell lineage tracers noninvasively. Such "genetic fate mapping" approaches employ transgenic strategies to express genetically encoded site-specific recombinases in a cell type-specific manner to switch on expression of a cell-heritable reporter transgene as lineage tracer. The behaviors and fate of marked cells and their progeny can then be explored and their contributions to different tissues examined. Here, we review the basic concepts of genetic fate mapping and consider the strengths and limitations for their application. We also explore two refinements of this approach that lend improved spatial and temporal resolution: (1) Intersectional and subtractive genetic fate mapping and (2) Genetic inducible fate mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Jensen
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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133
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Janbandhu VC, Moik D, Fässler R. Cre recombinase induces DNA damage and tetraploidy in the absence of loxP sites. Cell Cycle 2013; 13:462-70. [PMID: 24280829 DOI: 10.4161/cc.27271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The spatiotemporal manipulations of gene expression by the Cre recombinase (Cre) of bacteriophage P1 has become an essential asset to understanding mammalian genetics. Accumulating evidence suggests that Cre activity can, in addition to excising targeted loxP sites, induce cytotoxic effects, including abnormal cell cycle progression, genomic instability, and apoptosis, which can accelerate cancer progression. It is speculated that these defects are caused by Cre-induced DNA damage at off-target sites. Here we report the formation of tetraploid keratinocytes in the epidermis of keratin 5 and/or keratin 14 promoter-driven Cre (KRT5- and KRT14-Cre) expressing mouse skin. Biochemical analyses and flow cytometry demonstrated that Cre expression also induces DNA damage, genomic instability, and tetraploidy in HCT116 cells, and live-cell imaging revealed an extension of the G 2 cell cycle phase followed by defective or skipping of mitosis as cause for the tetraploidy. Since tetraploidy eventually leads to aneuploidy, a hallmark of cancer, our findings highlight the importance of distinguishing non-specific cytopathic effects from specific Cre/loxP-driven genetic manipulations when using Cre-mediated gene deletions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhao C Janbandhu
- Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry; Department of Molecular Medicine; Martinsried, Germany
| | - Daniel Moik
- Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry; Department of Molecular Medicine; Martinsried, Germany
| | - Reinhard Fässler
- Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry; Department of Molecular Medicine; Martinsried, Germany
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134
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Saran S, Tran DDH, Klebba-Färber S, Moran-Losada P, Wiehlmann L, Koch A, Chopra H, Pabst O, Hoffmann A, Klopfleisch R, Tamura T. THOC5, a member of the mRNA export complex, contributes to processing of a subset of wingless/integrated (Wnt) target mRNAs and integrity of the gut epithelial barrier. BMC Cell Biol 2013; 14:51. [PMID: 24267292 PMCID: PMC4222586 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-14-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background THO (Suppressors of the transcriptional defects of hpr1 delta by overexpression) complex 5 (THOC5), an mRNA export protein, is involved in the expression of only 1% of all genes. Using an interferon inducible knockout mouse system, we have previously shown that THOC5 is an essential element in the maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells and cytokine-mediated hematopoiesis in adult mice. Here we interrogate THOC5 function in cell differentiation beyond the hematopoietic system and study pathological changes caused by THOC5 deficiency. Results To examine whether THOC5 plays a role in general differentiation processes, we generated tamoxifen inducible THOC5 knockout mice. We show here that the depletion of THOC5 impaired not only hematopoietic differentiation, but also differentiation and self renewal of the gut epithelium. Depletion of the THOC5 gene did not cause pathological alterations in liver or kidney. We further show that THOC5 is indispensable for processing of mRNAs induced by Wnt (wingless/integrated) signaling which play key roles in epithelial cell differentiation/proliferation. A subset of Wnt target mRNAs, SRY-box containing gene 9 (Sox9), and achaete-scute complex homolog 2 (Ascl2), but not Fibronectin 1 (Fn1), were down-regulated in THOC5 knockout intestinal cells. The down-regulated Wnt target mRNAs were able to bind to THOC5. Furthermore, pathological alterations in the gastrointestinal tract induced translocation of intestinal bacteria and caused sepsis in mice. The bacteria translocation may cause Toll-like receptor activation. We identified one of the Toll-like receptor inducible genes, prostaglandin-endoperoxidase synthase 2 (Ptgs2 or COX2) transcript as THOC5 target mRNA. Conclusion THOC5 is indispensable for processing of only a subset of mRNAs, but plays a key role in processing of mRNAs inducible by Wnt signals. Furthermore, THOC5 is dispensable for general mRNA export in terminally differentiated organs, indicating that multiple mRNA export pathways exist. These data imply that THOC5 may be a useful tool for studying intestinal stem cells, for modifying the differentiation processes and for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Saran
- Institut fuer Biochemie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, OE4310 Carl-Neuberg-Str, 1, Hannover D-30623, Germany.
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135
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Kozar S, Morrissey E, Nicholson AM, van der Heijden M, Zecchini HI, Kemp R, Tavaré S, Vermeulen L, Winton DJ. Continuous clonal labeling reveals small numbers of functional stem cells in intestinal crypts and adenomas. Cell Stem Cell 2013; 13:626-33. [PMID: 24035355 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lineage-tracing approaches, widely used to characterize stem cell populations, rely on the specificity and stability of individual markers for accurate results. We present a method in which genetic labeling in the intestinal epithelium is acquired as a mutation-induced clonal mark during DNA replication. By determining the rate of mutation in vivo and combining this data with the known neutral-drift dynamics that describe intestinal stem cell replacement, we quantify the number of functional stem cells in crypts and adenomas. Contrary to previous reports, we find that significantly lower numbers of "working" stem cells are present in the intestinal epithelium (five to seven per crypt) and in adenomas (nine per gland), and that those stem cells are also replaced at a significantly lower rate. These findings suggest that the bulk of tumor stem cell divisions serve only to replace stem cell loss, with rare clonal victors driving gland repopulation and tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kozar
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
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136
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Ciaudo C, Jay F, Okamoto I, Chen CJ, Sarazin A, Servant N, Barillot E, Heard E, Voinnet O. RNAi-dependent and independent control of LINE1 accumulation and mobility in mouse embryonic stem cells. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003791. [PMID: 24244175 PMCID: PMC3820764 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In most mouse tissues, long-interspersed elements-1 (L1s) are silenced via methylation of their 5'-untranslated regions (5'-UTR). A gradual loss-of-methylation in pre-implantation embryos coincides with L1 retrotransposition in blastocysts, generating potentially harmful mutations. Here, we show that Dicer- and Ago2-dependent RNAi restricts L1 accumulation and retrotransposition in undifferentiated mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), derived from blastocysts. RNAi correlates with production of Dicer-dependent 22-nt small RNAs mapping to overlapping sense/antisense transcripts produced from the L1 5'-UTR. However, RNA-surveillance pathways simultaneously degrade these transcripts and, consequently, confound the anti-L1 RNAi response. In Dicer(-/-) mESC complementation experiments involving ectopic Dicer expression, L1 silencing was rescued in cells in which microRNAs remained strongly depleted. Furthermore, these cells proliferated and differentiated normally, unlike their non-complemented counterparts. These results shed new light on L1 biology, uncover defensive, in addition to regulatory roles for RNAi, and raise questions on the differentiation defects of Dicer(-/-) mESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance Ciaudo
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Department of Biology, Chair of RNA biology, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR3215, Paris, France
| | - Florence Jay
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Department of Biology, Chair of RNA biology, Zurich, Switzerland
- Life Science Zurich Graduate School, Plant Sciences program, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Chong-Jian Chen
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR3215, Paris, France
- Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Alexis Sarazin
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Department of Biology, Chair of RNA biology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Servant
- Institut Curie, Paris, France
- INSERM U900, Paris, France
- Mines ParisTech, Fontainebleau, France
| | - Emmanuel Barillot
- Institut Curie, Paris, France
- INSERM U900, Paris, France
- Mines ParisTech, Fontainebleau, France
| | | | - Olivier Voinnet
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Department of Biology, Chair of RNA biology, Zurich, Switzerland
- Life Science Zurich Graduate School, Plant Sciences program, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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137
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Tran DDH, Saran S, Dittrich-Breiholz O, Williamson AJK, Klebba-Färber S, Koch A, Kracht M, Whetton AD, Tamura T. Transcriptional regulation of immediate-early gene response by THOC5, a member of mRNA export complex, contributes to the M-CSF-induced macrophage differentiation. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e879. [PMID: 24157873 PMCID: PMC3920956 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoiesis and commitment to a restricted lineage are guided by a timely expressed set of cytokine receptors and their downstream transcription factors. A member of the mRNA export complex, THOC5 (suppressors of the transcriptional defects of hpr1 delta by overexpression complex 5) is a substrate for several tyrosine kinases such as macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) receptor and various leukemogenic tyrosine kinases, such as Bcr-Abl, or NPM-ALK. THOC5 tyrosine phosphorylation is elevated in stem cells from patients with chronic myeloid leukemia, suggesting that THOC5 may be involved in leukemia development. THOC5 is also an essential element in the maintenance of hematopoiesis in adult mice. In this report, we show that THOC5 is located in the nuclear speckles, and that it is translocated from the nucleus to cytoplasm during M-CSF-induced bone marrow-derived macrophage differentiation. Furthermore, we have identified THOC5 target genes by trancriptome analysis, using tamoxifen-inducible THOC5 knockout macrophages. Although only 99 genes were downregulated in THOC5-depleted macrophages, half of the genes are involved in differentiation and/or migration. These include well-known regulators of myeloid differentiation inhibitor of DNA binding (Id)1, Id3, Smad family member 6 (Smad6) and Homeobox (Hox)A1. In addition, a subset of M-CSF-inducible genes, such as Ets family mRNAs are THOC5 target mRNAs. Upon depletion of THOC5, unspliced v-ets erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog (Ets1) mRNA was accumulated in the nucleus. Furthermore, THOC5 was recruited to chromatin where Ets1 was transcribed and bound to unspliced and spliced Ets1 transcripts, indicating that THOC5 has a role in processing/export of M-CSF-inducible genes. In conclusion, regulation of immediate-early gene response by THOC5, a member of mRNA export complex contributes to the M-CSF-induced macrophage differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D H Tran
- Institut fuer Biochemie, OE4310, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Street 1, Hannover D-30623, Germany
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138
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Selecting antagonistic antibodies that control differentiation through inducible expression in embryonic stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:17802-7. [PMID: 24082130 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1312062110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies that modulate receptor function have great untapped potential in the control of stem cell differentiation. In contrast to many natural ligands, antibodies are stable, exquisitely specific, and are unaffected by the regulatory mechanisms that act on natural ligands. Here we describe an innovative system for identifying such antibodies by introducing and expressing antibody gene populations in ES cells. Following induced antibody expression and secretion, changes in differentiation outcomes of individual antibody-expressing ES clones are monitored using lineage-specific gene expression to identify clones that encode and express signal-modifying antibodies. This in-cell expression and reporting system was exemplified by generating blocking antibodies to FGF4 and its receptor FGFR1β, identified through delayed onset of ES cell differentiation. Functionality of the selected antibodies was confirmed by addition of exogenous antibodies to three different ES reporter cell lines, where retained expression of pluripotency markers Oct4, Nanog, and Rex1 was observed. This work demonstrates the potential for discovery and utility of functional antibodies in stem cell differentiation. This work is also unique in constituting an example of ES cells carrying an inducible antibody that causes a functional protein "knock-down" and allows temporal control of stable signaling components at the protein level.
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139
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Kirchmaier S, Höckendorf B, Möller EK, Bornhorst D, Spitz F, Wittbrodt J. Efficient site-specific transgenesis and enhancer activity tests in medaka using PhiC31 integrase. Development 2013; 140:4287-95. [PMID: 24048591 PMCID: PMC3809364 DOI: 10.1242/dev.096081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Established transgenesis methods for fish model systems allow efficient genomic integration of transgenes. However, thus far a way of controlling copy number and integration sites has not been available, leading to variable transgene expression caused by position effects. The integration of transgenes at predefined genomic positions enables the direct comparison of different transgenes, thereby improving time and cost efficiency. Here, we report an efficient PhiC31-based site-specific transgenesis system for medaka. This system includes features that allow the pre-selection of successfully targeted integrations early on in the injected generation. Pre-selected embryos transmit the correctly integrated transgene through the germline with high efficiency. The landing site design enables a variety of applications, such as reporter and enhancer switch, in addition to the integration of any insert. Importantly, this allows assaying of enhancer activity in a site-specific manner without requiring germline transmission, thus speeding up large-scale analyses of regulatory elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Kirchmaier
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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140
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Abstract
Cre/LoxP has broad utility for studying the function, development, and oncogenic transformation of pancreatic cells in mice. Here we provide an overview of the Cre driver lines that are available for such studies. We discuss how variegated expression, transgene silencing, and recombination in undesired cell types have conspired to limit the performance of these lines, sometimes leading to serious experimental concerns. We also discuss preferred strategies for achieving high-fidelity driver lines and remind investigators of the continuing need for caution when interpreting results obtained from any Cre/LoxP-based experiment performed in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Magnuson
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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141
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van der Weyden L, Adams DJ. Cancer of mice and men: old twists and new tails. J Pathol 2013; 230:4-16. [PMID: 23436574 DOI: 10.1002/path.4184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this review we set out to celebrate the contribution that mouse models of human cancer have made to our understanding of the fundamental mechanisms driving tumourigenesis. We take the opportunity to look forward to how the mouse will be used to model cancer and the tools and technologies that will be applied, and indulge in looking back at the key advances the mouse has made possible.
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142
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Boyd A, Zhang H, Williams A. Insufficient OPC migration into demyelinated lesions is a cause of poor remyelination in MS and mouse models. Acta Neuropathol 2013; 125:841-59. [PMID: 23595275 PMCID: PMC3661931 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-013-1112-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Failure of remyelination of multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions contributes to neurodegeneration that correlates with chronic disability in patients. Currently, there are no available treatments to reduce neurodegeneration, but one therapeutic approach to fill this unmet need is to promote remyelination. As many demyelinated MS lesions contain plentiful oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), but no mature myelinating oligodendrocytes, research has previously concentrated on promoting OPC maturation. However, some MS lesions contain few OPCs, and therefore, remyelination failure may also be secondary to OPC recruitment failure. Here, in a series of MS samples, we determined how many lesions contained few OPCs, and correlated this to pathological subtype and expression of the chemotactic molecules Semaphorin (Sema) 3A and 3F. 37 % of MS lesions contained low numbers of OPCs, and these were mostly chronic active lesions, in which cells expressed Sema3A (chemorepellent). To test the hypothesis that differential Sema3 expression in demyelinated lesions alters OPC recruitment and the efficiency of subsequent remyelination, we used a focal myelinotoxic mouse model of demyelination. Adding recombinant (r)Sema3A (chemorepellent) to demyelinated lesions reduced OPC recruitment and remyelination, whereas the addition of rSema3F (chemoattractant), or use of transgenic mice with reduced Sema3A expression increased OPC recruitment and remyelination. We conclude that some MS lesions fail to remyelinate secondary to reduced OPC recruitment, and that chemotactic molecules are involved in the mechanism, providing a new group of drug targets to improve remyelination, with a specific target in the Sema3A receptor neuropilin-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Boyd
- MS Centre, MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Bioquarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU UK
| | - Hui Zhang
- MS Centre, MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Bioquarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU UK
| | - Anna Williams
- MS Centre, MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Bioquarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU UK
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143
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TCreERT2, a transgenic mouse line for temporal control of Cre-mediated recombination in lineages emerging from the primitive streak or tail bud. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62479. [PMID: 23638095 PMCID: PMC3640045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of axis extension and somitogenesis has been greatly advanced through the use of genetic tools such as the TCre mouse line. In this line, Cre is controlled by a fragment of the T (Brachyury) promoter that is active in progenitor cells that reside within the primitive streak and tail bud and which give rise to lineages emerging from these tissues as the embryonic axis extends. However, because TCre-mediated recombination occurs early in development, gene inactivation can result in an axis truncation that precludes the study of gene function in later or more posterior tissues. To address this limitation, we have generated an inducible TCre transgenic mouse line, called TCreERT2, that provides temporal control, through tamoxifen administration, in all cells emerging from the primitive streak or tail bud throughout development. TCreERT2 activity is mostly silent in the absence of tamoxifen and, in its presence, results in near complete recombination of emerging mesoderm from E7.5 through E13.5. We demonstrate the utility of the TCreERT2 line for determining rate of posterior axis extension and somite formation, thus providing the first in vivo tool for such measurements. To test the usefulness of TCreERT2 for genetic manipulation, we demonstrate that an early deletion of ß-Catenin via TCreERT2 induction phenocopies the TCre-mediated deletion of ß-Catenin defect, whereas a later induction bypasses this early phenotype and produces a similar defect in more caudal tissues. TCreERT2 provides a useful and novel tool for the control of gene expression of emerging embryonic lineages throughout development.
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144
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Embryonic founders of adult muscle stem cells are primed by the determination gene Mrf4. Dev Biol 2013; 381:241-55. [PMID: 23623977 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle satellite cells play a critical role during muscle growth, homoeostasis and regeneration. Selective induction of the muscle determination genes Myf5, Myod and Mrf4 during prenatal development can potentially impact on the reported functional heterogeneity of adult satellite cells. Accordingly, expression of Myf5 was reported to diminish the self-renewal potential of the majority of satellite cells. In contrast, virtually all adult satellite cells showed antecedence of Myod activity. Here we examine the priming of myogenic cells by Mrf4 throughout development. Using a Cre-lox based genetic strategy and novel highly sensitive Pax7 reporter alleles compared to the ubiquitous Rosa26-based reporters, we show that all adult satellite cells, independently of their anatomical location or embryonic origin, have been primed for Mrf4 expression. Given that Mrf4Cre and Mrf4nlacZ are active exclusively in progenitors during embryogenesis, whereas later expression is restricted to differentiated myogenic cells, our findings suggest that adult satellite cells emerge from embryonic founder cells in which the Mrf4 locus was activated. Therefore, this level of myogenic priming by induction of Mrf4, does not compromise the potential of the founder cells to assume an upstream muscle stem cell state. We propose that embryonic myogenic cells and the majority of adult muscle stem cells form a lineage continuum.
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145
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Liu J, Willet SG, Bankaitis ED, Xu Y, Wright CVE, Gu G. Non-parallel recombination limits Cre-LoxP-based reporters as precise indicators of conditional genetic manipulation. Genesis 2013; 51:436-42. [PMID: 23441020 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cre/LoxP-mediated recombination allows for conditional gene activation or inactivation. When combined with an independent lineage-tracing reporter allele, this technique traces the lineage of presumptive genetically modified Cre-expressing cells. Several studies have suggested that floxed alleles have differential sensitivities to Cre-mediated recombination, which raises concerns regarding utilization of Cre-reporters to monitor recombination of other floxed loci of interest. Here, we directly investigate the recombination correlation, at cellular resolution, between several floxed alleles induced by Cre-expressing mouse lines. The recombination correlation between different reporter alleles varied greatly in otherwise genetically identical cell types. The chromosomal location of floxed alleles, distance between LoxP sites, sequences flanking the LoxP sites, and the level of Cre activity per cell all likely contribute to observed variations in recombination correlation. These findings directly demonstrate that, due to non-parallel recombination events, commonly available Cre reporter mice cannot be reliably utilized, in all cases, to trace cells that have DNA recombination in independent-target floxed alleles, and that careful validation of recombination correlations are required for proper interpretation of studies designed to trace the lineage of genetically modified populations, especially in mosaic situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Program of Developmental Biology, Stem Cell Center, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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146
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Buczacki SJA, Zecchini HI, Nicholson AM, Russell R, Vermeulen L, Kemp R, Winton DJ. Intestinal label-retaining cells are secretory precursors expressing Lgr5. Nature 2013; 495:65-9. [PMID: 23446353 DOI: 10.1038/nature11965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 568] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The rapid cell turnover of the intestinal epithelium is achieved from small numbers of stem cells located in the base of glandular crypts. These stem cells have been variously described as rapidly cycling or quiescent. A functional arrangement of stem cells that reconciles both of these behaviours has so far been difficult to obtain. Alternative explanations for quiescent cells have been that they act as a parallel or reserve population that replace rapidly cycling stem cells periodically or after injury; their exact nature remains unknown. Here we show mouse intestinal quiescent cells to be precursors that are committed to mature into differentiated secretory cells of the Paneth and enteroendocrine lineage. However, crucially we find that after intestinal injury they are capable of extensive proliferation and can give rise to clones comprising the main epithelial cell types. Thus, quiescent cells can be recalled to the stem-cell state. These findings establish quiescent cells as an effective clonogenic reserve and provide a motivation for investigating their role in pathologies such as colorectal cancers and intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J A Buczacki
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
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147
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Lee KY, Russell SJ, Ussar S, Boucher J, Vernochet C, Mori MA, Smyth G, Rourk M, Cederquist C, Rosen ED, Kahn BB, Kahn CR. Lessons on conditional gene targeting in mouse adipose tissue. Diabetes 2013; 62:864-74. [PMID: 23321074 PMCID: PMC3581196 DOI: 10.2337/db12-1089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Conditional gene targeting has been extensively used for in vivo analysis of gene function in adipocyte cell biology but often with debate over the tissue specificity and the efficacy of inactivation. To directly compare the specificity and efficacy of different Cre lines in mediating adipocyte specific recombination, transgenic Cre lines driven by the adipocyte protein 2 (aP2) and adiponectin (Adipoq) gene promoters, as well as a tamoxifen-inducible Cre driven by the aP2 gene promoter (iaP2), were bred to the Rosa26R (R26R) reporter. All three Cre lines demonstrated recombination in the brown and white fat pads. Using different floxed loci, the individual Cre lines displayed a range of efficacy to Cre-mediated recombination that ranged from no observable recombination to complete recombination within the fat. The Adipoq-Cre exhibited no observable recombination in any other tissues examined, whereas both aP2-Cre lines resulted in recombination in endothelial cells of the heart and nonendothelial, nonmyocyte cells in the skeletal muscle. In addition, the aP2-Cre line can lead to germline recombination of floxed alleles in ~2% of spermatozoa. Thus, different "adipocyte-specific" Cre lines display different degrees of efficiency and specificity, illustrating important differences that must be taken into account in their use for studying adipose biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Y. Lee
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Steven J. Russell
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Siegfried Ussar
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jeremie Boucher
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Cecile Vernochet
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marcelo A. Mori
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Graham Smyth
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael Rourk
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Carly Cederquist
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Evan D. Rosen
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Barbara B. Kahn
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - C. Ronald Kahn
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Corresponding author: C. Ronald Kahn,
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148
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Sequeira I, Legué E, Capgras S, Nicolas JF. Microdissection and visualization of individual hair follicles for lineage tracing studies. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1195:247-58. [PMID: 24281870 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2013_48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In vivo lineage tracing is a valuable technique to study cellular behavior. Our lab developed a lineage tracing method, based on the Cre/lox system, to genetically induce clonal labelling of cells and follow their progeny. Here we describe a protocol for temporally controlled clonal labelling and for microdissection of individual mouse hair follicles. We further present staining and visualization techniques used in our lab to analyze clones issued from genetically induced labelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Sequeira
- Unité de Biologie moléculaire du Développement, Institut Pasteur, 25, rue du Docteur Roux, Paris Cedex 15, F-75724, France,
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149
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Preparation and delivery of 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen for clonal and polyclonal labeling of cells of the surface ectoderm, skin, and hair follicle. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1195:239-45. [PMID: 24504929 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2013_63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To study the cell behavior during morphogenesis of mouse surface ectoderm, skin, and hair follicles, we (1-3) have developed a new method to temporally induce clones that is based on a tamoxifen-dependent Cre recombinase. The classical protocol consisting in dissolving 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen or tamoxifen in corn oil to perform intraperitoneal (ip) injections (4) is not optimal to control the pharmacokinetic parameters of the induction as it leads to experimental variability in terms of timing and level of induction. We have developed a new protocol that consists in solubilizing 4-OHT or tamoxifen in an aqueous solvent using Cremophor(®) EL (5). This allows for intravenous (iv) and intraperitoneal injections.
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150
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Gangoda L, Doerflinger M, Lee YY, Rahimi A, Etemadi N, Chau D, Milla L, O'Connor L, Puthalakath H. Cre transgene results in global attenuation of the cAMP/PKA pathway. Cell Death Dis 2012; 3:e365. [PMID: 22875002 PMCID: PMC3434654 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2012.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Use of the cre transgene in in vivo mouse models to delete a specific 'floxed' allele is a well-accepted method for studying the effects of spatially or temporarily regulated genes. During the course of our investigation into the effect of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) expression on cell death, we found that cre expression either in cultured cell lines or in transgenic mice results in global changes in PKA target phosphorylation. This consequently alters gene expression profile and changes in cytokine secretion such as IL-6. These effects are dependent on its recombinase activity and can be attributed to the upregulation of specific inhibitors of PKA (PKI). These results may explain the cytotoxicity often associated with cre expression in many transgenic animals and may also explain many of the phenotypes observed in the context of Cre-mediated gene deletion. Our results may therefore influence the interpretation of data generated using the conventional cre transgenic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gangoda
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Kingsbury Drive, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia 3086
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