101
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Stefanidou N, Genitsaris S, Lopez-Bautista J, Sommer U, Moustaka-Gouni M. Response of a coastal Baltic Sea diatom-dominated phytoplankton community to experimental heat shock and changing salinity. Oecologia 2019; 191:461-474. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04502-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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102
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Kondratyeva A, Grandcolas P, Pavoine S. Reconciling the concepts and measures of diversity, rarity and originality in ecology and evolution. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:1317-1337. [PMID: 30861626 PMCID: PMC6850657 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The concept of biological diversity, or biodiversity, is at the core of evolutionary and ecological studies. Many indices of biodiversity have been developed in the last four decades, with species being one of the central units of these indices. However, evolutionary and ecological studies need a precise description of species' characteristics to best quantify inter-species diversity, as species are not equivalent and exchangeable. One of the first concepts characterizing species in biodiversity studies was abundance-based rarity. Abundance-based rarity was then complemented by trait- and phylo-based rarity, called species' trait-based and phylogenetic originalities, respectively. Originality, which is a property of an individual species, represents a species' contribution to the overall diversity of a reference set of species. Originality can also be defined as the rarity of a species' characteristics such as the state of a functional trait, which is often assumed to be represented by the position of the species on a phylogenetic tree. We review and compare various approaches for measuring originality, rarity and diversity and demonstrate that (i) even if attempts to bridge these concepts do exist, only a few ecological and evolutionary studies have tried to combine them all in the past two decades; (ii) phylo- and trait-based diversity indices can be written as a function of species rarity and originality measures in several ways; and (iii) there is a need for the joint use of these three types of indices to understand community assembly processes and species' roles in ecosystem functioning in order to protect biodiversity efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kondratyeva
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO), Département Homme et Environnement, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 57 Rue Cuvier, CP 135, 75005ParisFrance
- Institut Systématique Evolution Biodiversité (ISYEB), Département Origines et Evolution, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université EPHE, 57 Rue Cuvier, CP 50, 75005ParisFrance
| | - Philippe Grandcolas
- Institut Systématique Evolution Biodiversité (ISYEB), Département Origines et Evolution, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université EPHE, 57 Rue Cuvier, CP 50, 75005ParisFrance
| | - Sandrine Pavoine
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO), Département Homme et Environnement, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 57 Rue Cuvier, CP 135, 75005ParisFrance
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103
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Abstract
The ecological importance of common species for many ecosystem processes and functions is unquestionably due to their high abundance. Yet, the importance of rare species is much less understood. Here we take a theoretical approach, exposing dynamical models of ecological networks to small perturbations, to explore the dynamical importance of rare and common species. We find that both species types contribute to the recovery of communities following generic perturbations (i.e. perturbations affecting all species). Yet, when perturbations are selective (i.e. affects only one species), perturbations to rare species have the most pronounced effect on community stability. We show that this is due to the strong indirect effects induced by perturbations to rare species. Because indirect effects typically set in at longer timescales, our results indicate that the importance of rare species may be easily overlooked and thus underrated. Hence, our study provides a potential ecological motive for the management and protection of rare species.
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104
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Laméris DW, Tagg N, Kuenbou JK, Sterck EHM, Willie J. Drivers affecting mammal community structure and functional diversity under varied conservation efforts in a tropical rainforest in Cameroon. Anim Conserv 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. W. Laméris
- Animal Ecology Research Group Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
- Centre for Research & Conservation (CRC) Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp (RZSA) Antwerp Belgium
| | - N. Tagg
- Centre for Research & Conservation (CRC) Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp (RZSA) Antwerp Belgium
- Association de la Protection de Grands Singes (APGS) Yaoundé Cameroon
| | - J. K. Kuenbou
- Department of Forestry Dschang University Dschang Cameroon
| | - E. H. M. Sterck
- Animal Ecology Research Group Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
- Ethology Research Biomedical Primate Research Centre Rijswijk The Netherlands
| | - J. Willie
- Centre for Research & Conservation (CRC) Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp (RZSA) Antwerp Belgium
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit Ghent University Ghent Belgium
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105
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Mao Z, Corrales A, Zhu K, Yuan Z, Lin F, Ye J, Hao Z, Wang X. Tree mycorrhizal associations mediate soil fertility effects on forest community structure in a temperate forest. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:475-486. [PMID: 30762231 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Soil fertility influences plant community structure, yet few studies have focused on how this influence is affected by the type of mycorrhizal association formed by tree species within local communities. We examined the relationship of aboveground biomass (AGB) and diversity of adult trees with soil fertility (nitrogen, phosphorus, organic matter, etc.) in the context of different spatial distributions of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and ectomycorrhizal (EM) trees in a temperate forest in Northeast China. Diversity showed a positive trend along the soil fertility gradient driven mostly by a positive relationship between AM tree abundance and soil fertility. By contrast, the AGB showed a negative trend along the soil fertility gradient driven mostly by a negative relationship between EM tree AGB and soil fertility. Furthermore, the opposite trend in the AGB and tree species diversity along the soil fertility gradient led to an overall negative diversity-biomass relationship at the 50-m scale but not the 20-m scale. These results suggest that tree mycorrhizal associations play a critical role in driving forest community structure along soil fertility gradients and highlight the importance of tree mycorrhizal associations in influencing how the diversity-ecosystem function (e.g. biomass) relationships change with soil fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zikun Mao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Adriana Corrales
- Programa de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad del Rosario, Cr. 24 # 63C-69, Bogotá, D.C., 111221, Colombia
| | - Kai Zhu
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Zuoqiang Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Fei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Ji Ye
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Zhanqing Hao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Xugao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
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106
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Abstract
AbstractTraditionally the vulnerability of threatened species to extinction has been assessed by studying their environment, genetics and population dynamics. A more comprehensive understanding of the factors promoting or limiting the long-term persistence of threatened species could be achieved by conducting an analysis of their functional responses to changing environments, their ecological interactions, and their role in ecosystem functioning. These less traditional research areas can be unified in a trait-based approach, a recent methodological advance in ecology that is being used to link individual-level functions to species, community and ecosystem processes to provide mechanistic explanations of observed patterns, particularly in changing environments. We illustrate how trait-based information can be translated into well-defined conservation strategies, using the example of Dioon sonorense, an Endangered cycad endemic to north-western Mexico. Scientific information yielded by trait-based research, coupled with existing knowledge derived from well-established traditional approaches, could facilitate the development of more integrative conservation strategies to promote the long-term persistence of individual threatened species. A comprehensive database of functional traits of threatened species would be of value in assisting the implementation of the trait-based approach.
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107
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Hartz SM, Rocha EA, Brum FT, Luza AL, Guimarães TDFR, Becker FG. Influences of the area, shape and connectivity of coastal lakes on the taxonomic and functional diversity of fish communities in Southern Brazil. ZOOLOGIA 2019. [DOI: 10.3897/zoologia.36.e23539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In this study we investigated the influence of landscape variables on the alpha taxonomic and functional diversity of fish communities in coastal lakes. We built an analytical framework that included possible causal connections among variables, which we analyzed using path analysis. We obtained landscape metrics for the area, shape and connectivity (estuary connectivity and primary connectivity to neighboring lakes) of 37 coastal lakes in the Tramandaí River Basin. We collected fish data from 49 species using standardized sampling with gillnets and obtained a set of traits related to dispersal abilities and food acquisition. The model that best explained the taxonomic diversity and functional richness took into account the shape of the lakes. Functional richness was also explained by estuary connectivity. Functional evenness and dispersion were not predicted by area or connectivity, but they were influenced by the abundant freshwater species. This indicates that all lakes support most of the regional functional diversity. The results highlight the importance of the dispersal process in this lake system and allow the conclusion that considering multiple diversity dimensions can aid the conservation of local and regional fish communities.
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108
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Moss C, Lukac M, Harris F, Outhwaite CL, Scheelbeek PF, Green R, Dangour AD. The effects of crop diversity and crop species on biological diversity in agricultural landscapes: a systematic review protocol. Wellcome Open Res 2019; 4:101. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15343.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Agricultural intensification is a well-known driver of biodiversity loss. Diversity of crop production over space and time reduces land use intensity and may mitigate impacts on biodiversity while contributing to growing demand for human food and nutrition resources. Crop species are also known to have independent impacts on biodiversity. To date, reviews synthesising our knowledge of crop species and crop diversity-biodiversity links are missing. We will therefore conduct a systematic review by searching multiple agriculture, ecology and environmental science databases (e.g. Web of Science, Geobase, Agris, AGRICOLA, GreenFILE) to identify studies reporting the impacts of crop diversity and crop species on the biological diversity of fauna, flora and microbes in agricultural landscapes. Outcomes will include metrics of species richness, abundance, assemblage, community composition and species rarity. Screening, data coding and data extraction will be carried out by one reviewer and a proportion will be independently conducted by a second reviewer. Study quality and risk of bias will be assessed. Evidence will first be mapped by species/taxa then assessed for further narrative or statistical synthesis based on comparability of results and likely robustness. Gaps in the evidence base will also be identified with a view toward future research and policy directions for nutrition, food systems and ecology.
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109
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Deep-sea benthic communities in the largest oceanic desert are structured by the presence of polymetallic crust. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6977. [PMID: 31061398 PMCID: PMC6502874 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43325-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the specimens collected during three deep-sea cruises, and deposited at the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN) in Paris, we analysed the diversity of benthic communities within the EEZ of French Polynesia. The literature and the MNHN database allowed us to inventory 471 species of invertebrates, among which 169 were newly described. We mainly found data for Mollusca, Crustacea, Brachiopoda and Crinoidea. We also found samples from other taxa, which still remain unidentified within the collections of the MNHN. Although this inventory is incomplete, we demonstrate that the deep waters of French Polynesia host unique benthic communities and endemic species. Using diversity and multivariate analyses, we show that the deep-sea benthic communities are structured by depth, habitats, geography and also by the presence of polymetallic crust. Furthermore, by focusing on the molluscs of the central area of French Polynesia, we show that the spectrum of shell size differs among deep-sea habitats. Specifically, shells tend to be smaller on encrusted seamounts than on island slopes. Together with the size range of organisms, low abundance, rarity and endemism designate these habitats as sensitive. These results should thus be taken into account in the evaluation of the expected impact of mining activities on biological communities.
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110
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Cannon PG, Gilroy JJ, Tobias JA, Anderson A, Haugaasen T, Edwards DP. Land-sparing agriculture sustains higher levels of avian functional diversity than land sharing. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:1576-1590. [PMID: 30793430 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The ecological impacts of meeting rising demands for food production can potentially be mitigated by two competing land-use strategies: off-setting natural habitats through intensification of existing farmland (land sparing), or elevating biodiversity within the agricultural matrix via the integration of "wildlife-friendly" habitat features (land sharing). However, a key unanswered question is whether sparing or sharing farming would best conserve functional diversity, which can promote ecosystem stability and resilience to future land-use change. Focusing on bird communities in tropical cloud forests of the Colombian Andes, we test the performance of each strategy in conserving functional diversity. We show that multiple components of avian functional diversity in farmland are positively related to the proximity and extent of natural forest. Using landscape and community simulations, we also show that land-sparing agriculture conserves greater functional diversity and predicts higher abundance of species supplying key ecological functions than land sharing, with sharing becoming progressively inferior with increasing isolation from remnant forest. These results suggest low-intensity agriculture is likely to conserve little functional diversity unless large blocks of adjacent natural habitat are protected, consistent with land sparing. To ensure the retention of functionally diverse ecosystems, we urgently need to implement mechanisms for increasing farmland productivity whilst protecting spared land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick G Cannon
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - James J Gilroy
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, UK
| | - Joseph A Tobias
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, UK
| | - Alex Anderson
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management (MINA), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Torbjørn Haugaasen
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management (MINA), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - David P Edwards
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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111
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Climate and land-use change homogenise terrestrial biodiversity, with consequences for ecosystem functioning and human well-being. Emerg Top Life Sci 2019; 3:207-219. [DOI: 10.1042/etls20180135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Biodiversity continues to decline under the effect of multiple human pressures. We give a brief overview of the main pressures on biodiversity, before focusing on the two that have a predominant effect: land-use and climate change. We discuss how interactions between land-use and climate change in terrestrial systems are likely to have greater impacts than expected when only considering these pressures in isolation. Understanding biodiversity changes is complicated by the fact that such changes are likely to be uneven among different geographic regions and species. We review the evidence for variation in terrestrial biodiversity changes, relating differences among species to key ecological characteristics, and explaining how disproportionate impacts on certain species are leading to a spatial homogenisation of ecological communities. Finally, we explain how the overall losses and homogenisation of biodiversity, and the larger impacts upon certain types of species, are likely to lead to strong negative consequences for the functioning of ecosystems, and consequently for human well-being.
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112
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Dala-Corte RB, Sgarbi LF, Becker FG, Melo AS. Beta diversity of stream fish communities along anthropogenic environmental gradients at multiple spatial scales. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:288. [PMID: 31001723 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7448-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the importance of assessing beta diversity to understand the effects of human modifications on biological communities, there are almost no studies that properly addressed how beta diversity varies along anthropogenic gradients. We developed an algorithm to calculate beta diversity among a set of sites included in a moving window along any given environmental gradient. This allowed us to assess beta diversity among sites with similar conditions in terms of human modifications (e.g., land use or instream degradation). We investigated beta diversity using stream fish community data and indicators of human modification quantified at four spatial scales (whole catchment, riparian, local, and instream). Variation in beta diversity was dependent on the scale of human modifications (catchment, riparian, local, instream, and all four scales combined) and on the type of diversity considered (taxonomic or functional). We also found evidence for non-linear responses of both taxonomic and functional beta diversity to human-induced environmental alterations. Therefore, the response of beta diversity was more complex than expected, as it depended on the scale used to quantify human impact and exhibited opposite responses depending on the location along the environmental impact gradient and on whether the response was taxonomic or functional diversity. Anthropogenic modifications can introduce unexpected variability among stream communities, which means that low beta diversity may not necessarily indicate a degraded environmental condition and high beta diversity may not always indicate a reference environmental condition. This has implications for how we should consider beta diversity in environmental assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato B Dala-Corte
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Animal, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus Samambaia, Av. Esperança, S/N, PO Box 131, Goiânia, GO, 74001-970, Brazil.
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil.
| | - Luciano F Sgarbi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Evolução, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74001-970, Brazil
| | - Fernando G Becker
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Adriano S Melo
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74001-970, Brazil
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113
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Jolls CL, Inkster JN, Scholtens BG, Vitt P, Havens K. An endemic plant and the plant-insect visitor network of a dune ecosystem. Glob Ecol Conserv 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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114
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Shen TJ, Chen Y. A Bayesian-weighted approach to predicting the number of newly discovered rare species. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2019; 33:444-455. [PMID: 30444017 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In natural ecological communities, most species are rare and thus susceptible to extinction. Consequently, the prediction and identification of rare species are of enormous value for conservation purposes. How many newly found species will be rare in the next field survey? We took a Bayesian viewpoint and used observed species abundance information in an ecological sample to develop an accurate way to estimate the number of new rare species (e.g., singletons, doubletons, and tripletons) in an additional unknown sample. A similar method has been developed for incidence-based data sets. Five seminumerical tests (3 abundance cases and 2 incidence cases) showed that our proposed Bayesian-weight estimator accurately predicted the number of new rare species with low relative bias and low relative root mean squared error and, accordingly, high accuracy. Finally, we applied the proposed estimator to 6 conservation-directed empirical data sets (3 abundance cases and 3 incidence cases) and found the prediction of new rare species was quite accurate; the 95% CI covered the true observed value very well in most cases. Our estimator performed similarly to or better than an unweighted estimator derived from Chao et al. and performed consistently better than the naïve unweighted estimator. We recommend our Bayesian-weight estimator for conservation applications, although the unweighted estimator of Chao et al. may be better under some circumstances. We provide an R package RSE (rare species estimation) at https://github.com/ecomol/RSE for implementation of the estimators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Jen Shen
- Institute of Statistics & Department of Applied Mathematics, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo Kuang Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Youhua Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
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115
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Kearsley E, Hufkens K, Verbeeck H, Bauters M, Beeckman H, Boeckx P, Huygens D. Large-sized rare tree species contribute disproportionately to functional diversity in resource acquisition in African tropical forest. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:4349-4361. [PMID: 31031910 PMCID: PMC6476792 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence is available for a positive effect of biodiversity on ecosystem productivity and standing biomass, also in highly diverse systems as tropical forests. Biodiversity conservation could therefore be a critical aspect of climate mitigation policies. There is, however, limited understanding of the role of individual species for this relationship, which could aid in focusing conservation efforts and forest management planning. This study characterizes the functional specialization and redundancy for 95% of all tree species (basal area weighted percentage) in a diverse tropical forest in the central Congo Basin and relates this to species' abundance, contribution to aboveground carbon, and maximum size. Functional characterization is based on a set of traits related to resource acquisition (wood density, specific leaf area, leaf carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus content, and leaf stable carbon isotope composition). We show that within both mixed and monodominant tropical forest ecosystems, the highest functional specialization and lowest functional redundancy are solely found in rare tree species and significantly more in rare species holding large-sized individuals. Rare species cover the entire range of low and high functional redundancy, contributing both unique and redundant functions. Loss of species supporting functional redundancy could be buffered by other species in the community, including more abundant species. This is not the case for species supporting high functional specialization and low functional redundancy, which would need specific conservation attention. In terms of tropical forest management planning, we argue that specific conservation of large-sized trees is imperative for long-term maintenance of ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hans Verbeeck
- Department of EnvironmentGhent UniversityGentBelgium
| | - Marijn Bauters
- Department of EnvironmentGhent UniversityGentBelgium
- Department of Green Chemistry and TechnologyGhent UniversityGentBelgium
| | - Hans Beeckman
- Service of Wood BiologyRoyal Museum for Central AfricaTervurenBelgium
| | - Pascal Boeckx
- Department of Green Chemistry and TechnologyGhent UniversityGentBelgium
| | - Dries Huygens
- Department of Green Chemistry and TechnologyGhent UniversityGentBelgium
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering and Soil ScienceUniversidad Austral de ChileValdiviaChile
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116
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Neutral Processes Drive Seasonal Assembly of the Skin Mycobiome. mSystems 2019; 4:mSystems00004-19. [PMID: 30944878 PMCID: PMC6435813 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00004-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of microorganisms to human skin health has led to a growing interest in the temporal stability of skin microbiota. Here we investigated the dynamics and assembly of skin fungal communities (mycobiomes) with amplicon sequencing of samples collected from multiple sites on 24 healthy Chinese individuals across four seasons (in the order of winter, spring, summer, and autumn in a calendar year). We found a significant difference in community compositions between individuals, and intrapersonal community variation increased over time at all body sites. Within each season, the frequency of occurrence of most operational taxonomic units (OTUs) was well fitted by a neutral model, highlighting the importance of stochastic forces such as passive dispersal and ecological drift in skin community assembly. Despite the significant richness contributed by neutrally distributed OTUs, skin coassociation networks were dominated by taxa well-adapted to multiple body sites (forehead, forearm, and palm), although hub species were disproportionately rare. Taken together, these results suggest that while skin mycobiome assembly is a predominantly neutral process, taxa that could be under the influence of selective forces (e.g., host selection) are potentially key to the structure of a community network. IMPORTANCE Fungi are well recognized members of the human skin microbiota and are crucial to cutaneous health. Common cutaneous diseases such as seborrheic dermatitis and dermatophytes are linked to fungal species. Most studies related to skin microbial community dynamics have focused on Western subjects, while non-Western individuals are understudied. In this study, we explore the seasonal changes of the skin mycobiome in a healthy Chinese cohort and identify ecological processes that could possibly give rise to such variations. Our work reveals the dynamic nature of host skin fungal community, highlighting the dominant roles neutral forces play in the seasonal assembly of skin mycobiome. This study provides insight into the microbial ecology of the human skin microbiome and fills a knowledge gap in the literature regarding the dynamics of skin fungal community.
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117
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Draper FC, Asner GP, Honorio Coronado EN, Baker TR, García-Villacorta R, Pitman NCA, Fine PVA, Phillips OL, Zárate Gómez R, Amasifuén Guerra CA, Flores Arévalo M, Vásquez Martínez R, Brienen RJW, Monteagudo-Mendoza A, Torres Montenegro LA, Valderrama Sandoval E, Roucoux KH, Ramírez Arévalo FR, Mesones Acuy Í, Del Aguila Pasquel J, Tagle Casapia X, Flores Llampazo G, Corrales Medina M, Reyna Huaymacari J, Baraloto C. Dominant tree species drive beta diversity patterns in western Amazonia. Ecology 2019; 100:e02636. [PMID: 30693479 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The forests of western Amazonia are among the most diverse tree communities on Earth, yet this exceptional diversity is distributed highly unevenly within and among communities. In particular, a small number of dominant species account for the majority of individuals, whereas the large majority of species are locally and regionally extremely scarce. By definition, dominant species contribute little to local species richness (alpha diversity), yet the importance of dominant species in structuring patterns of spatial floristic turnover (beta diversity) has not been investigated. Here, using a network of 207 forest inventory plots, we explore the role of dominant species in determining regional patterns of beta diversity (community-level floristic turnover and distance-decay relationships) across a range of habitat types in northern lowland Peru. Of the 2,031 recorded species in our data set, only 99 of them accounted for 50% of individuals. Using these 99 species, it was possible to reconstruct the overall features of regional beta diversity patterns, including the location and dispersion of habitat types in multivariate space, and distance-decay relationships. In fact, our analysis demonstrated that regional patterns of beta diversity were better maintained by the 99 dominant species than by the 1,932 others, whether quantified using species-abundance data or species presence-absence data. Our results reveal that dominant species are normally common only in a single forest type. Therefore, dominant species play a key role in structuring western Amazonian tree communities, which in turn has important implications, both practically for designing effective protected areas, and more generally for understanding the determinants of beta diversity patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick C Draper
- Center for Global Discovery and Conservation Science, Arizona State University, 975 S. Myrtle Ave Tempe, Arizona, 85281, USA.,Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, California, 94305, USA.,International Center for Tropical Botany, Florida International University, 4013 South Douglas Road, Miami, Florida, 33133, USA
| | - Gregory P Asner
- Center for Global Discovery and Conservation Science, Arizona State University, 975 S. Myrtle Ave Tempe, Arizona, 85281, USA.,Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, California, 94305, USA
| | | | - Timothy R Baker
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Roosevelt García-Villacorta
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, E145 Corson Hall, Ithaca, New york, 14853, USA
| | - Nigel C A Pitman
- Keller Science Action Center, The Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Dr, Chicago, Illinois, 60605, USA
| | - Paul V A Fine
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, 1005 Valley Life Sciences Building #3140 Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Oliver L Phillips
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Ricardo Zárate Gómez
- Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana, Av. Quiñones 0784, Iquitos, Loreto, Peru
| | - Carlos A Amasifuén Guerra
- Facultad de Biología, Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana, Sargento Lores 385, Iquitos, Loreto, Peru
| | - Manuel Flores Arévalo
- Facultad de Biología, Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana, Sargento Lores 385, Iquitos, Loreto, Peru
| | | | - Roel J W Brienen
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Abel Monteagudo-Mendoza
- Jardín Botanico de Missouri, Prolongación Bolognesi Lote 6, Oxapampa, Pasco, Peru.,Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Av. de La Cultura 773, Cusco, 08000, Peru
| | - Luis A Torres Montenegro
- Facultad de Biología, Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana, Sargento Lores 385, Iquitos, Loreto, Peru
| | - Elvis Valderrama Sandoval
- Facultad de Biología, Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana, Sargento Lores 385, Iquitos, Loreto, Peru
| | - Katherine H Roucoux
- School of Geography and Sustainable Development, University of St. Andrews, North Street, St. Andrews, KY16 9AL, United Kingdom
| | - Fredy R Ramírez Arévalo
- Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana, Sargento Lores 385, Iquitos, Loreto, Peru
| | - Ítalo Mesones Acuy
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, 1005 Valley Life Sciences Building #3140 Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Jhon Del Aguila Pasquel
- Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana, Av. Quiñones 0784, Iquitos, Loreto, Peru.,School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan, 49931, USA
| | - Ximena Tagle Casapia
- Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana, Av. Quiñones 0784, Iquitos, Loreto, Peru
| | | | | | - José Reyna Huaymacari
- Facultad de Biología, Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana, Sargento Lores 385, Iquitos, Loreto, Peru
| | - Christopher Baraloto
- International Center for Tropical Botany, Florida International University, 4013 South Douglas Road, Miami, Florida, 33133, USA
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Calosi P, Putnam HM, Twitchett RJ, Vermandele F. Marine Metazoan Modern Mass Extinction: Improving Predictions by Integrating Fossil, Modern, and Physiological Data. ANNUAL REVIEW OF MARINE SCIENCE 2019; 11:369-390. [PMID: 30216738 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-010318-095106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Evolution, extinction, and dispersion are fundamental processes affecting marine biodiversity. Until recently, studies of extant marine systems focused mainly on evolution and dispersion, with extinction receiving less attention. Past extinction events have, however, helped shape the evolutionary history of marine ecosystems, with ecological and evolutionary legacies still evident in modern seas. Current anthropogenic global changes increase extinction risk and pose a significant threat to marine ecosystems, which are critical for human use and sustenance. The evaluation of these threats and the likely responses of marine ecosystems requires a better understanding of evolutionary processes that affect marine ecosystems under global change. Here, we discuss how knowledge of ( a) changes in biodiversity of ancient marine ecosystems to past extinctions events, ( b) the patterns of sensitivity and biodiversity loss in modern marine taxa, and ( c) the physiological mechanisms underpinning species' sensitivity to global change can be exploited and integrated to advance our critical thinking in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Calosi
- Département de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Quebec G5L 3A1, Canada; ,
| | - Hollie M Putnam
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, USA;
| | - Richard J Twitchett
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom;
| | - Fanny Vermandele
- Département de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Quebec G5L 3A1, Canada; ,
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119
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Siliprandi CC, Tuset VM, Lombarte A, Farré M, Rossi-Wongtschowski CLDB. Optimal fishing samplers to reveal the morphological structure of a fish assemblage in a subtropical tidal flat. NEOTROPICAL ICHTHYOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Morphological characters of species are essential for assessing the functional structure of a fish assemblage, since differences between them, for example in body shape, are related to many functional and ecological traits (e.g., swimming, search for food, striking and capturing prey, evading predators, spawning). Globally, tidal flats are relevant to fish assemblages by offering feeding, refuge, and reproduction grounds. To analyze the morphofunctional structure of the fish assemblage from a tidal flat on the Brazilian coast, we conducted standardized sampling using nine different fishing gears. The geometric morphometric method was applied to describe the fish shapes and verify the morphological structure of the assemblage. Here, we present the influence/susceptibility of each gear type on the morphological diversity of the fish assemblage. The results indicated that beach seine, otter trawl, marginal encircling gillnet, and fish traps, together, were the most effective gears to represent the maximum morphological variability of fish inhabiting that tidal flat. Moreover, the assemblage showed high morphological redundancy considered as a resistance of the ecosystem for avoiding functional diversity loss, emphasizing the importance of complementary gear use when determining fish assemblages in a conservation context.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marc Farré
- Consejo Superior de Investigación Científica, Spain
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120
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Lechêne A, Lobry J, Boët P, Laffaille P. Change in fish functional diversity and assembly rules in the course of tidal marsh restoration. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209025. [PMID: 30566467 PMCID: PMC6300267 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional trait theory provides a mechanistic framework to understand change in community composition and community assembly through time and space. Despite this, trait-based approaches have seldom been used in ecological restoration. Succession theory predicts that habitat complexity and resource availability will increase with restoration time, leading to increased functional dissimilarity among coexisting species. However, in the case of tidal marsh restoration, it is not clear whether reestablishing the harsh abiotic conditions typical of estuaries will initiate successional trajectories. We investigated monotonic changes in the functional structure of fish communities and shifts in assembly mechanisms, with tidal restoration time. A five-level gradient of ‘intertidal habitat naturalness’ was constructed from a set of artificialized (dyked), restored (with different ages) and natural intertidal sites, and used as a surrogate for restoration progress. The fish ecophases were described using ten functional traits related to food acquisition and swimming ability. The trends in six functional dimensions (identity, richness, evenness, dispersion, originality and specialization) were investigated along the naturalness gradient. Consistenly with succession theory, functional specialization, dispersion and, less markedly, richness increased with intertidal naturalness meaning that restored and natural intertidal habitats supplied fish with specific foraging and dwelling conditions absent from dyked marshes. Community assembly patterns varied with respect to traits and differed at both ends of the naturalness gradient. Dyked marshes were more affected by trait convergence possibly due to limiting resources. Environmental filtering was detected all along the naturalness gradient although the traits affected varied depending on the naturalness level of habitats. Environmental filtering tended to decrease in restored and natural intertidal habitats. Increased naturalness restored the attractivity of benthic habitats as feeding or settling grounds, promoted shelter-seeking vs. free-swimming strategists and favoured ecophases with carnivorous diets, feeding on microinvertebrates and benthic low-mobility macroinvertebrates. Approaches based on functional trait diversity have the potential to question and refine the theoretical frame of ecological restoration and to assist managers in their efforts to restore tidal wetlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Lechêne
- Irstea, UR EABX, centre de Bordeaux, 50 avenue de Verdun, F-33612 Cestas cedex, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Jérémy Lobry
- Irstea, UR EABX, centre de Bordeaux, 50 avenue de Verdun, F-33612 Cestas cedex, France
| | - Philippe Boët
- Irstea, UR EABX, centre de Bordeaux, 50 avenue de Verdun, F-33612 Cestas cedex, France
| | - Pascal Laffaille
- EcoLab, Université de Toulouse, INP, UPS, ENSAT, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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121
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Comparative effects of urban and agricultural land transformation on Odonata assemblages in a biodiversity hotspot. Basic Appl Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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122
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Miller CN, Kwit C. Overall seed dispersal effectiveness is lower in endemic Trillium species than in their widespread congeners. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2018; 105:1847-1857. [PMID: 30383896 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Comparing ecological attributes of endemic species with related, widespread species can reveal differences accounting for rarity. Forests of the southeastern United States are home to many range-restricted endemic and widespread species of Trillium, a genus of ant-dispersed herbs. Evidence suggests that aspects of seed-related life history stages are often correlated with plant rarity, but few studies have tested whether the process of seed dispersal differs for endemic and widespread species. To address this question, we compared aspects of seed dispersal effectiveness (SDE) for three sympatric, widespread endemic Trillium species pairs. METHODS We observed seed dispersal for Trillium species pairs by ants at eight sites, recorded numbers of seeds dispersed and dispersal distances, and described disperser interactions. To test disperser preference, we presented seeds of each pair to captive colonies of Aphaenogaster picea, a keystone disperser. Seeds were assigned scores based on worker behavior, and we recorded proportions of seeds dispersed after 1 h and 24 h. KEY RESULTS Field observations yielded some significant within-pair differences. Ants dispersed more seeds of widespread species for all pairs, although dispersal distances did not differ. In laboratory experiments, after 24 h, ants dispersed more seeds of widespread species into nests. CONCLUSIONS Endemic Trillium species had lower overall SDE than did their widespread congeners. These findings add to the list of ecological and demographic challenges that face endemic plants when compared to common congeners. Lower SDE may negatively impact reproductive rates and the colonization of new habitats, which may contribute to patterns of endemism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea N Miller
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Charles Kwit
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
- Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
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123
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Rincón-Díaz MP, Pittman SJ, Arismendi I, Heppell SS. Functional diversity metrics detect spatio-temporal changes in the fish communities of a Caribbean marine protected area. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon J. Pittman
- Marine Spatial Ecology Division's Biogeography Branch; National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science; U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; 1305 East-West Highway Silver Spring Maryland 20910 USA
- Marine Institute; Plymouth University; Drake Circus Plymouth Devon PL4 8AA UK
| | - Ivan Arismendi
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife; Oregon State University; 104 Nash Hall Corvallis Oregon 97331 USA
| | - Selina S. Heppell
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife; Oregon State University; 104 Nash Hall Corvallis Oregon 97331 USA
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124
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Toussaint A, Charpin N, Beauchard O, Grenouillet G, Oberdorff T, Tedesco PA, Brosse S, Villéger S. Non-native species led to marked shifts in functional diversity of the world freshwater fish faunas. Ecol Lett 2018; 21:1649-1659. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.13141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aurèle Toussaint
- Université Paul Sabatier; CNRS; IRD; UMR5174 EDB (Laboratoire Évolution et Diversité Biologique); 118 route de Narbonne F-31062 Toulouse France
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences; Department of Botany; University of Tartu; Lai 40 Tartu 51005 Estonia
| | - Nicolas Charpin
- Université Paul Sabatier; CNRS; IRD; UMR5174 EDB (Laboratoire Évolution et Diversité Biologique); 118 route de Narbonne F-31062 Toulouse France
| | - Olivier Beauchard
- Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ); Wandelaarkaai 7 8400 Oostende Belgium
- Ecosystem Management Research Group; University of Antwerp; Universiteitsplein 1 2610 Wilrijk Belgium
| | - Gaël Grenouillet
- Université Paul Sabatier; CNRS; IRD; UMR5174 EDB (Laboratoire Évolution et Diversité Biologique); 118 route de Narbonne F-31062 Toulouse France
| | - Thierry Oberdorff
- Université Paul Sabatier; CNRS; IRD; UMR5174 EDB (Laboratoire Évolution et Diversité Biologique); 118 route de Narbonne F-31062 Toulouse France
| | - Pablo A. Tedesco
- Université Paul Sabatier; CNRS; IRD; UMR5174 EDB (Laboratoire Évolution et Diversité Biologique); 118 route de Narbonne F-31062 Toulouse France
| | - Sébastien Brosse
- Université Paul Sabatier; CNRS; IRD; UMR5174 EDB (Laboratoire Évolution et Diversité Biologique); 118 route de Narbonne F-31062 Toulouse France
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Gamma-diversity partitioning of gobiid fishes (Teleostei: Gobiidae) ensemble along of Eastern Tropical Pacific: Biological inventory, latitudinal variation and species turnover. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202863. [PMID: 30169538 PMCID: PMC6118385 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gobies are the most diverse marine fish family. Here, we analysed the gamma-diversity (γ-diversity) partitioning of gobiid fishes to evaluate the additive and multiplicative components of α and β-diversity, species replacement and species loss and gain, at four spatial scales: sample units, ecoregions, provinces and realms. The richness of gobies from the realm Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP) is represented by 87 species. Along latitudinal and longitudinal gradients, we found that the γ-diversity is explained by the β-diversity at both spatial scales, ecoregions and provinces. At the ecoregion scale, species are diverse in the north (Cortezian ecoregion) and south (Panama Bight ecoregion) and between insular and coastal ecoregions. At the province scale, we found that the species turnover between the warm temperate Northeast Pacific (WTNP), Tropical East Pacific (TEaP) and the Galapagos Islands (Gala) was high, and the species nestedness was low. At the ecoregion scale, historical factors, and phylogenetic factors have influenced the hotspots of gobiid fish biodiversity, particularly in the Cortezian, Panama Bight and Cocos Island ecoregions, where species turnover is high across both latitudinal and longitudinal gradients. At the provincial level, we found that the contributions of the β-diversity from north to south, in the WTNP, TEaP and Gala were high, as result of the high number of unique species. Species turnover was also high at this scale, with a low contribution from species nestedness that was probably due to the low species/gene flow within the provinces. These results highlight the importance and successful inclusion of a cryptobenthic fish component in ecological and biogeographical studies.
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126
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Patykowski J, Dell M, Wevill T, Gibson M. Rarity and nutrient acquisition relationships before and after prescribed burning in an Australian box-ironbark forest. AOB PLANTS 2018; 10:ply032. [PMID: 29942459 PMCID: PMC6007787 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/ply032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nutrient cycling is greatly influenced by dominant plants that contribute high amounts of leaf litter to soils; however, less-dominant and rare species can play keystone roles in nutrient cycling if they have unique nutrient acquisition traits and provide high-quality litter. In many parts of the world, wildfire is likely to become more frequent and intense under a changing climate. The effect this will have on plant rarity and on species with unique nutrient acquisition traits, and thus nutrient cycling, remains poorly understood. Working within an Australian box-ironbark forest, we determined if a relationship existed between species rarity and the uniqueness of their leaf nutrient profiles, and if this relationship changed after prescribed burning. We created an index of species rarity from a data set of woody perennial species abundance in areas before and after autumn or spring burns, or left unburnt. We created indices of uniqueness for the leaf nutrient profiles of 42 woody perennial species occurring in the ecosystem, based on amounts of six macronutrients and four micronutrients found in fresh and senesced leaves of each species. Five nutrient acquisition strategies (mycorrhizal, N-fixing, carnivorous, hemiparasitic and proteoid roots) were represented in the data set. There was no community-wide relationship between rarity and uniqueness of leaf nutrient profiles, and this did not change as a result of fire. However, two hemiparasitic species were relatively rare in the ecosystem studied, and differed greatly from other species due to high K and P in senesced leaves. Thus, some of the rarest species, such as hemiparasites, can be functionally unique. Understanding the functional characteristics of rare species is important so that unique functional contributors can be identified and conserved to prevent local extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Patykowski
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology (Burwood Campus), Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matt Dell
- Ecology Australia Pty Ltd, Fairfield, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tricia Wevill
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology (Burwood Campus), Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maria Gibson
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology (Burwood Campus), Burwood, Victoria, Australia
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127
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Leal CG, Barlow J, Gardner TA, Hughes RM, Leitão RP, Nally RM, Kaufmann PR, Ferraz SFB, Zuanon J, de Paula FR, Ferreira J, Thomson JR, Lennox GD, Dary EP, Röpke CP, Pompeu PS. Is environmental legislation conserving tropical stream faunas? A large-scale assessment of local, riparian and catchment-scale influences on Amazonian fish. J Appl Ecol 2018; 55:1312-1326. [PMID: 32831394 PMCID: PMC7433846 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Agricultural expansion and intensification are major threats to tropical biodiversity. In addition to the direct removal of native vegetation, agricultural expansion often elicits other human-induced disturbances, many of which are poorly addressed by existing environmental legislation and conservation programmes. This is particularly true for tropical freshwater systems, where there is considerable uncertainty about whether a legislative focus on protecting riparian vegetation is sufficient to conserve stream fauna.To assess the extent to which stream fish are being effectively conserved in agricultural landscapes, we examined the spatial distribution of assemblages in river basins to identify the relative importance of human impacts at instream, riparian and catchment scales, in shaping observed patterns. We used an extensive dataset on the ecological condition of 83 low-order streams distributed in three river basins in the eastern Brazilian Amazon.We collected and identified 24,420 individual fish from 134 species. Multiplicative diversity partitioning revealed high levels of compositional dissimilarity (DS) among stream sites (DS = 0.74 to 0.83) and river basins (DS = 0.82), due mainly to turnover (77.8% to 81.8%) rather than nestedness. The highly heterogeneous fish faunas in small Amazonian streams underscore the vital importance of enacting measures to protect forests on private lands outside of public protected areas.Instream habitat features explained more variability in fish assemblages (15%-19%) than riparian (2%-12%), catchment (4%-13%) or natural covariates (4%-11%). Although grouping species into functional guilds allowed us to explain up to 31% of their abundance (i.e. for nektonic herbivores), individual riparian - and catchment - scale predictor variables that are commonly a focus of environmental legislation explained very little of the observed variation (partial R2 values mostly <5%).Policy implications. Current rates of agricultural intensification and mechanization in tropical landscapes are unprecedented, yet the existing legislative frameworks focusing on protecting riparian vegetation seem insufficient to conserve stream environments and their fish assemblages. To safeguard the species-rich freshwater biota of small Amazonian streams, conservation actions must shift towards managing whole basins and drainage networks, as well as agricultural practices in already-cleared land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecília G. Leal
- Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, PA, Brazil
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
- Fish Ecology Laboratory, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Jos Barlow
- Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, PA, Brazil
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | | | - Robert M. Hughes
- Amnis Opes Institute and Department of Fisheries & Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Rafael P. Leitão
- National Institute for Amazonia Research, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ralph Mac Nally
- Institute for Applied Ecology, The University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Philip R. Kaufmann
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Silvio F. B. Ferraz
- Forest Hydrology Laboratory (LHF), Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Jansen Zuanon
- National Institute for Amazonia Research, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Felipe R. de Paula
- Forest Hydrology Laboratory (LHF), Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | | | - James R. Thomson
- Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia
| | - Gareth D. Lennox
- Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, PA, Brazil
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Eurizângela P. Dary
- Institute of Natural, Human and Social Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | - Cristhiana P. Röpke
- Faculty of Agrarian Sciences and Institute of Biology, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Paulo S. Pompeu
- Fish Ecology Laboratory, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil
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128
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Heilpern SA, Weeks BC, Naeem S. Predicting ecosystem vulnerability to biodiversity loss from community composition. Ecology 2018; 99:1099-1107. [PMID: 29569236 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Ecosystems vary widely in their responses to biodiversity change, with some losing function dramatically while others are highly resilient. However, generalizations about how species- and community-level properties determine these divergent ecosystem responses have been elusive because potential sources of variation (e.g., trophic structure, compensation, functional trait diversity) are rarely evaluated in conjunction. Ecosystem vulnerability, or the likely change in ecosystem function following biodiversity change, is influenced by two types of species traits: response traits that determine species' individual sensitivities to environmental change, and effect traits that determine a species' contribution to ecosystem function. Here we extend the response-effect trait framework to quantify ecosystem vulnerability and show how trophic structure, within-trait variance, and among-trait covariance affect ecosystem vulnerability by linking extinction order and functional compensation. Using in silico trait-based simulations we found that ecosystem vulnerability increased when response and effect traits positively covaried, but this increase was attenuated by decreasing trait variance. Contrary to expectations, in these communities, both functional diversity and trophic structure increased ecosystem vulnerability. In contrast, ecosystem functions were resilient when response and effect traits covaried negatively, and variance had a positive effect on resiliency. Our results suggest that although biodiversity loss is often associated with decreases in ecosystem functions, such effects are conditional on trophic structure, and the variation within and covariation among response and effect traits. Taken together, these three factors can predict when ecosystems are poised to lose or gain function with ongoing biodiversity change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian A Heilpern
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10027, USA
| | - Brian C Weeks
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10027, USA.,Department of Ornithology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, 10024, USA.,Museum of Zoology and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Shahid Naeem
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10027, USA.,Earth Institute Center for Environmental Studies, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10027, USA
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129
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Patykowski J, Holland GJ, Dell M, Wevill T, Callister K, Bennett AF, Gibson M. The effect of prescribed burning on plant rarity in a temperate forest. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:1714-1725. [PMID: 29435246 PMCID: PMC5792504 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Rare species can play important functional roles, but human-induced changes to disturbance regimes, such as fire, can inadvertently affect these species. We examined the influence of prescribed burns on the recruitment and diversity of plant species within a temperate forest in southeastern Australia, with a focus on species that were rare prior to burning. Floristic composition was compared among plots in landscapes before and after treatment with prescribed burns differing in the extent of area burnt and season of burn (before-after, control-impact design). Floristic surveys were conducted before burns, at the end of a decade of drought, and 3 years postburn. We quantified the effect of prescribed burns on species grouped by their frequency within the landscape before burning (common, less common, and rare) and their life-form attributes (woody perennials, perennial herbs or geophytes, and annual herbs). Burn treatment influenced the response of rare species. In spring-burn plots, the recruitment of rare annual herbs was promoted, differentiating this treatment from both autumn-burn and unburnt plots. In autumn-burn plots, richness of rare species increased across all life-form groups, although composition remained statistically similar to control plots. Richness of rare woody perennials increased in control plots. For all other life-form and frequency groups, the floristic composition of landscapes changed between survey years, but there was no effect of burn treatment, suggesting a likely effect of rainfall on species recruitment. A prescribed burn can increase the occurrence of rare species in a landscape, but burn characteristics can affect the promotion of different life-form groups and thus affect functional diversity. Drought-breaking rain likely had an overarching effect on floristic composition during our study, highlighting that weather can play a greater role in influencing recruitment and diversity in plant communities than a prescribed burn.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Patykowski
- School of Life and Environmental SciencesDeakin UniversityGeelongVic.Australia
| | - Greg J. Holland
- Department of Ecology, Environment and EvolutionLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVic.Australia
| | - Matt Dell
- Ecology Australia Pty LtdFairfieldVic.Australia
| | - Tricia Wevill
- School of Life and Environmental SciencesDeakin UniversityGeelongVic.Australia
| | - Kate Callister
- Department of Ecology, Environment and EvolutionLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVic.Australia
| | - Andrew F. Bennett
- Department of Ecology, Environment and EvolutionLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVic.Australia
- Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental ResearchDELWPHeidelbergVic.Australia
| | - Maria Gibson
- School of Life and Environmental SciencesDeakin UniversityGeelongVic.Australia
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130
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Sterling KA, Warren ML. Effects of Introduced Small Wood in a Degraded Stream on Fish Community and Functional Diversity. SOUTHEAST NAT 2018. [DOI: 10.1656/058.017.0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ken A. Sterling
- USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Stream Ecology Laboratory, 1000 Front Street, Oxford, MS 38655
| | - Melvin L. Warren
- USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Stream Ecology Laboratory, 1000 Front Street, Oxford, MS 38655
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131
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Chapman ASA, Tunnicliffe V, Bates AE. Both rare and common species make unique contributions to functional diversity in an ecosystem unaffected by human activities. DIVERS DISTRIB 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Abbie S. A. Chapman
- Ocean and Earth Science; University of Southampton Waterfront Campus; National Oceanography Centre, European Way; Southampton UK
| | - Verena Tunnicliffe
- Department of Biology and School of Earth and Ocean Sciences; University of Victoria; Victoria BC Canada
| | - Amanda E. Bates
- Ocean and Earth Science; University of Southampton Waterfront Campus; National Oceanography Centre, European Way; Southampton UK
- Department of Ocean Sciences; Memorial University of Newfoundland; St. John's; NL Canada
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132
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Leitão RP, Zuanon J, Mouillot D, Leal CG, Hughes RM, Kaufmann PR, Villéger S, Pompeu PS, Kasper D, de Paula FR, Ferraz SFB, Gardner TA. Disentangling the pathways of land use impacts on the functional structure of fish assemblages in Amazon streams. ECOGRAPHY 2018. [PMID: 29910537 DOI: 10.illl/ecog.02845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural land use is a primary driver of environmental impacts on streams. However, the causal processes that shape these impacts operate through multiple pathways and at several spatial scales. This complexity undermines the development of more effective management approaches, and illustrates the need for more in-depth studies to assess the mechanisms that determine changes in stream biodiversity. Here we present results of the most comprehensive multi-scale assessment of the biological condition of streams in the Amazon to date, examining functional responses of fish assemblages to land use. We sampled fish assemblages from two large human-modified regions, and characterized stream conditions by physical habitat attributes and key landscape-change variables, including density of road crossings (i.e. riverscape fragmentation), deforestation, and agricultural intensification. Fish species were functionally characterized using ecomorphological traits describing feeding, locomotion, and habitat preferences, and these traits were used to derive indices that quantitatively describe the functional structure of the assemblages. Using structural equation modeling, we disentangled multiple drivers operating at different spatial scales, identifying causal pathways that significantly affect stream condition and the structure of the fish assemblages. Deforestation at catchment and riparian network scales altered the channel morphology and the stream bottom structure, changing the functional identity of assemblages. Local deforestation reduced the functional evenness of assemblages (i.e. increased dominance of specific trait combinations) mediated by expansion of aquatic vegetation cover. Riverscape fragmentation reduced functional richness, evenness and divergence, suggesting a trend toward functional homogenization and a reduced range of ecological niches within assemblages following the loss of regional connectivity. These results underscore the often-unrecognized importance of different land use changes, each of which can have marked effects on stream biodiversity. We draw on the relationships observed herein to suggest priorities for the improved management of stream systems in the multiple-use landscapes that predominate in human-modified tropical forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael P Leitão
- R. P. Leitão (http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7990-0068) , Depto de Biologia Geral, Univ. Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. - J. Zuanon, D. Kasper and RPL, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Inst. Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil. DK also at: Univ. Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. - D. Mouillot, S. Villéger and RPL, Laboratoire biodiversité marine et ses usages, UMR 9190 MARBEC CNRS-UM-IRD-IFREMER, Univ. de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. DM also at: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook Univ., Townsville, QLD, Australia. - C. G. Leal and P. S. Pompeu, Depto de Biologia, Univ. Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil. CGL also at: Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster Univ., Lancaster, UK, and Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil. - R. M. Hughes, Amnis Opes Inst. and Dept of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, USA. - P. R. Kaufmann, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, USA. - Felipe R. de Paula and Silvio F. B. Ferraz, Laboratório de Hidrologia Florestal (LHF), ESALQ, Univ. de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil. - T. A. Gardner, Stockholm Environment Inst., Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jansen Zuanon
- R. P. Leitão (http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7990-0068) , Depto de Biologia Geral, Univ. Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. - J. Zuanon, D. Kasper and RPL, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Inst. Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil. DK also at: Univ. Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. - D. Mouillot, S. Villéger and RPL, Laboratoire biodiversité marine et ses usages, UMR 9190 MARBEC CNRS-UM-IRD-IFREMER, Univ. de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. DM also at: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook Univ., Townsville, QLD, Australia. - C. G. Leal and P. S. Pompeu, Depto de Biologia, Univ. Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil. CGL also at: Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster Univ., Lancaster, UK, and Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil. - R. M. Hughes, Amnis Opes Inst. and Dept of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, USA. - P. R. Kaufmann, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, USA. - Felipe R. de Paula and Silvio F. B. Ferraz, Laboratório de Hidrologia Florestal (LHF), ESALQ, Univ. de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil. - T. A. Gardner, Stockholm Environment Inst., Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Mouillot
- R. P. Leitão (http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7990-0068) , Depto de Biologia Geral, Univ. Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. - J. Zuanon, D. Kasper and RPL, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Inst. Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil. DK also at: Univ. Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. - D. Mouillot, S. Villéger and RPL, Laboratoire biodiversité marine et ses usages, UMR 9190 MARBEC CNRS-UM-IRD-IFREMER, Univ. de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. DM also at: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook Univ., Townsville, QLD, Australia. - C. G. Leal and P. S. Pompeu, Depto de Biologia, Univ. Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil. CGL also at: Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster Univ., Lancaster, UK, and Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil. - R. M. Hughes, Amnis Opes Inst. and Dept of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, USA. - P. R. Kaufmann, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, USA. - Felipe R. de Paula and Silvio F. B. Ferraz, Laboratório de Hidrologia Florestal (LHF), ESALQ, Univ. de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil. - T. A. Gardner, Stockholm Environment Inst., Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cecília G Leal
- R. P. Leitão (http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7990-0068) , Depto de Biologia Geral, Univ. Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. - J. Zuanon, D. Kasper and RPL, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Inst. Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil. DK also at: Univ. Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. - D. Mouillot, S. Villéger and RPL, Laboratoire biodiversité marine et ses usages, UMR 9190 MARBEC CNRS-UM-IRD-IFREMER, Univ. de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. DM also at: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook Univ., Townsville, QLD, Australia. - C. G. Leal and P. S. Pompeu, Depto de Biologia, Univ. Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil. CGL also at: Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster Univ., Lancaster, UK, and Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil. - R. M. Hughes, Amnis Opes Inst. and Dept of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, USA. - P. R. Kaufmann, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, USA. - Felipe R. de Paula and Silvio F. B. Ferraz, Laboratório de Hidrologia Florestal (LHF), ESALQ, Univ. de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil. - T. A. Gardner, Stockholm Environment Inst., Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert M Hughes
- R. P. Leitão (http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7990-0068) , Depto de Biologia Geral, Univ. Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. - J. Zuanon, D. Kasper and RPL, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Inst. Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil. DK also at: Univ. Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. - D. Mouillot, S. Villéger and RPL, Laboratoire biodiversité marine et ses usages, UMR 9190 MARBEC CNRS-UM-IRD-IFREMER, Univ. de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. DM also at: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook Univ., Townsville, QLD, Australia. - C. G. Leal and P. S. Pompeu, Depto de Biologia, Univ. Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil. CGL also at: Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster Univ., Lancaster, UK, and Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil. - R. M. Hughes, Amnis Opes Inst. and Dept of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, USA. - P. R. Kaufmann, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, USA. - Felipe R. de Paula and Silvio F. B. Ferraz, Laboratório de Hidrologia Florestal (LHF), ESALQ, Univ. de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil. - T. A. Gardner, Stockholm Environment Inst., Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Philip R Kaufmann
- R. P. Leitão (http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7990-0068) , Depto de Biologia Geral, Univ. Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. - J. Zuanon, D. Kasper and RPL, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Inst. Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil. DK also at: Univ. Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. - D. Mouillot, S. Villéger and RPL, Laboratoire biodiversité marine et ses usages, UMR 9190 MARBEC CNRS-UM-IRD-IFREMER, Univ. de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. DM also at: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook Univ., Townsville, QLD, Australia. - C. G. Leal and P. S. Pompeu, Depto de Biologia, Univ. Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil. CGL also at: Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster Univ., Lancaster, UK, and Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil. - R. M. Hughes, Amnis Opes Inst. and Dept of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, USA. - P. R. Kaufmann, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, USA. - Felipe R. de Paula and Silvio F. B. Ferraz, Laboratório de Hidrologia Florestal (LHF), ESALQ, Univ. de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil. - T. A. Gardner, Stockholm Environment Inst., Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sébastien Villéger
- R. P. Leitão (http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7990-0068) , Depto de Biologia Geral, Univ. Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. - J. Zuanon, D. Kasper and RPL, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Inst. Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil. DK also at: Univ. Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. - D. Mouillot, S. Villéger and RPL, Laboratoire biodiversité marine et ses usages, UMR 9190 MARBEC CNRS-UM-IRD-IFREMER, Univ. de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. DM also at: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook Univ., Townsville, QLD, Australia. - C. G. Leal and P. S. Pompeu, Depto de Biologia, Univ. Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil. CGL also at: Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster Univ., Lancaster, UK, and Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil. - R. M. Hughes, Amnis Opes Inst. and Dept of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, USA. - P. R. Kaufmann, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, USA. - Felipe R. de Paula and Silvio F. B. Ferraz, Laboratório de Hidrologia Florestal (LHF), ESALQ, Univ. de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil. - T. A. Gardner, Stockholm Environment Inst., Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paulo S Pompeu
- R. P. Leitão (http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7990-0068) , Depto de Biologia Geral, Univ. Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. - J. Zuanon, D. Kasper and RPL, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Inst. Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil. DK also at: Univ. Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. - D. Mouillot, S. Villéger and RPL, Laboratoire biodiversité marine et ses usages, UMR 9190 MARBEC CNRS-UM-IRD-IFREMER, Univ. de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. DM also at: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook Univ., Townsville, QLD, Australia. - C. G. Leal and P. S. Pompeu, Depto de Biologia, Univ. Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil. CGL also at: Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster Univ., Lancaster, UK, and Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil. - R. M. Hughes, Amnis Opes Inst. and Dept of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, USA. - P. R. Kaufmann, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, USA. - Felipe R. de Paula and Silvio F. B. Ferraz, Laboratório de Hidrologia Florestal (LHF), ESALQ, Univ. de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil. - T. A. Gardner, Stockholm Environment Inst., Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniele Kasper
- R. P. Leitão (http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7990-0068) , Depto de Biologia Geral, Univ. Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. - J. Zuanon, D. Kasper and RPL, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Inst. Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil. DK also at: Univ. Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. - D. Mouillot, S. Villéger and RPL, Laboratoire biodiversité marine et ses usages, UMR 9190 MARBEC CNRS-UM-IRD-IFREMER, Univ. de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. DM also at: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook Univ., Townsville, QLD, Australia. - C. G. Leal and P. S. Pompeu, Depto de Biologia, Univ. Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil. CGL also at: Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster Univ., Lancaster, UK, and Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil. - R. M. Hughes, Amnis Opes Inst. and Dept of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, USA. - P. R. Kaufmann, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, USA. - Felipe R. de Paula and Silvio F. B. Ferraz, Laboratório de Hidrologia Florestal (LHF), ESALQ, Univ. de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil. - T. A. Gardner, Stockholm Environment Inst., Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Felipe R de Paula
- R. P. Leitão (http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7990-0068) , Depto de Biologia Geral, Univ. Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. - J. Zuanon, D. Kasper and RPL, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Inst. Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil. DK also at: Univ. Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. - D. Mouillot, S. Villéger and RPL, Laboratoire biodiversité marine et ses usages, UMR 9190 MARBEC CNRS-UM-IRD-IFREMER, Univ. de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. DM also at: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook Univ., Townsville, QLD, Australia. - C. G. Leal and P. S. Pompeu, Depto de Biologia, Univ. Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil. CGL also at: Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster Univ., Lancaster, UK, and Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil. - R. M. Hughes, Amnis Opes Inst. and Dept of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, USA. - P. R. Kaufmann, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, USA. - Felipe R. de Paula and Silvio F. B. Ferraz, Laboratório de Hidrologia Florestal (LHF), ESALQ, Univ. de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil. - T. A. Gardner, Stockholm Environment Inst., Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Silvio F B Ferraz
- R. P. Leitão (http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7990-0068) , Depto de Biologia Geral, Univ. Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. - J. Zuanon, D. Kasper and RPL, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Inst. Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil. DK also at: Univ. Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. - D. Mouillot, S. Villéger and RPL, Laboratoire biodiversité marine et ses usages, UMR 9190 MARBEC CNRS-UM-IRD-IFREMER, Univ. de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. DM also at: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook Univ., Townsville, QLD, Australia. - C. G. Leal and P. S. Pompeu, Depto de Biologia, Univ. Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil. CGL also at: Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster Univ., Lancaster, UK, and Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil. - R. M. Hughes, Amnis Opes Inst. and Dept of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, USA. - P. R. Kaufmann, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, USA. - Felipe R. de Paula and Silvio F. B. Ferraz, Laboratório de Hidrologia Florestal (LHF), ESALQ, Univ. de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil. - T. A. Gardner, Stockholm Environment Inst., Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Toby A Gardner
- R. P. Leitão (http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7990-0068) , Depto de Biologia Geral, Univ. Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. - J. Zuanon, D. Kasper and RPL, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Inst. Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil. DK also at: Univ. Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. - D. Mouillot, S. Villéger and RPL, Laboratoire biodiversité marine et ses usages, UMR 9190 MARBEC CNRS-UM-IRD-IFREMER, Univ. de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. DM also at: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook Univ., Townsville, QLD, Australia. - C. G. Leal and P. S. Pompeu, Depto de Biologia, Univ. Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil. CGL also at: Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster Univ., Lancaster, UK, and Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil. - R. M. Hughes, Amnis Opes Inst. and Dept of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, USA. - P. R. Kaufmann, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, USA. - Felipe R. de Paula and Silvio F. B. Ferraz, Laboratório de Hidrologia Florestal (LHF), ESALQ, Univ. de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil. - T. A. Gardner, Stockholm Environment Inst., Stockholm, Sweden
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Leitão RP, Zuanon J, Mouillot D, Leal CG, Hughes RM, Kaufmann PR, Villéger S, Pompeu PS, Kasper D, de Paula FR, Ferraz SFB, Gardner TA. Disentangling the pathways of land use impacts on the functional structure of fish assemblages in Amazon streams. ECOGRAPHY 2018; 41:219-232. [PMID: 29910537 PMCID: PMC5998685 DOI: 10.1111/ecog.02845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural land use is a primary driver of environmental impacts on streams. However, the causal processes that shape these impacts operate through multiple pathways and at several spatial scales. This complexity undermines the development of more effective management approaches, and illustrates the need for more in-depth studies to assess the mechanisms that determine changes in stream biodiversity. Here we present results of the most comprehensive multi-scale assessment of the biological condition of streams in the Amazon to date, examining functional responses of fish assemblages to land use. We sampled fish assemblages from two large human-modified regions, and characterized stream conditions by physical habitat attributes and key landscape-change variables, including density of road crossings (i.e. riverscape fragmentation), deforestation, and agricultural intensification. Fish species were functionally characterized using ecomorphological traits describing feeding, locomotion, and habitat preferences, and these traits were used to derive indices that quantitatively describe the functional structure of the assemblages. Using structural equation modeling, we disentangled multiple drivers operating at different spatial scales, identifying causal pathways that significantly affect stream condition and the structure of the fish assemblages. Deforestation at catchment and riparian network scales altered the channel morphology and the stream bottom structure, changing the functional identity of assemblages. Local deforestation reduced the functional evenness of assemblages (i.e. increased dominance of specific trait combinations) mediated by expansion of aquatic vegetation cover. Riverscape fragmentation reduced functional richness, evenness and divergence, suggesting a trend toward functional homogenization and a reduced range of ecological niches within assemblages following the loss of regional connectivity. These results underscore the often-unrecognized importance of different land use changes, each of which can have marked effects on stream biodiversity. We draw on the relationships observed herein to suggest priorities for the improved management of stream systems in the multiple-use landscapes that predominate in human-modified tropical forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael P Leitão
- R. P. Leitão (http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7990-0068) , Depto de Biologia Geral, Univ. Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. - J. Zuanon, D. Kasper and RPL, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Inst. Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil. DK also at: Univ. Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. - D. Mouillot, S. Villéger and RPL, Laboratoire biodiversité marine et ses usages, UMR 9190 MARBEC CNRS-UM-IRD-IFREMER, Univ. de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. DM also at: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook Univ., Townsville, QLD, Australia. - C. G. Leal and P. S. Pompeu, Depto de Biologia, Univ. Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil. CGL also at: Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster Univ., Lancaster, UK, and Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil. - R. M. Hughes, Amnis Opes Inst. and Dept of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, USA. - P. R. Kaufmann, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, USA. - Felipe R. de Paula and Silvio F. B. Ferraz, Laboratório de Hidrologia Florestal (LHF), ESALQ, Univ. de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil. - T. A. Gardner, Stockholm Environment Inst., Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jansen Zuanon
- R. P. Leitão (http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7990-0068) , Depto de Biologia Geral, Univ. Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. - J. Zuanon, D. Kasper and RPL, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Inst. Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil. DK also at: Univ. Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. - D. Mouillot, S. Villéger and RPL, Laboratoire biodiversité marine et ses usages, UMR 9190 MARBEC CNRS-UM-IRD-IFREMER, Univ. de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. DM also at: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook Univ., Townsville, QLD, Australia. - C. G. Leal and P. S. Pompeu, Depto de Biologia, Univ. Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil. CGL also at: Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster Univ., Lancaster, UK, and Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil. - R. M. Hughes, Amnis Opes Inst. and Dept of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, USA. - P. R. Kaufmann, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, USA. - Felipe R. de Paula and Silvio F. B. Ferraz, Laboratório de Hidrologia Florestal (LHF), ESALQ, Univ. de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil. - T. A. Gardner, Stockholm Environment Inst., Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Mouillot
- R. P. Leitão (http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7990-0068) , Depto de Biologia Geral, Univ. Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. - J. Zuanon, D. Kasper and RPL, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Inst. Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil. DK also at: Univ. Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. - D. Mouillot, S. Villéger and RPL, Laboratoire biodiversité marine et ses usages, UMR 9190 MARBEC CNRS-UM-IRD-IFREMER, Univ. de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. DM also at: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook Univ., Townsville, QLD, Australia. - C. G. Leal and P. S. Pompeu, Depto de Biologia, Univ. Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil. CGL also at: Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster Univ., Lancaster, UK, and Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil. - R. M. Hughes, Amnis Opes Inst. and Dept of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, USA. - P. R. Kaufmann, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, USA. - Felipe R. de Paula and Silvio F. B. Ferraz, Laboratório de Hidrologia Florestal (LHF), ESALQ, Univ. de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil. - T. A. Gardner, Stockholm Environment Inst., Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cecília G Leal
- R. P. Leitão (http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7990-0068) , Depto de Biologia Geral, Univ. Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. - J. Zuanon, D. Kasper and RPL, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Inst. Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil. DK also at: Univ. Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. - D. Mouillot, S. Villéger and RPL, Laboratoire biodiversité marine et ses usages, UMR 9190 MARBEC CNRS-UM-IRD-IFREMER, Univ. de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. DM also at: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook Univ., Townsville, QLD, Australia. - C. G. Leal and P. S. Pompeu, Depto de Biologia, Univ. Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil. CGL also at: Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster Univ., Lancaster, UK, and Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil. - R. M. Hughes, Amnis Opes Inst. and Dept of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, USA. - P. R. Kaufmann, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, USA. - Felipe R. de Paula and Silvio F. B. Ferraz, Laboratório de Hidrologia Florestal (LHF), ESALQ, Univ. de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil. - T. A. Gardner, Stockholm Environment Inst., Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert M Hughes
- R. P. Leitão (http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7990-0068) , Depto de Biologia Geral, Univ. Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. - J. Zuanon, D. Kasper and RPL, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Inst. Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil. DK also at: Univ. Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. - D. Mouillot, S. Villéger and RPL, Laboratoire biodiversité marine et ses usages, UMR 9190 MARBEC CNRS-UM-IRD-IFREMER, Univ. de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. DM also at: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook Univ., Townsville, QLD, Australia. - C. G. Leal and P. S. Pompeu, Depto de Biologia, Univ. Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil. CGL also at: Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster Univ., Lancaster, UK, and Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil. - R. M. Hughes, Amnis Opes Inst. and Dept of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, USA. - P. R. Kaufmann, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, USA. - Felipe R. de Paula and Silvio F. B. Ferraz, Laboratório de Hidrologia Florestal (LHF), ESALQ, Univ. de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil. - T. A. Gardner, Stockholm Environment Inst., Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Philip R Kaufmann
- R. P. Leitão (http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7990-0068) , Depto de Biologia Geral, Univ. Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. - J. Zuanon, D. Kasper and RPL, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Inst. Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil. DK also at: Univ. Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. - D. Mouillot, S. Villéger and RPL, Laboratoire biodiversité marine et ses usages, UMR 9190 MARBEC CNRS-UM-IRD-IFREMER, Univ. de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. DM also at: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook Univ., Townsville, QLD, Australia. - C. G. Leal and P. S. Pompeu, Depto de Biologia, Univ. Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil. CGL also at: Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster Univ., Lancaster, UK, and Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil. - R. M. Hughes, Amnis Opes Inst. and Dept of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, USA. - P. R. Kaufmann, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, USA. - Felipe R. de Paula and Silvio F. B. Ferraz, Laboratório de Hidrologia Florestal (LHF), ESALQ, Univ. de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil. - T. A. Gardner, Stockholm Environment Inst., Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sébastien Villéger
- R. P. Leitão (http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7990-0068) , Depto de Biologia Geral, Univ. Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. - J. Zuanon, D. Kasper and RPL, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Inst. Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil. DK also at: Univ. Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. - D. Mouillot, S. Villéger and RPL, Laboratoire biodiversité marine et ses usages, UMR 9190 MARBEC CNRS-UM-IRD-IFREMER, Univ. de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. DM also at: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook Univ., Townsville, QLD, Australia. - C. G. Leal and P. S. Pompeu, Depto de Biologia, Univ. Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil. CGL also at: Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster Univ., Lancaster, UK, and Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil. - R. M. Hughes, Amnis Opes Inst. and Dept of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, USA. - P. R. Kaufmann, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, USA. - Felipe R. de Paula and Silvio F. B. Ferraz, Laboratório de Hidrologia Florestal (LHF), ESALQ, Univ. de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil. - T. A. Gardner, Stockholm Environment Inst., Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paulo S Pompeu
- R. P. Leitão (http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7990-0068) , Depto de Biologia Geral, Univ. Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. - J. Zuanon, D. Kasper and RPL, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Inst. Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil. DK also at: Univ. Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. - D. Mouillot, S. Villéger and RPL, Laboratoire biodiversité marine et ses usages, UMR 9190 MARBEC CNRS-UM-IRD-IFREMER, Univ. de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. DM also at: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook Univ., Townsville, QLD, Australia. - C. G. Leal and P. S. Pompeu, Depto de Biologia, Univ. Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil. CGL also at: Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster Univ., Lancaster, UK, and Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil. - R. M. Hughes, Amnis Opes Inst. and Dept of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, USA. - P. R. Kaufmann, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, USA. - Felipe R. de Paula and Silvio F. B. Ferraz, Laboratório de Hidrologia Florestal (LHF), ESALQ, Univ. de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil. - T. A. Gardner, Stockholm Environment Inst., Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniele Kasper
- R. P. Leitão (http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7990-0068) , Depto de Biologia Geral, Univ. Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. - J. Zuanon, D. Kasper and RPL, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Inst. Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil. DK also at: Univ. Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. - D. Mouillot, S. Villéger and RPL, Laboratoire biodiversité marine et ses usages, UMR 9190 MARBEC CNRS-UM-IRD-IFREMER, Univ. de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. DM also at: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook Univ., Townsville, QLD, Australia. - C. G. Leal and P. S. Pompeu, Depto de Biologia, Univ. Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil. CGL also at: Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster Univ., Lancaster, UK, and Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil. - R. M. Hughes, Amnis Opes Inst. and Dept of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, USA. - P. R. Kaufmann, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, USA. - Felipe R. de Paula and Silvio F. B. Ferraz, Laboratório de Hidrologia Florestal (LHF), ESALQ, Univ. de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil. - T. A. Gardner, Stockholm Environment Inst., Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Felipe R de Paula
- R. P. Leitão (http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7990-0068) , Depto de Biologia Geral, Univ. Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. - J. Zuanon, D. Kasper and RPL, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Inst. Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil. DK also at: Univ. Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. - D. Mouillot, S. Villéger and RPL, Laboratoire biodiversité marine et ses usages, UMR 9190 MARBEC CNRS-UM-IRD-IFREMER, Univ. de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. DM also at: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook Univ., Townsville, QLD, Australia. - C. G. Leal and P. S. Pompeu, Depto de Biologia, Univ. Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil. CGL also at: Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster Univ., Lancaster, UK, and Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil. - R. M. Hughes, Amnis Opes Inst. and Dept of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, USA. - P. R. Kaufmann, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, USA. - Felipe R. de Paula and Silvio F. B. Ferraz, Laboratório de Hidrologia Florestal (LHF), ESALQ, Univ. de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil. - T. A. Gardner, Stockholm Environment Inst., Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Silvio F B Ferraz
- R. P. Leitão (http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7990-0068) , Depto de Biologia Geral, Univ. Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. - J. Zuanon, D. Kasper and RPL, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Inst. Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil. DK also at: Univ. Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. - D. Mouillot, S. Villéger and RPL, Laboratoire biodiversité marine et ses usages, UMR 9190 MARBEC CNRS-UM-IRD-IFREMER, Univ. de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. DM also at: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook Univ., Townsville, QLD, Australia. - C. G. Leal and P. S. Pompeu, Depto de Biologia, Univ. Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil. CGL also at: Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster Univ., Lancaster, UK, and Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil. - R. M. Hughes, Amnis Opes Inst. and Dept of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, USA. - P. R. Kaufmann, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, USA. - Felipe R. de Paula and Silvio F. B. Ferraz, Laboratório de Hidrologia Florestal (LHF), ESALQ, Univ. de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil. - T. A. Gardner, Stockholm Environment Inst., Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Toby A Gardner
- R. P. Leitão (http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7990-0068) , Depto de Biologia Geral, Univ. Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. - J. Zuanon, D. Kasper and RPL, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Inst. Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil. DK also at: Univ. Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. - D. Mouillot, S. Villéger and RPL, Laboratoire biodiversité marine et ses usages, UMR 9190 MARBEC CNRS-UM-IRD-IFREMER, Univ. de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. DM also at: Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook Univ., Townsville, QLD, Australia. - C. G. Leal and P. S. Pompeu, Depto de Biologia, Univ. Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil. CGL also at: Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster Univ., Lancaster, UK, and Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil. - R. M. Hughes, Amnis Opes Inst. and Dept of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, USA. - P. R. Kaufmann, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, USA. - Felipe R. de Paula and Silvio F. B. Ferraz, Laboratório de Hidrologia Florestal (LHF), ESALQ, Univ. de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil. - T. A. Gardner, Stockholm Environment Inst., Stockholm, Sweden
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Barnum TR, Weller DE, Williams M. Urbanization reduces and homogenizes trait diversity in stream macroinvertebrate communities. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2017; 27:2428-2442. [PMID: 28872731 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
More than one-half of the world's population lives in urban areas, so quantifying the effects of urbanization on ecological communities is important for understanding whether anthropogenic stressors homogenize communities across environmental and climatic gradients. We examined the relationship of impervious surface coverage (a marker of urbanization) and the structure of stream macroinvertebrate communities across the state of Maryland and within each of Maryland's three ecoregions: Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and Appalachian, which differ in stream geomorphology and community composition. We considered three levels of trait organization: individual traits, unique combinations of traits, and community metrics (functional richness, functional evenness, and functional divergence) and three levels of impervious surface coverage (low [<2.5%], medium [2.5% to 10%], and high [>10%]). The prevalence of an individual trait differed very little between low impervious surface and high impervious surface sites. The arrangement of trait combinations in community trait space for each ecoregion differed when impervious surface coverage was low, but the arrangement became more similar among ecoregions as impervious surface coverage increased. Furthermore, trait combinations that occurred only at low or medium impervious surface coverage were clustered in a subset of the community trait space, indicating that impervious surface affected the presence of only a subset of trait combinations. Functional richness declined with increasing impervious surface, providing evidence for environmental filtering. Community metrics that include abundance were also sensitive to increasing impervious surface coverage: functional divergence decreased while functional evenness increased. These changes demonstrate that increasing impervious surface coverage homogenizes the trait diversity of macroinvertebrate communities in streams, despite differences in initial community composition and stream geomorphology among ecoregions. Community metrics were also more sensitive to changes in the abundance rather than the gain or loss of trait combinations, showing the potential for trait-based approaches to serve as early warning indicators of environmental stress for monitoring and biological assessment programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Barnum
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, Maryland, 21037, USA
| | - Donald E Weller
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, Maryland, 21037, USA
| | - Meghan Williams
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, Maryland, 21037, USA
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Rare symbionts may contribute to the resilience of coral-algal assemblages. ISME JOURNAL 2017; 12:161-172. [PMID: 29192903 PMCID: PMC5739009 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2017.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The association between corals and photosynthetic dinoflagellates (Symbiodinium spp.) is the key to the success of reef ecosystems in highly oligotrophic environments, but it is also their Achilles‘ heel due to its vulnerability to local stressors and the effects of climate change. Research during the last two decades has shaped a view that coral host–Symbiodinium pairings are diverse, but largely exclusive. Deep sequencing has now revealed the existence of a rare diversity of cryptic Symbiodinium assemblages within the coral holobiont, in addition to one or a few abundant algal members. While the contribution of the most abundant resident Symbiodinium species to coral physiology is widely recognized, the significance of the rare and low abundant background Symbiodinium remains a matter of debate. In this study, we assessed how coral–Symbiodinium communities assemble and how rare and abundant components together constitute the Symbiodinium community by analyzing 892 coral samples comprising >110 000 unique Symbiodinium ITS2 marker gene sequences. Using network modeling, we show that host–Symbiodinium communities assemble in non-random ‘clusters‘ of abundant and rare symbionts. Symbiodinium community structure follows the same principles as bacterial communities, for which the functional significance of rare members (the ‘rare bacterial biosphere’) has long been recognized. Importantly, the inclusion of rare Symbiodinium taxa in robustness analyses revealed a significant contribution to the stability of the host–symbiont community overall. As such, it highlights the potential functions rare symbionts may provide to environmental resilience of the coral holobiont.
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136
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Litter Accumulation and Nutrient Content of Roadside Plant Communities in Sichuan Basin, China. PLANTS 2017; 6:plants6030036. [PMID: 28867780 PMCID: PMC5620592 DOI: 10.3390/plants6030036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
It is widely recognized that feedbacks exist between plant litter and plant community species composition, but this relationship is difficult to interpret over heterogeneous conditions typical of modified environments such as roadways. Given the need to expedite natural recovery of disturbed areas through restoration interventions, we characterized litter accumulation and nutrient content (i.e., organic carbon, total N, and P) and quantified their association with key plant species. Plant species cover and litter characteristics were sampled at 18 successional forest plant communities along major roadways in Sichuan Basin, western China. Variation in litter across communities was assessed with principal component analysis (PCA) and species with the highest correlation to PCA axes were determined with Pearson’s r coefficients. Plant communities with the longest time since road construction (i.e., 70 years) were distinctly different in litter total N and organic carbon compared to plant communities with a shorter disturbance history. We encountered 59 plant species across sampling plots, but only four rare species (i.e., frequency < 5) were strongly correlated with litter characteristics (p < 0.01); none of which were the most abundant where they occurred. These results highlight the importance of site-specific factors (i.e., geographic location, disturbance age) regulating plant litter across heavily disturbed landscapes and how litter characteristics and rare plant species are correlated.
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Irl SDH, Schweiger AH, Medina FM, Fernández-Palacios JM, Harter DEV, Jentsch A, Provenzale A, Steinbauer MJ, Beierkuhnlein C. An island view of endemic rarity-Environmental drivers and consequences for nature conservation. DIVERS DISTRIB 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Severin D. H. Irl
- Biogeography; University of Bayreuth; Bayreuth Germany
- Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER); University of Bayreuth; Bayreuth Germany
| | - Andreas H. Schweiger
- Biogeography; University of Bayreuth; Bayreuth Germany
- Department of Bioscience; Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity; Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
| | - Félix M. Medina
- Servicio de Medio Ambiente; Cabildo Insular de La Palma; Santa Cruz de La Palma Canary Islands Spain
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group (IPNA-CSIC); La Laguna Tenerife Canary Islands Spain
| | - José M. Fernández-Palacios
- Department of Ecology; Island Ecology and Biogeography Research Group; Universidad de La Laguna; La Laguna Tenerife Canary Islands Spain
| | | | - Anke Jentsch
- Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER); University of Bayreuth; Bayreuth Germany
- Disturbance Ecology; University of Bayreuth; Bayreuth Germany
| | - Antonello Provenzale
- Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources (IGG); National Research Council (CNR); Pisa Italy
| | - Manuel J. Steinbauer
- Department of Bioscience; Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity; Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
| | - Carl Beierkuhnlein
- Biogeography; University of Bayreuth; Bayreuth Germany
- Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER); University of Bayreuth; Bayreuth Germany
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Species Interactions Drive Fish Biodiversity Loss in a High-CO 2 World. Curr Biol 2017; 27:2177-2184.e4. [PMID: 28690109 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Accelerating climate change is eroding the functioning and stability of ecosystems by weakening the interactions among species that stabilize biological communities against change [1]. A key challenge to forecasting the future of ecosystems centers on how to extrapolate results from short-term, single-species studies to community-level responses that are mediated by key mechanisms such as competition, resource availability (bottom-up control), and predation (top-down control) [2]. We used CO2 vents as potential analogs of ocean acidification combined with in situ experiments to test current predictions of fish biodiversity loss and community change due to elevated CO2 [3] and to elucidate the potential mechanisms that drive such change. We show that high risk-taking behavior and competitive strength, combined with resource enrichment and collapse of predator populations, fostered already common species, enabling them to double their populations under acidified conditions. However, the release of these competitive dominants from predator control led to suppression of less common and subordinate competitors that did not benefit from resource enrichment and reduced predation. As a result, local biodiversity was lost and novel fish community compositions were created under elevated CO2. Our study identifies the species interactions most affected by ocean acidification, revealing potential sources of natural selection. We also reveal how diminished predator abundances can have cascading effects on local species diversity, mediated by complex species interactions. Reduced overfishing of predators could therefore act as a key action to stall diversity loss and ecosystem change in a high-CO2 world. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Violle C, Thuiller W, Mouquet N, Munoz F, Kraft NJB, Cadotte MW, Livingstone SW, Mouillot D. Functional Rarity: The Ecology of Outliers. Trends Ecol Evol 2017; 32:356-367. [PMID: 28389103 PMCID: PMC5489079 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Rarity has been a central topic for conservation and evolutionary biologists aiming to determine the species characteristics that cause extinction risk. More recently, beyond the rarity of species, the rarity of functions or functional traits, called functional rarity, has gained momentum in helping to understand the impact of biodiversity decline on ecosystem functioning. However, a conceptual framework for defining and quantifying functional rarity is still lacking. We introduce 12 different forms of functional rarity along gradients of species scarcity and trait distinctiveness. We then highlight the potential key role of functional rarity in the long-term and large-scale maintenance of ecosystem processes, as well as the necessary linkage between functional and evolutionary rarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille Violle
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5175, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (EPHE), Montpellier, France.
| | - Wilfried Thuiller
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LECA (Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine), F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Nicolas Mouquet
- CNRS UMR 5554, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, Université de Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France; Marine Biodiversity, Exploitation, and Conservation (MARBEC), UMR 9190 Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-CNRS-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Université Montpellier, Montpellier , France
| | - François Munoz
- Université de Montpellier, botAnique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des végétations (AMAP), Montpellier CEDEX 5, France; French Institute of Pondicherry, Pondicherry 605001, India
| | - Nathan J B Kraft
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Marc W Cadotte
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada; Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stuart W Livingstone
- Department of Physical and Environmental Science, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David Mouillot
- Marine Biodiversity, Exploitation, and Conservation (MARBEC), UMR 9190 Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-CNRS-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Université Montpellier, Montpellier , France; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
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140
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Trevelin LC, Novaes RLM, Colas-Rosas PF, Benathar TCM, Peres CA. Enhancing sampling design in mist-net bat surveys by accounting for sample size optimization. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174067. [PMID: 28334046 PMCID: PMC5363843 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The advantages of mist-netting, the main technique used in Neotropical bat community studies to date, include logistical implementation, standardization and sampling representativeness. Nonetheless, study designs still have to deal with issues of detectability related to how different species behave and use the environment. Yet there is considerable sampling heterogeneity across available studies in the literature. Here, we approach the problem of sample size optimization. We evaluated the common sense hypothesis that the first six hours comprise the period of peak night activity for several species, thereby resulting in a representative sample for the whole night. To this end, we combined re-sampling techniques, species accumulation curves, threshold analysis, and community concordance of species compositional data, and applied them to datasets of three different Neotropical biomes (Amazonia, Atlantic Forest and Cerrado). We show that the strategy of restricting sampling to only six hours of the night frequently results in incomplete sampling representation of the entire bat community investigated. From a quantitative standpoint, results corroborated the existence of a major Sample Area effect in all datasets, although for the Amazonia dataset the six-hour strategy was significantly less species-rich after extrapolation, and for the Cerrado dataset it was more efficient. From the qualitative standpoint, however, results demonstrated that, for all three datasets, the identity of species that are effectively sampled will be inherently impacted by choices of sub-sampling schedule. We also propose an alternative six-hour sampling strategy (at the beginning and the end of a sample night) which performed better when resampling Amazonian and Atlantic Forest datasets on bat assemblages. Given the observed magnitude of our results, we propose that sample representativeness has to be carefully weighed against study objectives, and recommend that the trade-off between logistical constraints and additional sampling performance should be carefully evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Carreira Trevelin
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Zoologia, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi/ Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Carlos A. Peres
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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141
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Baker TR, Pennington RT, Dexter KG, Fine PVA, Fortune-Hopkins H, Honorio EN, Huamantupa-Chuquimaco I, Klitgård BB, Lewis GP, de Lima HC, Ashton P, Baraloto C, Davies S, Donoghue MJ, Kaye M, Kress WJ, Lehmann CER, Monteagudo A, Phillips OL, Vasquez R. Maximising Synergy among Tropical Plant Systematists, Ecologists, and Evolutionary Biologists. Trends Ecol Evol 2017; 32:258-267. [PMID: 28214038 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Closer collaboration among ecologists, systematists, and evolutionary biologists working in tropical forests, centred on studies within long-term permanent plots, would be highly beneficial for their respective fields. With a key unifying theme of the importance of vouchered collection and precise identification of species, especially rare ones, we identify four priority areas where improving links between these communities could achieve significant progress in biodiversity and conservation science: (i) increasing the pace of species discovery; (ii) documenting species turnover across space and time; (iii) improving models of ecosystem change; and (iv) understanding the evolutionary assembly of communities and biomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kyle G Dexter
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Paul V A Fine
- Department of Integrative Biology and University and Jepson Herbaria, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Isau Huamantupa-Chuquimaco
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Escola Nacional de Botânica Tropical, Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico de Rio de Janeiro (ENBT/JBRJ). Rua Pacheco Leão, 2040. RJ, Brazil
| | - Bente B Klitgård
- Department for Identification and Naming, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK
| | - Gwilym P Lewis
- Department for Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK
| | - Haroldo C de Lima
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Escola Nacional de Botânica Tropical, Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico de Rio de Janeiro (ENBT/JBRJ). Rua Pacheco Leão, 2040. RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Christopher Baraloto
- International Center for Tropical Botany, Florida International University, Miami, USA
| | - Stuart Davies
- Center for Tropical Forest Science - Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA; National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Michael J Donoghue
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Maria Kaye
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - W John Kress
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
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142
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Brasil LS, Juen L, Giehl NFS, Cabette HSR. Effect of Environmental and Temporal Factors on Patterns of Rarity of Ephemeroptera in Stream of the Brazilian Cerrado. NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 46:29-35. [PMID: 27553721 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-016-0431-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Patterns of species' abundance and occurrence over time and space allow division of species into (i) common species, which are abundant, but have a low diversity, and (ii) rare species, which are far more diverse and less abundant. Understanding the relationships among these two species groups and how they are affected by environmental conditions is a major challenge for ecologists, especially considering the distinction between local environmental factors and regional factors and variations in abundance over the course of the year. In this study, we focused on the long-term relationship between the abundance of rare and common ephemeropterans and abiotic factors on local and regional scales. Our hypotheses are that common species will be affected primarily by regional environmental variables (i), whereas rare species will be influenced more by temporal variation (ii). Together, both local and regional abiotic variables, plus temporal variation, best explained the abundance of the common species, whereas temporal variation was the best predictor of rare species. Considering the theoretical aspects and the empirical evidence, we discuss the results based on the plasticity of the common species and the life cycle of the rare ones. We believe that our findings reinforce the need for the deconstruction of communities for a deeper understanding of their relationships with abiotic variables and, in particular, the specific aspects of these relationships in the context of the different guilds of the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Univ Federal do Pará / Museu Paraense Emílio Goeld, cx. Post. 08, Belém, PA, cep. 78690000, Brasil.
| | - L Juen
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Univ Federal do Pará / Museu Paraense Emílio Goeld, cx. Post. 08, Belém, PA, cep. 78690000, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Univ do Estado de Mato Grosso-UNEMAT, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brasil
| | - N F S Giehl
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Univ do Estado de Mato Grosso-UNEMAT, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brasil
| | - H S R Cabette
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Univ do Estado de Mato Grosso-UNEMAT, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Univ do Estado de Mato Grosso-UNEMAT, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brasil
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143
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Where less may be more: how the rare biosphere pulls ecosystems strings. ISME JOURNAL 2017; 11:853-862. [PMID: 28072420 PMCID: PMC5364357 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2016.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 581] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Rare species are increasingly recognized as crucial, yet vulnerable components of Earth's ecosystems. This is also true for microbial communities, which are typically composed of a high number of relatively rare species. Recent studies have demonstrated that rare species can have an over-proportional role in biogeochemical cycles and may be a hidden driver of microbiome function. In this review, we provide an ecological overview of the rare microbial biosphere, including causes of rarity and the impacts of rare species on ecosystem functioning. We discuss how rare species can have a preponderant role for local biodiversity and species turnover with rarity potentially bound to phylogenetically conserved features. Rare microbes may therefore be overlooked keystone species regulating the functioning of host-associated, terrestrial and aquatic environments. We conclude this review with recommendations to guide scientists interested in investigating this rapidly emerging research area.
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144
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Ferreira WR, Hepp LU, Ligeiro R, Macedo DR, Hughes RM, Kaufmann PR, Callisto M. Partitioning taxonomic diversity of aquatic insect assemblages and functional feeding groups in neotropical savanna headwater streams. ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS 2017; 72:365-373. [PMID: 38264148 PMCID: PMC10805237 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Biological diversity can be divided into: alpha (α, local), beta (β, difference in assemblage composition among locals), and gamma (γ, total diversity). We assessed the partitioning of taxonomic diversity of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (EPT) and of functional feeding groups (FFG) in neotropical savanna (southeastern Brazilian cerrado) streams. To do so, we considered three diversity components: stream site (α), among stream sites (β1), and among hydrologic units (β2). We also evaluated the association of EPT genera composition with heterogeneity in land use, instream physical habitat structure, and instream water quality variables. The percentage of EPT taxonomic α diversity (20.7%) was smaller than the β1 and β2 diversity percentages (53.1% and 26.2%, respectively). The percentage of EPT FFG collector-gatherer α diversity (26.5%) was smaller than that of β1 diversity (55.8%) and higher than the β2 (17.7%) diversity. The collector-gatherer FFG was predominant and had the greatest β diversity percentage among stream sites (β1, 55.8%). Our findings support the need for implementing regional scale conservation strategies in the cerrado biome, which has been degraded by anthropogenic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Ferreira
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Laboratório de Ecologia de Bentos, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos 6627, CP 486, CEP 30161-970, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - L U Hepp
- Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões (URI), Av. Sete de Setembro, 1621, CEP 99709-910, Erechim, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - R Ligeiro
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação, Rua Augusto Corrêa, 01, CEP 66075-110, Belém, Pará, Brasil
| | - D R Macedo
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Geociências, Departamento de Geografia, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos 6627, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - R M Hughes
- Amnis Opes Institute and Department of Fisheries & Wildlife, Oregon State University, 97331-4501, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - P R Kaufmann
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research & Development, National Health & Environmental Effects Lab., Western Ecology Division, 200 SW 35th Street, 97333 Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - M Callisto
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Laboratório de Ecologia de Bentos, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos 6627, CP 486, CEP 30161-970, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
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145
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Jiang Z, Jiang J, Wang Y, Zhang E, Zhang Y, Li L, Cai B, Luo Z, Li C, Ping X, Xie F, Cao L. China's ecosystems: Overlooked species. Science 2016; 353:657. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aah4000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Jiang
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jianping Jiang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yuezhao Wang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - E. Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, China
| | - Yanyun Zhang
- Life Science College, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Lili Li
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Bo Cai
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Zhenhua Luo
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Chunwang Li
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaoge Ping
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Feng Xie
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Liang Cao
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, China
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146
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Silva DRO, Ligeiro R, Hughes RM, Callisto M. The role of physical habitat and sampling effort on estimates of benthic macroinvertebrate taxonomic richness at basin and site scales. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2016; 188:340. [PMID: 27165604 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5326-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Taxonomic richness is one of the most important measures of biological diversity in ecological studies, including those with stream macroinvertebrates. However, it is impractical to measure the true richness of any site directly by sampling. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of sampling effort on estimates of macroinvertebrate family and Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) genera richness at two scales: basin and stream site. In addition, we tried to determine which environmental factors at the site scale most influenced the amount of sampling effort needed. We sampled 39 sites in the Cerrado biome (neotropical savanna). In each site, we obtained 11 equidistant samples of the benthic assemblage and multiple physical habitat measurements. The observed basin-scale richness achieved a consistent estimation from Chao 1, Jack 1, and Jack 2 richness estimators. However, at the site scale, there was a constant increase in the observed number of taxa with increased number of samples. Models that best explained the slope of site-scale sampling curves (representing the necessity of greater sampling effort) included metrics that describe habitat heterogeneity, habitat structure, anthropogenic disturbance, and water quality, for both macroinvertebrate family and EPT genera richness. Our results demonstrate the importance of considering basin- and site-scale sampling effort in ecological surveys and that taxa accumulation curves and richness estimators are good tools for assessing sampling efficiency. The physical habitat explained a significant amount of the sampling effort needed. Therefore, future studies should explore the possible implications of physical habitat characteristics when developing sampling objectives, study designs, and calculating the needed sampling effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Déborah R O Silva
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, CP 486, CEP 30161-970, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Raphael Ligeiro
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Rua Augusto Corrêa, 01, CEP 66075-110, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Robert M Hughes
- Amnis Opes Institute and Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Nash Hall, 97331-4501, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Marcos Callisto
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, CP 486, CEP 30161-970, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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