101
|
Zhang L, Lubbers RJM, Simon A, Stassen JHM, Vargas Ribera PR, Viaud M, van Kan JAL. A novel Zn2 Cys6 transcription factor BcGaaR regulates D-galacturonic acid utilization in Botrytis cinerea. Mol Microbiol 2016; 100:247-62. [PMID: 26691528 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
D-galacturonic acid (GalA) is the most abundant monosaccharide component of pectin. Previous transcriptome analysis in the plant pathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea identified eight GalA-inducible genes involved in pectin decomposition, GalA transport and utilization. Co-expression of these genes indicates that a specific regulatory mechanism occurs in B. cinerea. In this study, promoter regions of these genes were analysed and eight conserved sequence motifs identified. The Bclga1 promoter, containing all these motifs, was functionally analysed and the motif designated GalA Responsive Element (GARE) was identified as the crucial cis-regulatory element in regulation of GalA utilization in B. cinerea. Yeast one-hybrid screening with the GARE motif led to identification of a novel Zn2 Cys6 transcription factor (TF), designated BcGaaR. Targeted knockout analysis revealed that BcGaaR is required for induction of GalA-inducible genes and growth of B. cinerea on GalA. A BcGaaR-GFP fusion protein was predominantly localized in nuclei in mycelium grown in GalA. Fluorescence in nuclei was much stronger in mycelium grown in GalA, as compared to fructose and glucose. This study provides the first report of a GalA-specific TF in filamentous fungi. Orthologs of BcGaaR are present in other ascomycete fungi that are able to utilize GalA, including Aspergillus spp., Trichoderma reesei and Neurospora crassa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisha Zhang
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708, PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronnie J M Lubbers
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708, PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Adeline Simon
- UMR1290 BIOGER, INRA-AgroParisTech, Avenue Lucien Brétignières, 78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Joost H M Stassen
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708, PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pablo R Vargas Ribera
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708, PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Muriel Viaud
- UMR1290 BIOGER, INRA-AgroParisTech, Avenue Lucien Brétignières, 78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Jan A L van Kan
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708, PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Sella L, Castiglioni C, Paccanaro MC, Janni M, Schäfer W, D'Ovidio R, Favaron F. Involvement of Fungal Pectin Methylesterase Activity in the Interaction Between Fusarium graminearum and Wheat. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2016; 29:258-267. [PMID: 26713352 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-15-0174-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The genome of Fusarium graminearum, the causal agent of Fusarium head blight of wheat, contains two putative pectin methylesterase (PME)-encoding genes. However, when grown in liquid culture containing pectin, F. graminearum produces only a single PME, which was purified and identified. Its encoding gene, expressed during wheat spike infection, was disrupted by targeted homologous recombination. Two Δpme mutant strains lacked PME activity but were still able to grow on highly methyl-esterified pectin even though their polygalacturonase (PG) activity showed a reduced capacity to depolymerize this substrate. The enzymatic assays performed with purified F. graminearum PG and PME demonstrated an increase in PG activity in the presence of PME on highly methyl-esterified pectin. The virulence of the mutant strains was tested on Triticum aestivum and Triticum durum spikes, and a significant reduction in the percentage of symptomatic spikelets was observed between 7 and 12 days postinfection compared with wild type, demonstrating that the F. graminearum PME contributes to fungal virulence on wheat by promoting spike colonization in the initial and middle stages of infection. In contrast, transgenic wheat plants with increased levels of pectin methyl esterification did not show any increase in resistance to the Δpme mutant, indicating that the infectivity of the fungus relies only to a certain degree on pectin degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Sella
- 1 Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali (TeSAF), Research group in Plant Pathology, Università di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Carla Castiglioni
- 1 Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali (TeSAF), Research group in Plant Pathology, Università di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Paccanaro
- 1 Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali (TeSAF), Research group in Plant Pathology, Università di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Michela Janni
- 2 Dipartimento di Scienze e tecnologie per l'Agricoltura, le Foreste, la Natura e l'Energia, (DAFNE), Università della Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; and
| | - Wilhelm Schäfer
- 3 Biocenter Klein Flottbek, Molecular Phytopathology and Genetics, University of Hamburg, Hamburg Germany
| | - Renato D'Ovidio
- 2 Dipartimento di Scienze e tecnologie per l'Agricoltura, le Foreste, la Natura e l'Energia, (DAFNE), Università della Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; and
| | - Francesco Favaron
- 1 Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali (TeSAF), Research group in Plant Pathology, Università di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
Marschall R, Tudzynski P. Reactive oxygen species in development and infection processes. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 57:138-146. [PMID: 27039026 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important signaling molecules that affect vegetative and pathogenic processes in pathogenic fungi. There is growing evidence that ROS are not only secreted during the interaction of host and pathogen but also involved in tightly controlled intracellular processes. The major ROS producing enzymes are NADPH oxidases (Nox). Recent investigations in fungi revealed that Nox-activity is responsible for the formation of infection structures, cytoskeleton architecture as well as interhyphal communication. However, information about the localization and site of action of the Nox complexes in fungi is limited and signaling pathways and intracellular processes affected by ROS have not been fully elucidated. This review focuses on the role of ROS as signaling molecules in fungal "model" organisms: it examines the role of ROS in vegetative and pathogenic processes and gives special attention to Nox complexes and their function as important signaling hubs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Marschall
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms Universität, Schlossplatz 8, D-48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Paul Tudzynski
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms Universität, Schlossplatz 8, D-48143 Münster, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
104
|
Chasing stress signals - Exposure to extracellular stimuli differentially affects the redox state of cell compartments in the wild type and signaling mutants of Botrytis cinerea. Fungal Genet Biol 2016; 90:12-22. [PMID: 26988904 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important molecules influencing intracellular developmental processes as well as plant pathogen interactions. They are produced at the infection site and affect the intracellular redox homeostasis. However, knowledge of ROS signaling pathways, their connection to other signaling cascades, and tools for the visualization of intra- and extracellular ROS levels and their impact on the redox state are scarce. By using the genetically encoded biosensor roGFP2 we studied for the first time the differences between the redox states of the cytosol, the intermembrane space of mitochondria and the ER in the filamentous fungus Botrytis cinerea. We showed that the ratio of oxidized to reduced glutathione inside of the cellular compartments differ and that the addition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), calcium chloride (CaCl2) and the fluorescent dye calcofluor white (CFW) have a direct impact on the cellular redox states. Dependent on the type of stress agents applied, the redox states were affected in the different cellular compartments in a temporally shifted manner. By integrating the biosensor in deletion mutants of bcnoxA, bcnoxB, bctrx1 and bcltf1 we further elucidated the putative roles of the different proteins in distinct stress-response pathways. We showed that the redox states of ΔbcnoxA and ΔbcnoxB display a wild-type pattern upon exposure to H2O2, but appear to be strongly affected by CaCl2 and CFW. Moreover, we demonstrated the involvement of the light-responsive transcription factor BcLtf1 in the maintenance of the redox state in the intermembrane space of the mitochondria. Finally, we report that CaCl2 as well as cell wall stress-inducing agents stimulate ROS production and that ΔbcnoxB produces significantly less ROS than the wild type and ΔbcnoxA.
Collapse
|
105
|
An B, Li B, Li H, Zhang Z, Qin G, Tian S. Aquaporin8 regulates cellular development and reactive oxygen species production, a critical component of virulence in Botrytis cinerea. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 209:1668-80. [PMID: 26527167 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) are ubiquitous in nearly all organisms, mediating selective and rapid flux of water across biological membranes. The role of AQPs in phytopathogenic fungi is poorly understood. Orthologs of AQP genes in Botrytis cinerea were identified and knocked out. The effects of AQPs on hyphal growth and conidiation, formation of infection structures and virulence on plant hosts were examined. The role of AQP8 in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, distribution and transport were further determined. Among eight AQPs, only AQP8 was essential for the ability of B. cinerea to infect plants. AQP8 was demonstrated to be an intrinsic plasma membrane protein, which may function as a channel and mediate hydrogen peroxide uptake. Deletion of AQP8 in B. cinerea completely inhibited the development of conidia and infection structures, and significantly affected noxR expression. Further observations revealed that both AQP8 and noxR impacted ROS distribution in the hyphal tips of B. cinerea. Moreover, AQP8 affected the expression of a mitochondrial protein, NQO1. A knockout mutant of NQO1 was observed to display reduced virulence. These data lead to a better understanding of the important role of AQP8 in the development and pathogenesis of plant pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bang An
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Boqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Hua Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhanquan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Guozheng Qin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Shiping Tian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
Benito-Pescador D, Santander D, Arranz M, Díaz-Mínguez JM, Eslava AP, van Kan JAL, Benito EP. Bcmimp1, a Botrytis cinerea Gene Transiently Expressed in planta, Encodes a Mitochondrial Protein. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:213. [PMID: 26952144 PMCID: PMC4767927 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is a widespread necrotrophic fungus which infects more than 200 plant species. In an attempt to characterize the physiological status of the fungus in planta and to identify genetic factors contributing to its ability to infect the host cells, a differential gene expression analysis during the interaction B. cinerea-tomato was carried out. Gene Bcmimp1 codes for a mRNA detected by differential display in the course of this analysis. During the interaction with the host, it shows a transient expression pattern with maximal expression levels during the colonization and maceration of the infected tissues. Bioinformatic analysis suggested that BCMIMP1 is an integral membrane protein located in the mitochondrial inner membrane. Co-localization experiments with a BCMIMP1-GFP fusion protein confirmed that the protein is targeted to the mitochondria. ΔBcmimp1 mutants do not show obvious phenotypic differences during saprophytic growth and their infection ability was unaltered as compared to the wild-type. Interestingly, the mutants produced increased levels of reactive oxygen species, likely as a consequence of disturbed mitochondrial function. Although Bcmimp1 expression is enhanced in planta it cannot be considered a pathogenicity factor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Benito-Pescador
- Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias - Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca Salamanca, Spain
| | - Daniela Santander
- Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias - Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de SalamancaSalamanca, Spain; Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Ambientale, Universidad Técnica del NorteIbarra, Ecuador
| | - M Arranz
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca Salamanca, Spain
| | - José M Díaz-Mínguez
- Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias - Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca Salamanca, Spain
| | - Arturo P Eslava
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jan A L van Kan
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ernesto P Benito
- Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias - Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca Salamanca, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
Liu N, Ma X, Zhou S, Wang P, Sun Y, Li X, Hou Y. Molecular and Functional Characterization of a Polygalacturonase-Inhibiting Protein from Cynanchum komarovii That Confers Fungal Resistance in Arabidopsis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146959. [PMID: 26752638 PMCID: PMC4709088 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Compliance with ethical standards: This study did not involve human participants and animals, and the plant of interest is not an endangered species. Polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins (PGIPs) are leucine-rich repeat proteins that plants produce against polygalacturonase, a key virulence agent in pathogens. In this paper, we cloned and purified CkPGIP1, a gene product from Cynanchum komarovii that effectively inhibits polygalacturonases from Botrytis cinerea and Rhizoctonia solani. We found the expression of CkPGIP1 to be induced in response to salicylic acid, wounding, and infection with B. cinerea and R. solani. In addition, transgenic overexpression in Arabidopsis enhanced resistance against B. cinerea. Furthermore, CkPGIP1 obtained from transgenic Arabidopsis inhibited the activity of B. cinerea and R. solani polygalacturonases by 62.7-66.4% and 56.5-60.2%, respectively. Docking studies indicated that the protein interacts strongly with the B1-sheet at the N-terminus of the B. cinerea polygalacturonase, and with the C-terminus of the polygalacturonase from R. solani. This study highlights the significance of CkPGIP1 in plant disease resistance, and its possible application to manage fungal pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nana Liu
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaowen Ma
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Sihong Zhou
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ping Wang
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yun Sun
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiancai Li
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yuxia Hou
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| |
Collapse
|
108
|
Zhang W, Kwon ST, Chen F, Kliebenstein DJ. Isolate Dependency of Brassica rapa Resistance QTLs to Botrytis cinerea. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:161. [PMID: 26925079 PMCID: PMC4756292 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Generalist necrotrophic pathogens including Botrytis cinerea cause significant yield and financial losses on Brassica crops. However, there is little knowledge about the mechanisms underlying the complex interactions encoded by both host and pathogen genomes in this interaction. This potentially includes multiple layers of plant defense and pathogen virulence mechanisms that could complicate in breeding broad spectrum resistance within Brassica species. Glucosinolates (GSLs) are a diverse group of defense metabolites that play a key role in interaction between Brassica and biotic attackers. In this study, we utilized a collection of diverse B. cinerea isolates to investigate resistance within the Brassica rapa R500 × IMB211 recombinant inbred line population. We tested variation on lesion development and glucosinolate accumulation in parental lines and all population lines. We then mapped quantitative trait loci (QTL) for both resistances to B. cinerea and defense metabolites in this population. Phenotypic analysis and QTL mapping demonstrate that the genetic basis of resistance to B. cinerea in B. rapa is isolate specific and polygenic with transgressive segregation that both parents contribute resistance alleles. QTLs controlling defensive GSLs are highly dependent on pathogen infection. An overlap of two QTLs identified between resistance to B. cinerea and defense metabolites also showed isolate specific effects. This work suggests that directly searching for resistance loci may not be the best approach at improving resistance in B. rapa to necrotrophic pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, DavisCA, USA
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Energy Plant Bio-oil Production and Application, Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Soon-Tae Kwon
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, DavisCA, USA
- Department of Horticulture and Breeding, Andong National UniversityAndong, South Korea
| | - Fang Chen
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Energy Plant Bio-oil Production and Application, Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Daniel J. Kliebenstein
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, DavisCA, USA
- DynaMo Center of Excellence, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Daniel J. Kliebenstein,
| |
Collapse
|
109
|
Kong W, Chen N, Liu T, Zhu J, Wang J, He X, Jin Y. Large-Scale Transcriptome Analysis of Cucumber and Botrytis cinerea during Infection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142221. [PMID: 26536465 PMCID: PMC4633151 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cucumber gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea is considered one of the most serious cucumber diseases. With the advent of Hi-seq technology, it is possible to study the plant-pathogen interaction at the transcriptome level. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first application of RNA-seq to identify cucumber and B. cinerea differentially expressed genes (DEGs) before and after the plant-pathogen interaction. In total, 248,908,688 raw reads were generated; after removing low-quality reads and those containing adapter and poly-N, 238,341,648 clean reads remained to map the reference genome. There were 3,512 cucumber DEGs and 1,735 B. cinerea DEGs. GO enrichment and KEGG enrichment analysis were performed on these DEGs to study the interaction between cucumber and B. cinerea. To verify the reliability and accuracy of our transcriptome data, 5 cucumber DEGs and 5 B. cinerea DEGs were chosen for RT-PCR verification. This is the first systematic transcriptome analysis of components related to the B. cinerea-cucumber interaction. Functional genes and putative pathways identified herein will increase our understanding of the mechanism of the pathogen-host interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiwen Kong
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, P. O. Box 162, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Nan Chen
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, P. O. Box 162, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, P. O. Box 162, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jing Zhu
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, P. O. Box 162, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jingqi Wang
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, P. O. Box 162, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaoqing He
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, P. O. Box 162, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yi Jin
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, P. O. Box 162, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Wang P, Guo Q, Ma Y, Li S, Lu X, Zhang X, Ma P. DegQ regulates the production of fengycins and biofilm formation of the biocontrol agent Bacillus subtilis NCD-2. Microbiol Res 2015; 178:42-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
111
|
Chou CM, Yu FY, Yu PL, Ho JF, Bostock RM, Chung KR, Huang JW, Lee MH. Expression of Five Endopolygalacturonase Genes and Demonstration that MfPG1 Overexpression Diminishes Virulence in the Brown Rot Pathogen Monilinia fructicola. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132012. [PMID: 26120831 PMCID: PMC4488289 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Monilinia fructicola is a devastating pathogen on stone fruits, causing blossom blight and fruit rot. Little is known about pathogenic mechanisms in M. fructicola and related Monilinia species. In this study, five endopolygalacturonase (endo-PG) genes were cloned and functionally characterized in M. fructicola. Quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR) revealed that the five MfPG genes are differentially expressed during pathogenesis and in culture under various pH regimes and carbon and nitrogen sources. MfPG1 encodes the major endo-PG and is expressed to significantly higher levels compared to the other four MfPGs in culture and in planta. MfPG1 function during pathogenesis was evaluated by examining the disease phenotypes and gene expression patterns in M. fructicola MfPG1-overexpressing strains and in strains carrying the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene fused with MfPG1 (MfPG1-GUS). The MFPG1-GUS reporter was expressed in situ in conidia and hyphae following inoculation of flower petals, and qRT-PCR analysis confirmed MfPG1 expression during pathogenesis. MfPG1-overexpressing strains produced smaller lesions and higher levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on the petals of peach and rose flowers than the wild-type strain, suggesting that MfPG1 affecting fungal virulence might be in part resulted from the increase of ROS in the Prunus–M. fructicola interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Ming Chou
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Yi Yu
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- NCHU-UCD Plant and Food Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ling Yu
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- NCHU-UCD Plant and Food Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Fang Ho
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- NCHU-UCD Plant and Food Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Richard M. Bostock
- NCHU-UCD Plant and Food Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Kuang-Ren Chung
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jenn-Wen Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- NCHU-UCD Plant and Food Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Miin-Huey Lee
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- NCHU-UCD Plant and Food Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
112
|
Heard S, Brown NA, Hammond-Kosack K. An Interspecies Comparative Analysis of the Predicted Secretomes of the Necrotrophic Plant Pathogens Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130534. [PMID: 26107498 PMCID: PMC4480369 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytopathogenic fungi form intimate associations with host plant species and cause disease. To be successful, fungal pathogens communicate with a susceptible host through the secretion of proteinaceous effectors, hydrolytic enzymes and metabolites. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea are economically important necrotrophic fungal pathogens that cause disease on numerous crop species. Here, a powerful bioinformatics pipeline was used to predict the refined S. sclerotiorum and B. cinerea secretomes, identifying 432 and 499 proteins respectively. Analyses focusing on S. sclerotiorum revealed that 16% of the secretome encoding genes resided in small, sequence heterogeneous, gene clusters that were distributed over 13 of the 16 predicted chromosomes. Functional analyses highlighted the importance of plant cell hydrolysis, oxidation-reduction processes and the redox state to the S. sclerotiorum and B. cinerea secretomes and potentially host infection. Only 8% of the predicted proteins were distinct between the two secretomes. In contrast to S. sclerotiorum, the B. cinerea secretome lacked CFEM- or LysM-containing proteins. The 115 fungal and oomycete genome comparison identified 30 proteins specific to S. sclerotiorum and B. cinerea, plus 11 proteins specific to S. sclerotiorum and 32 proteins specific to B. cinerea. Expressed sequence tag (EST) and proteomic analyses showed that 246 S. sclerotiorum secretome encoding genes had EST support, including 101 which were only expressed in vitro and 49 which were only expressed in planta, whilst 42 predicted proteins were experimentally proven to be secreted. These detailed in silico analyses of two important necrotrophic pathogens will permit informed choices to be made when candidate effector proteins are selected for function analyses in planta.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steph Heard
- Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Neil A. Brown
- Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Kim Hammond-Kosack
- Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
113
|
A Pectate Lyase-Coding Gene Abundantly Expressed during Early Stages of Infection Is Required for Full Virulence in Alternaria brassicicola. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127140. [PMID: 25996954 PMCID: PMC4440746 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternaria brassicicola causes black spot disease of Brassica species. The functional importance of pectin digestion enzymes and unidentified phytotoxins in fungal pathogenesis has been suspected but not verified in A. brassicicola. The fungal transcription factor AbPf2 is essential for pathogenicity and induces 106 genes during early pathogenesis, including the pectate lyase-coding gene, PL1332. The aim of this study was to test the importance and roles of PL1332 in pathogenesis. We generated deletion strains of the PL1332 gene, produced heterologous PL1332 proteins, and evaluated their association with virulence. Deletion strains of the PL1332 gene were approximately 30% less virulent than wild-type A. brassicicola, without showing differences in colony expansion on solid media and mycelial growth in nutrient-rich liquid media or minimal media with pectins as a major carbon source. Heterologous PL1332 expressed as fusion proteins digested polygalacturons in vitro. When the fusion proteins were injected into the apoplast between leaf veins of host plants the tissues turned dark brown and soft, resembling necrotic leaf tissue. The PL1332 gene was the first example identified as a general toxin-coding gene and virulence factor among the 106 genes regulated by the transcription factor, AbPf2. It was also the first gene to have its functions investigated among the 19 pectate lyase genes and several hundred putative cell-wall degrading enzymes in A. brassicicola. These results further support the importance of the AbPf2 gene as a key pathogenesis regulator and possible target for agrochemical development.
Collapse
|
114
|
Yang L, Xie L, Xue B, Goodwin PH, Quan X, Zheng C, Liu T, Lei Z, Yang X, Chao Y, Wu C. Comparative transcriptome profiling of the early infection of wheat roots by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120691. [PMID: 25875107 PMCID: PMC4397062 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Take-all, which is caused by the fungal pathogen, Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt), is an important soil-borne root rot disease of wheat occurring worldwide. However, the genetic basis of Ggt pathogenicity remains unclear. In this study, transcriptome sequencing for Ggt in axenic culture and Ggt-infected wheat roots was performed using Illumina paired-end sequencing. Approximately 2.62 and 7.76 Gb of clean reads were obtained, and 87% and 63% of the total reads were mapped to the Ggt genome for RNA extracted from Ggt in culture and infected roots, respectively. A total of 3,258 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified with 2,107 (65%) being 2-fold up-regulated and 1,151 (35%) being 2-fold down-regulated between Ggt in culture and Ggt in infected wheat roots. Annotation of these DEGs revealed that many were associated with possible Ggt pathogenicity factors, such as genes for guanine nucleotide-binding protein alpha-2 subunit, cellulase, pectinase, xylanase, glucosidase, aspartic protease and gentisate 1, 2-dioxygenase. Twelve DEGs were analyzed for expression by qRT-PCR, and could be generally divided into those with high expression only early in infection, only late in infection and those that gradually increasing expression over time as root rot developed. This indicates that these possible pathogenicity factors may play roles during different stages of the interaction, such as signaling, plant cell wall degradation and responses to plant defense compounds. This is the first study to compare the transcriptomes of Ggt growing saprophytically in axenic cultures to it growing parasitically in infected wheat roots. As a result, new candidate pathogenicity factors have been identified, which can be further examined by gene knock-outs and other methods to assess their true role in the ability of Ggt to infect roots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lirong Yang
- Institute of Plant Protection Research, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan Key Laboratory for Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, IPM Key Laboratory in Southern Part of North China for Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Lihua Xie
- Institute of Plant Protection Research, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan Key Laboratory for Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, IPM Key Laboratory in Southern Part of North China for Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Baoguo Xue
- Institute of Plant Protection Research, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan Key Laboratory for Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, IPM Key Laboratory in Southern Part of North China for Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Paul H. Goodwin
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Xin Quan
- Institute of Plant Protection Research, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan Key Laboratory for Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, IPM Key Laboratory in Southern Part of North China for Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Chuanlin Zheng
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Taiguo Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhensheng Lei
- Research Centre for Wheat, Henan Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojie Yang
- Economic Crop Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yueen Chao
- Research Centre for Wheat, Henan Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Chao Wu
- Institute of Plant Protection Research, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan Key Laboratory for Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, IPM Key Laboratory in Southern Part of North China for Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
115
|
López-Pérez M, Ballester AR, González-Candelas L. Identification and functional analysis of Penicillium digitatum genes putatively involved in virulence towards citrus fruit. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2015; 16:262-75. [PMID: 25099378 PMCID: PMC6638479 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The fungus Penicillium digitatum, the causal agent of green mould rot, is the most destructive post-harvest pathogen of citrus fruit in Mediterranean regions. In order to identify P. digitatum genes up-regulated during the infection of oranges that may constitute putative virulence factors, we followed a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based suppression subtractive hybridization and cDNA macroarray hybridization approach. The origin of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) was determined by comparison against the available genome sequences of both organisms. Genes coding for fungal proteases and plant cell wall-degrading enzymes represent the largest categories in the subtracted cDNA library. Northern blot analysis of a selection of P. digitatum genes, including those coding for proteases, cell wall-related enzymes, redox homoeostasis and detoxification processes, confirmed their up-regulation at varying time points during the infection process. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation was used to generate knockout mutants for two genes encoding a pectin lyase (Pnl1) and a naphthalene dioxygenase (Ndo1). Two independent P. digitatum Δndo1 mutants were as virulent as the wild-type. However, the two Δpnl1 mutants analysed were less virulent than the parental strain or an ectopic transformant. Together, these results provide a significant advance in our understanding of the putative determinants of the virulence mechanisms of P. digitatum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario López-Pérez
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna, 46980, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
116
|
How the necrotrophic fungus Alternaria brassicicola kills plant cells remains an enigma. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2015; 14:335-44. [PMID: 25681268 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00226-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alternaria species are mainly saprophytic fungi, but some are plant pathogens. Seven pathotypes of Alternaria alternata use secondary metabolites of host-specific toxins as pathogenicity factors. These toxins kill host cells prior to colonization. Genes associated with toxin synthesis reside on conditionally dispensable chromosomes, supporting the notion that pathogenicity might have been acquired several times by A. alternata. Alternaria brassicicola, however, seems to employ a different mechanism. Evidence on the use of host-specific toxins as pathogenicity factors remains tenuous, even after a diligent search aided by full-genome sequencing and efficient reverse-genetics approaches. Similarly, no individual genes encoding lipases or cell wall-degrading enzymes have been identified as strong virulence factors, although these enzymes have been considered important for fungal pathogenesis. This review describes our current understanding of toxins, lipases, and cell wall-degrading enzymes and their roles in the pathogenesis of A. brassicicola compared to those of other pathogenic fungi. It also describes a set of genes that affect pathogenesis in A. brassicicola. They are involved in various cellular functions that are likely important in most organisms and probably indirectly associated with pathogenesis. Deletion or disruption of these genes results in weakly virulent strains that appear to be sensitive to the defense mechanisms of host plants. Finally, this review discusses the implications of a recent discovery of three important transcription factors associated with pathogenesis and the putative downstream genes that they regulate.
Collapse
|
117
|
Ment D, Alkan N, Luria N, Bi FC, Reuveni E, Fluhr R, Prusky D. A Role of AREB in the Regulation of PACC-Dependent Acid-Expressed-Genes and Pathogenicity of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2015; 28:154-66. [PMID: 25317668 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-14-0252-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Gene expression regulation by pH in filamentous fungi and yeasts is controlled by the PACC/RIM101 transcription factor. In Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, PACC is known to act as positive regulator of alkaline-expressed genes, and this regulation was shown to contribute to fungal pathogenicity. PACC is also a negative regulator of acid-expressed genes, however; the mechanism of downregulation of acid-expressed genes by PACC and their contribution to C. gloeosporioides pathogenicity is not well understood. RNA sequencing data analysis was employed to demonstrate that PACC transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) are significantly overrepresented in the promoter of PACC-upregulated, alkaline-expressed genes. In contrast, they are not overrepresented in the PACC-downregulated, acid-expressed genes. Instead, acid-expressed genes showed overrepresentation of AREB GATA TFBS in C. gloeosporioides and in homologs of five other ascomycetes genomes. The areB promoter contains PACC TFBS; its transcript was upregulated at pH 7 and repressed in ΔpacC. Furthermore, acid-expressed genes were found to be constitutively upregulated in ΔareB during alkalizing conditions. The areB mutants showed significantly reduced ammonia secretion and pathogenicity on tomato fruit. Present results indicate that PACC activates areB expression, thereby conditionally repressing acid-expressed genes and contributing critically to C. gloeosporioides pathogenicity.
Collapse
|
118
|
Lionetti V. PECTOPLATE: the simultaneous phenotyping of pectin methylesterases, pectinases, and oligogalacturonides in plants during biotic stresses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:331. [PMID: 26029230 PMCID: PMC4429564 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Degradation of pectin, a major component of plant cell wall, is important for fungal necrotrophs to achieve a successful infection. The activities of pectin methylesterases (PMEs) from both plants and pathogens and the degree and pattern of pectin methylesterification are critical for the outcome of plant-pathogen interaction. Partial degradation of pectin by pectin degrading enzymes releases oligogalacturonides (OGs), elicitors of plant defense responses. Few analytical techniques are available to monitor pectin methylesterification-modulating machineries and OGs produced during plant pathogen interaction. In the present study, ruthenium red is presented as useful dye to monitor both Botrytis cinerea mycelium growth and the induction of PME activity in plant tissue during fungal infection. Moreover a simple, inexpensive and sensitive method, named PECTOPLATE, is proposed that allows a simultaneous phenotyping of PME and pectinase activities expressed during pathogen infection and of pectinase potential in generating OGs. The results in the manuscript also indicate that PME inhibitors can be used in PECTOPLATE as a tool to discriminate the activities of plant PMEs from those of pathogen PMEs expressed during pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Lionetti
- *Correspondence: Vincenzo Lionetti, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie Charles Darwin, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy,
| |
Collapse
|
119
|
Saigne-Soulard C, Abdelli-Belhadj A, Télef-Micouleau M, Bouscaut J, Cluzet S, Corio-Costet MF, Mérillon JM. Oligosaccharides from Botrytis cinerea and Elicitation of Grapevine Defense. POLYSACCHARIDES 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16298-0_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
|
120
|
Kalunke RM, Tundo S, Benedetti M, Cervone F, De Lorenzo G, D'Ovidio R. An update on polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein (PGIP), a leucine-rich repeat protein that protects crop plants against pathogens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:146. [PMID: 25852708 PMCID: PMC4367531 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Polygalacturonase inhibiting proteins (PGIPs) are cell wall proteins that inhibit the pectin-depolymerizing activity of polygalacturonases secreted by microbial pathogens and insects. These ubiquitous inhibitors have a leucine-rich repeat structure that is strongly conserved in monocot and dicot plants. Previous reviews have summarized the importance of PGIP in plant defense and the structural basis of PG-PGIP interaction; here we update the current knowledge about PGIPs with the recent findings on the composition and evolution of pgip gene families, with a special emphasis on legume and cereal crops. We also update the information about the inhibition properties of single pgip gene products against microbial PGs and the results, including field tests, showing the capacity of PGIP to protect crop plants against fungal, oomycetes and bacterial pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raviraj M. Kalunke
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie per l'Agricoltura, le Foreste, la Natura e l'Energia, Università della TusciaViterbo, Italy
| | - Silvio Tundo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie per l'Agricoltura, le Foreste, la Natura e l'Energia, Università della TusciaViterbo, Italy
| | - Manuel Benedetti
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza Università di RomaRoma, Italy
| | - Felice Cervone
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza Università di RomaRoma, Italy
| | - Giulia De Lorenzo
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza Università di RomaRoma, Italy
- Giulia De Lorenzo, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin,” Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Renato D'Ovidio
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie per l'Agricoltura, le Foreste, la Natura e l'Energia, Università della TusciaViterbo, Italy
- *Correspondence: Renato D'Ovidio, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie per l'Agricoltura, le Foreste, la Natura e l'Energia, Università Degli Studi Della Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
121
|
Wang A, Wei X, Rong W, Dang L, Du LP, Qi L, Xu HJ, Shao Y, Zhang Z. GmPGIP3 enhanced resistance to both take-all and common root rot diseases in transgenic wheat. Funct Integr Genomics 2014; 15:375-81. [PMID: 25487419 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-014-0428-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Take-all (caused by the fungal pathogen Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, Ggt) and common root rot (caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana) are devastating root diseases of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Development of resistant wheat cultivars has been a challenge since no resistant wheat accession is available. GmPGIP3, one member of polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein (PGIP) family in soybean (Glycine max), exhibited inhibition activity against fungal endopolygalacturonases (PGs) in vitro. In this study, the GmPGIP3 transgenic wheat plants were generated and used to assess the effectiveness of GmPGIP3 in protecting wheat from the infection of Ggt and B. sorokiniana. Four independent transgenic lines were identified by genomic PCR, Southern blot, and reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR). The introduced GmPGIP3 was integrated into the genomes of these transgenic lines and could be expressed. The expressing GmPGIP3 protein in these transgenic wheat lines could inhibit the PGs produced by Ggt and B. sorokiniana. The disease response assessments postinoculation showed that the GmPGIP3-expressing transgenic wheat lines displayed significantly enhanced resistance to both take-all and common root rot diseases caused by the infection of Ggt and B. sorokiniana. These data suggested that GmPGIP3 is an attractive gene resource in improving resistance to both take-all and common root rot diseases in wheat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aiyun Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
122
|
Zhang L, Hua C, Stassen JHM, Chatterjee S, Cornelissen M, van Kan JAL. Genome-wide analysis of pectate-induced gene expression in Botrytis cinerea: identification and functional analysis of putative d-galacturonate transporters. Fungal Genet Biol 2014; 72:182-191. [PMID: 24140151 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The fungal plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea produces a spectrum of cell wall degrading enzymes for the decomposition of host cell wall polysaccharides and the consumption of the monosaccharides that are released. Especially pectin is an abundant cell wall component, and the decomposition of pectin by B. cinerea has been extensively studied. An effective concerted action of the appropriate pectin depolymerising enzymes, monosaccharide transporters and catabolic enzymes is important for complete d-galacturonic acid utilization by B. cinerea. In this study, we performed RNA sequencing to compare genome-wide transcriptional profiles between B. cinerea cultures grown in media containing pectate or glucose as sole carbon source. Transcript levels of 32 genes that are induced by pectate were further examined in cultures grown on six different monosaccharides, by means of quantitative RT-PCR, leading to the identification of 8 genes that are exclusively induced by d-galacturonic acid. Among these, the hexose transporter encoding genes Bchxt15 and Bchxt19 were functionally characterised. The subcellular location was studied of BcHXT15-GFP and BcHXT19-GFP fusion proteins expressed under control of their native promoter, in a B. cinerea wild-type strain. Both genes are expressed during growth on d-galacturonic acid and the fusion proteins are localized in plasma membranes and intracellular vesicles. Target gene knockout analysis revealed that BcHXT15 contributes to d-galacturonic acid uptake at pH 5∼5.6. The virulence of all B. cinerea hexose transporter mutants tested was unaltered on tomato and Nicotiana benthamiana leaves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisha Zhang
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; Department of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
| | - Chenlei Hua
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost H M Stassen
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Sayantani Chatterjee
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maxim Cornelissen
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A L van Kan
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
123
|
González M, Brito N, González C. Identification of glycoproteins secreted by wild-type Botrytis cinerea and by protein O-mannosyltransferase mutants. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:254. [PMID: 25305780 PMCID: PMC4197228 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-014-0254-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Botrytis cinerea secretes a high number of proteins that are predicted to have numerous O-glycosylation sites, frequently grouped in highly O-glycosylated regions, and analysis of mutants affected in O-glycosylation has shown, in B. cinerea and in other phytopathogenic fungi, that this process is important for fungal biology and virulence. Results We report here the purification of glycoproteins from the culture medium, for a wild-type strain of B. cinerea and for three mutants affected in the first step of O-glycosylation, and the identification of components in the purified protein samples. Overall, 158 proteins were identified belonging to a wide diversity of protein families, which possess Ser/Thr-rich regions (presumably highly O-glycosylated) twice as frequently as the whole secretome. Surprisingly, proteins predicted to be highly O-glycosylated tend to be more abundant in the secretomes of the mutants affected in O-glycosylation than in the wild type, possibly because a correct glycosylation of these proteins helps keep them in the cell wall or extracellular matrix. Overexpression of three proteins predicted to be O-glycosylated in various degrees allowed to confirm the presence of mannose α1-2 and/or α1-3 bonds, but no mannose α1-6 bonds, and resulted in an enhanced activity of the culture medium to elicit plant defenses. Conclusions Glycosylation of secretory proteins is very prevalent in B. cinerea and affects members of diverse protein families. O-glycosylated proteins play a role in the elicitation of plant defenses. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-014-0254-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario González
- U.D. Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206, La Laguna (Tenerife), Spain.
| | - Nélida Brito
- U.D. Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206, La Laguna (Tenerife), Spain.
| | - Celedonio González
- U.D. Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206, La Laguna (Tenerife), Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
124
|
Nafisi M, Stranne M, Zhang L, van Kan JAL, Sakuragi Y. The endo-arabinanase BcAra1 is a novel host-specific virulence factor of the necrotic fungal phytopathogen Botrytis cinerea. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2014; 27:781-92. [PMID: 24725206 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-02-14-0036-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell wall is one of the first physical interfaces encountered by plant pathogens and consists of polysaccharides, of which arabinan is an important constituent. During infection, the necrotrophic plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea secretes a cocktail of plant cell-wall-degrading enzymes, including endo-arabinanase activity, which carries out the breakdown of arabinan. The roles of arabinan and endo-arabinanases during microbial infection were thus far elusive. In this study, the gene Bcara1 encoding for a novel α-1,5-L-endo-arabinanase was identified and the heterologously expressed BcAra1 protein was shown to hydrolyze linear arabinan with high efficiency whereas little or no activity was observed against the other oligo- and polysaccharides tested. The Bcara1 knockout mutants displayed reduced arabinanase activity in vitro and severe retardation in secondary lesion formation during infection of Arabidopsis leaves. These results indicate that BcAra1 is a novel endo-arabinanase and plays an important role during the infection of Arabidopsis. Interestingly, the level of Bcara1 transcript was considerably lower during the infection of Nicotiana benthamiana compared with Arabidopsis and, consequently, the ΔBcara1 mutants showed the wild-type level of virulence on N. benthamiana leaves. These results support the conclusion that the expression of Bcara1 is host dependent and is a key determinant of the disease outcome.
Collapse
|
125
|
Kalunke RM, Cenci A, Volpi C, O’Sullivan DM, Sella L, Favaron F, Cervone F, De Lorenzo G, D’Ovidio R. The pgip family in soybean and three other legume species: evidence for a birth-and-death model of evolution. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:189. [PMID: 25034494 PMCID: PMC4115169 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0189-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins (PGIPs) are leucine-rich repeat (LRR) plant cell wall glycoproteins involved in plant immunity. They are typically encoded by gene families with a small number of gene copies whose evolutionary origin has been poorly investigated. Here we report the complete characterization of the full complement of the pgip family in soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) and the characterization of the genomic region surrounding the pgip family in four legume species. RESULTS BAC clone and genome sequence analyses showed that the soybean genome contains two pgip loci. Each locus is composed of three clustered genes that are induced following infection with the fungal pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary, and remnant sequences of pgip genes. The analyzed homeologous soybean genomic regions (about 126 Kb) that include the pgip loci are strongly conserved and this conservation extends also to the genomes of the legume species Phaseolus vulgaris L., Medicago truncatula Gaertn. and Cicer arietinum L., each containing a single pgip locus. Maximum likelihood-based gene trees suggest that the genes within the pgip clusters have independently undergone tandem duplication in each species. CONCLUSIONS The paleopolyploid soybean genome contains two pgip loci comprised in large and highly conserved duplicated regions, which are also conserved in bean, M. truncatula and C. arietinum. The genomic features of these legume pgip families suggest that the forces driving the evolution of pgip genes follow the birth-and-death model, similar to that proposed for the evolution of resistance (R) genes of NBS-LRR-type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raviraj M Kalunke
- Dipartimento di Scienze e tecnologie per l’Agricoltura, le Foreste, la Natura e l’Energia, (DAFNE), Università della Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Alberto Cenci
- Bioversity International, Commodity systems & genetic resources programme, Parc Scientifique Agropolis II, 1990 Boulevard de la Lironde, Montpellier Cedex 5, 34397, France
| | - Chiara Volpi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e tecnologie per l’Agricoltura, le Foreste, la Natura e l’Energia, (DAFNE), Università della Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc, Viterbo, Italy
- Present address: Enza Zaden Italia Research SRL, S.S. Aurelia km 96.710, Tarquinia (VT), 01016, Italy
| | - Donal M O’Sullivan
- NIAB, Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0LE, UK
- Present address: School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AR, UK
| | - Luca Sella
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi agro-forestali (TESAF), Università di Padova, Agripolis, Viale dell’Università 16, Legnaro (PD), 35020, Italy
| | - Francesco Favaron
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi agro-forestali (TESAF), Università di Padova, Agripolis, Viale dell’Università 16, Legnaro (PD), 35020, Italy
| | - Felice Cervone
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, Roma, 00185, Italy
| | - Giulia De Lorenzo
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, Roma, 00185, Italy
| | - Renato D’Ovidio
- Dipartimento di Scienze e tecnologie per l’Agricoltura, le Foreste, la Natura e l’Energia, (DAFNE), Università della Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc, Viterbo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
126
|
Lemonnier P, Gaillard C, Veillet F, Verbeke J, Lemoine R, Coutos-Thévenot P, La Camera S. Expression of Arabidopsis sugar transport protein STP13 differentially affects glucose transport activity and basal resistance to Botrytis cinerea. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 85:473-84. [PMID: 24817131 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-014-0198-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is the causing agent of the grey mold disease in more than 200 crop species. While signaling pathways leading to the basal resistance against this fungus are well described, the role of the import of sugars into host cells remains to be investigated. In Arabidopsis thaliana, apoplastic hexose retrieval is mediated by the activity of sugar transport proteins (STPs). Expression analysis of the 14 STP genes revealed that only STP13 was induced in leaves challenged with B. cinerea. STP13-modified plants were produced and assayed for their resistance to B. cinerea and glucose transport activity. We report that STP13-deficient plants exhibited an enhanced susceptibility and a reduced rate of glucose uptake. Conversely, plants with a high constitutive level of STP13 protein displayed an improved capacity to absorb glucose and an enhanced resistance phenotype. The correlation between STP13 transcripts, protein accumulation, glucose uptake rate and resistance level indicates that STP13 contributes to the basal resistance to B. cinerea by limiting symptom development and points out the importance of the host intracellular sugar uptake in this process. We postulate that STP13 would participate in the active resorption of hexoses to support the increased energy demand to trigger plant defense reactions and to deprive the fungus by changing sugar fluxes toward host cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Lemonnier
- UMR CNRS 7267 EBI Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe "Physiologie Moléculaire du Transport des Sucres chez les végétaux", Université de Poitiers, Batiment Botanique B31, 3 rue Jacques Fort, TSA 51106, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
127
|
Malmierca MG, Barua J, McCormick SP, Izquierdo-Bueno I, Cardoza RE, Alexander NJ, Hermosa R, Collado IG, Monte E, Gutiérrez S. Novel aspinolide production by Trichoderma arundinaceum with a potential role in Botrytis cinerea antagonistic activity and plant defence priming. Environ Microbiol 2014; 17:1103-18. [PMID: 24889745 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Harzianum A (HA), a trichothecene produced by Trichoderma arundinaceum, has recently been described to have antagonistic activity against fungal plant pathogens and to induce plant defence genes. In the present work, we have shown that a tri5 gene-disrupted mutant that lacks HA production overproduces two polyketides, aspinolides B and C, which were not detected in the wild-type strain. Furthermore, four new aspinolides (D-G) were characterized. These compounds confirm that a terpene-polyketide cross-pathway exists in T. arundinaceum, and they may be responsible for the antifungal activity and the plant sensitization effect observed with the tri5-disrupted mutant. In addition, the molecular changes involving virulence factors in the phytopathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea 98 (Bc98) during interaction with T. arundinaceum were investigated. The expression of genes involved in the production of botrydial by Bc98 was relatively repressed by HA, whereas other virulence genes of this pathogen were induced by the presence of T. arundinaceum, for example atrB and pg1 which encode for an ABC transporter and endopolygalacturonase 1 respectively. In addition, the interaction with Bc98 significantly repressed the production of HA by T. arundinaceum, indicating that a bidirectional transcriptional regulation is established between these two antagonistic fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mónica G Malmierca
- Area of Microbiology, Universitary School of Agricultural Engineers, University of León, Campus de Ponferrada, Avda. Astorga s/n, Ponferrada, 24400, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
128
|
Zhang Z, Qin G, Li B, Tian S. Knocking out Bcsas1 in Botrytis cinerea impacts growth, development, and secretion of extracellular proteins, which decreases virulence. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2014; 27:590-600. [PMID: 24520899 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-13-0314-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic fungi usually secrete a series of virulence factors to the extracellular environment to facilitate infection. Rab GTPases play a central role in the secretory pathway. To explore the function of Rab/GTPase in filamentous fungi, we knocked out a Rab/GTPase family gene, Bcsas1, in Botrytis cinerea, an aggressive fungal pathogen that infects more than 200 plant species. A detailed analysis was conducted on the virulence and the secretory capability of the mutants. The results indicated that knockout of Bcsas1 inhibited hyphal development and reduced sporulation of B. cinerea on potato dextrose agar plates resulting in reduced virulence on various fruit hosts. Knocking out the Bcsas1 gene led to an accumulation of transport vesicles at the hyphal tip, significantly reduced extracellular protein content, and lowered the activity of polygalacturonase and xylanase in the extracellular medium. However, mutation of Bcsas1 did not affect the expression of genes encoding polygalacturonase and xylanase, suggesting the secretion of these two family enzymes was suppressed in the mutant. Moreover, a comparative analysis of the secretome provided further evidence that the disruption of Bcsas1 in mutant strains significantly depressed the secretion of polysaccharide hydrolases and proteases. The results indicate that Bcsas1, the Rab8/SEC4-like gene, plays a crucial role in development, protein secretion, and virulence of B. cinerea.
Collapse
|
129
|
Smith JE, Mengesha B, Tang H, Mengiste T, Bluhm BH. Resistance to Botrytis cinerea in Solanum lycopersicoides involves widespread transcriptional reprogramming. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:334. [PMID: 24885798 PMCID: PMC4035065 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), one of the world's most important vegetable crops, is highly susceptible to necrotrophic fungal pathogens such as Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria solani. Improving resistance through conventional breeding has been hampered by a shortage of resistant germplasm and difficulties in introgressing resistance into elite germplasm without linkage drag. The goal of this study was to explore natural variation among wild Solanum species to identify new sources of resistance to necrotrophic fungi and dissect mechanisms underlying resistance against B. cinerea. RESULTS Among eight wild species evaluated for resistance against B. cinerea and A. solani, S. lycopersicoides expressed the highest levels of resistance against both pathogens. Resistance against B. cinerea manifested as containment of pathogen growth. Through next-generation RNA sequencing and de novo assembly of the S. lycopersicoides transcriptome, changes in gene expression were analyzed during pathogen infection. In response to B. cinerea, differentially expressed transcripts grouped into four categories: genes whose expression rapidly increased then rapidly decreased, genes whose expression rapidly increased and plateaued, genes whose expression continually increased, and genes with decreased expression. Homology-based searches also identified a limited number of highly expressed B. cinerea genes. Almost immediately after infection by B. cinerea, S. lycopersicoides suppressed photosynthesis and metabolic processes involved in growth, energy generation, and response to stimuli, and simultaneously induced various defense-related genes, including pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR1), a beta-1,3-glucanase (glucanase), and a subtilisin-like protease, indicating a shift in priority towards defense. Moreover, cluster analysis revealed novel, uncharacterized genes that may play roles in defense against necrotrophic fungal pathogens in S. lycopersicoides. The expression of orthologous defense-related genes in S. lycopersicum after infection with B. cinerea revealed differences in the onset and intensity of induction, thus illuminating a potential mechanism explaining the increased susceptibility. Additionally, metabolic pathway analyses identified putative defense-related categories of secondary metabolites. CONCLUSIONS In sum, this study provided insight into resistance against necrotrophic fungal pathogens in the Solanaceae, as well as novel sequence resources for S. lycopersicoides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon E Smith
- />Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, 217 Plant Sciences, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA
| | - Bemnet Mengesha
- />Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
| | - Hua Tang
- />Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
| | - Tesfaye Mengiste
- />Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA
| | - Burton H Bluhm
- />Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, 217 Plant Sciences, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA
| |
Collapse
|
130
|
Vilanova L, Viñas I, Torres R, Usall J, Buron-Moles G, Teixidó N. Acidification of apple and orange hosts by Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium expansum. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 178:39-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
131
|
Arasimowicz-Jelonek M, Floryszak-Wieczorek J. Nitric oxide: an effective weapon of the plant or the pathogen? MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2014; 15:406-16. [PMID: 24822271 PMCID: PMC6638900 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
An explosion of research in plant nitric oxide (NO) biology during the last two decades has revealed that NO is a key signal involved in plant development, abiotic stress responses and plant immunity. During the course of evolutionary changes, microorganisms parasitizing plants have developed highly effective offensive strategies, in which NO also seems to be implicated. NO production has been demonstrated in several plant pathogens, including fungi, but the origin of NO seems to be as puzzling as in plants. So far, published studies have been spread over multiple species of pathogenic microorganisms in various developmental stages; however, the data clearly indicate that pathogen-derived NO is an important regulatory molecule involved not only in developmental processes, but also in pathogen virulence and its survival in the host. This review also focuses on the search for potential mechanisms by which pathogens convert NO messages into a physiological response or detoxify both endo- and exogenous NO. Finally, taking into account the data available from model bacteria and yeast, a basic draft for the mode of NO action in phytopathogenic microorganisms is proposed.
Collapse
|
132
|
Guo L, Han L, Yang L, Zeng H, Fan D, Zhu Y, Feng Y, Wang G, Peng C, Jiang X, Zhou D, Ni P, Liang C, Liu L, Wang J, Mao C, Fang X, Peng M, Huang J. Genome and transcriptome analysis of the fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense causing banana vascular wilt disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95543. [PMID: 24743270 PMCID: PMC3990668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The asexual fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) causing vascular wilt disease is one of the most devastating pathogens of banana (Musa spp.). To understand the molecular underpinning of pathogenicity in Foc, the genomes and transcriptomes of two Foc isolates were sequenced. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Genome analysis revealed that the genome structures of race 1 and race 4 isolates were highly syntenic with those of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici strain Fol4287. A large number of putative virulence associated genes were identified in both Foc genomes, including genes putatively involved in root attachment, cell degradation, detoxification of toxin, transport, secondary metabolites biosynthesis and signal transductions. Importantly, relative to the Foc race 1 isolate (Foc1), the Foc race 4 isolate (Foc4) has evolved with some expanded gene families of transporters and transcription factors for transport of toxins and nutrients that may facilitate its ability to adapt to host environments and contribute to pathogenicity to banana. Transcriptome analysis disclosed a significant difference in transcriptional responses between Foc1 and Foc4 at 48 h post inoculation to the banana 'Brazil' in comparison with the vegetative growth stage. Of particular note, more virulence-associated genes were up regulated in Foc4 than in Foc1. Several signaling pathways like the mitogen-activated protein kinase Fmk1 mediated invasion growth pathway, the FGA1-mediated G protein signaling pathway and a pathogenicity associated two-component system were activated in Foc4 rather than in Foc1. Together, these differences in gene content and transcription response between Foc1 and Foc4 might account for variation in their virulence during infection of the banana variety 'Brazil'. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Foc genome sequences will facilitate us to identify pathogenicity mechanism involved in the banana vascular wilt disease development. These will thus advance us develop effective methods for managing the banana vascular wilt disease, including improvement of disease resistance in banana.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijia Guo
- Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Control of Tropical Agricultural and Forest Invasive Alien Pests, Ministry of Agriculture, Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | | | - Laying Yang
- Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Control of Tropical Agricultural and Forest Invasive Alien Pests, Ministry of Agriculture, Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Huicai Zeng
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | | | | | | | - Guofen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Control of Tropical Agricultural and Forest Invasive Alien Pests, Ministry of Agriculture, Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Changcong Liang
- Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Control of Tropical Agricultural and Forest Invasive Alien Pests, Ministry of Agriculture, Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Control of Tropical Agricultural and Forest Invasive Alien Pests, Ministry of Agriculture, Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Control of Tropical Agricultural and Forest Invasive Alien Pests, Ministry of Agriculture, Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Chao Mao
- Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Control of Tropical Agricultural and Forest Invasive Alien Pests, Ministry of Agriculture, Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | | | - Ming Peng
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Junsheng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Control of Tropical Agricultural and Forest Invasive Alien Pests, Ministry of Agriculture, Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| |
Collapse
|
133
|
Blanco-Ulate B, Morales-Cruz A, Amrine KCH, Labavitch JM, Powell ALT, Cantu D. Genome-wide transcriptional profiling of Botrytis cinerea genes targeting plant cell walls during infections of different hosts. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:435. [PMID: 25232357 PMCID: PMC4153048 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Cell walls are barriers that impair colonization of host tissues, but also are important reservoirs of energy-rich sugars. Growing hyphae of necrotrophic fungal pathogens, such as Botrytis cinerea (Botrytis, henceforth), secrete enzymes that disassemble cell wall polysaccharides. In this work we describe the annotation of 275 putative secreted Carbohydrate-Active enZymes (CAZymes) identified in the Botrytis B05.10 genome. Using RNAseq we determined which Botrytis CAZymes were expressed during infections of lettuce leaves, ripe tomato fruit, and grape berries. On the three hosts, Botrytis expressed a common group of 229 potentially secreted CAZymes, including 28 pectin backbone-modifying enzymes, 21 hemicellulose-modifying proteins, 18 enzymes that might target pectin and hemicellulose side-branches, and 16 enzymes predicted to degrade cellulose. The diversity of the Botrytis CAZymes may be partly responsible for its wide host range. Thirty-six candidate CAZymes with secretion signals were found exclusively when Botrytis interacted with ripe tomato fruit and grape berries. Pectin polysaccharides are notably abundant in grape and tomato cell walls, but lettuce leaf walls have less pectin and are richer in hemicelluloses and cellulose. The results of this study not only suggest that Botrytis targets similar wall polysaccharide networks on fruit and leaves, but also that it may selectively attack host wall polysaccharide substrates depending on the host tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Blanco-Ulate
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
| | - Abraham Morales-Cruz
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
| | | | - John M. Labavitch
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
| | - Ann L. T. Powell
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
| | - Dario Cantu
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
- *Correspondence: Dario Cantu, Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
134
|
Oligosaccharides from Botrytis cinerea and Elicitation of Grapevine Defense. POLYSACCHARIDES 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-03751-6_8-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
135
|
Zhang L, Kars I, Essenstam B, Liebrand TW, Wagemakers L, Elberse J, Tagkalaki P, Tjoitang D, van den Ackerveken G, van Kan JA. Fungal endopolygalacturonases are recognized as microbe-associated molecular patterns by the arabidopsis receptor-like protein RESPONSIVENESS TO BOTRYTIS POLYGALACTURONASES1. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 164:352-64. [PMID: 24259685 PMCID: PMC3875813 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.230698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants perceive microbial invaders using pattern recognition receptors that recognize microbe-associated molecular patterns. In this study, we identified RESPONSIVENESS TO BOTRYTIS POLYGALACTURONASES1 (RBPG1), an Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein, AtRLP42, that recognizes fungal endopolygalacturonases (PGs) and acts as a novel microbe-associated molecular pattern receptor. RBPG1 recognizes several PGs from the plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea as well as one from the saprotroph Aspergillus niger. Infiltration of B. cinerea PGs into Arabidopsis accession Columbia induced a necrotic response, whereas accession Brno (Br-0) showed no symptoms. A map-based cloning strategy, combined with comparative and functional genomics, led to the identification of the Columbia RBPG1 gene and showed that this gene is essential for the responsiveness of Arabidopsis to the PGs. Transformation of RBPG1 into accession Br-0 resulted in a gain of PG responsiveness. Transgenic Br-0 plants expressing RBPG1 were equally susceptible as the recipient Br-0 to the necrotroph B. cinerea and to the biotroph Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis. Pretreating leaves of the transgenic plants with a PG resulted in increased resistance to H. arabidopsidis. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated that RBPG1 and PG form a complex in Nicotiana benthamiana, which also involves the Arabidopsis leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein SOBIR1 (for SUPPRESSOR OF BIR1). sobir1 mutant plants did not induce necrosis in response to PGs and were compromised in PG-induced resistance to H. arabidopsidis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilona Kars
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Phytopathology, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands (L.Z., I.K., T.W.H.L., L.W., P.T., D.T., J.A.L.v.K.)
- Wageningen University and Research Centre, Unifarm, 6708 PE Wageningen, The Netherlands (B.E.); and
- Utrecht University, Plant-Microbe Interactions Group, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.E., G.v.d.A.)
| | - Bert Essenstam
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Phytopathology, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands (L.Z., I.K., T.W.H.L., L.W., P.T., D.T., J.A.L.v.K.)
- Wageningen University and Research Centre, Unifarm, 6708 PE Wageningen, The Netherlands (B.E.); and
- Utrecht University, Plant-Microbe Interactions Group, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.E., G.v.d.A.)
| | - Thomas W.H. Liebrand
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Phytopathology, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands (L.Z., I.K., T.W.H.L., L.W., P.T., D.T., J.A.L.v.K.)
- Wageningen University and Research Centre, Unifarm, 6708 PE Wageningen, The Netherlands (B.E.); and
- Utrecht University, Plant-Microbe Interactions Group, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.E., G.v.d.A.)
| | | | - Joyce Elberse
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Phytopathology, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands (L.Z., I.K., T.W.H.L., L.W., P.T., D.T., J.A.L.v.K.)
- Wageningen University and Research Centre, Unifarm, 6708 PE Wageningen, The Netherlands (B.E.); and
- Utrecht University, Plant-Microbe Interactions Group, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.E., G.v.d.A.)
| | - Panagiota Tagkalaki
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Phytopathology, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands (L.Z., I.K., T.W.H.L., L.W., P.T., D.T., J.A.L.v.K.)
- Wageningen University and Research Centre, Unifarm, 6708 PE Wageningen, The Netherlands (B.E.); and
- Utrecht University, Plant-Microbe Interactions Group, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.E., G.v.d.A.)
| | - Devlin Tjoitang
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Phytopathology, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands (L.Z., I.K., T.W.H.L., L.W., P.T., D.T., J.A.L.v.K.)
- Wageningen University and Research Centre, Unifarm, 6708 PE Wageningen, The Netherlands (B.E.); and
- Utrecht University, Plant-Microbe Interactions Group, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.E., G.v.d.A.)
| | - Guido van den Ackerveken
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Phytopathology, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands (L.Z., I.K., T.W.H.L., L.W., P.T., D.T., J.A.L.v.K.)
- Wageningen University and Research Centre, Unifarm, 6708 PE Wageningen, The Netherlands (B.E.); and
- Utrecht University, Plant-Microbe Interactions Group, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.E., G.v.d.A.)
| | | |
Collapse
|
136
|
Kubicek CP, Starr TL, Glass NL. Plant cell wall-degrading enzymes and their secretion in plant-pathogenic fungi. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2014; 52:427-51. [PMID: 25001456 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-102313-045831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 425] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Approximately a tenth of all described fungal species can cause diseases in plants. A common feature of this process is the necessity to pass through the plant cell wall, an important barrier against pathogen attack. To this end, fungi possess a diverse array of secreted enzymes to depolymerize the main structural polysaccharide components of the plant cell wall, i.e., cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin. Recent advances in genomic and systems-level studies have begun to unravel this diversity and have pinpointed cell wall-degrading enzyme (CWDE) families that are specifically present or enhanced in plant-pathogenic fungi. In this review, we discuss differences between the CWDE arsenal of plant-pathogenic and non-plant-pathogenic fungi, highlight the importance of individual enzyme families for pathogenesis, illustrate the secretory pathway that transports CWDEs out of the fungal cell, and report the transcriptional regulation of expression of CWDE genes in both saprophytic and phytopathogenic fungi.
Collapse
|
137
|
Screening of Fusarium graminearum Isolates for Enzymes Extracellular and Deoxynivalenol Production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1155/2013/358140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
138
|
Benedetti M, Andreani F, Leggio C, Galantini L, Di Matteo A, Pavel NV, De Lorenzo G, Cervone F, Federici L, Sicilia F. A single amino-acid substitution allows endo-polygalacturonase of Fusarium verticillioides to acquire recognition by PGIP2 from Phaseolus vulgaris. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80610. [PMID: 24260434 DOI: 10.1371/10.1371/journal.pone.0080610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Polygalacturonases (PGs) are secreted by phytopathogenic fungi to degrade the plant cell wall homogalacturonan during plant infection. To counteract Pgs, plants have evolved polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins (PGIPs) that slow down fungal infection and defend cell wall integrity. PGIPs favour the accumulation of oligogalacturonides, which are homogalacturonan fragments that act as endogenous elicitors of plant defence responses. We have previously shown that PGIP2 from Phaseolus vulgaris (PvPGIP2) forms a complex with PG from Fusarium phyllophilum (FpPG), hindering the enzyme active site cleft from substrate. Here we analyse by small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) the interaction between PvPGIP2 and a PG from Colletotrichum lupini (CluPG1). We show a different shape of the PG-PGIP complex, which allows substrate entry and provides a structural explanation for the different inhibition kinetics exhibited by PvPGIP2 towards the two isoenzymes. The analysis of SAXS structures allowed us to investigate the basis of the inability of PG from Fusarium verticilloides (FvPG) to be inhibited by PvPGIP2 or by any other known PGIP. FvPG is 92.5% identical to FpPG, and we show here, by both loss- and gain-of-function mutations, that a single amino acid site acts as a switch for FvPG recognition by PvPGIP2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Benedetti
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "Charles Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
139
|
Benedetti M, Andreani F, Leggio C, Galantini L, Di Matteo A, Pavel NV, De Lorenzo G, Cervone F, Federici L, Sicilia F. A single amino-acid substitution allows endo-polygalacturonase of Fusarium verticillioides to acquire recognition by PGIP2 from Phaseolus vulgaris. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80610. [PMID: 24260434 PMCID: PMC3834070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Polygalacturonases (PGs) are secreted by phytopathogenic fungi to degrade the plant cell wall homogalacturonan during plant infection. To counteract Pgs, plants have evolved polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins (PGIPs) that slow down fungal infection and defend cell wall integrity. PGIPs favour the accumulation of oligogalacturonides, which are homogalacturonan fragments that act as endogenous elicitors of plant defence responses. We have previously shown that PGIP2 from Phaseolus vulgaris (PvPGIP2) forms a complex with PG from Fusarium phyllophilum (FpPG), hindering the enzyme active site cleft from substrate. Here we analyse by small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) the interaction between PvPGIP2 and a PG from Colletotrichum lupini (CluPG1). We show a different shape of the PG-PGIP complex, which allows substrate entry and provides a structural explanation for the different inhibition kinetics exhibited by PvPGIP2 towards the two isoenzymes. The analysis of SAXS structures allowed us to investigate the basis of the inability of PG from Fusarium verticilloides (FvPG) to be inhibited by PvPGIP2 or by any other known PGIP. FvPG is 92.5% identical to FpPG, and we show here, by both loss- and gain-of-function mutations, that a single amino acid site acts as a switch for FvPG recognition by PvPGIP2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Benedetti
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Federico Andreani
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Claudia Leggio
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Adele Di Matteo
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Giulia De Lorenzo
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Felice Cervone
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Luca Federici
- Dipartimento di Scienze Sperimentali e Cliniche and Centro Scienze dell’Invecchiamento, Università di Chieti-Pescara “G. d’ Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
| | - Francesca Sicilia
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
140
|
Alkan N, Meng X, Friedlander G, Reuveni E, Sukno S, Sherman A, Thon M, Fluhr R, Prusky D. Global aspects of pacC regulation of pathogenicity genes in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides as revealed by transcriptome analysis. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2013; 26:1345-58. [PMID: 23902260 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-13-0080-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides alkalinizes its surroundings during colonization of host tissue. The transcription factor pacC is a regulator of pH-controlled genes and is essential for successful colonization. We present here the sequence assembly of the Colletotrichum fruit pathogen and use it to explore the global regulation of pathogenicity by ambient pH. The assembled genome size was 54 Mb, encoding 18,456 genes. Transcriptomes of the wild type and ΔpacC mutant were established by RNA-seq and explored for their global pH-dependent gene regulation. The analysis showed that pacC upregulates 478 genes and downregulates 483 genes, comprising 5% of the fungal genome, including transporters, antioxidants, and cell-wall-degrading enzymes. Interestingly, gene families with similar functionality are both up- and downregulated by pacC. Global analysis of secreted genes showed significant pacC activation of degradative enzymes at alkaline pH and during fruit infection. Select genes from alkalizing-type pathogen C. gloeosporioides and from acidifying-type pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum were verified by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis at different pH values. Knock out of several pacC-activated genes confirmed their involvement in pathogenic colonization of alkalinized surroundings. The results suggest a global regulation by pacC of key pathogenicity genes during pH change in alkalinizing and acidifying pathogens.
Collapse
|
141
|
Argôlo Santos Carvalho H, de Andrade Silva EM, Carvalho Santos S, Micheli F. Polygalacturonases from Moniliophthora perniciosa are regulated by fermentable carbon sources and possible post-translational modifications. Fungal Genet Biol 2013; 60:110-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
142
|
Choi J, Kim KT, Jeon J, Lee YH. Fungal plant cell wall-degrading enzyme database: a platform for comparative and evolutionary genomics in fungi and Oomycetes. BMC Genomics 2013; 14 Suppl 5:S7. [PMID: 24564786 PMCID: PMC3852112 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-s5-s7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plant cell wall-degrading enzymes (PCWDEs) play significant roles throughout the fungal life including acquisition of nutrients and decomposition of plant cell walls. In addition, many of PCWDEs are also utilized by biofuel and pulp industries. In order to develop a comparative genomics platform focused in fungal PCWDEs and provide a resource for evolutionary studies, Fungal PCWDE Database (FPDB) is constructed (http://pcwde.riceblast.snu.ac.kr/). Results In order to archive fungal PCWDEs, 22 sequence profiles were constructed and searched on 328 genomes of fungi, Oomycetes, plants and animals. A total of 6,682 putative genes encoding PCWDEs were predicted, showing differential distribution by their life styles, host ranges and taxonomy. Genes known to be involved in fungal pathogenicity, including polygalacturonase (PG) and pectin lyase, were enriched in plant pathogens. Furthermore, crop pathogens had more PCWDEs than those of rot fungi, implying that the PCWDEs analysed in this study are more needed for invading plant hosts than wood-decaying processes. Evolutionary analysis of PGs in 34 selected genomes revealed that gene duplication and loss events were mainly driven by taxonomic divergence and partly contributed by those events in species-level, especially in plant pathogens. Conclusions The FPDB would provide a fungi-specialized genomics platform, a resource for evolutionary studies of PCWDE gene families and extended analysis option by implementing Favorite, which is a data exchange and analysis hub built in Comparative Fungal Genomics Platform (CFGP 2.0; http://cfgp.snu.ac.kr/).
Collapse
|
143
|
Heller A, Witt-Geiges T. Oxalic acid has an additional, detoxifying function in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum pathogenesis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72292. [PMID: 23951305 PMCID: PMC3741138 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of the diseases caused by the necrotroph plant pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is not well understood. To investigate the role of oxalic acid during infection high resolution, light-, scanning-, transmission electron microscopy and various histochemical staining methods were used. Our inoculation method allowed us to follow degradation of host plant tissue around single hyphae and to observe the reaction of host cells in direct contact with single invading hyphae. After penetration the outer epidermal cell wall matrix appeared degraded around subcuticular hyphae (12-24 hpi). Calcium oxalate crystals were detected in advanced (36-48 hpi) and late (72 hpi) infection stages, but not in early stages. In early infection stages, surprisingly, no toxic effect of oxalic acid eventually secreted by S. sclerotiorum was observed. As oxalic acid is a common metabolite in plants, we propose that attacked host cells are able to metabolize oxalic acid in the early infection stage and translocate it to their vacuoles where it is stored as calcium oxalate. The effects, observed on healthy tissue upon external application of oxalic acid to non-infected, living tissue and cell wall degradation of dead host cells starting at the inner side of the walls support this idea. The results indicate that oxalic acid concentrations in the early stage of infection stay below the toxic level. In plant and fungi oxalic acid/calcium oxalate plays an important role in calcium regulation. Oxalic acid likely could quench calcium ions released during cell wall breakdown to protect growing hyphae from toxic calcium concentrations in the infection area. As calcium antimonate-precipitates were found in vesicles of young hyphae, we propose that calcium is translocated to the older parts of hyphae and detoxified by building non-toxic, stable oxalate crystals. We propose an infection model where oxalic acid plays a detoxifying role in late infection stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annerose Heller
- Institute of Botany (210), University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
144
|
Niu XW, Zheng ZY, Feng YG, Guo WZ, Wang XY. The Fusarium Graminearum virulence factor FGL targets an FKBP12 immunophilin of wheat. Gene 2013; 525:77-83. [PMID: 23648486 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Wheat scab, caused by the fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum is a devastating disease worldwide. Despite an extensive and coordinated effort to investigate this pathosystem, little progress has been made to understand the molecular basis of host-pathogen interactions, for example how the pathogen causes disease in plant. Recently, a secreted lipase (FGL1) has been identified from the fungus and shown to be an important virulence factor; however, the intrinsic function of FGL1 in plant is unknown. Here, we report the identification of the molecular components that may possibly be involved in the FGL virulence pathway using yeast two hybrid system. FGL gene was amplified from a local virulent strain (F15) and shown to be 99.5% identical to the original published FGL at the amino acid level. We showed that transient expression of this FGL gene by Agroinfiltration in tobacco leaves causes cell death further implicating the role of FGL in virulence. To identify FGL initial physical target in plant, we screened two wheat cDNA libraries using the FGL protein as the bait. From both libraries, a small FKBP-type immunophilin protein, designated wFKBP12, was found to physically interact with FGL. The direct interaction of FGL with wFKBP12 was confirmed in living onion epidermal cells by biomolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assay. To investigate further, we then used wFKBP12 protein as bait and identified an elicitor-responsive protein that contains a potential Ca(2+) binding domain. Semi-quantitative PCR showed that this elicitor-responsive gene is down-regulated during the F. graminearum infection suggesting that this protein may be an important component in FGL virulence pathway. This work serves as an initial step to reveal how fungal lipases act as a general virulence factor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Wei Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
145
|
Pudake RN, Swaminathan S, Sahu BB, Leandro LF, Bhattacharyya MK. Investigation of the Fusarium virguliforme fvtox1 mutants revealed that the FvTox1 toxin is involved in foliar sudden death syndrome development in soybean. Curr Genet 2013; 59:107-17. [PMID: 23702608 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-013-0392-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The soil borne fungus, Fusarium virguliforme, causes sudden death syndrome (SDS) in soybean, which is a serious foliar and root rot disease. The pathogen has never been isolated from the diseased foliar tissues; phytotoxins produced by the pathogen are believed to cause foliar SDS symptoms. One of these toxins, a 13.5-kDa acidic protein named FvTox1, has been hypothesized to interfere with photosynthesis in infected soybean plants and cause foliar SDS. The objective of this study is to determine if FvTox1 is involved in foliar SDS development. We created and studied five independent knockout fvtox1 mutants to study the function of FvTox1. We conducted Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation to accomplish homologous recombination of FvTox1 with a hygromycin B resistance gene, hph, to generate the fvtox1 mutants. Approximately 40 hygromycin-resistant transformants were obtained from 10(6) conidial spores of the F. virguliforme Mont-1 isolate when the spores were co-cultivated with the A. tumefaciens EHA105 but not with LBA4044 strain carrying a recombinant binary plasmid, in which the hph gene encoding hygromycin resistance was flanked by 5'- and 3'-end FvTox1 sequences. We observed homologous recombination-mediated integration of hph into the FvTox1 locus among five independent fvtox1 mutants. In stem-cutting assays using cut soybean seedlings fed with cell-free F. virguliforme culture filtrates, the knockout fvtox1 mutants caused chlorophyll losses and foliar SDS symptoms, which were over twofold less than those caused by the virulent F. virguliforme Mont-1 isolate. Similarly, in root inoculation assays, more than a twofold reduction in foliar SDS development and chlorophyll losses was observed among the seedlings infected with the fvtox1 mutants as compared to the seedlings infected with the wild-type Mont-1 isolate. These results suggest that FvTox1 is a major virulence factor involved in foliar SDS development in soybean. It is expected that interference of the function of this toxin in transgenic soybean plants will lead to generation of SDS-resistant soybean cultivars.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh N Pudake
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-1010, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
146
|
González M, Brito N, Frías M, González C. Botrytis cinerea protein O-mannosyltransferases play critical roles in morphogenesis, growth, and virulence. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65924. [PMID: 23762450 PMCID: PMC3675079 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein O-glycosylation is crucial in determining the structure and function of numerous secreted and membrane-bound proteins. In fungi, this process begins with the addition of a mannose residue by protein O-mannosyltransferases (PMTs) in the lumen side of the ER membrane. We have generated mutants of the three Botrytis cinerea pmt genes to study their role in the virulence of this wide-range plant pathogen. B. cinerea PMTs, especially PMT2, are critical for the stability of the cell wall and are necessary for sporulation and for the generation of the extracellular matrix. PMTs are also individually required for full virulence in a variety of hosts, with a special role in the penetration of intact plant leaves. The most significant case is that of grapevine leaves, whose penetration requires the three functional PMTs. Furthermore, PMT2 also contributes significantly to fungal adherence on grapevine and tobacco leaves. Analysis of extracellular and membrane proteins showed significant changes in the pattern of protein secretion and glycosylation by the pmt mutants, and allowed the identification of new protein substrates putatively glycosylated by specific PMTs. Since plants do no possess these enzymes, PMTs constitute a promising target in the development of novel control strategies against B. cinerea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario González
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna (Tenerife), Spain
| | - Nélida Brito
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna (Tenerife), Spain
| | - Marcos Frías
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna (Tenerife), Spain
| | - Celedonio González
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna (Tenerife), Spain
| |
Collapse
|
147
|
Nguema-Ona E, Moore JP, Fagerström AD, Fangel JU, Willats WGT, Hugo A, Vivier MA. Overexpression of the grapevine PGIP1 in tobacco results in compositional changes in the leaf arabinoxyloglucan network in the absence of fungal infection. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 13:46. [PMID: 23506352 PMCID: PMC3621556 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-13-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Constitutive expression of Vitis vinifera polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein 1 (Vvpgip1) has been shown to protect tobacco plants against Botrytis cinerea. Evidence points to additional roles for VvPGIP1, beyond the classical endopolygalacturonase (ePG) inhibition mechanism, in providing protection against fungal infection. Gene expression and biochemical datasets previously obtained, in the absence of infection, point to the cell wall, and particularly the xyloglucan component of transgenic VvPGIP1 lines as playing a role in fungal resistance. RESULTS To elucidate the role of wall-associated processes in PGIP-derived resistance pre-infection, a wall profiling analysis, using high-throughput and fractionation techniques, was performed on healthy leaves from wild-type and previously characterized transgenic lines. The cell wall structure profile during development was found to be altered in the transgenic lines assessed versus the wild-type plants. Immunoprofiling revealed subtle changes in pectin and cellulose components and marked changes in the hemicellulose matrix, which showed reduced binding in transgenic leaves of VvPGIP1 expressing plants. Using an enzymatic xyloglucan oligosaccharide fingerprinting technique optimized for tobacco arabinoxyloglucans, we showed that polysaccharides of the XEG-soluble domain were modified in relative abundance for certain oligosaccharide components, although no differences in ion profiles were evident between wild-type and transgenic plants. These changes did not significantly influence plant morphology or normal growth processes compared to wild-type lines. CONCLUSIONS VvPGIP1 overexpression therefore results in cell wall remodeling and reorganization of the cellulose-xyloglucan network in tobacco in advance of potential infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Nguema-Ona
- Institute for Wine Biotechnology, Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
- Current address: Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale (Glyco-MEV). Grand Réseau de Recherche VASI de Haute Normandie, PRES Normandie Université. Université de Rouen, Mont Saint Aignan, 76821 Cedex, France
| | - John P Moore
- Institute for Wine Biotechnology, Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Alexandra D Fagerström
- Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, 2151 Berkeley Way, Berkeley, CA, 94720-5230, USA
| | - Jonatan U Fangel
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-, 1001, Denmark
| | - William GT Willats
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-, 1001, Denmark
| | - Annatjie Hugo
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Melané A Vivier
- Institute for Wine Biotechnology, Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
148
|
Sequencing and annotation of the Ophiostoma ulmi genome. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:162. [PMID: 23496816 PMCID: PMC3618308 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The ascomycete fungus Ophiostoma ulmi was responsible for the initial pandemic of the massively destructive Dutch elm disease in Europe and North America in early 1910. Dutch elm disease has ravaged the elm tree population globally and is a major threat to the remaining elm population. O. ulmi is also associated with valuable biomaterials applications. It was recently discovered that proteins from O. ulmi can be used for efficient transformation of amylose in the production of bioplastics. Results We have sequenced the 31.5 Mb genome of O.ulmi using Illumina next generation sequencing. Applying both de novo and comparative genome annotation methods, we predict a total of 8639 gene models. The quality of the predicted genes was validated using a variety of data sources consisting of EST data, mRNA-seq data and orthologs from related fungal species. Sequence-based computational methods were used to identify candidate virulence-related genes. Metabolic pathways were reconstructed and highlight specific enzymes that may play a role in virulence. Conclusions This genome sequence will be a useful resource for further research aimed at understanding the molecular mechanisms of pathogenicity by O. ulmi. It will also facilitate the identification of enzymes necessary for industrial biotransformation applications.
Collapse
|
149
|
Wang X, Zhu X, Tooley P, Zhang X. Cloning and functional analysis of three genes encoding polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins from Capsicum annuum and transgenic CaPGIP1 in tobacco in relation to increased resistance to two fungal pathogens. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 81:379-400. [PMID: 23334855 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-013-0007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins (PGIPs) are plant cell wall glycoproteins that can inhibit fungal endopolygalacturonases (PGs). The PGIPs directly reduce the aggressive potential of PGs. Here, we isolated and functionally characterized three members of the pepper (Capsicum annuum) PGIP gene family. Each was up-regulated at a different time following stimulation of the pepper leaves by Phytophthora capcisi and abiotic stresses including salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate, abscisic acid, wounding and cold treatment. Purified recombinant proteins individually inhibited activity of PGs produced by Alternaria alternata and Colletotrichum nicotianae, respectively, and virus-induced gene silencing in pepper conferred enhanced susceptibility to P. capsici. Because three PGIP genes acted similarily in conferring resistance to infection by P. capsici, and because individually purified proteins showed consistent inhibition against PG activity of both pathogens, CaPGIP1 was selected for manipulating transgenic tobacco. The crude proteins from transgenic tobacco exhibited distinct enhanced resistance to PG activity of both fungi. Moreover, the transgenic tobacco showed effective resistance to infection and a significant reduction in the number of infection sites, number of lesions and average size of lesions in the leaves. All results suggest that CaPGIPs may be involved in plant defense response and play an important role in a plant's resistance to disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuju Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61, Daizong street, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
150
|
Transcriptome profiling of Botrytis cinerea conidial germination reveals upregulation of infection-related genes during the prepenetration stage. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2013; 12:614-26. [PMID: 23417562 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00295-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea causes gray mold on a great number of host plants. Infection is initiated by airborne conidia that invade the host tissue, often by penetration of intact epidermal cells. To mimic the surface properties of natural plant surfaces, conidia were incubated on apple wax-coated surfaces, resulting in rapid germination and appressorium formation. Global changes in gene expression were analyzed by microarray hybridization between conidia incubated for 0 h (dormant), 1 h (pregermination), 2.5 h (postgermination), 4 h (appressoria), and 15 h (early mycelium). Considerable changes were observed, in particular between 0 h and 1 h. Genes induced during germination were enriched in those genes encoding secreted proteins, including lytic enzymes. Comparison of wild-type and a nonpathogenic MAP kinase mutant (bmp1) revealed marked differences in germination-related gene expression, in particular related to secretory proteins. Using promoter-GFP reporter strains, we detected a strictly germination-specific expression pattern of a putative chitin deacetylase gene (cda1). In contrast, a cutinase gene (cutB) was found to be expressed only in the presence of plant lipids, in a developmentally less stringent pattern. We also identified a coregulated gene cluster possibly involved in secondary metabolite synthesis which was found to be controlled by a transcription factor also encoded in this cluster. Our data demonstrate that early conidial development in B. cinerea is accompanied by rapid shifts in gene expression that prepare the fungus for germ tube outgrowth and host cell invasion.
Collapse
|