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Olmedo DB, Precioso PM, Lugdero-Correia A, Silva GD, Santos AMGD, Pôrto LC. Exposure source prevalence is associated with gender in hepatitis C virus patients from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2017; 112:632-639. [PMID: 28902289 PMCID: PMC5572449 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760160553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a worldwide public health problem. A characterisation of the differences in exposure sources among genders will enable improvements in surveillance actions. METHODS Exposure data were obtained for 1180 confirmed HCV cases Brazil's mandatory reporting to epidemiological surveillance, which was directed by a reference laboratory in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The Chi-square test (χ2) was used to assess the associations between exposure sources and gender. The prevalence ratio (PR) was calculated for exposures that showed an association. RESULTS The results showed 57.7% cases were female, and associations with snorting drugs, sexual activity, surgery, aesthetic procedures, blood transfusions, and educational level were observed (p < 0.001). Men showed 2.53 (1.33-3.57), 4.83 (3.54-6.59), and 2.18 (1.33-3.57) times more exposure to sniffing drugs, risky sex and higher levels of education, respectively, than women. Women demonstrated 4.46 (3.21-6.21), 1.94 (1.43-2.63), and 3.10 (2.09-4.61) times more exposure to surgery, aesthetic procedures, and blood transfusions, respectively, than men. CONCLUSION Our results showed differences in risk behaviours associated with gender among HCV carriers. These data are likely to significantly influence clinical practice regarding the adoption of specific approaches for counselling and control policies to prevent the emergence of new cases and break the chain of transmission of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Blasquez Olmedo
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Laboratório de Histocompatibilidade e Criopreservação, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Patrícia Marraccini Precioso
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Laboratório de Histocompatibilidade e Criopreservação, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - António Lugdero-Correia
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Laboratório de Histocompatibilidade e Criopreservação, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Guida da Silva
- Secretaria Municipal de Saúde do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Luís Cristóvão Pôrto
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Laboratório de Histocompatibilidade e Criopreservação, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Grebely J, Hajarizadeh B, Dore GJ. Direct-acting antiviral agents for HCV infection affecting people who inject drugs. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 14:641-651. [PMID: 28831184 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2017.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Globally, 12 million people are estimated to have injected drugs in the past year, 50% of whom have chronic HCV infection, with people who have previously injected drugs presenting an additional large reservoir of infection. The availability of simple and tolerable interferon-free direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) for HCV infection, which have a cure rate of >95% represents one of the most exciting advances in clinical medicine in the past few decades. Adherence and response to DAA therapy among people who inject drugs (PWID) receiving opioid substitution therapy (OST) in clinical trials are comparable to populations without a history of injecting drugs. Further data are required among current PWID not receiving OST. Given the potential prevention benefits of treatment, DAAs have enhanced cost-effectiveness among PWID. As HCV therapy is expanded to populations of PWID with high-risk behaviours for re-exposure, acknowledgement that HCV reinfection will occur is crucial, and appropriate strategies must be in place to maximize prevention of reinfection and offer retreatment for reinfection. This Review will also discuss essential components for broadening access to HCV care for PWID as we strive for the global elimination of HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Grebely
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Behzad Hajarizadeh
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Gregory J Dore
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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Gilchrist G, Swan D, Shaw A, Keding A, Towers S, Craine N, Munro A, Hughes E, Parrott S, Mdege N, Strang J, Taylor A, Watson J. Preventing blood-borne virus infection in people who inject drugs in the UK: systematic review, stakeholder interviews, psychosocial intervention development and feasibility randomised controlled trial. Health Technol Assess 2017; 21:1-312. [PMID: 29208190 PMCID: PMC5733383 DOI: 10.3310/hta21720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Opioid substitution therapy and needle exchanges have reduced blood-borne viruses (BBVs) among people who inject drugs (PWID). Some PWID continue to share injecting equipment. OBJECTIVES To develop an evidence-based psychosocial intervention to reduce BBV risk behaviours and increase transmission knowledge among PWID, and conduct a feasibility trial among PWID comparing the intervention with a control. DESIGN A pragmatic, two-armed randomised controlled, open feasibility trial. Service users were Steering Group members and co-developed the intervention. Peer educators co-delivered the intervention in London. SETTING NHS or third-sector drug treatment or needle exchanges in Glasgow, London, Wrexham and York, recruiting January and February 2016. PARTICIPANTS Current PWID, aged ≥ 18 years. INTERVENTIONS A remote, web-based computer randomisation system allocated participants to a three-session, manualised, psychosocial, gender-specific group intervention delivered by trained facilitators and BBV transmission information booklet plus treatment as usual (TAU) (intervention), or information booklet plus TAU (control). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Recruitment, retention and follow-up rates measured feasibility. Feedback questionnaires, focus groups with participants who attended at least one intervention session and facilitators assessed the intervention's acceptability. RESULTS A systematic review of what works to reduce BBV risk behaviours among PWID; in-depth interviews with PWID; and stakeholder and expert consultation informed the intervention. Sessions covered improving injecting technique and good vein care; planning for risky situations; and understanding BBV transmission. Fifty-six per cent (99/176) of eligible PWID were randomised: 52 to the intervention group and 47 to the control group. Only 24% (8/34) of male and 11% (2/18) of female participants attended all three intervention sessions. Overall, 50% (17/34) of men and 33% (6/18) of women randomised to the intervention group and 47% (14/30) of men and 53% (9/17) of women randomised to the control group were followed up 1 month post intervention. Variations were reported by location. The intervention was acceptable to both participants and facilitators. At 1 month post intervention, no increase in injecting in 'risky' sites (e.g. groin, neck) was reported by participants who attended at least one session. PWID who attended at least one session showed a trend towards greater reduction in injecting risk behaviours, a greater increase in withdrawal planning and were more confident about finding a vein. A mean cost of £58.17 per participant was calculated for those attending one session, £148.54 for those attending two sessions and £270.67 for those attending all three sessions, compared with £0.86 in the control group. Treatment costs across the centres vary as a result of the different levels of attendance, as total session costs are divided by attendees to obtain a cost per attendee. The economic analysis suggests that a cost-effectiveness study would be feasible given the response rates and completeness of data. However, we have identified aspects where the service use questionnaire could be abbreviated given the low numbers reported in several care domains. No adverse events were reported. CONCLUSIONS As only 19% of participants attended all three intervention sessions and 47% were followed up 1 month post intervention, a future definitive randomised controlled trial of the intervention is not feasible. Exposure to information on improving injecting techniques did not encourage riskier injecting practices or injecting frequency, and benefits were reported among attendees. The intervention has the potential to positively influence BBV prevention. Harm reduction services should ensure that the intervention content is routinely delivered to PWID to improve vein care and prevent BBVs. FUTURE WORK The intervention did not meet the complex needs of some PWID, more tailoring may be needed to reach PWID who are more frequent injectors, who are homeless and female. LIMITATIONS Intervention delivery proved more feasible in London than other locations. Non-attendance at the York trial site substantially influenced the results. TRIAL REGISTRATION Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN66453696 and PROSPERO 014:CRD42014012969. FUNDING This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 21, No. 72. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail Gilchrist
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Davina Swan
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - April Shaw
- School of Media, Culture and Society, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, UK
| | - Ada Keding
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | - Sarah Towers
- Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Bangor, UK
| | - Noel Craine
- Public Health Wales, Microbiology, Bangor, UK
| | - Alison Munro
- School of Media, Culture and Society, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, UK
| | - Elizabeth Hughes
- Centre for Applied Research in Health, School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Steve Parrott
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | - Noreen Mdege
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | - John Strang
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Avril Taylor
- School of Media, Culture and Society, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, UK
| | - Judith Watson
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
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Michel L, Des Jarlais DC, Thi HD, Hai OKT, Minh KP, Peries M, Vallo R, Tuyet TNT, Thi GH, Le Sao M, Feelemyer J, Hai VV, Moles JP, Laureillard D, Nagot N. Intravenous heroin use in Haiphong, Vietnam: Need for comprehensive care including methamphetamine use-related interventions. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 179:198-204. [PMID: 28800503 PMCID: PMC5911921 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to describe patterns among people who inject drugs (PWID), risk-related behaviours and access to methadone treatment, in order to design a large-scale intervention aiming to end the HIV epidemic in Haiphong, Vietnam. METHODS A respondent-driven sampling (RDS) survey was first conducted to identify profiles of drug use and HIV risk-related behaviour among PWID. A sample of PWID was then included in a one-year cohort study to describe access to methadone treatment and associated factors. RESULTS Among the 603 patients enrolled in the RDS survey, 10% were female, all were injecting heroin and 24% were using methamphetamine, including 3 (0.5%) through injection. Different profiles of risk-related behaviours were identified, including one entailing high-risk sexual behaviour (n=37) and another involving drug-related high-risk practices (n=22). High-risk sexual activity was related to binge drinking and methamphetamine use. Among subjects with low sexual risk, sexual intercourse with a main partner with unknown serostatus was often unprotected. Among the 250 PWID included in the cohort, 55.2% initiated methadone treatment during the follow-up (versus 4.4% at RDS); methamphetamine use significantly increased. The factors associated with not being treated with methadone after 52 weeks were fewer injections per month and being a methamphetamine user at RDS. CONCLUSION Heroin is still the main drug injected in Haiphong. Methamphetamine use is increasing markedly and is associated with delay in methadone initiation. Drug-related risks are low but sexual risk behaviours are still present. Comprehensive approaches are needed in the short term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Michel
- CESP/Inserm1018, Pierre Nicole Centre, French Red Cross, 27 Pierre Nicole Street, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Don C. Des Jarlais
- Mount Sinai Beth Israel, 39 Broadway 5th Floor Suite 530 New York, NY 10006, USA
| | - Huong Duong Thi
- Hai Phong University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 72A Nguyen Binh Khiem, Hai Phong, Viet Nam
| | - Oanh Khuat Thi Hai
- Supporting Community Development Initiatives, 240 Mai Anh Tuan Street, Ba Dinh District, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Khuê Pham Minh
- Hai Phong University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 72A Nguyen Binh Khiem, Hai Phong, Viet Nam
| | - Marianne Peries
- Inserm UMR 1058, Etablissement français du Sang, University of Montpellier, 60 de Navacelles Street, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Roselyne Vallo
- Inserm UMR 1058, Etablissement français du Sang, University of Montpellier, 60 de Navacelles Street, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Thanh Nham Thi Tuyet
- Supporting Community Development Initiatives, 240 Mai Anh Tuan Street, Ba Dinh District, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Giang Hoang Thi
- Hai Phong University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 72A Nguyen Binh Khiem, Hai Phong, Viet Nam
| | - Mai Le Sao
- Departement of mental health, Hai Phong University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 72A Nguyen Binh Khiem, Hai Phong, Viet Nam
| | - Jonathan Feelemyer
- Mount Sinai Beth Israel, 39 Broadway 5th Floor Suite 530 New York, NY 10006, USA
| | - Vinh Vu Hai
- Infectious Diseases Department, Viet Tiep Hospital, So 1, duong Nha Thuong, Le Chan, Hai Phong, Viet Nam
| | - Jean-Pierre Moles
- Inserm UMR 1058, Etablissement français du Sang, University of Montpellier, 60 de Navacelles Street, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Didier Laureillard
- Inserm UMR 1058, Etablissement français du Sang, University of Montpellier, 60 de Navacelles Street, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France,Infectious Diseases Department, Caremeau University Hospital, Prefessor Robert Debré Place, 30900 Nîmes, France
| | - Nicolas Nagot
- Inserm UMR 1058, Etablissement français du Sang, University of Montpellier, 60 de Navacelles Street, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France,Department of Medical Information, University Hospital of Montpellier, 34090, Montpellier, France
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105
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Platt L, Minozzi S, Reed J, Vickerman P, Hagan H, French C, Jordan A, Degenhardt L, Hope V, Hutchinson S, Maher L, Palmateer N, Taylor A, Bruneau J, Hickman M. Needle syringe programmes and opioid substitution therapy for preventing hepatitis C transmission in people who inject drugs. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 9:CD012021. [PMID: 28922449 PMCID: PMC5621373 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012021.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Needle syringe programmes and opioid substitution therapy for preventing hepatitis C transmission in people who inject drugsNeedle syringe programmes (NSP) and opioid substitution therapy (OST) are the primary interventions to reduce hepatitis C (HCV) transmission in people who inject drugs. There is good evidence for the effectiveness of NSP and OST in reducing injecting risk behaviour and increasing evidence for the effectiveness of OST and NSP in reducing HIV acquisition risk, but the evidence on the effectiveness of NSP and OST for preventing HCV acquisition is weak. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of needle syringe programmes and opioid substitution therapy, alone or in combination, for preventing acquisition of HCV in people who inject drugs. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Drug and Alcohol Register, CENTRAL, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR), the Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE), the Health Technology Assessment Database (HTA), the NHS Economic Evaluation Database (NHSEED), MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, Global Health, CINAHL, and the Web of Science up to 16 November 2015. We updated this search in March 2017, but we have not incorporated these results into the review yet. Where observational studies did not report any outcome measure, we asked authors to provide unpublished data. We searched publications of key international agencies and conference abstracts. We reviewed reference lists of all included articles and topic-related systematic reviews for eligible papers. SELECTION CRITERIA We included prospective and retrospective cohort studies, cross-sectional surveys, case-control studies and randomised controlled trials that measured exposure to NSP and/or OST against no intervention or a reduced exposure and reported HCV incidence as an outcome in people who inject drugs. We defined interventions as current OST (within previous 6 months), lifetime use of OST and high NSP coverage (regular attendance at an NSP or all injections covered by a new needle/syringe) or low NSP coverage (irregular attendance at an NSP or less than 100% of injections covered by a new needle/syringe) compared with no intervention or reduced exposure. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We followed the standard Cochrane methodological procedures incorporating new methods for classifying risk of bias for observational studies. We described study methods against the following 'Risk of bias' domains: confounding, selection bias, measurement of interventions, departures from intervention, missing data, measurement of outcomes, selection of reported results; and we assigned a judgment (low, moderate, serious, critical, unclear) for each criterion. MAIN RESULTS We identified 28 studies (21 published, 7 unpublished): 13 from North America, 5 from the UK, 4 from continental Europe, 5 from Australia and 1 from China, comprising 1817 incident HCV infections and 8806.95 person-years of follow-up. HCV incidence ranged from 0.09 cases to 42 cases per 100 person-years across the studies. We judged only two studies to be at moderate overall risk of bias, while 17 were at serious risk and 7 were at critical risk; for two unpublished datasets there was insufficient information to assess bias. As none of the intervention effects were generated from RCT evidence, we typically categorised quality as low. We found evidence that current OST reduces the risk of HCV acquisition by 50% (risk ratio (RR) 0.50, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.40 to 0.63, I2 = 0%, 12 studies across all regions, N = 6361), but the quality of the evidence was low. The intervention effect remained significant in sensitivity analyses that excluded unpublished datasets and papers judged to be at critical risk of bias. We found evidence of differential impact by proportion of female participants in the sample, but not geographical region of study, the main drug used, or history of homelessness or imprisonment among study samples.Overall, we found very low-quality evidence that high NSP coverage did not reduce risk of HCV acquisition (RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.39 to 1.61) with high heterogeneity (I2 = 77%) based on five studies from North America and Europe involving 3530 participants. After stratification by region, high NSP coverage in Europe was associated with a 76% reduction in HCV acquisition risk (RR 0.24, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.62) with less heterogeneity (I2 =0%). We found low-quality evidence of the impact of combined high coverage of NSP and OST, from three studies involving 3241 participants, resulting in a 74% reduction in the risk of HCV acquisition (RR 0.26 95% CI 0.07 to 0.89). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS OST is associated with a reduction in the risk of HCV acquisition, which is strengthened in studies that assess the combination of OST and NSP. There was greater heterogeneity between studies and weaker evidence for the impact of NSP on HCV acquisition. High NSP coverage was associated with a reduction in the risk of HCV acquisition in studies in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Platt
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineDepartment of Social and Environmental Health Research15 ‐ 17 Tavistock PlaceLondonUKWC1H 9SH
| | - Silvia Minozzi
- Lazio Regional Health ServiceDepartment of EpidemiologyVia Cristoforo Colombo, 112RomeItaly00154
| | | | - Peter Vickerman
- University of BristolSchool of Social and Community MedicineBristolUK
| | - Holly Hagan
- New York University College of NursingNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Clare French
- University of BristolSchool of Social and Community MedicineBristolUK
| | - Ashly Jordan
- New York University College of NursingNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Louisa Degenhardt
- UNSWNational Drug and Alcohol Research CentreBuilding R322‐32 King StreetRandwickNSWAustralia2031
| | - Vivian Hope
- Liverpool John Moores UniversityPublic Health InstituteLiverpoolUKL3 2ET
| | | | - Lisa Maher
- Kirby Institute, University of New South WalesSydneyAustralia
| | | | | | - Julie Bruneau
- University of MontrealDepartment of Family and Emergency MedicineMontrealCanada
| | - Matthew Hickman
- University of BristolSchool of Social and Community MedicineBristolUK
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Platt L, Sweeney S, Ward Z, Guinness L, Hickman M, Hope V, Hutchinson S, Maher L, Iversen J, Craine N, Taylor A, Munro A, Parry J, Smith J, Vickerman P. Assessing the impact and cost-effectiveness of needle and syringe provision and opioid substitution therapy on hepatitis C transmission among people who inject drugs in the UK: an analysis of pooled data sets and economic modelling. PUBLIC HEALTH RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.3310/phr05050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
There is limited evidence of the impact of needle and syringe programmes (NSPs) and opioid substitution therapy (OST) on hepatitis C virus (HCV) incidence among people who inject drugs (PWID), nor have there been any economic evaluations.
Objective(s)
To measure (1) the impact of NSP and OST, (2) changes in the extent of provision of both interventions, and (3) costs and cost-effectiveness of NSPs on HCV infection transmission.
Design
We conducted (1) a systematic review; (2) an analysis of existing data sets, including collating costs of NSPs; and (3) a dynamic deterministic model to estimate the impact of differing OST/NSP intervention coverage levels for reducing HCV infection prevalence, incidence and disease burden, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios to measure the cost-effectiveness of current NSP provision versus no provision.
Setting
Cost-effectiveness analysis and impact modelling in three UK sites. The pooled analysis drew on data from the UK and Australia. The review was international.
Participants
PWID.
Interventions
NSP coverage (proportion of injections covered by clean needles) and OST.
Outcome
New cases of HCV infection.
Results
The review suggested that OST reduced the risk of HCV infection acquisition by 50% [rate ratio (RR) 0.50, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.40 to 0.63]. Weaker evidence was found in areas of high (≥ 100%) NSP coverage (RR 0.77, 95% CI 0.38 to 1.54) internationally. There was moderate evidence for combined high coverage of NSPs and OST (RR 0.29, 95% CI 0.13 to 0.65). The pooled analysis showed that combined high coverage of NSPs and OST reduced the risk of HCV infection acquisition by 29–71% compared with those on minimal harm reduction (no OST, ≤ 100% NSP coverage). NSPs are likely to be cost-effective and are cost-saving in some settings. The impact modelling suggest that removing OST (current coverage 81%) and NSPs (coverage 54%) in one site would increase HCV infection incidence by 329% [95% credible interval (CrI) 110% to 953%] in 2031 and at least double (132% increase; 95% CrI 51% to 306%) the number of new infections over 15 years. Increasing NSP coverage to 80% has the largest impact in the site with the lowest current NSP coverage (35%), resulting in a 27% (95% CrI 7% to 43%) decrease in new infections and 41% (95% CrI 11% to 72%) decrease in incidence by 2031 compared with 2016. Addressing homelessness and reducing the harm associated with the injection of crack cocaine could avert approximately 60% of HCV infections over the next 15 years.
Limitations
Findings are limited by the misclassification of NSP coverage and the simplified intervention definition that fails to capture the integrated services that address other social and health needs as part of this.
Conclusions
There is moderate evidence of the effectiveness of OST and NSPs, especially in combination, on HCV infection acquisition risk. Policies to ensure that NSPs can be accessed alongside OST are needed. NSPs are cost-saving in some sites and cost-effective in others. NSPs and OST are likely to prevent considerable rates of HCV infection in the UK. Increasing NSP coverage will have most impact in settings with low coverage. Scaling up other interventions such as HCV infection treatment are needed to decrease epidemics to low levels in higher prevalence settings.
Future work
To understand the mechanisms through which NSPs and OST achieve their effect and the optimum contexts to support implementation.
Funding
The National Institute for Health Research Public Health Research programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Platt
- Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Sedona Sweeney
- Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Zoe Ward
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Lorna Guinness
- Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Matthew Hickman
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Vivian Hope
- Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Sharon Hutchinson
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - Lisa Maher
- Viral Hepatitis Epidemiology and Prevention Program, Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jenny Iversen
- Viral Hepatitis Epidemiology and Prevention Program, Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Noel Craine
- Health Protection Division, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Avril Taylor
- School of Media Society and Culture, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, UK
| | - Alison Munro
- School of Social Science, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, UK
| | - John Parry
- Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Josie Smith
- Health Protection Division, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Peter Vickerman
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Grebely J, Bruneau J, Lazarus JV, Dalgard O, Bruggmann P, Treloar C, Hickman M, Hellard M, Roberts T, Crooks L, Midgard H, Larney S, Degenhardt L, Alho H, Byrne J, Dillon JF, Feld JJ, Foster G, Goldberg D, Lloyd AR, Reimer J, Robaeys G, Torrens M, Wright N, Maremmani I, Norton BL, Litwin AH, Dore GJ. Research priorities to achieve universal access to hepatitis C prevention, management and direct-acting antiviral treatment among people who inject drugs. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2017; 47:51-60. [PMID: 28683982 PMCID: PMC6049820 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Globally, it is estimated that 71.1 million people have chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, including an estimated 7.5 million people who have recently injected drugs (PWID). There is an additional large, but unquantified, burden among those PWID who have ceased injecting. The incidence of HCV infection among current PWID also remains high in many settings. Morbidity and mortality due to liver disease among PWID with HCV infection continues to increase, despite the advent of well-tolerated, simple interferon-free direct-acting antiviral (DAA) HCV regimens with cure rates >95%. As a result of this important clinical breakthrough, there is potential to reverse the rising burden of advanced liver disease with increased treatment and strive for HCV elimination among PWID. Unfortunately, there are many gaps in knowledge that represent barriers to effective prevention and management of HCV among PWID. The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney and the International Network on Hepatitis in Substance Users (INHSU) established an expert round table panel to assess current research gaps and establish future research priorities for the prevention and management of HCV among PWID. This round table consisted of a one-day workshop held on 6 September, 2016, in Oslo, Norway, prior to the International Symposium on Hepatitis in Substance Users (INHSU 2016). International experts in drug and alcohol, infectious diseases, and hepatology were brought together to discuss the available scientific evidence, gaps in research, and develop research priorities. Topics for discussion included the epidemiology of injecting drug use, HCV, and HIV among PWID, HCV prevention, HCV testing, linkage to HCV care and treatment, DAA treatment for HCV infection, and reinfection following successful treatment. This paper highlights the outcomes of the roundtable discussion focused on future research priorities for enhancing HCV prevention, testing, linkage to care and DAA treatment for PWID as we strive for global elimination of HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Grebely
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Julie Bruneau
- CHUM Research Centre (CRCHUM), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada; Department of Family and Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Jeffrey V Lazarus
- CHIP, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Barcelona Institute of Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olav Dalgard
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway; University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Carla Treloar
- Centre for Social Research in Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Matthew Hickman
- School of Social & Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret Hellard
- Disease Elimination Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Levinia Crooks
- Centre for Social Research in Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Australasian Society for HIV, Viral Hepatitis and Sexual Health Medicine, Sydney, Australia
| | - Håvard Midgard
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway; Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; Department of Gastroenterology, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Sarah Larney
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Louisa Degenhardt
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Hannu Alho
- University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Abdominal Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jude Byrne
- Australian Injecting & Illicit Drug Users League, Canberra, Australia
| | - John F Dillon
- Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Jordan J Feld
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Graham Foster
- The Liver Unit, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Goldberg
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Health Protection Scotland, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jens Reimer
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Geert Robaeys
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ziekenhuis Oost Limburg, Genk, Belgium; Department of Hepatology, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Marta Torrens
- Institute of Neuropsychiatry & Addictions-Hospital del Mar, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Icro Maremmani
- Santa Chiara University Hospital, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Brianna L Norton
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States
| | - Alain H Litwin
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States
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Grebely J, Dore GJ, Morin S, Rockstroh JK, Klein MB. Elimination of HCV as a public health concern among people who inject drugs by 2030 - What will it take to get there? J Int AIDS Soc 2017; 20:22146. [PMID: 28782335 PMCID: PMC5577699 DOI: 10.7448/ias.20.1.22146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Globally, there is a considerable burden of HCV and HIV infections among people who inject drugs (PWID) and transmission of both infections continues. Needle and syringe programme (NSP) and opioid substitution therapy (OST) coverage remains low, despite evidence demonstrating their prevention benefit. Direct-acting antiviral therapies (DAA) with HCV cure >95% among PWID provide an opportunity to reverse rising trends in HCV-related morbidity and mortality and reduce incidence. However, HCV testing, linkage to care, and treatment remain low due to health system, provider, societal, and patient barriers. Between 2015 and 2030, WHO targets include reducing new HCV infections by 80% and HCV deaths by 65%, and increasing HCV diagnoses from <5% to 90% and number of eligible persons receiving HCV treatment from <1% to 80%. This commentary discusses why PWID should be considered as a priority population in these efforts, reasons why this goal could be attainable among PWID, challenges that need to be overcome, and key recommendations for action. DISCUSSION Challenges to HCV elimination as a global health concern among PWID include poor global coverage of harm reduction services, restrictive drug policies and criminalization of drug use, poor access to health services, low HCV testing, linkage to care and treatment, restrictions for accessing DAA therapy, and the lack of national strategies and government investment to support WHO elimination goals. Key recommendations for action include reforming drug policies (decriminalization of drug use and/or possession, or providing alternatives to imprisonment for PWID; decriminalization of the use and provision of sterile needles-syringes; and legalization of OST for people who are opioid dependent), scaling up and improving funding for harm reduction services, making health services accessible for PWID, supporting community empowerment and community-based programmes, improving access to affordable diagnostics and medicines, and eliminating stigma, discrimination, and violence against PWID. CONCLUSIONS The ambitious targets for HCV elimination set by WHO are achievable in many countries, but will require researchers, healthcare providers, policy makers, affected communities, advocates, the pharmaceutical and diagnostics industries, and governments around the world to work together to make this happen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Grebely
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Executive Board, International Network on Hepatitis in Substance Users, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gregory J. Dore
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Executive Board, International Network on Hepatitis in Substance Users, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sébastien Morin
- HIV Programmes and Advocacy, International AIDS Society, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen K. Rockstroh
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Governing Council, International AIDS Society, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marina B. Klein
- Governing Council, International AIDS Society, Geneva, Switzerland
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
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McCollister K, Yang X, Sayed B, French MT, Leff JA, Schackman BR. Monetary conversion factors for economic evaluations of substance use disorders. J Subst Abuse Treat 2017; 81:25-34. [PMID: 28847452 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Estimating the economic consequences of substance use disorders (SUDs) is important for evaluating existing programs and new interventions. Policy makers in particular must weigh program effectiveness with scalability and sustainability considerations in deciding which programs to fund with limited resources. This study provides a comprehensive list of monetary conversion factors for a broad range of consequences, services, and outcomes, which can be used in economic evaluations of SUD interventions (primarily in the United States), including common co-occurring conditions such as HCV and HIV. METHODS Economic measures were selected from standardized clinical assessment instruments that are used in randomized clinical trials and other research studies (e.g., quasi-experimental community-based projects) to evaluate the impact of SUD interventions. National datasets were also reviewed for additional SUD-related consequences, services, and outcomes. Monetary conversion factors were identified through a comprehensive literature review of published articles as well as targeted searches of other sources such as government reports. RESULTS Eight service/consequence/outcome domains were identified containing more than sixty monetizable measures of medical and behavioral health services, laboratory services, SUD treatment, social services, productivity outcomes, disability outcomes, criminal activity and criminal justice services, and infectious diseases consequences. Unit-specific monetary conversion factors are reported, along with upper and lower bound estimates, whenever possible. CONCLUSIONS Having an updated and standardized source of monetary conversion factors will facilitate and improve future economic evaluations of interventions targeting SUDs and other risky behaviors. This exercise should be repeated periodically as new sources of data become available to maintain the timeliness, comprehensiveness, and quality of these estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn McCollister
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Soffer Clinical Research Center, Suite 1019, 1120 NW 14th Street, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Xuan Yang
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Soffer Clinical Research Center, Suite 1019, 1120 NW 14th Street, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Bisma Sayed
- Department of Sociology and Health Economics Research Group, University of Miami, 5665 Ponce de Leon Boulevard, Flipse Building, Room 122, P.O. Box 248251, Coral Gables, FL 33124, USA.
| | - Michael T French
- Department of Health Sector Management and Policy, Department of Sociology, University of Miami, School of Business Administration, P.O. Box 248027, Coral Gables, FL 33124, USA.
| | - Jared A Leff
- Department of Healthcare Policy & Research, Weill Cornell Medical College, 425 E 61st Street, Suite 301, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Bruce R Schackman
- Department of Healthcare Policy & Research, Weill Cornell Medical College, 425 E 61st Street, Suite 301, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Gilchrist G, Swan D, Widyaratna K, Marquez-Arrico JE, Hughes E, Mdege ND, Martyn-St James M, Tirado-Munoz J. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Psychosocial Interventions to Reduce Drug and Sexual Blood Borne Virus Risk Behaviours Among People Who Inject Drugs. AIDS Behav 2017; 21:1791-1811. [PMID: 28365913 PMCID: PMC5491643 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-017-1755-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Opiate substitution treatment and needle exchanges have reduced blood borne virus (BBV) transmission among people who inject drugs (PWID). Psychosocial interventions could further prevent BBV. A systematic review and meta-analysis examined whether psychosocial interventions (e.g. CBT, skills training) compared to control interventions reduced BBV risk behaviours among PWID. 32 and 24 randomized control trials (2000-May 2015 in MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Cochrane Collaboration and Clinical trials, with an update in MEDLINE to December 2016) were included in the review and meta-analysis respectively. Psychosocial interventions appear to reduce: sharing of needles/syringes compared to education/information (SMD −0.52; 95% CI −1.02 to −0.03; I2 = 10%; p = 0.04) or HIV testing/counselling (SMD −0.24; 95% CI −0.44 to −0.03; I2 = 0%; p = 0.02); sharing of other injecting paraphernalia (SMD −0.24; 95% CI −0.42 to −0.06; I2 = 0%; p < 0.01) and unprotected sex (SMD −0.44; 95% CI −0.86 to −0.01; I2 = 79%; p = 0.04) compared to interventions of a lesser time/intensity, however, moderate to high heterogeneity was reported. Such interventions could be included with other harm reduction approaches to prevent BBV transmission among PWID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail Gilchrist
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 4 Windsor Walk, London, SE5 8BB, UK.
- Department of General Practice, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Davina Swan
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 4 Windsor Walk, London, SE5 8BB, UK
| | - Kideshini Widyaratna
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 4 Windsor Walk, London, SE5 8BB, UK
| | - Julia Elena Marquez-Arrico
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, School of PsychologyUniversity of Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Noreen Dadirai Mdege
- Mental Health and Addiction Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, YO24 2YD, UK
| | - Marrissa Martyn-St James
- School for Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Regent Court, 30 Regent Street, Sheffield, S1 4DA, UK
| | - Judit Tirado-Munoz
- Addiction Research Group, IMIM-Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Institute of Neuropsychiatry and Addictions, Parc de Salut Mar de Barcelona, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
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111
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Mukherjee TI, Pillai V, Ali SH, Altice FL, Kamarulzaman A, Wickersham JA. Evaluation of a hepatitis C education intervention with clients enrolled in methadone maintenance and needle/syringe programs in Malaysia. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2017; 47:144-152. [PMID: 28652072 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 40%-90% of people who inject drugs (PWID) in Malaysia have hepatitis C (HCV). PWID continue to be disproportionately affected by HCV due to their lack of knowledge, perceived risk and interest in HCV treatment. Education interventions may be an effective strategy for increasing HCV knowledge in PWID, and harm reduction services are uniquely positioned to implement and deploy such interventions. METHODS We recruited 176 clients from methadone maintenance treatment (MMT: N=110) and needle/syringe programs (NSP: N=66) between November 2015 and August 2016. After baseline knowledge assessments, clients participated in a standardized, 45-min HCV education program and completed post-intervention knowledge assessments to measure change in knowledge and treatment interest. RESULTS Participants were mostly male (96.3%), Malay (94.9%), and in their early 40s (mean=42.6years). Following the intervention, overall knowledge scores and treatment interest in MMT clients increased by 68% and 16%, respectively (p<0.001). In contrast, NSP clients showed no significant improvement in overall knowledge or treatment interest, and perceived greater treatment barriers. Multivariate linear regression to assess correlates of HCV knowledge post-intervention revealed that optimal dosage of MMT and having had an HIV test in the past year significantly increased HCV knowledge. Having received a hepatitis B vaccine, however, was not associated with increased HCV knowledge after participating in an education session. CONCLUSION Generally, HCV knowledge and screening is low among clients engaged in MMT and NSP services in Malaysia. Integrating a brief, but comprehensive HCV education session within harm reduction services may be a low-cost and effective strategy in improving overall HCV knowledge and risk behaviors in resource-limited settings. In order to be an effective public health approach, however, education interventions must be paired with strategies that improve social, economic and political outcomes for PWID. Doing so may reduce HCV disparities by increasing screening and treatment interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trena I Mukherjee
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, AIDS Program, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Veena Pillai
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Siti Hafizah Ali
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Frederick L Altice
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, AIDS Program, New Haven, CT, USA; Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Yale University School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, CT, USA
| | - Adeeba Kamarulzaman
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, AIDS Program, New Haven, CT, USA; Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jeffrey A Wickersham
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, AIDS Program, New Haven, CT, USA; Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Moreno GA, Wang A, Sánchez González Y, Díaz Espinosa O, Vania DK, Edlin BR, Brookmeyer R. Value of Comprehensive HCV Treatment among Vulnerable, High-Risk Populations. VALUE IN HEALTH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PHARMACOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2017; 20:736-744. [PMID: 28577690 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2017.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to explore the trade-offs society and payers make when expanding treatment access to patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in early stages of disease as well as to vulnerable, high-risk populations, such as people who inject drugs (PWID) and HIV-infected men who have sex with men (MSM-HIV). METHODS A discrete time Markov model simulated HCV progression and treatment over 20 years. Population cohorts were defined by behaviors that influence the risk of HCV exposure: PWID, MSM-HIV, an overlap cohort of individuals who are both PWID and MSM-HIV, and all other adults. Six different treatment scenarios were modeled, with varying degrees of access to treatment at different fibrosis stages and to different risk cohorts. Benefits were measured as quality-adjusted life-years and a $150,000/quality-adjusted life-year valuation was used to assess social benefits. RESULTS Compared with limiting treatment to METAVIR fibrosis stages F3 or F4 and excluding PWID, expanding treatment to patients in all fibrosis stages and including PWID reduces cumulative new infections by 55% over a 20-year horizon and reduces the prevalence of HCV by 93%. We find that treating all HCV-infected individuals is cost saving and net social benefits are over $500 billion greater compared with limiting treatment. Including PWID in treatment access saves 12,900 to 41,200 lives. CONCLUSIONS Increased access to treatment brings substantial value to society and over the long-term reduces costs for payers, as the benefits accrued from long-term reduction in prevalent and incident cases, mortality, and medical costs outweigh the cost of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Brian R Edlin
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Ronald Brookmeyer
- Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Risk factors for hepatitis C seropositivity among young people who inject drugs in New York City: Implications for prevention. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177341. [PMID: 28542351 PMCID: PMC5438142 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection remains a significant problem in the United States, with people who inject drugs (PWID) disproportionately afflicted. Over the last decade rates of heroin use have more than doubled, with young persons (18–25 years) demonstrating the largest increase. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study in New York City from 2005 to 2012 among young people who injected illicit drugs, and were age 18 to 35 or had injected drugs for ≤5 years, to examine potentially modifiable factors associated with HCV among young adults who began injecting during the era of syringe services. Results Among 714 participants, the median age was 24 years; the median duration of drug injection was 5 years; 31% were women; 75% identified as white; 69% reported being homeless; and 48% [95% CI 44–52] had HCV antibodies. Factors associated with HCV included older age (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.99 [1.52–2.63]; p<0.001), longer duration of injection drug use (AOR, 1.68 [1.39–2.02]; p<0.001),more frequent injection (AOR, 1.26 [1.09–1.45]; p = 0.001), using a used syringe with more individuals (AOR, 1.26 [1.10–1.46]; p = 0.001), less confidence in remaining uninfected (AOR, 1.32 [1.07–1.63]; p<0.001), injecting primarily in public or outdoors spaces (AOR, 1.90 [1.33–2.72]; p<0.001), and arrest for carrying syringes (AOR, 3.17 [1.95–5.17]; p<0.001). Conclusions Despite the availability of harm reduction services, the seroprevalence of HCV in young PWID in New York City remained high and constant during 2005–2012. Age and several injection behaviors conferred independent risk. Individuals were somewhat aware of their own risk. Public and outdoor injection and arrest for possession of a syringe are risk factors for HCV that can be modified through structural interventions.
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114
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Davis SM, Daily S, Kristjansson AL, Kelley GA, Zullig K, Baus A, Davidov D, Fisher M. Needle exchange programs for the prevention of hepatitis C virus infection in people who inject drugs: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Harm Reduct J 2017; 14:25. [PMID: 28514954 PMCID: PMC5436422 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-017-0156-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous research on the effectiveness of needle exchange programs (NEP) in preventing hepatitis C virus (HCV) in people who inject drugs (PWID) has shown mixed findings. The purpose of this study was to use the meta-analytic approach to examine the association between NEP use and HCV prevention in PWIDs. Methods Study inclusion criteria were (1) observational studies, (2) PWIDs, (3) NEP use, (4) HCV status ascertained by serological testing, (5) studies published in any language since January 1, 1989, and (6) data available for measures of association. Studies were located by searching four electronic databases and cross-referencing. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle Ottawa (NOS) scale. A ratio measure of association was calculated for each result from cohort or case–control studies and pooled using a random effects model. Odds ratio (OR) and hazard ratio (HR) models were analyzed separately. Results were considered statistically significant if the 95% confidence interval (CI) did not cross 1. Heterogeneity was estimated using Q and I2 with alpha values for Q ≤ 0.10 considered statistically significant. Results Of the 555 citations reviewed, 6 studies containing 2437 participants were included. Studies had an average NOS score of 7 out of 9 (77.8%) stars. Concerns over participant representativeness, unclear adjustments for confounders, and bias from participant nonresponse and loss to follow-up were noted. Results were mixed with the odds ratio model indicating no consistent association (OR, 0.51, 95% CI, 0.05–5.15), and the hazard ratio model indicating a harmful effect (HR, 2.05, 95% CI, 1.39–3.03). Substantial heterogeneity (p ≤ 0.10) and moderate to large inconsistency (I2 ≥ 66%) were observed for both models. Conclusions The impact of NEPs on HCV prevention in PWIDs remains unclear. There is a need for well-designed research studies employing standardized criteria and measurements to clarify this issue. Trial registration PROSPERO CRD42016035315 Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12954-017-0156-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Davis
- School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, PO Box 9149, Morgantown, WV, 26506-9149, USA.
| | - Shay Daily
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, West Virginia University, PO Box 9190, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Alfgeir L Kristjansson
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, West Virginia University, PO Box 9190, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - George A Kelley
- Department of Biostatistics, West Virginia University, PO Box 9190, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Keith Zullig
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, West Virginia University, PO Box 9190, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Adam Baus
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, West Virginia University, PO Box 9190, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Danielle Davidov
- School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, PO Box 9149, Morgantown, WV, 26506-9149, USA.,Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, West Virginia University, PO Box 9190, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Melanie Fisher
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, West Virginia University, PO Box 9163, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
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Anastario M, FourStar K, Ricker A, Dick R, Skewes MC, Rink E. A preliminary needs assessment of American Indians who inject drugs in northeastern Montana. Harm Reduct J 2017; 14:22. [PMID: 28482846 PMCID: PMC5422938 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-017-0146-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Injection drug use has not been well documented in American Indians living in the USA. American Indian and Alaskan Natives (AI/ANs) show higher rates of substance use compared to the general population, and have historically been subject to a number of risk factors that are known to increase the likelihood of substance use. AI/ANs also experience increased risk for infectious diseases that are transmitted via injection drug use and/or sexual activity. Harm reduction approaches have been shown to be effective for decreasing risk of disease transmission in at-risk populations, and may be well suited for AI/AN injection drug users residing in rural reservation communities. In this study, we aimed to examine the characteristics of American Indians (AI) who use injection drugs (PWUID) in northeastern Montana to identify needs that could be addressed with harm reduction programming. Methods For the present study, we used a respondent-driven sampling approach to generate a sample of 51 self-identified male and female injection drug users ≥18 years of age who were American Indians living on the Fort Peck Indian Reservation. Sampling weights were applied to all analyses using Respondent-Driven Sampling Analysis Tool (RDSAT). Results There were no strong recruitment patterns by age, sex, or ethnic identity status of the recruiter or participant, but there were strong within-group recruitment patterns by location within the reservation. The majority of the sample reported initiating substance use before the age of 18. Participants reported significant risk for HIV, hepatitis, and other infectious diseases through their drug use and/or risky sexual behavior. Sixty-five percent reported having reused syringes, and 53% reported drawing from the same filter. Seventy-five percent reported inconsistent condom use during the 3 months preceding the survey, and 53% reported injecting drugs during sex during the 3 months preceding the survey. Only 66% of participants reported having been tested for HIV in the 12 months preceding the survey. The vast majority (98%) of respondents expressed interest in a harm reduction program. Seventy-six percent reported that it was easy or very easy to obtain new syringes. Conclusions We documented several risks for blood-borne pathogens, including elevated levels of syringe reuse. Further, we documented significant interest in harm reduction interventions in the present sample of AI/AN injection drug users. Findings suggest a need for increased access to harm reduction programming for AI/AN injection drug users to reduce the transmission of infectious disease and increase access to compassionate care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Anastario
- Department of Mathematics, Universidad Centroamericana José Simeón Cañas, Antiguo Cuscatlán, El Salvador
| | | | - Adriann Ricker
- Fort Peck Health Promotion Disease Prevention Wellness Program, Poplar, MT, USA
| | - Rebecca Dick
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Monica C Skewes
- Department of Psychology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Elizabeth Rink
- Department of Health and Human Development, Montana State University, 318 Herrick Hall, Bozeman, 59715, MT, USA.
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Fernandes RM, Cary M, Duarte G, Jesus G, Alarcão J, Torre C, Costa S, Costa J, Carneiro AV. Effectiveness of needle and syringe Programmes in people who inject drugs - An overview of systematic reviews. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:309. [PMID: 28399843 PMCID: PMC5387338 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4210-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Needle and syringe programmes (NSP) are a critical component of harm reduction interventions among people who inject drugs (PWID). Our primary objective was to summarize the evidence on the effectiveness of NSP for PWID in reducing blood-borne infection transmission and injecting risk behaviours (IRB). METHODS We conducted an overview of systematic reviews that included PWID (excluding prisons and consumption rooms), addressed community-based NSP, and provided estimates of the effect regarding incidence/prevalence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Hepatitis C virus (HCV), Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and bacteremia/sepsis, and/or measures of IRB. Systematic literature searches were undertaken on relevant databases, including EMBASE, MEDLINE, and PsychINFO (up to May 2015). For each review we identified relevant studies and extracted data on methods, and findings, including risk of bias and quality of evidence assessed by review authors. We evaluated the risk of bias of each systematic review using the ROBIS tool. We categorized reviews by reported outcomes and use of meta-analysis; no additional statistical analysis was performed. RESULTS We included thirteen systematic reviews with 133 relevant unique studies published between 1989 and 2012. Reported outcomes related to HIV (n = 9), HCV (n = 8) and IRB (n = 6). Methods used varied at all levels of design and conduct, with four reviews performing meta-analysis. Only two reviews were considered to have low risk of bias using the ROBIS tool, and most included studies were evaluated as having low methodological quality by review authors. We found that NSP was effective in reducing HIV transmission and IRB among PWID, while there were mixed results regarding a reduction of HCV infection. Full harm reduction interventions provided at structural level and in multi-component programmes, as well as high level of coverage, were more beneficial. CONCLUSIONS The heterogeneity and the overall low quality of evidence highlights the need for future community-level studies of adequate design to support these results. TRIAL REGISTRATION The protocol of this systematic review was registered in Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO 2015: CRD42015026145 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo M Fernandes
- Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbonl, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
- Portuguese Collaborating Centre of the IberoAmerican Cochrane Network-Cochrane Portugal Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria Cary
- Centre for Health Evaluation & Research (CEFAR), National Association of Pharmacies, Rua Marechal Saldanha, n°1, 1249-069 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo Duarte
- Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbonl, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo Jesus
- Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbonl, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana Alarcão
- Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbonl, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carla Torre
- Centre for Health Evaluation & Research (CEFAR), National Association of Pharmacies, Rua Marechal Saldanha, n°1, 1249-069 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Suzete Costa
- Centre for Health Evaluation & Research (CEFAR), National Association of Pharmacies, Rua Marechal Saldanha, n°1, 1249-069 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Costa
- Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbonl, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
- Portuguese Collaborating Centre of the IberoAmerican Cochrane Network-Cochrane Portugal Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - António Vaz Carneiro
- Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbonl, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
- Portuguese Collaborating Centre of the IberoAmerican Cochrane Network-Cochrane Portugal Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
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Roncero C, Fuster D, Palma-Álvarez RF, Rodriguez-Cintas L, Martinez-Luna N, Álvarez FJ. HIV And HCV infection among opiate-dependent patients and methadone doses: the PROTEUS study. AIDS Care 2017; 29:1551-1556. [DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2017.1313384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Roncero
- Addiction and Dual Diagnosis Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital- Public Health Agency, Barcelona (ASPB), CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Fuster
- Department of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Internal Medicine Service, Badalona (Barcelona), Spain
- Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Raul Felipe Palma-Álvarez
- Addiction and Dual Diagnosis Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital- Public Health Agency, Barcelona (ASPB), CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Rodriguez-Cintas
- Addiction and Dual Diagnosis Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital- Public Health Agency, Barcelona (ASPB), CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nieves Martinez-Luna
- Addiction and Dual Diagnosis Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital- Public Health Agency, Barcelona (ASPB), CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F. Javier Álvarez
- Departament of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
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Morris MD, Shiboski S, Bruneau J, Hahn JA, Hellard M, Prins M, Cox AL, Dore G, Grebely J, Kim AY, Lauer GM, Lloyd A, Rice T, Shoukry N, Maher L, Page K. Geographic Differences in Temporal Incidence Trends of Hepatitis C Virus Infection Among People Who Inject Drugs: The InC3 Collaboration. Clin Infect Dis 2017; 64:860-869. [PMID: 28362947 PMCID: PMC5439493 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciw869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We determined temporal trends (1985-2011) in hepatitis C virus (HCV) incidence and associated behavioral exposures for people who inject drugs (PWID) from the United States (Boston, Baltimore, and San Francisco), Canada (Montreal), the Netherlands (Amsterdam), and Australia (Sydney and Melbourne). METHODS Using population-based cohort data from HCV-negative PWID, we calculated overall and within-city HCV incidence trends, HCV rates by study enrollment period (1985-2011), and temporal trends in exposure behaviors. Poisson regression models estimated trends in HCV incidence over calendar-time. Survival models identified risk factors for HCV incidence across cities and estimated independent effects of city and calendar period on HCV infection risk. RESULTS Among 1391 initially HCV-negative participants followed prospectively (1644.5 person-years of observation [PYO]), 371 HCV incident infections resulted in an overall incidence of 22.6 per 100 PYO (95% confidence interval [CI], 20.4-25.0). Incidence was highest and remained elevated in Baltimore (32.6/100 PYO), San Francisco (24.7/100 PYO), and Montreal (23.5/100 PYO), lowest in Melbourne and Amsterdam (7.5/100 PYO and 13.1/100 PYO, respectively), and moderate (21.4/100 PYO) in Sydney. Higher rates of syringe and equipment sharing and lower prevalence of opioid agonist therapy were associated with HCV incidence in cities with the highest incidence. Risk for infection dropped by 18% for every 3-year increase in calendar-time (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.8 [95% CI, .8-.9]) in the multivariable model. CONCLUSIONS Differences in prevention strategies and injecting contexts may explain the ongoing high HCV incidence in these North American cities and emphasize the need for scale-up of opioid agonist therapy and increased coverage of needle and syringe programs in North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan D Morris
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Stephen Shiboski
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Julie Bruneau
- Centre Hospitalier de l'Universite de Montreal (CRCHUM), Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Judith A Hahn
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
| | | | - Maria Prins
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology of Infectious Disease, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea L Cox
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Gregory Dore
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jason Grebely
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Arthur Y Kim
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Georg M Lauer
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Andrew Lloyd
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; and
| | - Thomas Rice
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Naglaa Shoukry
- Centre Hospitalier de l'Universite de Montreal (CRCHUM), Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lisa Maher
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kimberly Page
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Center, Albuquerque
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119
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Grebely J, Dore GJ. Treatment of HCV in persons who inject drugs: Treatment as prevention. Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken) 2017; 9:77-80. [PMID: 30992964 PMCID: PMC6467234 DOI: 10.1002/cld.626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Grebely
- Viral Hepatitis Clinical Research Program, The Kirby InstituteUNSW SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Gregory J. Dore
- Viral Hepatitis Clinical Research Program, The Kirby InstituteUNSW SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
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120
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Gilchrist G, Swan D, Shaw A, Keding A, Towers S, Craine N, Munro A, Hughes E, Parrott S, Strang J, Taylor A, Watson J. The acceptability and feasibility of a brief psychosocial intervention to reduce blood-borne virus risk behaviours among people who inject drugs: a randomised control feasibility trial of a psychosocial intervention (the PROTECT study) versus treatment as usual. Harm Reduct J 2017; 14:14. [PMID: 28320406 PMCID: PMC5359828 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-017-0142-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While opiate substitution therapy and injecting equipment provision (IEP) have reduced blood-borne viruses (BBV) among people who inject drugs (PWID), some PWID continue to share injecting equipment and acquire BBV. Psychosocial interventions that address risk behaviours could reduce BBV transmission among PWID. METHODS A pragmatic, two-armed randomised controlled, open feasibility study of PWID attending drug treatment or IEP in four UK regions. Ninety-nine PWID were randomly allocated to receive a three-session manualised psychosocial group intervention and BBV transmission information booklet plus treatment as usual (TAU) (n = 52) or information booklet plus TAU (n = 47). The intervention was developed from evidence-based literature, qualitative interviews with PWID, key stakeholder consultations, and expert opinion. Recruitment rates, retention in treatment, follow-up completion rates and health economic data completion measured feasibility. RESULTS Fifty-six percent (99/176) of eligible PWID were recruited. More participants attended at least one intervention session in London (10/16; 63%) and North Wales (7/13; 54%) than in Glasgow (3/12; 25%) and York (0/11). Participants who attended no sessions (n = 32) compared to those attending at least one (n = 20) session were more likely to be homeless (56 vs 25%, p = 0.044), injected drugs for a greater number of days (median 25 vs 6.5, p = 0.019) and used a greater number of needles from an IEP in the last month (median 31 vs 20, p = 0.056). No adverse events were reported. 45.5% (45/99) were followed up 1 month post-intervention. Feedback forms confirmed that the intervention was acceptable to both intervention facilitators and participants who attended it. Follow-up attendance was associated with fewer days of injecting in the last month (median 14 vs 27, p = 0.030) and fewer injections of cocaine (13 vs 30%, p = 0.063). Analysis of the questionnaires identified several service use questionnaire categories that could be excluded from the assessment battery in a full-randomised controlled trial. CONCLUSIONS Findings should be interpreted with caution due to small sample sizes. A future definitive RCT of the psychosocial intervention is not feasible. The complex needs of some PWID may have limited their engagement in the intervention. More flexible delivery methods may have greater reach. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN66453696.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail Gilchrist
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, Addictions Sciences Building, 4 Windsor Walk, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8BB, England, UK.
| | - Davina Swan
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, Addictions Sciences Building, 4 Windsor Walk, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8BB, England, UK
| | - April Shaw
- School of Media, Culture & Society, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley Campus, High Street, Paisley, PA1 2BE, Scotland, UK
| | - Ada Keding
- York Trials Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, England, UK
| | - Sarah Towers
- Betsi Cadwaladr University Hospital Trust, 10 Grove Road, Wrexham, LL11 1DY, Wales, UK
| | - Noel Craine
- Public Health Wales, Microbiology Department, Ysbyty Gwynedd, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2PW, Wales, UK
| | - Alison Munro
- School of Media, Culture & Society, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley Campus, High Street, Paisley, PA1 2BE, Scotland, UK
| | - Elizabeth Hughes
- School of Health and Human Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, HD1 3DH, England, UK
| | - Steve Parrott
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, England, UK
| | - John Strang
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, Addictions Sciences Building, 4 Windsor Walk, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8BB, England, UK
| | - Avril Taylor
- School of Media, Culture & Society, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley Campus, High Street, Paisley, PA1 2BE, Scotland, UK
| | - Judith Watson
- York Trials Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, England, UK
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121
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Islam N, Krajden M, Shoveller J, Gustafson P, Gilbert M, Buxton JA, Wong J, Tyndall MW, Janjua NZ. Incidence, risk factors, and prevention of hepatitis C reinfection: a population-based cohort study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 2:200-210. [DOI: 10.1016/s2468-1253(16)30182-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Jordan AE, Perlman DC, Neurer J, Smith DJ, Des Jarlais DC, Hagan H. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection among HIV+ men who have sex with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J STD AIDS 2017; 28:145-159. [PMID: 26826159 PMCID: PMC4965334 DOI: 10.1177/0956462416630910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Since 2000, an increase in hepatitis C virus infection among HIV-infected (HIV+) men who have sex with men has been observed. Evidence points to blood exposure during sex as the medium of hepatitis C virus transmission. Hepatitis C virus prevalence among HIV + MSM overall and in relation to injection drug use is poorly characterized. In this study, a systematic review and meta-analysis examining global hepatitis C virus antibody prevalence and estimating active hepatitis C virus prevalence among HIV + MSM were conducted; 42 reports provided anti-hepatitis C virus prevalence data among HIV + MSM. Pooled prevalence produced an overall anti-hepatitis C virus prevalence among HIV + MSM of 8.1%; active HCV prevalence estimate was 5.3%-7.3%. Anti-hepatitis C virus prevalence among injection drug use and non-injection drug use HIV + MSM was 40.0% and 6.7%, respectively. Among HIV + MSM, hepatitis C virus prevalence increased significantly over time among the overall and non-injection drug use groups, and decreased significantly among injection drug use HIV + MSM. We identified a moderate prevalence of hepatitis C virus among all HIV + MSM and among non-injection drug use HIV + MSM; for both, prevalence was observed to be increasing slightly. Pooled prevalence of hepatitis C virus among HIV + MSM was higher than that observed in the 1945-1965 US birth cohort. The modest but rising hepatitis C virus prevalence among HIV + MSM suggests an opportunity to control HCV among HIV + MSM; this combined with data demonstrating a rising hepatitis C virus incidence highlights the temporal urgency to do so.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashly E Jordan
- 1 New York University, New York, NY, USA
- 2 Center for Drug Use and HIV Research, New York, NY, USA
| | - David C Perlman
- 2 Center for Drug Use and HIV Research, New York, NY, USA
- 3 Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Don C Des Jarlais
- 2 Center for Drug Use and HIV Research, New York, NY, USA
- 3 Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY, USA
| | - Holly Hagan
- 1 New York University, New York, NY, USA
- 2 Center for Drug Use and HIV Research, New York, NY, USA
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123
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Handanagic S, Sevic S, Barbaric J, Dominkovic Z, Dakovic Rode O, Begovac J, Bozicevic I. Correlates of anti-hepatitis C positivity and use of harm reduction services among people who inject drugs in two cities in Croatia. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 171:132-139. [PMID: 28088084 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We assessed correlates of anti-hepatitis C (anti-HCV) positivity and utilization of needle and syringe exchange programs (NSEP) and opioid agonist treatment (OAT) among people who inject drugs (PWID) in two Croatian cities. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study using respondent-driven (RDS) sampling among PWID in Rijeka (N=255) and Split (N=399). We used RDS-weighted population estimates and multivariable logistic regression to explore correlates of anti-HCV positivity and NSEP and OAT utilization. RESULTS Seventy-eight percent (78.0%) of PWID in Rijeka and 61.5% in Split had been tested previously for HCV, while 21.5% and 7.0%, respectively, were tested for HCV in the past 12 months. Among PWID who report being infected with HCV, 24.9% in Rijeka and 11.3% in Split received anti-HCV treatment. In Rijeka, PWID who utilized NSEP and, in Split, those who were ever imprisoned, had higher odds of anti-HCV positivity. In Rijeka, PWID on OAT were more likely to use non-sterile injecting equipment and to inject for longer than 10 years. PWID enrolled in NSEP were more likely to inject opioid agonist medication (OAM) and less likely to use non-sterile injecting equipment. More than half of PWID reported misuse of OAM in the past month, while out of PWID enrolled in OAT, 65.4% in Rijeka and 88.7% in Split injected OAM in the month prior to the survey. CONCLUSIONS Key findings of the paper point to the need to scale up HCV testing and treatment, improve access to NSEP and the quality of OAT provisions in order to prevent its misuse among PWID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senad Handanagic
- WHO Collaborating Centre for HIV Strategic Information, Andrija Stampar School of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Rockefellerova ulica 4, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Sandra Sevic
- Department of Sociology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Ivana Lucica 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Jelena Barbaric
- WHO Collaborating Centre for HIV Strategic Information, Andrija Stampar School of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Rockefellerova ulica 4, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Zoran Dominkovic
- Non-governmental Organization for Sexual and Gender Minorities Iskorak, Petrinjska ulica 27, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Oktavija Dakovic Rode
- University Hospital for Infectious Diseases "Dr. Fran Mihaljevic", School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Mirogojska cesta 8, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Josip Begovac
- University Hospital for Infectious Diseases "Dr. Fran Mihaljevic", School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Mirogojska cesta 8, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ivana Bozicevic
- WHO Collaborating Centre for HIV Strategic Information, Andrija Stampar School of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Rockefellerova ulica 4, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Esmaeili A, Mirzazadeh A, Carter GM, Esmaeili A, Hajarizadeh B, Sacks HS, Page KA. Higher incidence of HCV in females compared to males who inject drugs: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Viral Hepat 2017; 24:117-127. [PMID: 27790803 PMCID: PMC5239758 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Women who inject drugs have been shown to have higher incidence of HIV and risk behaviours than men, but there are conflicting reports about hepatitis C virus (HCV) incidence. We systematically reviewed the literature to examine the female-to-male (F:M) HCV incidence in female and male persons who inject drugs (PWID), and also to explore the heterogeneity (i.e. methodological diversity) in these differences. We searched PubMed and EMBASE for studies published between 1989 and March 2015 for research that reported incidence of HCV infection by sex or HCV incidence F:M rate ratio. A total of 28 studies, which enrolled 9325 PWID, were included. The overall pooled HCV incidence rate (per 100 person-years observation) was 20.36 (95% CI: 13.86, 29.90) and 15.20 (95% CI: 10.52, 21.97) in females and males, respectively. F:M ratio was 1.36:1 (95% CI: 1.13, 1.64) with substantial heterogeneity (I-squared=71.6%). The F:M ratio varied by geographic location from 4.0 (95% CI: 1.80, 8.89) in China to 1.17 (95% CI: 0.95, 1.43) in the U.S. In studies which recruited participants from community settings, the F:M ratio was 1.24 (95% CI: 1.03, 1.48), which was lower than that reported in the clinical settings (1.72, 95% CI: 0.86, 3.45). The number of studies included provided sufficient statistical power to detect sex differences in this analysis. Our findings raise questions and concerns regarding sex differences with respect to the risk of HCV. Both behavioural and biological studies are needed to investigate causes and potential mechanisms as well as sex-specific prevention approaches to HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aryan Esmaeili
- The Clinical Research Education Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ali Mirzazadeh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, CA, USA
| | | | - Azadeh Esmaeili
- UCLA, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Cytogenetics, CA, USA
| | - Behzad Hajarizadeh
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Henry S Sacks
- Thomas C. Chalmers Clinical Trials Unit, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA, Co-Principal Investigator
| | - Kimberly A Page
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Preventive Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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125
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Goldenberg SM, Montaner J, Braschel M, Socias E, Guillemi S, Shannon K. Dual sexual and drug-related predictors of hepatitis C incidence among sex workers in a Canadian setting: gaps and opportunities for scale-up of hepatitis C virus prevention, treatment, and care. Int J Infect Dis 2016; 55:31-37. [PMID: 28027990 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus (HCV) represents a significant cause of morbidity and mortality globally. While sex workers may face elevated HCV risks through both drug and sexual pathways, incidence data among sex workers are severely lacking. HCV incidence and predictors of HCV seroconversion among women sex workers in Vancouver, BC were characterized in this study. METHODS Questionnaire and serological data were drawn from a community-based cohort of women sex workers (2010-2014). Kaplan-Meier methods and Cox regression were used to model HCV incidence and predictors of time to HCV seroconversion. RESULTS Among 759 sex workers, HCV prevalence was 42.7%. Among 292 baseline-seronegative sex workers, HCV incidence density was 3.84/100 person-years (PY), with higher rates among women using injection drugs (23.30/100 PY) and non-injection crack (6.27/100 PY), and those living with HIV (13.27/100 PY) or acute sexually transmitted infections (STIs) (5.10/100 PY). In Cox analyses adjusted for injection drug use, age (hazard ratio (HR) 0.94, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.86-1.01), acute STI (HR 2.49, 95% CI 1.02-6.06), and non-injection crack use (HR 2.71, 95% CI 1.18-6.25) predicted time to HCV seroconversion. DISCUSSION While HCV incidence was highest among women who inject drugs, STIs and the use of non-injection stimulants appear to be pathways to HCV infection, suggesting potential dual sexual/drug transmission. Integrated HCV services within sexual health and HIV/STI programs are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shira M Goldenberg
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St. Paul's Hospital, 608-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada; Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.
| | - Julio Montaner
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St. Paul's Hospital, 608-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Melissa Braschel
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St. Paul's Hospital, 608-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Eugenia Socias
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St. Paul's Hospital, 608-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Silvia Guillemi
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St. Paul's Hospital, 608-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kate Shannon
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St. Paul's Hospital, 608-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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The effects of needle-sharing and opioid substitution therapy on incidence of hepatitis C virus infection and reinfection in people who inject drugs. Epidemiol Infect 2016; 145:796-801. [PMID: 27927256 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268816002892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although high hepatitis C virus (HCV) prevalence has been observed in people who inject drugs (PWID) for decades, research suggests incidence is falling. We examined whether PWIDs' use of opioid substitution therapy (OST) and their needle-and-syringe sharing behaviour explained HCV incidence. We assessed HCV incidence in 235 PWID in Melbourne, Australia, and performed discrete-time survival with needle-sharing and OST status as independent variables. HCV infection, reinfection and combined infection/reinfection incidences were 7·6 [95% confidence interval (CI) 4·8-11·9], 12·4 (95% CI 9·1-17·0) and 9·7 (95% CI 7·4-12·6) per 100 person-years, respectively. Needle-sharing was significantly associated with higher incidence of naive HCV infection [hazard ratio (HR) 4·9, 95% CI 1·3-17·7] but not reinfection (HR 1·85, 95% CI 0·79-4·32); however, a cross-model test suggested this difference was sample specific. Past month use of OST had non-significant protective effects against naive HCV infection and reinfection. Our data confirm previous evidence of greatly reduced HCV incidence in PWID, but not the significant protective effect of OST on HCV incidence detected in recent studies. Our findings reinforce the need for greater access to HCV testing and prevention services to accelerate the decline in incidence, and HCV treatment, management and support to limit reinfection.
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Hajarizadeh B, Grebely J, Martinello M, Matthews GV, Lloyd AR, Dore GJ. Hepatitis C treatment as prevention: evidence, feasibility, and challenges. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 1:317-327. [DOI: 10.1016/s2468-1253(16)30075-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Eckhardt B. Hepatitis C Treatment in People Who Inject Drugs. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40506-016-0091-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Berbesi D, Segura A, Cardona D, Agudelo A. Factors associated with syringe exchange among injection drug users in Colombia. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/14659891.2016.1223763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Midgard H, Weir A, Palmateer N, Lo Re V, Pineda JA, Macías J, Dalgard O. HCV epidemiology in high-risk groups and the risk of reinfection. J Hepatol 2016; 65:S33-S45. [PMID: 27641987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Injecting risk behaviours among people who inject drugs (PWID) and high-risk sexual practices among men who have sex with men (MSM) are important routes of hepatitis C virus (HCV) transmission. Current direct-acting antiviral treatment offers unique opportunities for reductions in HCV-related liver disease burden and epidemic control in high-risk groups, but these prospects could be counteracted by HCV reinfection due to on-going risk behaviours after successful treatment. Based on existing data from small and heterogeneous studies of interferon-based treatment, the incidence of reinfection after sustained virological response range from 2-6/100 person years among PWID to 10-15/100 person years among human immunodeficiency virus-infected MSM. These differences mainly reflect heterogeneity in study populations with regards to risk behaviours, but also reflect variations in study designs and applied virological methods. Increasing levels of reinfection are to be expected as we enter the interferon-free treatment era. Individual- and population-level efforts to address and prevent reinfection should therefore be undertaken when providing HCV care for people with on-going risk behaviour. Constructive strategies include acknowledgement, education and counselling, harm reduction optimization, scaled-up treatment including treatment of injecting networks, post-treatment screening, and rapid retreatment of reinfections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Håvard Midgard
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway; Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; Department of Gastroenterology, Oslo University Hospital, Norway.
| | - Amanda Weir
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, United Kingdom; NHS National Services Scotland, Health Protection Scotland, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Norah Palmateer
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, United Kingdom; NHS National Services Scotland, Health Protection Scotland, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Vincent Lo Re
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Juan A Pineda
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología, Hospital Universitario de Valme, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan Macías
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología, Hospital Universitario de Valme, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Olav Dalgard
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway; Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
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Zippel-Schultz B, Specka M, Cimander K, Eschenhagen T, Gölz J, Maryschok M, Nowak M, Poehlke T, Stöver H, Helms TM, Scherbaum N. Outcomes of Patients in Long-Term Opioid Maintenance Treatment. Subst Use Misuse 2016; 51:1493-503. [PMID: 27355105 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2016.1188946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the importance of duration of opioid maintenance treatment (OMT), only few studies have reported outcomes of long-term OMT. OBJECTIVES To describe outcomes of long-term (> 5 years) OMT patients with respect to substance use, physical and mental health, and socioeconomic characteristics. METHODS Patients (n = 160) were recruited from 15 OMT offices in different regions of Germany. Data were collected using a structured interview at baseline, and clinical recordings, including urine drug screenings, during 12 monhts follow-up. RESULTS Patients had a mean age of 44 years. During follow-up, 23% of patients showed indications of an alcohol problem. Cannabis was used by 56%, often frequently. Heroin was used by 28%, mostly infrequently. Three quarters of patients either had a non-substance related mental disorder (48.1%, most frequently affective and anxiety disorders) or somatic diagnosis (61.3%, frequently hepatitis C, HIV, or cardiovascular diseases), or both. Unemployment rate was 43.1% at baseline (27% for patients without comorbidity) and remained generally stable during follow-up. No arrests or incarcerations were recorded. During follow-up, 2.5% of patients prematurely terminated OMT, 2.5% regularly completed OMT. CONCLUSIONS The sample as a whole was characterized by stable living conditions, high unemployment, low illicit opiate use, and a high retention rate. Continuation of OMT could enable further treatment of comorbidity and prevent resumption of a drug-dominated lifestyle. But it may well be asked how within the context of OMT further improvements can be achieved, especially with regard to further decrease of alcohol use and the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Specka
- b Klinik für abhängiges Verhalten und Suchtmedizin, LVR-Klinikum Essen, Kliniken/Institut der Universität Duisburg-Essen , Essen , Germany
| | - Konrad Cimander
- c Praxis für Allgemeinmedizin/Suchtmedizin , Hannover , Germany
| | - Thomas Eschenhagen
- d Institut für klinische und experimentelle Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universitätsklinikum Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Jörg Gölz
- e Praxiszentrum Kaiserdamm/Allgemeinmedizin , Berlin , Germany
| | | | - Manfred Nowak
- f Therapieverbund Ludwigsmühle , Landau/Pfalz , Germany
| | | | - Heino Stöver
- h Soziale Arbeit & Gesundheit, Frankfurt University of Applied Science , Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Thomas M Helms
- a Deutsche Stiftung für chronisch Kranke , Berlin , Germany
| | - Norbert Scherbaum
- b Klinik für abhängiges Verhalten und Suchtmedizin, LVR-Klinikum Essen, Kliniken/Institut der Universität Duisburg-Essen , Essen , Germany
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Kamarulzaman A, Reid SE, Schwitters A, Wiessing L, El-Bassel N, Dolan K, Moazen B, Wirtz AL, Verster A, Altice FL. Prevention of transmission of HIV, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and tuberculosis in prisoners. Lancet 2016; 388:1115-1126. [PMID: 27427456 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)30769-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of HIV, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and tuberculosis are higher in prisons than in the general population in most countries worldwide. Prisons have emerged as a risk environment for these infections to be further concentrated, amplified, and then transmitted to the community after prisoners are released. In the absence of alternatives to incarceration, prisons and detention facilities could be leveraged to promote primary and secondary prevention strategies for these infections to improve prisoners health and reduce risk throughout incarceration and on release. Effective treatment of opioid use disorders with opioid agonist therapies (eg, methadone and buprenorphine) prevents blood-borne infections via reductions in injection in prison and after release. However, large gaps exist in the implementation of these strategies across all regions. Collaboration between the criminal justice and public health systems will be required for successful implementation of these strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeeba Kamarulzaman
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Stewart E Reid
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia; University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Lucas Wiessing
- European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Kate Dolan
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Babak Moazen
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Centre, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Institute of Public Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrea L Wirtz
- Center for Public Health and Human Rights, Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Frederick L Altice
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Wenz B, Nielsen S, Gassowski M, Santos-Hövener C, Cai W, Ross RS, Bock CT, Ratsch BA, Kücherer C, Bannert N, Bremer V, Hamouda O, Marcus U, Zimmermann R. High variability of HIV and HCV seroprevalence and risk behaviours among people who inject drugs: results from a cross-sectional study using respondent-driven sampling in eight German cities (2011-14). BMC Public Health 2016; 16:927. [PMID: 27595567 PMCID: PMC5011883 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3545-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background People who inject drugs (PWID) are at increased risk of acquiring and transmitting HIV and Hepatitis C (HCV) due to sharing injection paraphernalia and unprotected sex. To generate seroprevalence data on HIV and HCV among PWID and related data on risk behaviour, a multicentre sero- and behavioural survey using respondent driven sampling (RDS) was conducted in eight German cities between 2011 and 2014. We also evaluated the feasibility and effectiveness of RDS for recruiting PWID in the study cities. Methods Eligible for participation were people who had injected drugs within the last 12 months, were 16 years or older, and who consumed in one of the study cities. Participants were recruited, using low-threshold drop-in facilities as study sites. Initial seeds were selected to represent various sub-groups of people who inject drugs (PWID). Participants completed a face-to-face interview with a structured questionnaire about socio-demographics, sexual and injecting risk behaviours, as well as the utilisation of health services. Capillary blood samples were collected as dried blood spots and were anonymously tested for serological and molecular markers of HIV and HCV. The results are shown as range of proportions (min. and max. values (%)) in the respective study cities. For evaluation of the sampling method we applied criteria from the STROBE guidelines. Results Overall, 2,077 PWID were recruited. The range of age medians was 29–41 years, 18.5–35.3 % of participants were female, and 9.2–30.6 % were foreign born. Median time span since first injection were 10–18 years. Injecting during the last 30 days was reported by 76.0–88.4 % of participants. Sharing needle/syringes (last 30 days) ranged between 4.7 and 22.3 %, while sharing unsterile paraphernalia (spoon, filter, water, last 30 days) was reported by 33.0–43.8 %. A majority of participants (72.8–85.8 %) reported incarceration at least once, and 17.8–39.8 % had injected while incarcerated. Between 30.8 and 66.2 % were currently in opioid substitution therapy. Unweighted HIV seroprevalence ranged from 0–9.1 %, HCV from 42.3–75.0 %, and HCV-RNA from 23.1–54.0 %. The implementation of RDS as a recruiting method in cooperation with low-threshold drop in facilities was well accepted by both staff and PWID. We reached our targeted sample size in seven of eight cities. Conclusions In the recruited sample of mostly current injectors with a long duration of injecting drug use, seroprevalence for HIV and HCV varied greatly between the city samples. HCV was endemic among participants in all city samples. Our results demonstrate the necessity of intensified prevention strategies for blood-borne infections among PWID in Germany. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3545-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Wenz
- Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Division for HIV/AIDS, STI and Blood-borne Infections, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stine Nielsen
- Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Division for HIV/AIDS, STI and Blood-borne Infections, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martyna Gassowski
- Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Division for HIV/AIDS, STI and Blood-borne Infections, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Santos-Hövener
- Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Division for HIV/AIDS, STI and Blood-borne Infections, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wei Cai
- Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Division for HIV/AIDS, STI and Blood-borne Infections, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - R Stefan Ross
- Institute of Virology, National Reference Centre for Hepatitis C, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Claus-Thomas Bock
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division for Viral Gastroenteritis and Hepatitis Pathogens and Enteroviruses, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Boris-Alexander Ratsch
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division for Viral Gastroenteritis and Hepatitis Pathogens and Enteroviruses, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Kücherer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division for HIV and other Retroviruses, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Bannert
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division for HIV and other Retroviruses, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Viviane Bremer
- Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Division for HIV/AIDS, STI and Blood-borne Infections, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Osamah Hamouda
- Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Division for HIV/AIDS, STI and Blood-borne Infections, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Marcus
- Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Division for HIV/AIDS, STI and Blood-borne Infections, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ruth Zimmermann
- Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Division for HIV/AIDS, STI and Blood-borne Infections, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.
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Chirikov VV, Shaya FT, Mullins CD, dosReis S, Onukwugha E, Howell CD. Determinants of quality of care and treatment initiation in Medicare disabled patients with chronic hepatitis C. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 9:1447-62. [PMID: 26524244 DOI: 10.1586/17474124.2015.1095087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aligning with a national priority to bridge health disparities in disadvantaged populations, we explored contextual determinants of pretreatment quality of care and treatment receipt of Medicare disabled patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. METHODS We used Medicare claims (2006-2009) linked to the Area Health Resource Files. Ordinal partial proportional odds and weighted modified Poisson regressions were used to model the determinants of quality care receipt and interferon-based treatment, respectively. RESULTS We identified 1936 Medicare disabled HCV patients, of whom 10.4% were treated with peg-interferon. Despite the high comorbidity burden among HCV disabled patients, greater engagement in care correlated with greater likelihood of quality care and treatment receipt. CONCLUSION Our study highlights the need for process and linkage to care in Medicare disabled HCV patients, but future research relevant to novel interferon-free agents is needed to assess patterns of quality of care and treatment receipt in this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor V Chirikov
- a 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 220 Arch Street, Saratoga Offices 12th Floor, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Fadia T Shaya
- a 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 220 Arch Street, Saratoga Offices 12th Floor, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.,b 2 University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - C Daniel Mullins
- a 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 220 Arch Street, Saratoga Offices 12th Floor, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Susan dosReis
- a 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 220 Arch Street, Saratoga Offices 12th Floor, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Ebere Onukwugha
- a 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 220 Arch Street, Saratoga Offices 12th Floor, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Charles D Howell
- c 3 Department of Medicine, Howard University College of Medicine, 2041 Georgia Ave. Suite 5C02, Washington, DC 20060, USA
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Fotiou A, Kanavou E, Antaraki A, Richardson C, Terzidou M, Kokkevi A. HCV/HIV coinfection among people who inject drugs and enter opioid substitution treatment in Greece: prevalence and correlates. HEPATOLOGY, MEDICINE AND POLICY 2016; 1:9. [PMID: 30288313 PMCID: PMC5918725 DOI: 10.1186/s41124-016-0017-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background HCV/HIV coinfection in people who inject drugs is a public health issue, which presents a variety of challenges to healthcare providers. The determinants of HCV/HIV coinfection in this population are nonetheless not well known. The aim of the present study is to identify the factors associated with HCV/HIV coinfection in people who inject drugs and enter drug-related treatment. Methods Linked serological and behavioral data were collected from people who entered 38 opioid substitution treatment clinics in central and southern Greece between January and December 2013. Three mutually exclusive groups were defined based on the presence of HCV and HIV antibodies. Group 1 clients had neither infection, Group 2 had HCV but not HIV, and Group 3 had HCV/HIV coinfection. Multinomial logistic regression analyses identified differences between groups according to socio-demographic, drug use and higher-risk behavioral characteristics. Results Our study population consisted of 580 people who injected drugs in the past 12 months (79.8 % males, with median age 36 years).79.4 % were HCV and 15.7 % HIV infected. Of those with complete serological data in both HCV and HIV indicators, 20.4 % were uninfected, 64.0 % HCV monoinfected, and 14.9 % HCV/HIV coinfected. HCV infection with or without HIV coinfection was positively associated with living alone or with a spouse/partner without children, prior incarceration, drug injecting histories of ≥10 years, and syringe sharing in the past 12 months, and negatively associated with never having previously been tested for HCV. HCV/HIV coinfection, but not HCV infection alone, was positively associated with residence in urban areas (relative risk ratio [RRR] = 4.8, 95 % confidence interval [CI]: 1.7–13.7, p = 0.004) and averaging >3 injections a day in the past 30 days (RRR = 4.5, 95 % CI: 1.6–12.8, p = 0.005), and negatively associated with using a condom in the last sexual intercourse. Conclusions People who inject drugs and live in urban areas and inject frequently have higher risk of coinfection. Findings highlight the need for scaling-up needle and syringe programs in inner city areas and promoting access of this population to screening and treatment, especially in prisons. The protective role of living with parents and children could inform the implementation of indicated interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios Fotiou
- 1Epidemiology Unit, Greek Reitox Focal Point of the EMCDDA, University Mental Health Research Institute, 2 Soranou tou Efesiou St., Athens, 11527 Greece
| | - Eleftheria Kanavou
- 1Epidemiology Unit, Greek Reitox Focal Point of the EMCDDA, University Mental Health Research Institute, 2 Soranou tou Efesiou St., Athens, 11527 Greece
| | - Argyro Antaraki
- 1Epidemiology Unit, Greek Reitox Focal Point of the EMCDDA, University Mental Health Research Institute, 2 Soranou tou Efesiou St., Athens, 11527 Greece
| | - Clive Richardson
- 2Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences, 136, Leoforos A. Siggrou, Kallithea, Athens 17671 Greece
| | - Manina Terzidou
- 1Epidemiology Unit, Greek Reitox Focal Point of the EMCDDA, University Mental Health Research Institute, 2 Soranou tou Efesiou St., Athens, 11527 Greece
| | - Anna Kokkevi
- 3University Mental Health Research Institute, 2 Soranou tou Efesiou St., Athens, 11527 Greece
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Exploratory social network analysis and gene sequencing in people who inject drugs infected with hepatitis C virus. Epidemiol Infect 2016; 144:3080-3090. [PMID: 27405277 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268816001333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Social networks facilitate the transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in people who inject drugs (PWID). The aim of this study was to assess how certain network structural characteristics are related to HCV infections in PWID and to determine the most susceptible individuals for HCV transmission in a network of PWID. PWID (N = 80) from central China were recruited from a previous follow-up case-control study. Demographic and behavioural information was obtained from a computerized database for each group. HCV RNA was extracted from blood specimens. Sequences were used to construct a phylogenetic tree and to determine genetic distances. Socio-metric social links were established between participants. Network measures were calculated using UCINET. Three HCV genotypes were identified, covering five subtypes. The density of the social networks for the whole sample (N = 80), case group (n = 31) and control group (n = 49) was 0.038, 0.054 and 0.008, respectively. PWID infected with HCV were in frequent contact with others within their group. There were four pairs of nodes with genotypic distances of 0.000 that were identified and clustered in subtypes 6a and 1b; each subject pair was linked and found in one clique. Three of the five most active nodes were infected with HCV. These three nodes served as a bridge, contributing to the connection of other nodes. These findings identify susceptible individuals for HCV transmission in PWID based on their frequent contact with others in the network. These results provide data that could be used for modelling HCV transmission patterns and in public health policies.
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Gilchrist G, Tirado-Munoz J, Taylor A, Fischer G, Moskalewicz J, Köchl B, Giammarchi C, Dabrowska K, Shaw A, Munro A, Di Furia L, Torrens M. An uncontrolled, feasibility study of a group intervention to reduce hepatitis C transmission risk behaviours and increase transmission knowledge among women who inject drugs. DRUGS-EDUCATION PREVENTION AND POLICY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/09687637.2016.1197885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Gilchrist
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK,
| | - J. Tirado-Munoz
- IMIM-Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques and Institute of Neuropsychiatry and Addictions, Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,
| | - A. Taylor
- School of Media, Culture and Society, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, UK,
| | - G. Fischer
- Addiction Clinic, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria,
| | - J. Moskalewicz
- Department of Studies on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland,
| | - B. Köchl
- Addiction Clinic, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria,
| | | | - K. Dabrowska
- Department of Studies on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland,
| | - A. Shaw
- School of Media, Culture and Society, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, UK,
| | - A. Munro
- School of Media, Culture and Society, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, UK,
| | - L. Di Furia
- Servizio Salute Regione Marche, Ancona, Italy, and
| | - M. Torrens
- IMIM-Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques and Institute of Neuropsychiatry and Addictions, Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,
- Psychiatry Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Leask JD, Dillon JF. Review article: treatment as prevention - targeting people who inject drugs as a pathway towards hepatitis C eradication. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2016; 44:145-56. [PMID: 27199103 DOI: 10.1111/apt.13673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a leading cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. HCV predominates in people who inject drugs; a group in whom anti-viral therapy has previously been withheld on the basis of chaotic lifestyles and associated risks of reinfection. New research has emerged which suggests that by specifically targeting HCV-infected people who inject drugs for treatment, the pool of HCV would deplete, thus reducing overall transmission and eventually leading to HCV eradication. AIM To outline the requirements for HCV eradication and review the evidence that this is achievable. METHODS Expert review of the literature. RESULTS The achievement of HCV eradication using 'treatment as prevention' is supported by numerous epidemiological modelling studies employing a variety of models in several contexts including people who inject drugs, men who have sex with men and prisoners. More recent studies also incorporate the newer, more efficacious direct-acting anti-viral drugs. These drugs have been shown to be safe and effective in people who inject drugs in clinical trials. There is no empirical evidence of the impact of treatment as prevention strategies on population prevalence. CONCLUSIONS This review highlights the efforts to control HCV and evaluates the possibilities of achieving eradication of HCV. Currently, the technologies required to achieve HCV eradication exist, but the infrastructure to deliver them is not generally available or of insufficient scale outside of specific areas. Such areas are yet to demonstrate that elimination is possible, but results of studies in these areas are awaited. Such a demonstration would be proof of principle for eradication. Although we are aspiring towards HCV eradication, elimination is the more realistic prospect.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Leask
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - J F Dillon
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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Dillon JF, Lazarus JV, Razavi HA. Urgent action to fight hepatitis C in people who inject drugs in Europe. HEPATOLOGY, MEDICINE AND POLICY 2016; 1:2. [PMID: 30288305 PMCID: PMC5918492 DOI: 10.1186/s41124-016-0011-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a leading cause of liver cirrhosis and liver cancer, is curable in most people. Injecting drug use currently accounts for 80 % of new HCV infections with a known transmission route in the European Union (EU). HCV has generally received little attention from the public or policymakers in the EU, with major gaps in national-level strategies, action plans, guidelines and the evidence base. Specifically, people who inject drugs (PWID) are often excluded from treatment owing to various patient, healthcare provider and health system factors. All policymakers responsible for health services in EU countries should ensure that prevention, treatment, care and support interventions addressing HCV in PWID are developed and implemented. According to current best practice, PWID should have access to comprehensive, evidence-based multiprofessional harm reduction (especially opioid substitution therapy and clean needles and syringes) and support/care services based in the community and modified with community involvement to accommodate this hard-to-reach population. Other recommended components of care include vaccination against hepatitis B and other infections; peer support interventions; HIV testing, prevention and treatment; drug and alcohol services; psychological care as needed; and social support services. HCV testing should be performed regularly in PWID to identify infected persons and engage them in care. HCV-infected PWID should be considered for antiviral treatment (based on an individualised assessment and delivered within multidisciplinary care/support programmes) both to cure infected individuals and prevent onward transmission. Modelling data suggest that the HCV disease burden can only be cut substantially if antiviral treatment is scaled up together with prevention programmes. Measures should be taken to reduce stigma and discrimination against PWID at the provider and institutional levels. In conclusion, strategic action at the policy level is urgently needed to increase access to HCV prevention, testing and treatment among PWID, the group at highest risk of HCV infection. Such action has the potential to substantially reduce the number of infected persons, along with the disease burden and related care costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F. Dillon
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, UK
| | - Jeffrey V. Lazarus
- Centre for Health and Infectious Disease Research (CHIP) and WHO Collaborating Centre on HIV and Viral Hepatitis, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Hepatitis B and C prevalence in Portugal: disparity between the general population and high-risk groups. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 28:640-4. [PMID: 26866523 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000000608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The prevalence of anti-HCV and HBsAg in Portugal has been shown to be elevated in high-risk groups, such as intravenous drug-users and incarcerated individuals. However, in the general population, prevalence remains largely unknown. The aims of this study were to estimate the prevalence of anti-HCV and HBsAg in the general Portuguese population and identify associated risk factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS We carried out a nationwide, population-based cross-sectional study of adults resident in mainland Portugal. Serology for HBsAg, anti-HBc, anti-HBs, and anti-HCV was performed. Anti-HCV-positive individuals were tested for HCV RNA by PCR. RESULTS Of 1685 participants, 50.6% were men, mean age 50.2±18.3 years. In terms of hepatitis C, the prevalence of anti-HCV was 0.54% [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.2-0.9] and 0.12% (95% CI: 0.0-0.3) were viremic, with peak prevalence among individuals 35-64 years of age (0.8%), men (0.8%), and individuals from Lisbon and Tagus Valley region (1.9%).In terms of hepatitis B, the estimated prevalence of HBsAg was 1.45% (95% CI: 0.9-2.0). A higher prevalence was found in individuals who were 35-64 years old (2.2%), in men (2.5%), and in the Northern region (2.6%).The presence of positive serological markers of hepatitis C virus and hepatitis B virus infection did not correlate with elevated aminotransferases, race, place of birth, and alcohol consumption. CONCLUSION These results suggest a low endemicity for both hepatitis B and hepatitis C in the general population, in contrast to a very high prevalence in risk groups, thus suggesting that targeted screening to high-risk groups may be more cost-effective than general population screening.
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141
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Wang C, Shi CX, Rou K, Zhao Y, Cao X, Luo W, Liu E, Wu Z. Baseline HCV Antibody Prevalence and Risk Factors among Drug Users in China's National Methadone Maintenance Treatment Program. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147922. [PMID: 26906025 PMCID: PMC4764346 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the most common viral infection among injecting drug users worldwide. We aimed to assess HCV antibody prevalence and associated risk factors among clients in the Chinese national methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) program. METHODS Data from 296,209 clients who enrolled in the national MMT program between March 2004 and December 2012 were analyzed to assess HCV antibody prevalence, associated risk factors, and geographical distribution. RESULTS Anti-HCV screening was positive for 54.6% of clients upon MMT entry between 2004 and 2012. HCV antibody prevalence at entry declined from 66.8% in 2005 to 45.9% in 2012. The most significant predictors of HCV seropositivity were injecting drug use (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 8.34, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 8.17-8.52, p<0.0001) and a history of drug use ≥9 years (AOR: 2.01, 95% CI: 1.96-2.06, p<0.0001). Being female, of Uyghur or Zhuang ethnicity, and unmarried were identified as demographic risk factors (all p-values<0.0001). Of the 28 provincial-level divisions included in the study, we found that 5 divisions had HCV antibody prevalence above 70% and 20 divisions above 50%. The HCV screening rate within 6 months after MMT entry greatly increased from 30.4% in 2004 to 93.1% in 2012. CONCLUSIONS The current HCV antibody prevalence remains alarmingly high among MMT clients throughout most provincial-level divisions in China, particularly among injecting drug users and females. A comprehensive prevention strategy is needed to control the HCV epidemic among MMT clients in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhe Wang
- National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Cynthia X. Shi
- National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Keming Rou
- National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaobin Cao
- National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Luo
- National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Enwu Liu
- National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zunyou Wu
- National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: ;
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Gyarmathy VA, Csák R, Bálint K, Bene E, Varga AE, Varga M, Csiszér N, Vingender I, Rácz J. A needle in the haystack--the dire straits of needle exchange in Hungary. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:157. [PMID: 26880660 PMCID: PMC4754887 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-2842-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The two largest needle exchange programs (NEPs) in Hungary were forced to close down in the second half of 2014 due to extreme political attacks and related lack of government funding. The closures occurred against a background of rapid expansion in Hungary of injectable new psychoactive substances, which are associated with very frequent injecting episodes and syringe sharing. The aim of our analysis was to predict how the overall Hungarian NEP syringe supply was affected by the closures. METHODS We analyzed all registry data from all NEPs in Hungary for all years of standardized NEP data collection protocols currently in use (2008-2014) concerning 22 949 client enrollments, 9,211 new clients, 228,167 client contacts, 3,160,560 distributed syringes, and 2,077,676 collected syringes. RESULTS We found that while the combined share of the two now closed NEPs decreased over time, even in their partial year 2014 they still distributed and collected about half of all syringes, and attended to over half of all clients and client contacts in Hungary. The number of distributed syringes per PWID (WHO minimum target = 100) was 81 in 2014 in Hungary, but 39 without the two now closed NEPs. CONCLUSIONS There is a high probability that the combination of decreased NEP coverage and the increased injection risk of new psychoactive substances may lead in Hungary to a public health disaster similar to the HIV outbreaks in Romania and Greece. This can be avoided only by an immediate change in the attitude of the Hungarian government towards harm reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Anna Gyarmathy
- />Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD USA
- />Semmelweis University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Róbert Csák
- />Blue Point Drug Counselling and Outpatient Centre, Budapest, Hungary
- />Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Psychology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Bálint
- />Semmelweis University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Bene
- />Semmelweis University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Ernő Varga
- />Semmelweis University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | - István Vingender
- />Semmelweis University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - József Rácz
- />Semmelweis University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- />Blue Point Drug Counselling and Outpatient Centre, Budapest, Hungary
- />Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Psychology, Budapest, Hungary
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143
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Westergaard RP, Hull SJ, Merkow A, Stephens LK, Hochstatter KR, Olson-Streed HK, Baker LM, Hess TM. Computerized Tailored Interventions to Enhance Prevention and Screening for Hepatitis C Virus Among People Who Inject Drugs: Protocol for a Randomized Pilot Study. JMIR Res Protoc 2016; 5:e15. [PMID: 26800903 PMCID: PMC4744331 DOI: 10.2196/resprot.4830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a growing problem among people who inject drugs. Strategies to reduce disease transmission (eg, syringe exchange programs) and facilitate HCV screening and linkage are available but are under-utilized in many communities affected by injection drug use. Novel approaches to increasing the use of these strategies are needed. Objective The goals of this project are to (1) develop and pilot test a computerized tailored intervention for increasing HCV screening and decreasing risky drug use behavior among people who inject drugs and (2) determine the feasibility of disseminating such an intervention using peer-based referrals in the setting of a community-based syringe exchange program. Methods This 2-arm, randomized pilot study is being conducted in a large-volume, multisite syringe exchange program in southern Wisconsin. A social network–based strategy was used to recruit a total of 235 adults who reported past-month injection of opioids, cocaine, or methamphetamine. Network recruiters were identified among clients requesting services from the syringe exchange program and were enlisted to refer eligible peers to the study. All participants completed a computer-adapted questionnaire eliciting information about risk behaviors and their knowledge, attitudes, and prior experiences related to HCV screening. Subjects were then randomly assigned to receive usual care, consisting of standard counseling by syringe exchange staff, or the Hep-Net intervention, which provides algorithm-based, real-time tailored feedback and recommendations for behavior change in the style of motivational interviewing. Changes in drug use behaviors and attitudes will be assessed during a second session between 90 and 180 days after the baseline visit. Frequency of repeat HCV testing and HCV incidence will be assessed through a database search 1 year after study completion. Results Recruitment for this study was completed in April 2015. Follow-up of enrolled participants is expected to continue until March 2016. Network recruiters were enrolled who referred a total of 195 eligible peers (overall N=235). At baseline, the median age was 34 years; 41.3% (97/235) were non-white; and 86.4% (203/235) reported predominantly injecting heroin. Most participants (161/234, 68.8%) reported sharing injection equipment in the past and of these, 30.4% (49/161) had never been tested for HCV. Conclusions This study will provide preliminary evidence to determine whether incorporating computerized behavioral interventions into existing prevention services at syringe exchange programs can lead to adoption of healthier behaviors. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02474043; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02474043 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6dbjUQG7J)
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P Westergaard
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States.
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Platt L, Reed J, Minozzi S, Vickerman P, Hagan H, French C, Jordan A, Degenhardt L, Hope V, Hutchinson S, Maher L, Palmateer N, Taylor A, Hickman M. Effectiveness of needle/syringe programmes and opiate substitution therapy in preventing HCV transmission among people who inject drugs. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 2016:CD012021. [PMID: 27127417 PMCID: PMC4843520 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This is the protocol for a review and there is no abstract. The objectives are as follows: To assess the impact of needle/syringe programmes with and without opiate substitution therapy (OST) on the incidence of HCV infection among people who inject drugs (PWID).To assess the effect of OST alone on the incidence of HCV infection among PWID. RESEARCH QUESTIONS How effective are needle/syringe programmes (NSP) with and without the use of OST for reducing HCV incidence among PWID?How effective is OST alone for reducing HCV incidence among PWID?How does the effect of NSP and OST vary according to duration of treatment (i.e. for NSPs weekly attendance versus monthly)?How does the effect of NSP vary according to the type of service (fixed site versus mobile; high coverage versus low coverage)?How does the effect of OST vary according to the dosage of OST, type of substitution used and adherence to treatment?
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Platt
- Centre for Research on Drugs and Health Behaviour, Department of Social and Environmental Health Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Jennifer Reed
- New York University College of Nursing, New York, NY, USA
| | - Silvia Minozzi
- Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, Rome, Italy
| | - Peter Vickerman
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Holly Hagan
- New York University College of Nursing, New York, NY, USA
| | - Clare French
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ashly Jordan
- New York University College of Nursing, New York, NY, USA
| | - Louisa Degenhardt
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW, Randwick, Australia
| | | | | | - Lisa Maher
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | - Matthew Hickman
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Klevens RM, Jones SE, Ward JW, Holtzman D, Kann L. Trends in Injection Drug Use Among High School Students, U.S., 1995-2013. Am J Prev Med 2016; 50:40-46. [PMID: 26314917 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2015.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Injection drug use is the most frequently reported risk behavior among new cases of hepatitis C virus infection, and recent reports of increases in infection are of great concern in many communities. This study assessed the prevalence and trends in injection drug use among U.S. high school students. METHODS Data were from CDC's Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System, which collects information on health risk behaviors at the national, state, and large urban school district levels. Analyses were conducted in 2014. RESULTS In 2013, 1.7% of high school students nationwide had ever injected any illegal drug. Nationwide, ever injecting any illegal drug did not change significantly from 1995 to 2013, except among black non-Hispanic students. For this subgroup, both a significant linear increase from 1995 to 2013 and a significant quadratic trend were observed, with injection drug use increasing from 1995 to 2009 and decreasing from 2009 to 2013. Significant linear increases in injection drug use occurred in five states (Arkansas, Hawaii, Maine, Maryland, and New York) and six large urban school districts (Baltimore, Memphis, Miami-Dade County, New York City, Philadelphia, and Seattle). Significant linear decreases occurred in three states (Massachusetts, South Dakota, and West Virginia). Both a significant linear increase and quadratic trend were observed in Maine; quadratic trends were observed in Tennessee, Utah, and Palm Beach County, Florida. CONCLUSIONS In some geographic areas and population groups, an increasing or high frequency of injection drug use was found among high school students, who should be targeted for prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Monina Klevens
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | - Sherry Everett Jones
- Division of Adolescent and School Health, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - John W Ward
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Deborah Holtzman
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Laura Kann
- Division of Adolescent and School Health, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia
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Des Jarlais DC, Nugent A, Solberg A, Feelemyer J, Mermin J, Holtzman D. Syringe Service Programs for Persons Who Inject Drugs in Urban, Suburban, and Rural Areas - United States, 2013. MMWR-MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT 2015; 64:1337-41. [PMID: 26655918 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6448a3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Reducing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection rates in persons who inject drugs (PWID) has been one of the major successes in HIV prevention in the United States. Estimated HIV incidence among PWID declined by approximately 80% during 1990-2006 (1). More recent data indicate that further reductions in HIV incidence are occurring in multiple areas (2). Research results for the effectiveness of risk reduction programs in preventing hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among PWID (3) have not been as consistent as they have been for HIV; however, a marked decline in the incidence of HCV infection occurred during 1992-2005 in selected U.S. locations when targeted risk reduction efforts for the prevention of HIV were implemented (4). Because syringe service programs (SSPs)* have been one effective component of these risk reduction efforts for PWID (5), and because at least half of PWID are estimated to live outside major urban areas (6), a study was undertaken to characterize the current status of SSPs in the United States and determine whether urban, suburban, and rural SSPs differed. Data from a recent survey of SSPs(†) were analyzed to describe program characteristics (e.g., size, clients, and services), which were then compared by urban, suburban, and rural location. Substantially fewer SSPs were located in rural and suburban than in urban areas, and harm reduction services(§) were less available to PWID outside urban settings. Because increases in substance abuse treatment admissions for drug injection have been observed concurrently with increases in reported cases of acute HCV infection in rural and suburban areas (7), state and local jurisdictions could consider extending effective prevention programs, including SSPs, to populations of PWID in rural and suburban areas.
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147
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Lima VD, Rozada I, Grebely J, Hull M, Lourenco L, Nosyk B, Krajden M, Yoshida E, Wood E, Montaner JSG. Are Interferon-Free Direct-Acting Antivirals for the Treatment of HCV Enough to Control the Epidemic among People Who Inject Drugs? PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143836. [PMID: 26633652 PMCID: PMC4669174 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Widely access to interferon-free direct-acting antiviral regimens (IFN-free DAA) is poised to dramatically change the impact of the HCV epidemic among people who inject drugs (PWID). We evaluated the long-term effect of increasing HCV testing, treatment and engagement into harm-reduction activities, focused on active PWID, on the HCV epidemic in British Columbia (BC), Canada. METHODS We built a compartmental model of HCV disease transmission stratified by disease progression, transmission risk, and fibrosis level. We explored the effect of: (1) Increasing treatment rates from 8 to 20, 40 and 80 per 1000 infected PWID/year; (2) Increasing treatment eligibility based on fibrosis level; (3) Maximizing the effect of testing by performing it immediately upon ending the acute phase; (4) Increasing access to harm-reduction activities to reduce the risk of re-infection; (5) Different HCV antiviral regimens on the Control Reproduction Number Rc. We assessed the impact of these interventions on incidence, prevalence and mortality from 2016 to 2030. RESULTS Of all HCV antiviral regimens, only IFN-free DAAs offered a high chance of disease elimination (i.e. Rc < 1), but it would be necessary to substantially increase the current low testing and treatment rates. Assuming a treatment rate of 80 per 1000 infected PWID per year, coupled with a high testing rate, the incidence rate, at the end of 2030, could decrease from 92.9 per 1000 susceptible PWID per year (Status Quo) to 82.8 (by treating only PWID with fibrosis level F2 and higher) or to 65.5 (by treating PWID regardless of fibrosis level). If PWID also had access to increased harm-reduction activities, the incidence rate further decreased to 53.1 per 1000 susceptible PWID per year. We also obtained significant decreases in prevalence and mortality at the end of 2030. CONCLUSIONS The combination of increased access to HCV testing, highly efficacious antiviral treatment and harm-reduction programs can substantially decrease the burden of the HCV epidemic among PWID. However, unless we increase the current levels of treatment and testing, the HCV epidemic among PWID in BC, and in other parts of the world with similar epidemiological background, will remain a substantial public health concern for many years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane D. Lima
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ignacio Rozada
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jason Grebely
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark Hull
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lillian Lourenco
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bohdan Nosyk
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mel Krajden
- Public Health Microbiology and Reference Laboratory, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Eric Yoshida
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Evan Wood
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Julio S. G. Montaner
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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148
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Hickman M, De Angelis D, Vickerman P, Hutchinson S, Martin NK. Hepatitis C virus treatment as prevention in people who inject drugs: testing the evidence. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2015; 28:576-82. [PMID: 26524330 PMCID: PMC4659818 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000000216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The majority of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections in the United Kingdom and many developing countries were acquired through injecting. New clinical guidance suggests that HCV treatment should be offered to people with a transmission risk - such as people who inject drugs (PWID) - irrespective of severity of liver disease. We consider the strength of the evidence base and potential problems in evaluating HCV treatment as prevention among PWID. RECENT FINDINGS There is good theoretical evidence from dynamic models that HCV treatment for PWID could reduce HCV chronic prevalence and incidence among PWID. Economic evaluations from high-income settings have suggested HCV treatment for PWID is cost-effective, and that in many settings HCV treatment of PWID could be more cost-effective than treating those at an equivalent stage with no ongoing transmission risk. Epidemiological studies of older interferon treatments have suggested that PWID can achieve similar treatment outcomes to other patient groups treated for chronic HCV. Impact and cost-effectiveness of HCV treatment is driven by the potential 'prevention benefit' of treating PWID. Model projections suggest that more future infections, end stage liver disease, and HCV-related deaths will be averted than lost through reinfection of PWID treated successfully for HCV. However, there is to date no empirical evidence from trials or observational studies that test the model projections and 'prevention benefit' hypothesis. In part this is because of uncertainty in the evidence base but also there is unlikely to have been a change in HCV prevalence due to HCV treatment because PWID HCV treatment rates historically in most sites have been low, and any scale-up and switch to the new direct acting antiviral has not yet occurred. There are a number of key uncertainties in the data available on PWID that need to be improved and addressed to evaluate treatment as prevention. These include estimates of the prevalence of PWID, measurements of HCV chronic prevalence and incidence among PWID, and how to interpret reinfection rates as potential outcome measures. SUMMARY Eliminating HCV through scaling up treatment is a theoretical possibility. But empirical data are required to demonstrate that HCV treatment can reduce HCV transmission, which will require an improved evidence base and analytic framework for measuring PWID and HCV prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Hickman
- aSchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol bMRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge and Public Health England cGlasgow Caledonian University and Health Protection Scotland, UK dDivision of Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, California, USA
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Dąbrowska K, Sierosławski J. Warunki wdrożenia i realizacji interwencji profilaktycznej w celu zapobiegania HCV wobec osób używających narkotyków – wyniki badań jakościowych. ALCOHOLISM AND DRUG ADDICTION 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.alkona.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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150
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Higgs P, Dwyer R, Cogger S, Hellard M, Maher L. Behavioural research to inform understanding of hepatitis C resistance. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2015; 15:1260-1. [PMID: 26531033 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(15)00352-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Higgs
- National Drug Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia.
| | - Robyn Dwyer
- National Drug Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | | | | | - Lisa Maher
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales Australia, Kensington, NSW, Australia
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