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Characterization of sulfhydryl oxidase from Aspergillus tubingensis. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2017; 18:15. [PMID: 29216817 PMCID: PMC5721475 DOI: 10.1186/s12858-017-0090-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Despite of the presence of sulfhydryl oxidases (SOXs) in the secretomes of industrially relevant organisms and their many potential applications, only few of these enzymes have been biochemically characterized. In addition, basic functions of most of the SOX enzymes reported so far are not fully understood. In particular, the physiological role of secreted fungal SOXs is unclear. Results The recently identified SOX from Aspergillus tubingensis (AtSOX) was produced, purified and characterized in the present work. AtSOX had a pH optimum of 6.5, and showed a good pH stability retaining more than 80% of the initial activity in a pH range 4-8.5 within 20 h. More than 70% of the initial activity was retained after incubation at 50 °C for 20 h. AtSOX contains a non-covalently bound flavin cofactor. The enzyme oxidised a sulfhydryl group of glutathione to form a disulfide bond, as verified by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. AtSOX preferred glutathione as a substrate over cysteine and dithiothreitol. The activity of the enzyme was totally inhibited by 10 mM zinc sulphate. Peptide- and protein-bound sulfhydryl groups in bikunin, gliotoxin, holomycin, insulin B chain, and ribonuclease A, were not oxidised by the enzyme. Based on the analysis of 33 fungal genomes, SOX enzyme encoding genes were found close to nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS) but not with polyketide synthases (PKS). In the phylogenetic tree, constructed from 25 SOX and thioredoxin reductase sequences from IPR000103 InterPro family, AtSOX was evolutionary closely related to other Aspergillus SOXs. Oxidoreductases involved in the maturation of nonribosomal peptides of fungal and bacterial origin, namely GliT, HlmI and DepH, were also evolutionary closely related to AtSOX whereas fungal thioreductases were more distant. Conclusions AtSOX (55 kDa) is a fungal secreted flavin-dependent enzyme with good stability to both pH and temperature. A Michaelis-Menten behaviour was observed with reduced glutathione as a substrate. Based on the location of SOX enzyme encoding genes close to NRPSs, SOXs could be involved in the secondary metabolism and act as an accessory enzyme in the production of nonribosomal peptides. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12858-017-0090-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Rivera-Chávez J, Raja HA, Graf TN, Gallagher JM, Metri P, Xue D, Pearce CJ, Oberlies NH. Prealamethicin F50 and related peptaibols from Trichoderma arundinaceum: Validation of their authenticity via in situ chemical analysis. RSC Adv 2017; 7:45733-45751. [PMID: 29379602 PMCID: PMC5786278 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra09602j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the field of natural products chemistry, a common question pertains to the authenticity of an isolated compound, i.e. are the interesting side chains biosynthesized naturally or an artefact of the isolation/purification processes? The droplet-liquid microjunction-surface sampling probe (droplet-LMJ-SSP) coupled to a hyphenated system (UPLC-UV-HRESIMS) empowers the analysis of natural product sources in situ, providing data on the biosynthetic timing and spatial distribution of secondary metabolites. In this study the droplet-LMJ-SSP was utilized to validate the authenticity of two new peptaibols (2 and 3) as biosynthesized secondary metabolites, even though both them had structural features that could be perceived as artefacts. Compounds 2 and 3 were isolated from the scaled up fermentation of Trichoderma arundinaceum (strain MSX70741), along with a new member of the trichobrevin BIII complex (1), and four known compounds (4-7). The structures of the isolates were established using a set of spectroscopic and spectrometric methods, and their absolute configurations were determined by Marfey's analysis. The cytotoxic activity of compounds 1, 3, 4 and 6 was evaluated against a panel of cancer cell lines, where cytotoxic activity in the single digit μM range was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Rivera-Chávez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA
| | - Huzefa A Raja
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA
| | - Tyler N Graf
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA
| | - Jacklyn M Gallagher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA
| | - Prashant Metri
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Ding Xue
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | | | - Nicholas H Oberlies
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA
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Sharma V, Salwan R, Sharma PN, Gulati A. Integrated Translatome and Proteome: Approach for Accurate Portraying of Widespread Multifunctional Aspects of Trichoderma. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1602. [PMID: 28900417 PMCID: PMC5581810 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide studies of transcripts expression help in systematic monitoring of genes and allow targeting of candidate genes for future research. In contrast to relatively stable genomic data, the expression of genes is dynamic and regulated both at time and space level at different level in. The variation in the rate of translation is specific for each protein. Both the inherent nature of an mRNA molecule to be translated and the external environmental stimuli can affect the efficiency of the translation process. In biocontrol agents (BCAs), the molecular response at translational level may represents noise-like response of absolute transcript level and an adaptive response to physiological and pathological situations representing subset of mRNAs population actively translated in a cell. The molecular responses of biocontrol are complex and involve multistage regulation of number of genes. The use of high-throughput techniques has led to rapid increase in volume of transcriptomics data of Trichoderma. In general, almost half of the variations of transcriptome and protein level are due to translational control. Thus, studies are required to integrate raw information from different “omics” approaches for accurate depiction of translational response of BCAs in interaction with plants and plant pathogens. The studies on translational status of only active mRNAs bridging with proteome data will help in accurate characterization of only a subset of mRNAs actively engaged in translation. This review highlights the associated bottlenecks and use of state-of-the-art procedures in addressing the gap to accelerate future accomplishment of biocontrol mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Sharma
- Department of Plant Pathology, Choudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Agricultural UniversityPalampur, India
| | - Richa Salwan
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Choudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Agricultural UniversityPalampur, India
| | - P N Sharma
- Department of Plant Pathology, Choudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Agricultural UniversityPalampur, India
| | - Arvind Gulati
- Institute of Himalayan Bioresource TechnologyPalampur, India
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Meena M, Swapnil P, Zehra A, Dubey MK, Upadhyay RS. Antagonistic assessment of Trichoderma spp. by producing volatile and non-volatile compounds against different fungal pathogens. ARCHIVES OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY AND PLANT PROTECTION 2017; 50:629-648. [DOI: 10.1080/03235408.2017.1357360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Meena
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Prashant Swapnil
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Andleeb Zehra
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Manish Kumar Dubey
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - R. S. Upadhyay
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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105
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Monroy AA, Stappler E, Schuster A, Sulyok M, Schmoll M. A CRE1- regulated cluster is responsible for light dependent production of dihydrotrichotetronin in Trichoderma reesei. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182530. [PMID: 28809958 PMCID: PMC5557485 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Changing light conditions, caused by the rotation of earth resulting in day and night or growth on the surface or within a substrate, result in considerably altered physiological processes in fungi. For the biotechnological workhorse Trichoderma reesei, regulation of glycoside hydrolase gene expression, especially cellulase expression was shown to be a target of light dependent gene regulation. Analysis of regulatory targets of the carbon catabolite repressor CRE1 under cellulase inducing conditions revealed a secondary metabolite cluster to be differentially regulated in light and darkness and by photoreceptors. We found that this cluster is involved in production of trichodimerol and that the two polyketide synthases of the cluster are essential for biosynthesis of dihydrotrichotetronine (syn. bislongiquinolide or bisorbibutenolide). Additionally, an indirect influence on production of the peptaibol antibiotic paracelsin was observed. The two polyketide synthetase genes as well as the monooxygenase gene of the cluster were found to be connected at the level of transcription in a positive feedback cycle in darkness, but negative feedback in light, indicating a cellular sensing and response mechanism for the products of these enzymes. The transcription factor TR_102497/YPR2 residing within the cluster regulates the cluster genes in a light dependent manner. Additionally, an interrelationship of this cluster with regulation of cellulase gene expression was detected. Hence the regulatory connection between primary and secondary metabolism appears more widespread than previously assumed, indicating a sophisticated distribution of resources either to degradation of substrate (feed) or to antagonism of competitors (fight), which is influenced by light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Alonso Monroy
- AIT - Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Center for Health & Bioresources, Tulln, Austria
| | - Eva Stappler
- AIT - Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Center for Health & Bioresources, Tulln, Austria
| | - Andre Schuster
- TU Wien, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Research Area Molecular Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Sulyok
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Center for Analytical Chemistry, Tulln, Austria
| | - Monika Schmoll
- AIT - Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Center for Health & Bioresources, Tulln, Austria
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Mycoparasitism is a lifestyle where one fungus establishes parasitic interactions with other fungi. Species of the genus Trichoderma together with Clonostachys rosea are among the most studied fungal mycoparasites. They have wide host ranges comprising several plant pathogens and are used for biological control of plant diseases. Trichoderma as well as C. rosea mycoparasites efficiently overgrow and kill their fungal prey by using infection structures and by applying lytic enzymes and toxic metabolites. Most of our knowledge on the putative signals and signaling pathways involved in prey recognition and activation of the mycoparasitic response is derived from studies with Trichoderma. These fungi rely on G-protein signaling, the cAMP pathway, and mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades during growth and development as well as during mycoparasitism. The signals being recognized by the mycoparasite may include surface molecules and surface properties as well as secondary metabolites and other small molecules released from the prey. Their exact nature, however, remains elusive so far. Recent genomics-based studies of mycoparasitic fungi of the order Hypocreales, i.e., Trichoderma species, C. rosea, Tolypocladium ophioglossoides, and Escovopsis weberi, revealed not only several gene families with a mycoparasitism-related expansion of gene paralogue numbers, but also distinct differences between the different mycoparasites. We use this information to illustrate the biological principles and molecular basis of necrotrophic mycoparasitism and compare the mycoparasitic strategies of Trichoderma as a "model" mycoparasite with the behavior and special features of C. rosea, T. ophioglossoides, and E. weberi.
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107
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ÖZKALE EVRİM. Tarımsal Üretimde Yararlanılan Trichoderma Ürünleri ve Metabolitleri. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SECONDARY METABOLITE 2017. [DOI: 10.21448/ijsm.265981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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108
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Sherkhane PD, Bansal R, Banerjee K, Chatterjee S, Oulkar D, Jain P, Rosenfelder L, Elgavish S, Horwitz BA, Mukherjee PK. Genomics-Driven Discovery of the Gliovirin Biosynthesis Gene Cluster in the Plant Beneficial Fungus Trichoderma Virens. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201700262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pramod D. Sherkhane
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division; Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay; Mumbai 400085 India
| | - Ravindra Bansal
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division; Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay; Mumbai 400085 India
| | - Kaushik Banerjee
- National Referral Laboratory; ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes; Pune 412307 India
| | - Suchandra Chatterjee
- Food Technology Division; Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay; Mumbai 400085 India
| | - Dasharath Oulkar
- National Referral Laboratory; ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes; Pune 412307 India
| | - Prachi Jain
- National Referral Laboratory; ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes; Pune 412307 India
| | - Lea Rosenfelder
- Department of Biology; TheTechnion- Israel Institute of Technology; Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Sharona Elgavish
- Department of Biology; TheTechnion- Israel Institute of Technology; Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Benjamin A. Horwitz
- Department of Biology; TheTechnion- Israel Institute of Technology; Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Prasun K. Mukherjee
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division; Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay; Mumbai 400085 India
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Kumari M, Shukla S, Pandey S, Giri VP, Bhatia A, Tripathi T, Kakkar P, Nautiyal CS, Mishra A. Enhanced Cellular Internalization: A Bactericidal Mechanism More Relative to Biogenic Nanoparticles than Chemical Counterparts. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:4519-4533. [PMID: 28051856 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b15473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles for enhanced antimicrobial activity has gained a lot of momentum making it an urgent need to search for a suitable biocandidate which could be utilized for efficient capping and shaping of silver nanoparticles with enhanced bactericidal activity utilizing its secondary metabolites. Current work illustrates the enhancement of antimicrobial efficacy of silver nanoparticles by reducing and modifying their surface with antimicrobial metabolites of cell free filtrate of Trichoderma viride (MTCC 5661) in comparison to citrate stabilized silver nanoparticles. Nanoparticles were characterized by visual observations, UV-visible spectroscopy, zetasizer, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Synthesized particles were monodispersed, spherical in shape and 10-20 nm in size. Presence of metabolites on surface of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles was observed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The antimicrobial activity of both silver nanoparticles was tested against Shigella sonnei, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram-negative) and Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive) by growth inhibition curve analysis and colony formation unit assay. Further, it was noted that internalization of biosynthesized nanoparticles inside the bacterial cell was much higher as compared to citrate stabilized particles which in turn lead to higher production of reactive oxygen species. Increase in oxidative stress caused severe damage to bacterial membrane enhancing further uptake of particles and revoking other pathways for bacterial disintegration resulting in complete and rapid death of pathogens as evidenced by fluorescein diacetate/propidium iodide dual staining and TEM. Thus, study reveals that biologically synthesized silver nanoarchitecture coated with antimicrobial metabolites of T. viride was more potent than their chemical counterpart in killing of pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuree Kumari
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute , Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, India
| | - Shatrunajay Shukla
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research , Vishvigyan Bhawan 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, India
| | - Shipra Pandey
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute , Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, India
| | - Ved P Giri
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute , Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, India
| | - Anil Bhatia
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute , Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, India
| | - Tusha Tripathi
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute , Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, India
| | - Poonam Kakkar
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research , Vishvigyan Bhawan 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, India
| | - Chandra S Nautiyal
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute , Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, India
| | - Aradhana Mishra
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute , Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, India
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Omics for understanding synergistic action of validamycin A and Trichoderma asperellum GDFS1009 against maize sheath blight pathogen. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40140. [PMID: 28057927 PMCID: PMC5216365 DOI: 10.1038/srep40140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sheath blight, causes by Rhizoctonia spp., threaten maize yield every year throughout the world. Trichoderma could degrade Rhizoctonia solani on maize mainly via competition and hyperparasitism, whereas validamycin A could efficiently inhibit the growth of R. solani via disturbing the energy system. By contrast, validamycin A is efficient but it takes effect in a short period, while Trichoderma takes effect in a long period though time-consuming. To overcome the disadvantages, Trichoderma asperellum GDFS1009 was used together with validamycin A. In vitro tests proved that the combined pathogen-inhibiting efficiency was significantly improved. Furthermore, results based on transcriptome and metabolome showed that validamycin A had no significant effects on growth, basic metabolism and main bio-control mechanisms of T. asperellum GDFS1009. Such few impacts may be attributed to detoxification and tolerance mechanism of T. asperellum GDFS1009. In addition, T. asperellum GDFS1009 has an ability to relieve the stress caused by validaymicn A. Meanwhile, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) results showed that only minor degradation (20%) of validamycin A was caused by T. asperellum GDFS1009 during cofermentation. All results together provide solid bases for validamycin A synergy with T. asperellum GDFS1009 in their combined biocontrol application.
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111
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Shaw S, Le Cocq K, Paszkiewicz K, Moore K, Winsbury R, de Torres Zabala M, Studholme DJ, Salmon D, Thornton CR, Grant MR. Transcriptional reprogramming underpins enhanced plant growth promotion by the biocontrol fungus Trichoderma hamatum GD12 during antagonistic interactions with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in soil. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2016; 17:1425-1441. [PMID: 27187266 PMCID: PMC6638342 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The free-living soil fungus Trichoderma hamatum strain GD12 is notable amongst Trichoderma strains in both controlling plant diseases and stimulating plant growth, a property enhanced during its antagonistic interactions with pathogens in soil. These attributes, alongside its markedly expanded genome and proteome compared with other biocontrol and plant growth-promoting Trichoderma strains, imply a rich potential for sustainable alternatives to synthetic pesticides and fertilizers for the control of plant disease and for increasing yields. The purpose of this study was to investigate the transcriptional responses of GD12 underpinning its biocontrol and plant growth promotion capabilities during antagonistic interactions with the pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in soil. Using an extensive mRNA-seq study capturing different time points during the pathogen-antagonist interaction in soil, we show that dynamic and biphasic signatures in the GD12 transcriptome underpin its biocontrol and plant (lettuce) growth-promoting activities. Functional predictions of differentially expressed genes demonstrate the enrichment of transcripts encoding proteins involved in transportation and oxidation-reduction reactions during both processes and an over-representation of siderophores. We identify a biphasic response during biocontrol characterized by a significant induction of transcripts encoding small-secreted cysteine-rich proteins, secondary metabolite-producing gene clusters and genes unique to GD12. These data support the hypothesis that Sclerotinia biocontrol is mediated by the synthesis and secretion of antifungal compounds and that GD12's unique reservoir of uncharacterized genes is actively recruited during the effective biological control of a plurivorous plant pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Shaw
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ExeterGeoffrey Pope Building, Stocker RoadExeterEX4 4QDUK
- Centre for Genome Enabled Biology and MedicineUniversity of Aberdeen23 St. Machar DriveOld AberdeenAB24 3RYUK
| | - Kate Le Cocq
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ExeterGeoffrey Pope Building, Stocker RoadExeterEX4 4QDUK
- Sustainable Soils and Grassland Systems DepartmentRothamsted ResearchNorth WykeOkehamptonEX20 2SBUK
| | - Konrad Paszkiewicz
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ExeterGeoffrey Pope Building, Stocker RoadExeterEX4 4QDUK
| | - Karen Moore
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ExeterGeoffrey Pope Building, Stocker RoadExeterEX4 4QDUK
| | - Rebecca Winsbury
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ExeterGeoffrey Pope Building, Stocker RoadExeterEX4 4QDUK
- Department of Biological ChemistryJohn Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | - Marta de Torres Zabala
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ExeterGeoffrey Pope Building, Stocker RoadExeterEX4 4QDUK
| | - David J. Studholme
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ExeterGeoffrey Pope Building, Stocker RoadExeterEX4 4QDUK
| | - Deborah Salmon
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ExeterGeoffrey Pope Building, Stocker RoadExeterEX4 4QDUK
| | - Christopher R. Thornton
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ExeterGeoffrey Pope Building, Stocker RoadExeterEX4 4QDUK
| | - Murray R. Grant
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ExeterGeoffrey Pope Building, Stocker RoadExeterEX4 4QDUK
- School of Life Sciences, Gibbet Hill CampusUniversity of WarwickCoventryCV4 7ALUK
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112
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A new species of Trichoderma hypoxylon harbours abundant secondary metabolites. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37369. [PMID: 27869187 PMCID: PMC5116760 DOI: 10.1038/srep37369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Some species of Trichoderma are fungicolous on fungi and have been extensively studied and commercialized as biocontrol agents. Multigene analyses coupled with morphology, resulted in the discovery of T. hypoxylon sp. nov., which was isolated from surface of the stroma of Hypoxylon anthochroum. The new taxon produces Trichoderma- to Verticillium-like conidiophores and hyaline conidia. Phylogenetic analyses based on combined ITS, TEF1-α and RPB2 sequence data indicated that T. hypoxylon is a well-distinguished species with strong bootstrap support in the polysporum group. Chemical assessment of this species reveals a richness of secondary metabolites with trichothecenes and epipolythiodiketopiperazines as the major compounds. The fungicolous life style of T. hypoxylon and the production of abundant metabolites are indicative of the important ecological roles of this species in nature.
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113
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Perazzolli M, Herrero N, Sterck L, Lenzi L, Pellegrini A, Puopolo G, Van de Peer Y, Pertot I. Transcriptomic responses of a simplified soil microcosm to a plant pathogen and its biocontrol agent reveal a complex reaction to harsh habitat. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:838. [PMID: 27784266 PMCID: PMC5081961 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3174-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soil microorganisms are key determinants of soil fertility and plant health. Soil phytopathogenic fungi are one of the most important causes of crop losses worldwide. Microbial biocontrol agents have been extensively studied as alternatives for controlling phytopathogenic soil microorganisms, but molecular interactions between them have mainly been characterised in dual cultures, without taking into account the soil microbial community. We used an RNA sequencing approach to elucidate the molecular interplay of a soil microbial community in response to a plant pathogen and its biocontrol agent, in order to examine the molecular patterns activated by the microorganisms. RESULTS A simplified soil microcosm containing 11 soil microorganisms was incubated with a plant root pathogen (Armillaria mellea) and its biocontrol agent (Trichoderma atroviride) for 24 h under controlled conditions. More than 46 million paired-end reads were obtained for each replicate and 28,309 differentially expressed genes were identified in total. Pathway analysis revealed complex adaptations of soil microorganisms to the harsh conditions of the soil matrix and to reciprocal microbial competition/cooperation relationships. Both the phytopathogen and its biocontrol agent were specifically recognised by the simplified soil microcosm: defence reaction mechanisms and neutral adaptation processes were activated in response to competitive (T. atroviride) or non-competitive (A. mellea) microorganisms, respectively. Moreover, activation of resistance mechanisms dominated in the simplified soil microcosm in the presence of both A. mellea and T. atroviride. Biocontrol processes of T. atroviride were already activated during incubation in the simplified soil microcosm, possibly to occupy niches in a competitive ecosystem, and they were not further enhanced by the introduction of A. mellea. CONCLUSIONS This work represents an additional step towards understanding molecular interactions between plant pathogens and biocontrol agents within a soil ecosystem. Global transcriptional analysis of the simplified soil microcosm revealed complex metabolic adaptation in the soil environment and specific responses to antagonistic or neutral intruders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Perazzolli
- Department of Sustainable Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 S, Michele all'Adige, Italy.
| | - Noemí Herrero
- Department of Sustainable Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 S, Michele all'Adige, Italy
- Present Address: Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre-The Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31/1160, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Lieven Sterck
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Bioinformatics Institute Ghent, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Luisa Lenzi
- Department of Sustainable Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 S, Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Alberto Pellegrini
- Department of Sustainable Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 S, Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Gerardo Puopolo
- Department of Sustainable Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 S, Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Yves Van de Peer
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Bioinformatics Institute Ghent, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Genetics, Genomics Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Hatfield Campus, 0028, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Ilaria Pertot
- Department of Sustainable Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 S, Michele all'Adige, Italy
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Identification of the Main Regulator Responsible for Synthesis of the Typical Yellow Pigment Produced by Trichoderma reesei. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:6247-6257. [PMID: 27520818 PMCID: PMC5068150 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01408-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The industrially used ascomycete Trichoderma reesei secretes a typical yellow pigment during cultivation, while other Trichoderma species do not. A comparative genomic analysis suggested that a putative secondary metabolism cluster, containing two polyketide-synthase encoding genes, is responsible for the yellow pigment synthesis. This cluster is conserved in a set of rather distantly related fungi, including Acremonium chrysogenum and Penicillium chrysogenum. In an attempt to silence the cluster in T. reesei, two genes of the cluster encoding transcription factors were individually deleted. For a complete genetic proof-of-function, the genes were reinserted into the genomes of the respective deletion strains. The deletion of the first transcription factor (termed yellow pigment regulator 1 [Ypr1]) resulted in the full abolishment of the yellow pigment formation and the expression of most genes of this cluster. A comparative high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of supernatants of the ypr1 deletion and its parent strain suggested the presence of several yellow compounds in T. reesei that are all derived from the same cluster. A subsequent gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis strongly indicated the presence of sorbicillin in the major HPLC peak. The presence of the second transcription factor, termed yellow pigment regulator 2 (Ypr2), reduces the yellow pigment formation and the expression of most cluster genes, including the gene encoding the activator Ypr1. IMPORTANCETrichoderma reesei is used for industry-scale production of carbohydrate-active enzymes. During growth, it secretes a typical yellow pigment. This is not favorable for industrial enzyme production because it makes the downstream process more complicated and thus increases operating costs. In this study, we demonstrate which regulators influence the synthesis of the yellow pigment. Based on these data, we also provide indication as to which genes are under the control of these regulators and are finally responsible for the biosynthesis of the yellow pigment. These genes are organized in a cluster that is also found in other industrially relevant fungi, such as the two antibiotic producers Penicillium chrysogenum and Acremonium chrysogenum. The targeted manipulation of a secondary metabolism cluster is an important option for any biotechnologically applied microorganism.
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115
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Lee S, Yap M, Behringer G, Hung R, Bennett JW. Volatile organic compounds emitted by Trichoderma species mediate plant growth. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2016; 3:7. [PMID: 28955466 PMCID: PMC5611631 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-016-0025-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many Trichoderma species are applied as biofungicides and biofertilizers to agricultural soils to enhance crop growth. These filamentous fungi have the ability to reduce plant diseases and promote plant growth and productivity through overlapping modes of action including induced systemic resistance, antibiosis, enhanced nutrient efficiency, and myco-parasitism. Trichoderma species are prolific producers of many small metabolites with antifungal, antibacterial, and anticancer properties. Volatile metabolites of Trichoderma also have the ability to induce resistance to plant pathogens leading to improved plant health. In this study, Arabidopsis plants were exposed to mixtures of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by growing cultures of Trichoderma from 20 strains, representing 11 different Trichoderma species. Results We identified nine Trichoderma strains that produced plant growth promoting VOCs. Exposure to mixtures of VOCs emitted by these strains increased plant biomass (37.1–41.6 %) and chlorophyll content (82.5–89.3 %). Trichoderma volatile-mediated changes in plant growth were strain- and species-specific. VOCs emitted by T. pseudokoningii (CBS 130756) were associated with the greatest Arabidopsis growth promotion. One strain, T. atroviride (CBS 01-209), in our screen decreased growth (50.5 %) and chlorophyll production (13.1 %). Similarly, tomatoes exposed to VOCs from T. viride (BBA 70239) showed a significant increase in plant biomass (>99 %), larger plant size, and significant development of lateral roots. We also observed that the tomato plant growths were dependent on the duration of the volatile exposure. A GC–MS analysis of VOCs from Trichoderma strains identified more than 141 unique compounds including several unknown sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, and tetraterpenes. Conclusions Plants grown in the presence of fungal VOCs emitted by different species and strains of Trichoderma exhibited a range of effects. This study demonstrates that the blend of volatiles produced by actively growing fungi and volatile exposure time in plant development both influence the outcome of volatile-mediated interactions. Only some of our growth promoting strains produced microbial VOCs known to enhance plant growth. Compounds such as 6-pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one were not common to all promoting strains. We found that biostimulatory strains tended to have a larger number of complex terpenes which may explain the variation in growth induced by different Trichoderma strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Lee
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ USA
| | - Melanie Yap
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, 309 Life Sciences Building, State College, PA 16803 USA
| | - Gregory Behringer
- Chemistry Program, Division of Science, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Richard Hung
- Biology Department, Kean University, 1000 Morris Ave., Union, NJ 07083 USA
| | - Joan W Bennett
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ USA
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116
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Sun Q, Jiang X, Pang L, Wang L, Li M. Functions of thga1 Gene in Trichoderma harzianum Based on Transcriptome Analysis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:8329513. [PMID: 27672660 PMCID: PMC5031823 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8329513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Trichoderma spp. are important biocontrol filamentous fungi, which are widely used for their adaptability, broad antimicrobial spectrum, and various antagonistic mechanisms. In our previous studies, we cloned thga1 gene encoding GαI protein from Trichoderma harzianum Th-33. Its knockout mutant showed that the growth rate, conidial yield, cAMP level, antagonistic action, and hydrophobicity decreased. Therefore, Illumina RNA-seq technology (RNA-seq) was used to determine transcriptomic differences between the wild-type strain and thga1 mutant. A total of 888 genes were identified as differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 427 upregulated and 461 downregulated genes. All DEGs were assigned to KEGG pathway databases, and 318 genes were annotated in 184 individual pathways. KEGG analysis revealed that these unigenes were significantly enriched in metabolism and degradation pathways. GO analysis suggested that the majority of DEGs were associated with catalytic activities and metabolism processes that encode carbohydrate-active enzymes, secondary metabolites, secreted proteins, or transcription factors. According to the functional annotation of these DEGs by KOG, the most abundant group was "secondary metabolite biosynthesis, transport, and catabolism." Further studies for functional characterization of candidate genes and pathways reported in this paper are necessary to further define the G protein signaling system in T. harzianum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiliang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Li Pang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lirong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Mei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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Dopstadt J, Neubauer L, Tudzynski P, Humpf HU. The Epipolythiodiketopiperazine Gene Cluster in Claviceps purpurea: Dysfunctional Cytochrome P450 Enzyme Prevents Formation of the Previously Unknown Clapurines. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158945. [PMID: 27390873 PMCID: PMC4938161 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Claviceps purpurea is an important food contaminant and well known for the production of the toxic ergot alkaloids. Apart from that, little is known about its secondary metabolism and not all toxic substances going along with the food contamination with Claviceps are known yet. We explored the metabolite profile of a gene cluster in C. purpurea with a high homology to gene clusters, which are responsible for the formation of epipolythiodiketopiperazine (ETP) toxins in other fungi. By overexpressing the transcription factor, we were able to activate the cluster in the standard C. purpurea strain 20.1. Although all necessary genes for the formation of the characteristic disulfide bridge were expressed in the overexpression mutants, the fungus did not produce any ETPs. Isolation of pathway intermediates showed that the common biosynthetic pathway stops after the first steps. Our results demonstrate that hydroxylation of the diketopiperazine backbone is the critical step during the ETP biosynthesis. Due to a dysfunctional enzyme, the fungus is not able to produce toxic ETPs. Instead, the pathway end-products are new unusual metabolites with a unique nitrogen-sulfur bond. By heterologous expression of the Leptosphaeria maculans cytochrome P450 encoding gene sirC, we were able to identify the end-products of the ETP cluster in C. purpurea. The thioclapurines are so far unknown ETPs, which might contribute to the toxicity of other C. purpurea strains with a potentially intact ETP cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Dopstadt
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Lisa Neubauer
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Paul Tudzynski
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149 Münster, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Gupta R, Singh A, Kanaujia R, Kushwaha S, Pandey R. Trichoderma harzianum ThU and Its Metabolites Underscore Alteration in Essential Oils of Ocimum basilicum and Ocimum sanctum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40011-016-0753-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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119
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Sharma R, Singh VP, Singh D, Yusuf F, Kumar A, Vishwakarma RA, Chaubey A. Optimization of nonribosomal peptides production by a psychrotrophic fungus: Trichoderma velutinum ACR-P1. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:9091-9102. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7622-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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120
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Kumari M, Mishra A, Pandey S, Singh SP, Chaudhry V, Mudiam MKR, Shukla S, Kakkar P, Nautiyal CS. Physico-Chemical Condition Optimization during Biosynthesis lead to development of Improved and Catalytically Efficient Gold Nano Particles. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27575. [PMID: 27273371 PMCID: PMC4897682 DOI: 10.1038/srep27575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biosynthesis of nanoparticles has gained great attention in making the process cost-effective and eco-friendly, but there are limited reports which describe the interdependency of physical parameters for tailoring the dimension and geometry of nanoparticles during biological synthesis. In the present study, gold nanoparticles (GNPs) of various shapes and sizes were obtained by modulating different physical parameters using Trichoderma viride filtrate. The particles were characterized on the basis of visual observation, dynamic light scattering, UV-visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X ray diffraction. While the size varied from 2-500 nm, the shapes obtained were nanospheres, nanotriangles, nanopentagons, nanohexagons, and nanosheets. Changing the parameters such as pH, temperature, time, substrate, and culture filtrate concentration influenced the size and geometry of nanoparticles. Catalytic activity of the biosynthesized GNP was evaluated by UV-visible spectroscopy and confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis for the conversion of 4-nitrophenol into 4-aminophenol which was strongly influenced by their structure and dimension. Common practices for biodegradation are traditional, expensive, require large amount of raw material, and time taking. Controlling shapes and sizes of nanoparticles could revolutionize the process of biodegradation that can remove all the hurdles in current scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuree Kumari
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, India
| | - Aradhana Mishra
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, India
| | - Shipra Pandey
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, India
| | | | - Vasvi Chaudhry
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, India
| | - Mohana Krishna Reddy Mudiam
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, India
| | - Shatrunajay Shukla
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, India
| | - Poonam Kakkar
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, India
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Zeilinger S, Gruber S, Bansal R, Mukherjee PK. Secondary metabolism in Trichoderma – Chemistry meets genomics. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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122
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Bansal R, Mukherjee PK. Identification of novel gene clusters for secondary metabolism in Trichoderma genomes. Microbiology (Reading) 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s002626171602003x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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123
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Daly P, van Munster JM, Kokolski M, Sang F, Blythe MJ, Malla S, Velasco de Castro Oliveira J, Goldman GH, Archer DB. Transcriptomic responses of mixed cultures of ascomycete fungi to lignocellulose using dual RNA-seq reveal inter-species antagonism and limited beneficial effects on CAZyme expression. Fungal Genet Biol 2016; 102:4-21. [PMID: 27150814 PMCID: PMC5476202 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
First genome-wide transcriptional response in fungal mixed species straw cultures. In mixed cultures, rRNA abundance was used to predict RNA-seq read abundance. Subset of P. chrysogenum CAZy with mixed cultures increased abundance pattern. Lack of overall higher CAZy transcripts/activities due to inter-species antagonism. Induction of secondary metabolite producing gene clusters in mixed cultures.
Gaining new knowledge through fungal monoculture responses to lignocellulose is a widely used approach that can lead to better cocktails for lignocellulose saccharification (the enzymatic release of sugars which are subsequently used to make biofuels). However, responses in lignocellulose mixed cultures are rarely studied in the same detail even though in nature fungi often degrade lignocellulose as mixed communities. Using a dual RNA-seq approach, we describe the first study of the transcriptional responses of wild-type strains of Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma reesei and Penicillium chrysogenum in two and three mixed species shake-flask cultures with wheat straw. Based on quantification of species-specific rRNA, a set of conditions was identified where mixed cultures could be sampled so as to obtain sufficient RNA-seq reads for analysis from each species. The number of differentially-expressed genes varied from a couple of thousand to fewer than one hundred. The proportion of carbohydrate active enzyme (CAZy) encoding transcripts was lower in the majority of the mixed cultures compared to the respective straw monocultures. A small subset of P. chrysogenum CAZy genes showed five to ten-fold significantly increased transcript abundance in a two-species mixed culture with T. reesei. However, a substantial number of T. reesei CAZy transcripts showed reduced abundance in mixed cultures. The highly induced genes in mixed cultures indicated that fungal antagonism was a major part of the mixed cultures. In line with this, secondary metabolite producing gene clusters showed increased transcript abundance in mixed cultures and also mixed cultures with T. reesei led to a decrease in the mycelial biomass of A. niger. Significantly higher monomeric sugar release from straw was only measured using a minority of the mixed culture filtrates and there was no overall improvement. This study demonstrates fungal interaction with changes in transcripts, enzyme activities and biomass in the mixed cultures and whilst there were minor beneficial effects for CAZy transcripts and activities, the competitive interaction between T. reesei and the other fungi was the most prominent feature of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Daly
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Jolanda M van Munster
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Matthew Kokolski
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Fei Sang
- Deep Seq, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
| | - Martin J Blythe
- Deep Seq, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
| | - Sunir Malla
- Deep Seq, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
| | - Juliana Velasco de Castro Oliveira
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Rua Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro 10000, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-100, Brazil.
| | - Gustavo H Goldman
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-903, Brazil.
| | - David B Archer
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
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125
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Abstract
The widely used biotechnologically important fungi belonging to the genus Trichoderma are rich sources of secondary metabolites. Even though the genomes of several Trichoderma spp. have been published, and data are available on the genes involved in biosynthesis of non-ribosomal peptide synthetases and polyketide synthases, no genome-wide data are available for the terpenoid biosynthesis machinery in these organisms. In the present study, we have identified the genes involved in terpene biosynthesis in the genomes of three Trichoderma spp., viz., T. virens, T. atroviride and T. reesei. While the genes involved in the condensation steps are highly conserved across the three species, these fungi differed in the number and organization of terpene cyclases. T. virens genome harbours eleven terpene cyclases, while T. atroviride harbours seven, and T. reeseisix in their genomes; seven, three and two being part of putative secondary metabolism related gene clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra Bansal
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Prasun Kumar Mukherjee
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
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126
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de Man TJB, Stajich JE, Kubicek CP, Teiling C, Chenthamara K, Atanasova L, Druzhinina IS, Levenkova N, Birnbaum SSL, Barribeau SM, Bozick BA, Suen G, Currie CR, Gerardo NM. Small genome of the fungus Escovopsis weberi, a specialized disease agent of ant agriculture. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:3567-72. [PMID: 26976598 PMCID: PMC4822581 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1518501113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many microorganisms with specialized lifestyles have reduced genomes. This is best understood in beneficial bacterial symbioses, where partner fidelity facilitates loss of genes necessary for living independently. Specialized microbial pathogens may also exhibit gene loss relative to generalists. Here, we demonstrate that Escovopsis weberi, a fungal parasite of the crops of fungus-growing ants, has a reduced genome in terms of both size and gene content relative to closely related but less specialized fungi. Although primary metabolism genes have been retained, the E. weberi genome is depleted in carbohydrate active enzymes, which is consistent with reliance on a host with these functions. E. weberi has also lost genes considered necessary for sexual reproduction. Contrasting these losses, the genome encodes unique secondary metabolite biosynthesis clusters, some of which include genes that exhibit up-regulated expression during host attack. Thus, the specialized nature of the interaction between Escovopsis and ant agriculture is reflected in the parasite's genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom J B de Man
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Jason E Stajich
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Christian P Kubicek
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Komal Chenthamara
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lea Atanasova
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Irina S Druzhinina
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Seth M Barribeau
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322; Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858
| | | | - Garret Suen
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Cameron R Currie
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
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Schmoll M, Dattenböck C, Carreras-Villaseñor N, Mendoza-Mendoza A, Tisch D, Alemán MI, Baker SE, Brown C, Cervantes-Badillo MG, Cetz-Chel J, Cristobal-Mondragon GR, Delaye L, Esquivel-Naranjo EU, Frischmann A, Gallardo-Negrete JDJ, García-Esquivel M, Gomez-Rodriguez EY, Greenwood DR, Hernández-Oñate M, Kruszewska JS, Lawry R, Mora-Montes HM, Muñoz-Centeno T, Nieto-Jacobo MF, Nogueira Lopez G, Olmedo-Monfil V, Osorio-Concepcion M, Piłsyk S, Pomraning KR, Rodriguez-Iglesias A, Rosales-Saavedra MT, Sánchez-Arreguín JA, Seidl-Seiboth V, Stewart A, Uresti-Rivera EE, Wang CL, Wang TF, Zeilinger S, Casas-Flores S, Herrera-Estrella A. The Genomes of Three Uneven Siblings: Footprints of the Lifestyles of Three Trichoderma Species. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2016; 80:205-327. [PMID: 26864432 PMCID: PMC4771370 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00040-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Trichoderma contains fungi with high relevance for humans, with applications in enzyme production for plant cell wall degradation and use in biocontrol. Here, we provide a broad, comprehensive overview of the genomic content of these species for "hot topic" research aspects, including CAZymes, transport, transcription factors, and development, along with a detailed analysis and annotation of less-studied topics, such as signal transduction, genome integrity, chromatin, photobiology, or lipid, sulfur, and nitrogen metabolism in T. reesei, T. atroviride, and T. virens, and we open up new perspectives to those topics discussed previously. In total, we covered more than 2,000 of the predicted 9,000 to 11,000 genes of each Trichoderma species discussed, which is >20% of the respective gene content. Additionally, we considered available transcriptome data for the annotated genes. Highlights of our analyses include overall carbohydrate cleavage preferences due to the different genomic contents and regulation of the respective genes. We found light regulation of many sulfur metabolic genes. Additionally, a new Golgi 1,2-mannosidase likely involved in N-linked glycosylation was detected, as were indications for the ability of Trichoderma spp. to generate hybrid galactose-containing N-linked glycans. The genomic inventory of effector proteins revealed numerous compounds unique to Trichoderma, and these warrant further investigation. We found interesting expansions in the Trichoderma genus in several signaling pathways, such as G-protein-coupled receptors, RAS GTPases, and casein kinases. A particularly interesting feature absolutely unique to T. atroviride is the duplication of the alternative sulfur amino acid synthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Schmoll
- Austrian Institute of Technology, Department Health and Environment, Bioresources Unit, Tulln, Austria
| | - Christoph Dattenböck
- Austrian Institute of Technology, Department Health and Environment, Bioresources Unit, Tulln, Austria
| | | | | | - Doris Tisch
- Research Division Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mario Ivan Alemán
- Cinvestav, Department of Genetic Engineering, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Scott E Baker
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Christopher Brown
- University of Otago, Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - José Cetz-Chel
- LANGEBIO, National Laboratory of Genomics for Biodiversity, Cinvestav-Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | | | - Luis Delaye
- Cinvestav, Department of Genetic Engineering, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | | | - Alexa Frischmann
- Research Division Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Monica García-Esquivel
- LANGEBIO, National Laboratory of Genomics for Biodiversity, Cinvestav-Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | | | - David R Greenwood
- The University of Auckland, School of Biological Sciences, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Miguel Hernández-Oñate
- LANGEBIO, National Laboratory of Genomics for Biodiversity, Cinvestav-Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Joanna S Kruszewska
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Laboratory of Fungal Glycobiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Robert Lawry
- Lincoln University, Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sebastian Piłsyk
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Laboratory of Fungal Glycobiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kyle R Pomraning
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Aroa Rodriguez-Iglesias
- Austrian Institute of Technology, Department Health and Environment, Bioresources Unit, Tulln, Austria
| | | | | | - Verena Seidl-Seiboth
- Research Division Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Chih-Li Wang
- National Chung-Hsing University, Department of Plant Pathology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Fang Wang
- Academia Sinica, Institute of Molecular Biology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Susanne Zeilinger
- Research Division Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria University of Innsbruck, Institute of Microbiology, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Alfredo Herrera-Estrella
- LANGEBIO, National Laboratory of Genomics for Biodiversity, Cinvestav-Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
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Contreras-Cornejo HA, Macías-Rodríguez L, del-Val E, Larsen J. Ecological functions ofTrichodermaspp. and their secondary metabolites in the rhizosphere: interactions with plants. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2016; 92:fiw036. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiw036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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Druzhinina IS, Kubicek CP. Familiar Stranger: Ecological Genomics of the Model Saprotroph and Industrial Enzyme Producer Trichoderma reesei Breaks the Stereotypes. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2016; 95:69-147. [PMID: 27261782 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei (Hypocreales, Ascomycota) has properties of an efficient cell factory for protein production that is exploited by the enzyme industry, particularly with respect to cellulase and hemicellulase formation. Under conditions of industrial fermentations it yields more than 100g secreted protein L(-1). Consequently, T. reesei has been intensively studied in the 20th century. Most of these investigations focused on the biochemical characteristics of its cellulases and hemicellulases, on the improvement of their properties by protein engineering, and on enhanced enzyme production by recombinant strategies. However, as the fungus is rare in nature, its ecology remained unknown. The breakthrough in the understanding of the fundamental biology of T. reesei only happened during 2000s-2010s. In this review, we compile the current knowledge on T. reesei ecology, physiology, and genomics to present a holistic view on the natural behavior of the organism. This is not only critical for science-driven further improvement of the biotechnological applications of this fungus, but also renders T. reesei as an attractive model of filamentous fungi with superior saprotrophic abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Druzhinina
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - C P Kubicek
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
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On the Safety of Filamentous Fungi with Special Emphasis on Trichoderma reesei and Products Made by Recombinant Means. Fungal Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-27951-0_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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131
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Scharf DH, Brakhage AA, Mukherjee PK. Gliotoxin--bane or boon? Environ Microbiol 2015; 18:1096-109. [PMID: 26443473 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Gliotoxin (GT) is the most important epidithiodioxopiperazine (ETP)-type fungal toxin. GT was originally isolated from Trichoderma species as an antibiotic substance involved in biological control of plant pathogenic fungi. A few isolates of GT-producing Trichoderma virens are commercially marketed for biological control and widely used in agriculture. Furthermore, GT is long known as an immunosuppressive agent and also reported to have anti-tumour properties. However, recent publications suggest that GT is a virulence determinant of the human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. This compound is thus important on several counts - it has medicinal properties, is a pathogenicity determinant, is a potential diagnostic marker and is important in biological crop protection. The present article addresses this paradox and the ecological role of GT. We discuss the function of GT as defence molecule, the role in aspergillosis and suggest solutions for safe application of Trichoderma-based biofungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Scharf
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz-Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute (HKI) and Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Axel A Brakhage
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz-Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute (HKI) and Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Prasun K Mukherjee
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India
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Kumari I, Chaudhary N, Sandhu P, Ahmed M, Akhter Y. Structural and mechanistic analysis of engineered trichodiene synthase enzymes from Trichoderma harzianum: towards higher catalytic activities empowering sustainable agriculture. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2015. [PMID: 26207800 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2015.1073632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Trichoderma spp. are well-known bioagents for the plant growth promotion and pathogen suppression. The beneficial activities of the fungus Trichoderma spp. are attributed to their ability to produce and secrete certain secondary metabolites such as trichodermin that belongs to trichothecene family of molecules. The initial steps of trichodermin biosynthetic pathway in Trichoderma are similar to the trichothecenes from Fusarium sporotrichioides. Trichodiene synthase (TS) encoded by tri5 gene in Trichoderma catalyses the conversion of farnesyl pyrophosphate to trichodiene as reported earlier. In this study, we have carried out a comprehensive comparative sequence and structural analysis of the TS, which revealed the conserved residues involved in catalytic activity of the protein. In silico, modelled tertiary structure of TS protein showed stable structural behaviour during simulations. Two single-substitution mutants, i.e. D109E, D248Y and one double-substitution mutant (D109E and D248Y) of TS with potentially higher activities are screened out. The mutant proteins showed more stability than the wild type, an increased number of electrostatic interactions and better binding energies with the ligand, which further elucidates the amino acid residues involved in the reaction mechanism. These results will lead to devise strategies for higher TS activity to ultimately enhance the trichodermin production by Trichoderma spp. for its better exploitation in the sustainable agricultural practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indu Kumari
- a School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh , District-Kangra, Shahpur , Himachal Pradesh 176206 , India
| | - Nitika Chaudhary
- a School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh , District-Kangra, Shahpur , Himachal Pradesh 176206 , India
| | - Padmani Sandhu
- b School of Life Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh , District-Kangra, Shahpur , Himachal Pradesh 176206 , India
| | - Mushtaq Ahmed
- a School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh , District-Kangra, Shahpur , Himachal Pradesh 176206 , India
| | - Yusuf Akhter
- b School of Life Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh , District-Kangra, Shahpur , Himachal Pradesh 176206 , India
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Zhang X, Harvey PR, Stummer BE, Warren RA, Zhang G, Guo K, Li J, Yang H. Antibiosis functions during interactions of Trichoderma afroharzianum and Trichoderma gamsii with plant pathogenic Rhizoctonia and Pythium. Funct Integr Genomics 2015; 15:599-610. [PMID: 26231513 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-015-0456-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Trichoderma afroharzianum is one of the best characterized Trichoderma species, and strains have been utilized as plant disease suppressive inoculants. In contrast, Trichoderma gamsii has only recently been described, and there is limited knowledge of its disease suppressive efficacies. Comparative studies of changes in gene expression during interactions of these species with their target plant pathogens will provide fundamental information on pathogen antibiosis functions. In the present study, we used complementary DNA amplified fragment length polymorphism (cDNA-AFLP) analysis to investigate changes in transcript profiling of T. afroharzianum strain LTR-2 and T. gamsii strain Tk7a during in vitro interactions with plant pathogenic Rhizoctonia solani and Pythium irregulare. Considerable differences were resolved in the overall expression profiles of strains LTR-2 and Tk7a when challenged with either plant pathogen. In strain LTR-2, previously reported mycoparasitism-related genes such as chitinase, polyketide synthase, and non-ribosomal peptide synthetase were found to be differentially expressed. This was not so for strain Tk7a, with the only previously reported antibiosis-associated genes being small secreted cysteine-rich proteins. Although only one differentially expressed gene was common to both strains LTR-2 and Tk7a, numerous genes reportedly associated with pathogen antibiosis processes were differentially expressed in both strains, including degradative enzymes and membrane transport proteins. A number of novel potential antibiosis-related transcripts were found from strains LTR-2 and Tk7a and remain to be identified. The expression kinetics of 20 Trichoderma (10 from strain LTR-2, 10 from strain Tk7a) transcript-derived fragments (TDFs) were quantified by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) at pre- and post-mycelia contact stages of Trichoderma-prey interactions, thereby confirming differential gene expression. Collectively, this research is providing information to elucidate the antibiosis mechanisms and disease suppressive activities of T. afroharzianum and T. gamsii against soilborne fungal and oomycete plant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjian Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Biotechnology Center, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, 250014, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China,
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The genome of the truffle-parasite Tolypocladium ophioglossoides and the evolution of antifungal peptaibiotics. BMC Genomics 2015. [PMID: 26215153 PMCID: PMC4517408 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1777-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Two major mycoparasitic lineages, the family Hypocreaceae and the genus Tolypocladium, exist within the fungal order, Hypocreales. Peptaibiotics are a group of secondary metabolites almost exclusively described from Trichoderma species of Hypocreaceae. Peptaibiotics are produced by nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) and have antibiotic and antifungal activities. Tolypocladium species are mainly truffle parasites, but a few species are insect pathogens. Results The draft genome sequence of the truffle parasite Tolypocladium ophioglossoides was generated and numerous secondary metabolite clusters were discovered, many of which have no known putative product. However, three large peptaibiotic gene clusters were identified using phylogenetic analyses. Peptaibiotic genes are absent from the predominantly plant and insect pathogenic lineages of Hypocreales, and are therefore exclusive to the largely mycoparasitic lineages. Using NRPS adenylation domain phylogenies and reconciliation of the domain tree with the organismal phylogeny, it is demonstrated that the distribution of these domains is likely not the product of horizontal gene transfer between mycoparasitic lineages, but represents independent losses in insect pathogenic lineages. Peptaibiotic genes are less conserved between species of Tolypocladium and are the product of complex patterns of lineage sorting and module duplication. In contrast, these genes are more conserved within the genus Trichoderma and consistent with diversification through speciation. Conclusions Peptaibiotic NRPS genes are restricted to mycoparasitic lineages of Hypocreales, based on current sampling. Phylogenomics and comparative genomics can provide insights into the evolution of secondary metabolite genes, their distribution across a broader range of taxa, and their possible function related to host specificity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1777-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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135
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Vos CMF, De Cremer K, Cammue BPA, De Coninck B. The toolbox of Trichoderma spp. in the biocontrol of Botrytis cinerea disease. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2015; 16:400-12. [PMID: 25171761 PMCID: PMC6638538 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic fungal pathogen causing disease in many plant species, leading to economically important crop losses. So far, fungicides have been widely used to control this pathogen. However, in addition to their detrimental effects on the environment and potential risks for human health, increasing fungicide resistance has been observed in the B. cinerea population. Biological control, that is the application of microbial organisms to reduce disease, has gained importance as an alternative or complementary approach to fungicides. In this respect, the genus Trichoderma constitutes a promising pool of organisms with potential for B. cinerea control. In the first part of this article, we review the specific mechanisms involved in the direct interaction between the two fungi, including mycoparasitism, the production of antimicrobial compounds and enzymes (collectively called antagonism), and competition for nutrients and space. In addition, biocontrol has also been observed when Trichoderma is physically separated from the pathogen, thus implying an indirect systemic plant defence response. Therefore, in the second part, we describe the consecutive steps leading to induced systemic resistance (ISR), starting with the initial Trichoderma-plant interaction and followed by the activation of downstream signal transduction pathways and, ultimately, the defence response resulting in ISR (ISR-prime phase). Finally, we discuss the ISR-boost phase, representing the effect of ISR priming by Trichoderma spp. on plant responses after additional challenge with B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M F Vos
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Gent, Belgium
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136
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Bazafkan H, Dattenböck C, Böhmdorfer S, Tisch D, Stappler E, Schmoll M. Mating type-dependent partner sensing as mediated by VEL1 in Trichoderma reesei. Mol Microbiol 2015; 96:1103-18. [PMID: 25757597 PMCID: PMC4949666 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sexual development in the filamentous model ascomycete Trichoderma reesei (syn. Hypocrea jecorina) was described only a few years ago. In this study, we show a novel role for VELVET in fungi, which links light response, development and secondary metabolism. Vel1 is required for mating in darkness, normal growth and conidiation. In light, vel1 was dispensable for male fertility but essential for female fertility in both mating types. VEL1 impacted regulation of the pheromone system (hpr1, hpr2, hpp1, ppg1) in a mating type‐dependent manner and depending on the mating partner of a given strain. These partner effects only occurred for hpp1 and hpr2, the pheromone precursor and receptor genes associated with the MAT1‐2 mating type and for the mating type gene mat1‐2‐1. Analysis of secondary metabolite patterns secreted by wild type and mutants under asexual and sexual conditions revealed that even in the wild type, the patterns change upon encounter of a mating partner, with again distinct differences for wild type and vel1 mutants. Hence, T. reesei applies a language of pheromones and secondary metabolites to communicate with mating partners and that this communication is at least in part mediated by VEL1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda Bazafkan
- Department Health and Environment, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Bioresources, Konrad-Lorenz Strasse 24, Tulln, 3430, Austria
| | - Christoph Dattenböck
- Department Health and Environment, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Bioresources, Konrad-Lorenz Strasse 24, Tulln, 3430, Austria
| | - Stefan Böhmdorfer
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Department of Chemistry, Division of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, Tulln, 3430, Austria
| | - Doris Tisch
- Research Area Molecular Biotechnology, Vienna University of Technology, Gumpendorfer Straße 1a, Wien, 1060, Austria
| | - Eva Stappler
- Department Health and Environment, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Bioresources, Konrad-Lorenz Strasse 24, Tulln, 3430, Austria
| | - Monika Schmoll
- Department Health and Environment, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Bioresources, Konrad-Lorenz Strasse 24, Tulln, 3430, Austria
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137
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Gaderer R, Lamdan NL, Frischmann A, Sulyok M, Krska R, Horwitz BA, Seidl-Seiboth V. Sm2, a paralog of the Trichoderma cerato-platanin elicitor Sm1, is also highly important for plant protection conferred by the fungal-root interaction of Trichoderma with maize. BMC Microbiol 2015; 15:2. [PMID: 25591782 PMCID: PMC4320488 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-014-0333-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The proteins Sm1 and Sm2 from the biocontrol fungus Trichoderma virens belong to the cerato-platanin protein family. Members of this family are small, secreted proteins that are abundantly produced by filamentous fungi with all types of life-styles. Some species of the fungal genus Trichoderma are considered as biocontrol fungi because they are mycoparasites and are also able to directly interact with plants, thereby stimulating plant defense responses. It was previously shown that the cerato-platanin protein Sm1 from T. virens - and to a lesser extent its homologue Epl1 from Trichoderma atroviride - induce plant defense responses. The plant protection potential of other members of the cerato-platanin protein family in Trichoderma, however, has not yet been investigated. Results In order to analyze the function of the cerato-platanin protein Sm2, sm1 and sm2 knockout strains were generated and characterized. The effect of the lack of Sm1 and Sm2 in T. virens on inducing systemic resistance in maize seedlings, challenged with the plant pathogen Cochliobolus heterostrophus, was tested. These plant experiments were also performed with T. atroviride epl1 and epl2 knockout strains. In our plant-pathogen system T. virens was a more effective plant protectant than T. atroviride and the results with both Trichoderma species showed concordantly that the level of plant protection was more strongly reduced in plants treated with the sm2/epl2 knockout strains than with sm1/epl1 knockout strains. Conclusions Although the cerato-platanin genes sm1/epl1 are more abundantly expressed than sm2/epl2 during fungal growth, Sm2/Epl2 are, interestingly, more important than Sm1/Epl1 for the promotion of plant protection conferred by Trichoderma in the maize-C. heterostrophus pathosystem. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-014-0333-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romana Gaderer
- Research Division Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Gumpendorfer Strasse 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Netta L Lamdan
- Department of Biology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Alexa Frischmann
- Research Division Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Gumpendorfer Strasse 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria.
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria.
| | - Benjamin A Horwitz
- Department of Biology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Verena Seidl-Seiboth
- Research Division Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Gumpendorfer Strasse 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria.
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138
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Karlsson M, Durling MB, Choi J, Kosawang C, Lackner G, Tzelepis GD, Nygren K, Dubey MK, Kamou N, Levasseur A, Zapparata A, Wang J, Amby DB, Jensen B, Sarrocco S, Panteris E, Lagopodi AL, Pöggeler S, Vannacci G, Collinge DB, Hoffmeister D, Henrissat B, Lee YH, Jensen DF. Insights on the evolution of mycoparasitism from the genome of Clonostachys rosea. Genome Biol Evol 2015; 7:465-80. [PMID: 25575496 PMCID: PMC4350171 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evu292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Clonostachys rosea is a mycoparasitic fungus that can control several important plant diseases. Here, we report on the genome sequencing of C. rosea and a comparative genome analysis, in order to resolve the phylogenetic placement of C. rosea and to study the evolution of mycoparasitism as a fungal lifestyle. The genome of C. rosea is estimated to 58.3 Mb, and contains 14,268 predicted genes. A phylogenomic analysis shows that C. rosea clusters as sister taxon to plant pathogenic Fusarium species, with mycoparasitic/saprotrophic Trichoderma species in an ancestral position. A comparative analysis of gene family evolution reveals several distinct differences between the included mycoparasites. Clonostachys rosea contains significantly more ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, polyketide synthases, cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, pectin lyases, glucose-methanol-choline oxidoreductases, and lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases compared with other fungi in the Hypocreales. Interestingly, the increase of ABC transporter gene number in C. rosea is associated with phylogenetic subgroups B (multidrug resistance proteins) and G (pleiotropic drug resistance transporters), whereas an increase in subgroup C (multidrug resistance-associated proteins) is evident in Trichoderma virens. In contrast with mycoparasitic Trichoderma species, C. rosea contains very few chitinases. Expression of six group B and group G ABC transporter genes was induced in C. rosea during exposure to the Fusarium mycotoxin zearalenone, the fungicide Boscalid or metabolites from the biocontrol bacterium Pseudomonas chlororaphis. The data suggest that tolerance toward secondary metabolites is a prominent feature in the biology of C. rosea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Karlsson
- Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Jaeyoung Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chatchai Kosawang
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gerald Lackner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans-Knöll-Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Jena, Germany
| | - Georgios D Tzelepis
- Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kristiina Nygren
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mukesh K Dubey
- Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nathalie Kamou
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anthony Levasseur
- INRA and Aix-Marseille Université, Polytech Marseille, UMR1163 Biotechnologie des Champignons Filamenteux, Marseille, France
| | - Antonio Zapparata
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Jinhui Wang
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Daniel Buchvaldt Amby
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birgit Jensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sabrina Sarrocco
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Emmanuel Panteris
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasia L Lagopodi
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stefanie Pöggeler
- Department of Genetics of Eukaryotic Microorganisms, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Giovanni Vannacci
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - David B Collinge
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dirk Hoffmeister
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans-Knöll-Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Jena, Germany
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7257, Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France, and Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yong-Hwan Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dan Funck Jensen
- Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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139
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Daguerre Y, Siegel K, Edel-Hermann V, Steinberg C. Fungal proteins and genes associated with biocontrol mechanisms of soil-borne pathogens: a review. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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140
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Nicolás C, Hermosa R, Rubio B, Mukherjee PK, Monte E. Trichoderma genes in plants for stress tolerance- status and prospects. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 228:71-8. [PMID: 25438787 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Many filamentous fungi from the genus Trichoderma are well known for their anti-microbial properties. Certain genes from Trichoderma spp. have been identified and transferred to plants for improving biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, as well for applications in bioremediation. Several Trichoderma genomes have been sequenced and many are in the pipeline, facilitating high throughput gene analysis and increasing the availability of candidate transgenes. This, coupled with improved plant transformation systems, is expected to usher in a new era in plant biotechnology where several genes from these antagonistic fungi can be transferred into plants to achieve enhanced stress tolerance, bioremediation activity, herbicide tolerance, and reduction of phytotoxins. In this review, we illustrate the major achievements made by transforming plants with Trichoderma genes as well as their possible mode of action. Moreover, examples of efficient application of genetically modified plants as biofactories to produce active Trichoderma enzymes are indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Nicolás
- Departamento de Fisiología Vegetal, Centro Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, C/Río Duero 12, Campus de Villamayor, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rosa Hermosa
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Centro Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, C/Río Duero 12, Campus de Villamayor, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Belén Rubio
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Centro Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, C/Río Duero 12, Campus de Villamayor, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Prasun K Mukherjee
- NuclearAgriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India.
| | - Enrique Monte
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Centro Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, C/Río Duero 12, Campus de Villamayor, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
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141
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Brito JP, Ramada MH, de Magalhães MT, Silva LP, Ulhoa CJ. Peptaibols from Trichoderma asperellum TR356 strain isolated from Brazilian soil. SPRINGERPLUS 2014; 3:600. [PMID: 25392773 PMCID: PMC4209003 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-3-600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The Trichoderma genus consists of a group of free-living filamentous fungi, including species able to act as biological control agents (BCAs) against pathogenic fungi. It is believed that this ability is due to synergy between several mechanisms, including the production of a wide variety of secondary metabolites by these organisms. Among these, we highlight the production of peptaibols, an antibiotic peptide group characterized by the presence of non-proteinogenic amino acids such as α-aminoisobutyrate (Aib), as well as by N-terminal modifications and amino alcohols in the C-terminal region. This study aimed to outline a profile of peptaibol production and to identify secreted peptaibols from the Trichoderma asperellum TR356 strain, described as an efficient BCA against S. sclerotiorum. The fungus was grown on TLE 0.3% glucose medium for 5 days, with agitation at 120 rpm in the dark. Liquid medium filtrate was used as the metabolite source. These extracts were subjected to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and subsequent analysis by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF). The results indicate the production of two classes of peptaibols for this T. asperellum strain. Primary structures of two asperelines (A and E) and five trichotoxins (T5D2, T5E, T5F, T5G and 1717A) have been elucidated. Most of these peptaibols had been previously described in T. viride and T. asperellum marine strains. This is the first report of some of these compounds being produced by a T. asperellum strain from soil. Future analyses will be necessary to elucidate the three-dimensional structures and their activities against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Pc Brito
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Goiás (ICB II), 74001-970 Goiânia, GO Brasil
| | - Marcelo Hs Ramada
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, PBI. Parque Estação Biológica, Asa Norte, 70910-90 Brasília, DF Brasil
| | - Mariana Tq de Magalhães
- Department of Molecular, Microbial and Structural Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center - Uconn Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030 USA
| | - Luciano P Silva
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, PBI. Parque Estação Biológica, Asa Norte, 70910-90 Brasília, DF Brasil
| | - Cirano J Ulhoa
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Goiás (ICB II), 74001-970 Goiânia, GO Brasil
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142
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Vargas WA, Mukherjee PK, Laughlin D, Wiest A, Moran-Diez ME, Kenerley CM. Role of gliotoxin in the symbiotic and pathogenic interactions of Trichoderma virens. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2014; 160:2319-2330. [PMID: 25082950 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.079210-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Using a gene disruption strategy, we generated mutants in the gliP locus of the plant-beneficial fungus Trichoderma virens that were no longer capable of producing gliotoxin. Phenotypic assays demonstrated that the gliP-disrupted mutants grew faster, were more sensitive to oxidative stress and exhibited a sparse colony edge compared with the WT strain. In a plate confrontation assay, the mutants deficient in gliotoxin production were ineffective as mycoparasites against the oomycete, Pythium ultimum, and the necrotrophic fungal pathogen, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, but retained mycoparasitic ability against Rhizoctonia solani. Biocontrol assays in soil showed that the mutants were incapable of protecting cotton seedlings from attack by P. ultimum, against which the WT strain was highly effective. The mutants, however, were as effective as the WT strain in protecting cotton seedlings against R. solani. Loss of gliotoxin production also resulted in a reduced ability of the mutants to attack the sclerotia of S. sclerotiorum compared with the WT. The addition of exogenous gliotoxin to the sclerotia colonized by the mutants partially restored their degradative abilities. Interestingly, as in Aspergillus fumigatus, an opportunistic human pathogen, gliotoxin was found to be involved in pathogenicity of T. virens against larvae of the wax moth, Galleria mellonella. The loss of gliotoxin production in T. virens was restored by complementation with the gliP gene from A. fumigatus. We have, thus, demonstrated that the putative gliP cluster of T. virens is responsible for the biosynthesis of gliotoxin, and gliotoxin is involved in mycoparasitism and biocontrol properties of this plant-beneficial fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter A Vargas
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario 2000, Argentina
| | - Prasun K Mukherjee
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - David Laughlin
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2132, USA
| | - Aric Wiest
- Fungal Genetics Stock Center, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Maria E Moran-Diez
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2132, USA
| | - Charles M Kenerley
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2132, USA
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143
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Phytohormone profiles induced by trichoderma isolates correspond with their biocontrol and plant growth-promoting activity on melon plants. J Chem Ecol 2014; 40:804-15. [PMID: 25023078 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-014-0478-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The application of Trichoderma strains with biocontrol and plant growth-promoting capacities to plant substrates can help reduce the input of chemical pesticides and fertilizers in agriculture. Some Trichoderma isolates can directly affect plant pathogens, but they also are known to influence the phytohormonal network of their host plant, thus leading to an improvement of plant growth and stress tolerance. In this study, we tested whether alterations in the phytohormone signature induced by different Trichoderma isolates correspond with their ability for biocontrol and growth promotion. Four Trichoderma isolates were collected from agricultural soils and were identified as the species Trichoderma harzianum (two isolates), Trichoderma ghanense, and Trichoderma hamatum. Their antagonistic activity against the plant pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis was tested in vitro, and their plant growth-promoting and biocontrol activity against Fusarium wilt on melon plants was examined in vivo, and compared to that of the commercial strain T. harzianum T-22. Several growth- and defense-related phytohormones were analyzed in the shoots of plants that were root-colonized by the different Trichoderma isolates. An increase in auxin and a decrease in cytokinins and abscisic acid content were induced by the isolates that promoted the plant growth. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to evaluate the relationship between the plant phenotypic and hormonal variables. PCA pointed to a strong association of auxin induction with plant growth stimulation by Trichoderma. Furthermore, the disease-protectant ability of the Trichoderma strains against F. oxysporum infection seems to be more related to their induced alterations in the content of the hormones abscisic acid, ethylene, and the cytokinin trans-zeatin riboside than to the in vitro antagonism activity against F. oxysporum.
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144
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Carroux A, Van Bohemen AI, Roullier C, Robiou du Pont T, Vansteelandt M, Bondon A, Zalouk-Vergnoux A, Pouchus YF, Ruiz N. Unprecedented 17-residue peptaibiotics produced by marine-derived Trichoderma atroviride. Chem Biodivers 2013; 10:772-86. [PMID: 23681725 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201200398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In the course of investigations on marine-derived toxigenic fungi, five strains of Trichoderma atroviride were studied for their production of peptaibiotics. While these five strains were found to produce classical 19-residue peptaibols, three of them exhibited unusual peptidic sodium-adduct [M + 2 Na](2+) ion peaks at m/z between 824 and 854. The sequencing of these peptides led to two series of unprecedented 17-residue peptaibiotics based on the model Ac-XXX-Ala-Ala-XXX-XXX-Gln-Aib-Aib-Aib-Ala/Ser-Lxx-Aib-Pro-XXX-Aib-Lxx-[C(129) ]. The C-terminus of these new peptides was common to all of them, and its elemental formula C5 H9 N2 O2 was established by HR-MS. It could correspond to the cyclized form of N(δ) -hydroxyornithine which has already been observed at the C-terminus of various peptidic siderophores. The comparison of the sequences of 17- and 19-residue peptides showed similarities for positions 1-16. This observation seems to indicate a common biosynthesis pathway. Both new 17-residue peptaibiotics and 19-residue peptaibols exhibited weak in vitro cytotoxicities against KB cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélique Carroux
- University of Nantes, LUNAM, Faculty of Pharmacy, MMS, F-44000 Nantes
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145
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Keswani C, Mishra S, Sarma BK, Singh SP, Singh HB. Unraveling the efficient applications of secondary metabolites of various Trichoderma spp. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:533-44. [PMID: 24276619 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5344-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent shift in trends of agricultural practices from application of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides to organic farming has brought into focus the use of microorganisms that carryout analogous function. Trichoderma spp. is one of the most popular genera of fungi commercially available as a plant growth promoting fungus (PGPF) and biological control agent. Exploitation of the diverse nature of secondary metabolites produced by different species of Trichoderma augments their extensive utility in agriculture and related industries. As a result, Trichoderma has achieved significant success as a powerful biocontrol agent at global level. The endorsement of Trichoderma spp. by scientific community is based on the understanding of its mechanisms of action against a large set of fungal, bacterial and in certain cases viral infections. However, it is still an agnostic view that there could be any single major mode of operation, although it is argued that all mechanisms operate simultaneously in a synchronized fashion. The central idea behind this review article is to emphasize the potentiality of applications of target specific secondary metabolites of Trichoderma for controlling phytopathogens as a substitute of commercially available whole organism formulations. With the aim to this point, we have compiled an inclusive list of secondary metabolites produced by different species of Trichoderma and their applications in diverse areas with the major emphasis on agriculture. Outlining the importance and diverse activities of secondary metabolites of Trichoderma besides its relevance to agriculture would generate greater understanding of their other important and beneficial applications apart from target specific biopesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chetan Keswani
- Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
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146
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Wang M, Hashimoto M, Hashidoko Y. Repression of tropolone production and induction of a Burkholderia plantarii pseudo-biofilm by carot-4-en-9,10-diol, a cell-to-cell signaling disrupter produced by Trichoderma virens. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78024. [PMID: 24223754 PMCID: PMC3817171 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tropolone-tolerant Trichoderma virens PS1-7 is a biocontrol agent against Burkholderia plantarii, causative of rice seedling blight. When exposed to catechol, this fungus dose-dependently produced carot-4-en-9,10-diol, a sesquiterpene-type autoregulatory signal molecule that promotes self-conidiation of T. virens PS1-7 mycelia. It was, however, uncertain why T. virens PS1-7 attenuates the symptom development of the rice seedlings infested with B. plantarii. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To reveal the antagonism by T. virens PS1-7 against B. plantarii leading to repression of tropolone production in a coculture system, bioassay-guided screening for active compounds from a 3-d culture of T. virens PS1-7 was conducted. As a result, carot-4-en-9,10-diol was identified and found to repress tropolone production of B. plantarii from 10 to 200 µM in a dose-dependent manner as well as attenuate virulence of B. plantarii on rice seedlings. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that transcriptional suppression of N-acyl-L-homoserine lactone synthase plaI in B. plantarii was the main mode of action by which carot-4-en-9,10-diol mediated the quorum quenching responsible for repression of tropolone production. In addition, the unique response of B. plantarii to carot-4-en-9,10-diol in the biofilm formed in the static culture system was also found. Although the initial stage of B. plantarii biofilm formation was induced by both tropolone and carot-4-en-9,10-diol, it was induced in different states. Moreover, the B. plantarii biofilm that was induced by carot-4-en-9,10-diol at the late stage showed defects not only in matrix structure but also cell viability. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our findings demonstrate that carot-4-en-9,10-diol released by T. virens PS1-7 acts as an interkingdom cell-to-cell signaling molecule against B. plantarii to repress tropolone production and induces pseudo-biofilm to the cells. This observation also led to another discovery that tropolone is an autoregulatory cell-to-cell signaling molecule of B. plantarii that induces a functional biofilm other than a simple B. plantarii virulence factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengcen Wang
- Graduate School of Agriculture & Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Makoto Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Agriculture & Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Hashidoko
- Graduate School of Agriculture & Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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147
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Scientific Opinion on the maintenance of the list of QPS biological agents intentionally added to food and feed (2013 update). EFSA J 2013. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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148
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Dubey MK, Broberg A, Jensen DF, Karlsson M. Role of the methylcitrate cycle in growth, antagonism and induction of systemic defence responses in the fungal biocontrol agent Trichoderma atroviride. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2013; 159:2492-2500. [PMID: 24100269 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.070466-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Methylisocitrate lyase (MCL), a signature enzyme of the methylcitrate cycle, which cleaves methylisocitrate to pyruvate and succinate, is required for propionate metabolism, for secondary metabolite production and for virulence in bacteria and fungi. Here we investigate the role of the methylcitrate cycle by generating an mcl deletion mutant in the fungal biocontrol agent Trichoderma atroviride. Gene expression analysis shows that a basal expression of mcl is observed in all growth conditions tested. Phenotypic analysis of an mcl deletion mutant suggests the requirement of MCL in propionate resistance, growth, conidial pigmentation and germination, and abiotic stress tolerance. A plate confrontation assay did not show a difference between the WT and the Δmcl strain in antagonism towards Botrytis cinerea. However, the Δmcl strain displays reduced antagonism towards B. cinerea based on a secretion assay. Furthermore, an in vitro root colonization assay shows that the Δmcl strain had reduced ability to colonize Arabidopsis thaliana roots, which results in reduced induction of systemic resistance towards B. cinerea. These data show that MCL is important not only for growth and development in T. atroviride but also in antagonism, root colonization and induction of defence responses in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh K Dubey
- Uppsala BioCenter, Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Broberg
- Uppsala BioCenter, Department of Chemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7015, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dan Funck Jensen
- Uppsala BioCenter, Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Karlsson
- Uppsala BioCenter, Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
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149
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The polyketide synthase gene pks4 of Trichoderma reesei provides pigmentation and stress resistance. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2013; 12:1499-508. [PMID: 24036343 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00103-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Species of the fungal genus Trichoderma (Hypocreales, Ascomycota) are well-known for their production of various secondary metabolites. Nonribosomal peptides and polyketides represent a major portion of these products. In a recent phylogenomic investigation of Trichoderma polyketide synthase (PKS)-encoding genes, the pks4 from T. reesei was shown to be an orthologue of pigment-forming PKSs involved in synthesis of aurofusarin and bikaverin in Fusarium spp. In this study, we show that deletion of this gene in T. reesei results in loss of green conidial pigmentation and in pigmentation alteration of teleomorph structures. It also has an impact on conidial cell wall stability and the antagonistic abilities of T. reesei against other fungi, including formation of inhibitory metabolites. In addition, deletion of pks4 significantly influences the expression of other PKS-encoding genes of T. reesei. To our knowledge, this is the first indication that a low-molecular-weight pigment-forming PKS is involved in defense, mechanical stability, and stress resistance in fungi.
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150
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Vinale F, Nigro M, Sivasithamparam K, Flematti G, Ghisalberti EL, Ruocco M, Varlese R, Marra R, Lanzuise S, Eid A, Woo SL, Lorito M. Harzianic acid: a novel siderophore from Trichoderma harzianum. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2013; 347:123-9. [PMID: 23909277 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Agriculture-relevant microorganisms are considered to produce secondary metabolites during processes of competition with other micro- and macro-organisms, symbiosis, parasitism or pathogenesis. Many different strains of the genus Trichoderma, in addition to a direct activity against phytopathogens, are well-known producers of secondary metabolites and compounds that substantially affect the metabolism of the host plant. Harzianic acid is a Trichoderma secondary metabolite, showing antifungal and plant growth promotion activities. This report demonstrates the ability of this tetramic acid to bind with a good affinity essential metals such as Fe(3+) , which may represent a mechanism of iron solubilisation that significantly alters nutrient availability in the soil environment for other microorganisms and the host plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Vinale
- CNR - Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante (IPP-CNR), Portici, Italy
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