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Araki A, Bastiaensen M, Ait Bamai Y, Van den Eede N, Kawai T, Tsuboi T, Ketema RM, Covaci A, Kishi R. Associations between allergic symptoms and phosphate flame retardants in dust and their urinary metabolites among school children. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 119:438-446. [PMID: 30031263 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phosphate flame retardants (PFRs) are ubiquitously detected in indoor environments. Despite increasing health concerns pertaining to PFR exposure, few epidemiological studies have examined PFR exposure and its effect on children's allergies. OBJECTIVES To investigate the association between PFRs in house dust, their metabolites in urine, and symptoms of wheeze and allergies among school-aged children. METHODS A total of 128 elementary school-aged children were enrolled. House dust samples were collected from upper-surface objects. Urine samples were collected from the first morning void. Levels of 11 PFRs in dust and 14 PFR metabolites in urine were measured. Parent-reported symptoms of wheeze, rhinoconjunctivitis, and eczema were evaluated using the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood questionnaire. The odds ratios (ORs) of the Ln transformed PFR concentrations and categorical values were calculated using a logistic regression model adjusted for sex, grade, dampness index, annual house income, and creatinine level (for PFR metabolites only). RESULTS The prevalence rates of wheeze, rhinoconjunctivitis, and eczema were 22.7%, 36.7%, and 28.1%, respectively. A significant association between tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) in dust and eczema was observed: OR (95% confidence interval), 1.44 (1.13-1.82) (>limit of detection (LOD) vs <LOD). The ORs for rhinoconjunctivitis (OR = 5.01 [1.53-16.5]) and for at least one symptom of allergy (OR = 3.87 [1.22-12.3]) in the 4th quartile of Σtris(2-chloro-isopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP) metabolites was significantly higher than those in the 1st quartile, with significant p-values for trend (Ptrend) (0.013 and 0.024, respectively). A high OR of 2.86 (1.04-7.85) (>LOD vs <LOD) was found for hydroxy tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP)-OH and eczema. OR of the 3rd tertile of bis (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP) was higher than the 1st tertile as a reference for at least one symptom (OR = 3.91 [1.25-12.3]), with a significant Ptrend = 0.020. CONCLUSIONS We found that TDCIPP in house dust, and metabolites of TDCIPP, TBOEP and TCIPP were associated with children's allergic symptoms. Despite some limitations of this study, these results indicate that children's exposure to PFR may impact their allergic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Araki
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Michiel Bastiaensen
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Yu Ait Bamai
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Nele Van den Eede
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Toshio Kawai
- Osaka Occupational Health Service Center, Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association, 2-3-8, Tosabori, Nishi-ku, Osaka 550-0001, Japan
| | - Tazuru Tsuboi
- Osaka Occupational Health Service Center, Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association, 2-3-8, Tosabori, Nishi-ku, Osaka 550-0001, Japan
| | - Rahel Mesfin Ketema
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; Hokkaido University, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kita 12, Nishi 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Reiko Kishi
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
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102
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Emo B, Hu LW, Yang BY, Mohammed KA, Geneus C, Vaughn M, Qian Z(M, Dong GH. Housing characteristics, home environmental factors, and pulmonary function deficit in Chinese children: Results from the Seven Northeast Cities (SNEC) Study. Facets (Ott) 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/facets-2017-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess the effects of housing characteristics and home environmental factors on lung function of Chinese children, 6740 children (aged 6–16 years) were recruited from seven cities in Northeast China in 2012. Performance of lung function was determined by comparison of forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume (FEV1), peak expiratory flow (PEF), and maximal mid-expiratory flow (MMEF). Multivariate regression models were used to evaluate the associations with lung function deficit. The results showed that housing conditions were associated with lung function deficit in children. The adjusted odds ratios were 0.47 (95% CI: 0.26–0.83) for FVC for “ping-fang” housing compared with “dan-yuan-lou-fang” housing and 2.90 (95% CI: 2.43–3.47) for FEV1 with home renovations completed within two years compared with counterparts. The linear regression models consistently showed a significant association of housing conditions and home environmental factors with lung function measurements across subjects. A residence taller than seven stories was negatively associated with FEV1 ( β = −55; 95% CI: −97 to −13). In conclusion, housing conditions and home environmental factors are particularly important to the development of lung function and respiratory health in children. These factors are concerning and action should be taken to improve them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Emo
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Li-Wen Hu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Bo-Yi Yang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Kahee A. Mohammed
- Department of Epidemiology, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Christian Geneus
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Michael Vaughn
- School of Social Work, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Zhengmin (Min) Qian
- Department of Epidemiology, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Guang-Hui Dong
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
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103
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Saillenfait AM, Ndaw S, Robert A, Sabaté JP. Recent biomonitoring reports on phosphate ester flame retardants: a short review. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:2749-2778. [PMID: 30097699 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2275-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphate triesters (PEFRs) are used increasingly as flame retardants and plasticizers in a variety of applications, such as building materials, textiles, and electric and electronic equipment. They have been proposed as alternatives to brominated flame retardants. This updated review shows that biomonitoring has gained incrementally greater importance in evaluating human exposure to PEFRs, and it holds the advantage of taking into account the multiple potential sources and various intake pathways of PEFRs. Simultaneous and extensive internal exposure to a broad range of PEFRs have been reported worldwide. Their metabolites, mainly dialkyl or diaryl diesters, have been used as biomarkers of exposure and have been ubiquitously detected in the urine of adults and children in the general population. Concentrations and profiles of PEFR urinary metabolites are seen to be variable and are highly dependent on individual and environmental factors, including age, country regulation of flame retardants, and types and quantities of emissions in microenvironments, as well as analytical procedures. Additional large biomonitoring studies, using a broad range of urinary diesters and hydroxylated metabolites, would be useful to improve the validity of the biomarkers and to refine assessments of human exposure to PEFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Saillenfait
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Rue du Morvan, CS, 60027, 54519, Vandoeuvre Cedex, France.
| | - Sophie Ndaw
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Rue du Morvan, CS, 60027, 54519, Vandoeuvre Cedex, France
| | - Alain Robert
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Rue du Morvan, CS, 60027, 54519, Vandoeuvre Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Sabaté
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Rue du Morvan, CS, 60027, 54519, Vandoeuvre Cedex, France
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104
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Kishi R, Yoshino H, Araki A, Saijo Y, Azuma K, Kawai T, Yamato H, Osawa H, Shibata E, Tanaka M, Masuchi A, Minatoya M, Ait Bamai Y. [New Scientific Evidence-based Public Health Guidelines and Practical Manual for Prevention of Sick House Syndrome]. Nihon Eiseigaku Zasshi 2018; 73:116-129. [PMID: 29848862 DOI: 10.1265/jjh.73.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we have published a book containing evidence-based public health guidelines and a practical manual for the prevention of sick house syndrome. The manual is available through the homepage of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (http://www.mhlw.go.jp/file/06-Seisakujouhou-11130500-Shokuhinanzenbu/0000155147.pdf). It is an almost completely revised version of the 2009 version. The coauthors are 13 specialists in environmental epidemiology, exposure sciences, architecture, and risk communication. Since the 1970s, health problems caused by indoor chemicals, biological pollution, poor temperature control, humidity, and others in office buildings have been recognized as sick building syndrome (SBS) in Western countries, but in Japan it was not until the 1990s that people living in new or renovated homes started to describe a variety of nonspecific subjective symptoms such as eye, nose, and throat irritation, headache, and general fatigue. These symptoms resembled SBS and were designated "sick house syndrome (SHS)." To determine the strategy for prevention of SHS, we conducted a nationwide epidemiological study in six cities from 2003-2013 by randomly sampling 5,709 newly built houses. As a result 1,479 residents in 425 households agreed to environmental monitoring for indoor aldehydes and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). After adjustment for possible risk factors, some VOCs and formaldehyde were dose-dependently shown to be significant risk factors. We also studied the dampness of the houses, fungi, allergies, and others. This book is fully based on the scientific evidence collected through these studies and other newly obtained information, especially from the aspect of architectural engineering. In addition to SHS, we included chapters on recent information about "multi-chemical sensitivity."
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Kishi
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Environmental Health and Prevention of Chemical Hazards
| | | | - Atsuko Araki
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Environmental Health and Prevention of Chemical Hazards
| | | | | | | | - Hiroshi Yamato
- University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Machiko Minatoya
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Environmental Health and Prevention of Chemical Hazards
| | - Yu Ait Bamai
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Environmental Health and Prevention of Chemical Hazards
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105
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Phillips AL, Hammel SC, Hoffman K, Lorenzo AM, Chen A, Webster TF, Stapleton HM. Children's residential exposure to organophosphate ester flame retardants and plasticizers: Investigating exposure pathways in the TESIE study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 116:176-185. [PMID: 29689464 PMCID: PMC5980657 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following the phase-out of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), organophosphate esters (OPEs) have been increasingly used in consumer products and building materials for their flame retardant and plasticizing properties. As a result, human exposure to these chemicals is widespread as evidenced by common detection of their metabolites in urine. However, little is known about the major exposure pathways, or factors that influence children's exposure to OPEs. Furthermore, little data is available on exposure to the novel aryl OPEs. OBJECTIVES To examine predictors of children's internal exposure, we assessed relationships between OPEs in house dust and on hand wipes and levels of their corresponding metabolites in paired urine samples (n = 181). We also examined associations between urinary metabolites and potential covariates, including child's age and sex, mother's educational attainment and race, and average outdoor air temperature. METHODS Children aged 3 to 6 years provided urine and hand wipe samples. Mothers or legal guardians completed questionnaires, and a house dust sample was taken from the main living area during home visits. Alkyl chlorinated and aryl OPEs were measured in dust and hand wipes, and composite urine samples were analyzed for several metabolites. RESULTS Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP), tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP), 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPHP), triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), and 2-isopropylphenyl diphenyl phosphate (2IPPDPP) were detected frequently in hand wipes and dust (>80%), indicating that these compounds were near-ubiquitous in indoor environments. Additionally, bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) 1-hydroxy-2-propyl phosphate (BCIPHIPP), bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP), diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), mono-isopropyl phenyl phenyl phosphate (ip-PPP), and mono-tert-butyl phenyl phenyl phosphate (tb-PPP) were detected in >94% of tested urine samples, signifying that TESIE participants were widely exposed to OPEs. Contrary to PBDEs, house dust OPE concentrations were generally not correlated with urinary OPE metabolite levels; however, hand wipe levels of OPEs were associated with internal dose. For example, children with the highest mass of TDCIPP on hand wipes had BDCIPP levels that were 2.73 times those of participants with the lowest levels (95% CI: 1.67, 4.48, p < 0.0001). Of the variables examined, hand wipe level was the most consistent and strongest predictor of OPE urinary metabolite concentrations. Outdoor air temperature was also a significant predictor of urinary BDCIPP concentrations, with a 1 °C increase in temperature corresponding to a 4% increase in urinary BDCIPP (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS OPE exposures are highly prevalent, and data provided herein further substantiate hand-to-mouth contact and dermal absorption as important pathways of OPE exposure, especially for young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L Phillips
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.
| | - Stephanie C Hammel
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.
| | - Kate Hoffman
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.
| | - Amelia M Lorenzo
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.
| | - Albert Chen
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Thomas F Webster
- Boston University School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Heather M Stapleton
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.
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106
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Mokra K, Bukowski K, Woźniak K. Effects of tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate and tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate on cell viability and morphological changes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (in vitro study). Hum Exp Toxicol 2018; 37:1336-1345. [PMID: 29945461 DOI: 10.1177/0960327118783529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) are a group of chemicals widely used in various everyday use products. Tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate (TCEP) and tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TCPP) are one of the commonly used chemicals belonging to this group. Due to the need of limitation of the use of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) as retardants, the share of the compounds tested in our experiments in chemicals production systematically increases. There is limited information about the influence of halogenated OPFRs on living cells, especially on the immune system cells. That is why the aim of this study was to assess the impact of TCEP and TCPP on viability and morphological alterations of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The cells were incubated with selected flame retardants in the concentrations ranging from 0.001 to 1 mM for 24 h. It was found that TCEP at 1 mM and TCPP at 0.5 mM decreased viability of PBMCs, while only TCPP induced morphological alterations in the incubated cells. The results of our experiments suggest that TCPP is more cytotoxic than TCEP, which can be explained by the presence of methyl groups in the molecule of this compound. Similar to other studies, our data also suggest that OPFRs are suitable replacements for PBDEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mokra
- 1 Department of Biophysics Environmental Pollution, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - K Bukowski
- 2 Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - K Woźniak
- 2 Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
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107
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Been F, Bastiaensen M, Lai FY, Libousi K, Thomaidis NS, Benaglia L, Esseiva P, Delémont O, van Nuijs ALN, Covaci A. Mining the Chemical Information on Urban Wastewater: Monitoring Human Exposure to Phosphorus Flame Retardants and Plasticizers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:6996-7005. [PMID: 29798668 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
At the individual level, exposure to contaminants is generally assessed through the analysis of specific biomarkers in biological matrices. However, these studies are costly and logistically demanding, limiting their applicability to monitor population-wide exposure over time and space. By focusing on a selection of exposure biomarkers to phosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers (PFRs), this study aims to explore the possibility of using wastewater as a complementary source of information about exposure. Wastewater samples were collected from five cities in Europe and analyzed using a previously established method. Substantial differences in biomarker levels were observed between the investigated catchments, suggesting differences in exposure. Time trends in biomarkers observed between 2013 and 2016 were found to agree with results from human biomonitoring studies and reports about production volumes. Using Monte Carlo simulations, average urinary concentrations were estimated. These were generally higher compared to results from human biomonitoring studies. Various explanations for these differences were formulated (i.e., other excretion routes, external sources and different sampling approaches). Obtained results show that wastewater analysis provides unique information about geographical and temporal differences in exposure, which would be difficult to gather using other monitoring tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Been
- Toxicological Centre , University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1 , 2610 Wilrijk , Belgium
| | - Michiel Bastiaensen
- Toxicological Centre , University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1 , 2610 Wilrijk , Belgium
| | - Foon Yin Lai
- Toxicological Centre , University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1 , 2610 Wilrijk , Belgium
| | - Katerina Libousi
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis Zografou , 15771 Athens , Greece
| | - Nikolaos S Thomaidis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis Zografou , 15771 Athens , Greece
| | - Lisa Benaglia
- Ecole des Sciences Criminelles , University of Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne-Dorigny, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Esseiva
- Ecole des Sciences Criminelles , University of Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne-Dorigny, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Delémont
- Ecole des Sciences Criminelles , University of Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne-Dorigny, Switzerland
| | - Alexander L N van Nuijs
- Toxicological Centre , University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1 , 2610 Wilrijk , Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre , University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1 , 2610 Wilrijk , Belgium
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108
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The environmental health of children is one of the great global health concerns. Exposures in utero and throughout development can have major consequences on later health. However, environmental risks or disease burdens vary from region to region. Birth cohort studies are ideal for investigating different environmental risks. METHODS The principal investigators of three birth cohorts in Asia including the Taiwan Birth Panel Study (TBPS), the Mothers and Children's Environmental Health Study (MOCEH), and the Hokkaido Study on Environment and Children' Health (Hokkaido Study) coestablished the Birth Cohort Consortium of Asia (BiCCA) in 2011. Through a series of five PI meetings, the enrolment criteria, aim of the consortium, and a first-phase inventory were confirmed. RESULTS To date, 23 birth cohorts have been established in 10 Asian countries, consisting of approximately 70,000 study subjects in the BiCCA. This article provides the study framework, environmental exposure and health outcome assessments, as well as maternal and infant characteristics of the participating cohorts. CONCLUSIONS The BiCCA provides a unique and reliable source of birth cohort information in Asian countries. Further scientific cooperation is ongoing to identify specific regional environmental threats and improve the health of children in Asia.
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109
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Ali N, Ibrahim Ismail IM, Kadi MW, Salem Ali Albar HM. Currently used organophosphate flame retardants determined in the settled dust of masjids and hotels of Saudi Arabia, a new insight into human health implications of dust exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2018; 20:798-805. [PMID: 29629467 DOI: 10.1039/c8em00014j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Indoor settled dust particles are considered as an important source of human exposure to chemicals such as organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs). In recent decades the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) has experienced tremendous growth in population, as a result the number of masjids has also increased significantly to provide sufficient space for the public to offer prayers. The hospitality industry in KSA is also expanding to cater for the ever-increasing number of pilgrims visiting the two holy cities of the kingdom. However, limited data are available on the indoor pollution of masjids and hotels. In this study, PFRs were analyzed in the settled dust collected from various hotels and masjids of Jeddah, KSA. Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) and tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) were the major PFRs in masjid (median = 2490 and 2055 ngg-1) and hotel (median = 2360 and 3315 ngg-1) dust, respectively. A public health risk assessment was carried out by determining the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR), and daily exposure via dust ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact of PFRs. The calculated daily exposure via dust ingestion was well below the reference dose (RfD) values, and also the calculated hazardous quotient (HQ) and carcinogenic risk were well below the risk mark. However, the ILCR for PFRs was below the reference values of USEPA, which suggested that long-term exposure to these chemicals has a limited cause for concern. The study showed that the general public is exposed to PFRs in the studied microenvironments and the major exposure routes are dermal contact and ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem Ali
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box: 80216, Jeddah21589, Saudi Arabia.
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110
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Chen M, Liu Y, Guo R, Xu H, Song N, Han Z, Chen N, Zhang S, Chen J. Spatiotemporal distribution and risk assessment of organophosphate esters in sediment from Taihu Lake, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:13787-13795. [PMID: 29508199 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1434-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and spatiotemporal distribution of 12 organophosphate esters (OPEs) were investigated in the sediments collected from Taihu Lake. Compared to the same lake in 2012 (3.4-14 ng/g dw), the concentrations of ∑12 OPEs in sediments ranged from 10.76 to 335.37 ng/g dw and from 8.06 to 425.39 ng/g dw in 2015 and in 2016, respectively, indicating that the OPEs levels in Taihu Lake have aggravated, recently. TEHP was the most abundant compound of the OPEs, which suggested that TEHP was the most widely used around Taihu Lake recently. The positive correlations between some of individual OPEs and the principal components analysis suggested the same potential sources for them. The strong positive correlation between ∑BPs and TOC content indicated that TOC content was one of the factors affected the distribution of ∑OPEs in the sediment. Risk quotient (RQ) for OPEs showed no high eco-toxicity risk in sediment for aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihong Chen
- Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Nanjing, 210042, China
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Yanhua Liu
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Ruixin Guo
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Huaizhou Xu
- Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Ninghui Song
- Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Zhihua Han
- Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Nannan Chen
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Shenghu Zhang
- Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Nanjing, 210042, China.
| | - Jianqiu Chen
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
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111
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Tokumura M, Miyake Y, Wang Q, Nakayama H, Amagai T, Ogo S, Kume K, Kobayashi T, Takasu S, Ogawa K. Methods for the analysis of organophosphorus flame retardants-Comparison of GC-EI-MS, GC-NCI-MS, LC-ESI-MS/MS, and LC-APCI-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2018; 53:475-481. [PMID: 29303426 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2017.1410419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) are extensively used as alternatives to banned polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). In this study, we analyzed 14 PFRs by means of four mass-spectrometry-based methods: gas chromatography combined with electron-impact mass spectrometry (GC-EI-MS) or negative-chemical-ionization mass spectrometry (GC-NCI-MS) and liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry using electrospray ionization (LC-ESI-MS/MS) or atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (LC-APCI-MS/MS). The limits of quantification (LOQs) for LC-ESI-MS/MS and LC-APCI-MS/MS (0.81-970 pg) were 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than the LOQs for GC-EI-MS and GC-NCI-MS (2.3-3900 pg). LC-APCI-MS/MS showed the lowest LOQs (mean = 41 pg; median = 3.4 pg) for all but two of the PFRs targeted in this study. For LC-APCI-MS/MS, the lowest LOQ was observed for tributyl phosphate (TBP) (0.81 pg), and the highest was observed for tris(butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) (36 pg). The results of this study indicate that LC-APCI-MS/MS is the optimum analytical method for the target PFRs, at least in terms of LOQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Tokumura
- a Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Science , University of Shizuoka , Suruga-ku, Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Yuichi Miyake
- a Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Science , University of Shizuoka , Suruga-ku, Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Qi Wang
- a Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Science , University of Shizuoka , Suruga-ku, Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Hayato Nakayama
- a Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Science , University of Shizuoka , Suruga-ku, Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Takashi Amagai
- a Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Science , University of Shizuoka , Suruga-ku, Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Sayaka Ogo
- b Department of Environmental Sciences , Shizuoka Institute of Environment and Hygiene , Aoi-ku, Sizuoka , Japan
| | - Kazunari Kume
- c Faculty of Environmental Studies , Tokyo City University , Setagaya-ku, Tokyo , Japan
| | - Takeshi Kobayashi
- d Faculty of Environment and Information Sciences , Yokohama National University , Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama , Japan
| | - Shinji Takasu
- e Division of Pathology , National Institute of Health Sciences , Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki , Japan
| | - Kumiko Ogawa
- e Division of Pathology , National Institute of Health Sciences , Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki , Japan
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112
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Frederiksen M, Stapleton HM, Vorkamp K, Webster TF, Jensen NM, Sørensen JA, Nielsen F, Knudsen LE, Sørensen LS, Clausen PA, Nielsen JB. Dermal uptake and percutaneous penetration of organophosphate esters in a human skin ex vivo model. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 197:185-192. [PMID: 29353672 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are used as flame retardants, plasticizers, and as hydraulic fluids. They are present in indoor environments in high concentrations compared with other flame retardants, and human exposure is ubiquitous. In this study we provide data for estimating dermal uptake for eight OPEs and ranking in OPEs risk assessment. Dermal uptake and percutaneous penetration of the OPEs were studied in a Franz diffusion cell system using human skin dosed with a mixture of OPEs in an ethanol:toluene (4:1) solution. Large variation in penetration profiles was observed between the OPEs. The chlorinated OPEs tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP), and in particular tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), penetrated the skin quite rapidly while tris(1,3-dichlor-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) tended to build up in the skin tissue and only smaller amounts permeated through the skin. For tris(isobutyl) phosphate (TIBP), tris(n-butyl) phosphate (TNBP), and tris(methylphenyl) phosphate (TMPP) the mass balance was not stable over time indicating possible degradation during the experimental period of 72 h. The rates at which OPEs permeated through the skin decreased in the order TCEP > TCIPP ≥ TBOEP > TIBP ≥ TNBP > TDCIPP > TPHP > TMPP. Generally, the permeation coefficient, kp, decreased with increasing log Kow, whereas lag time and skin deposition increased with log Kow. The present data indicate that dermal uptake is a non-negligible human exposure pathway for the majority of the studied OPEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Frederiksen
- Danish Building Research Institute, Aalborg University, A.C. Meyers Vænge 15, 2400, Copenhagen SV, Denmark; National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Heather M Stapleton
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, LSRC Box 90328, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Katrin Vorkamp
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Thomas F Webster
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany St, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Niels Martin Jensen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Jens Ahm Sørensen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Flemming Nielsen
- Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløws Vej 9B, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Lisbeth E Knudsen
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Lars S Sørensen
- Danish Building Research Institute, Aalborg University, A.C. Meyers Vænge 15, 2400, Copenhagen SV, Denmark
| | - Per Axel Clausen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Jesper B Nielsen
- Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløws Vej 9B, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
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113
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He C, Wang X, Thai P, Baduel C, Gallen C, Banks A, Bainton P, English K, Mueller JF. Organophosphate and brominated flame retardants in Australian indoor environments: Levels, sources, and preliminary assessment of human exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 235:670-679. [PMID: 29339336 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of nine organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) and eight polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were measured in samples of indoor dust (n = 85) and air (n = 45) from Australian houses, offices, hotels, and transportation (buses, trains, and aircraft). All target compounds were detected in indoor dust and air samples. Median ∑9OPFRs concentrations were 40 μg/g in dust and 44 ng/m3 in indoor air, while median ∑8PBDEs concentrations were 2.1 μg/g and 0.049 ng/m3. Concentrations of FRs were higher in rooms that contained carpet, air conditioners, and various electronic items. Estimated daily intakes in adults are 14000 pg/kg body weight/day and 330 pg/kg body weight/day for ∑9OPFRs and ∑8PBDEs, respectively. Our results suggest that for the volatile FRs such as tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and TCIPP, inhalation is expected to be the more important intake pathway compared to dust ingestion and dermal contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang He
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Xianyu Wang
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Phong Thai
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Christine Baduel
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Université Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 rue de la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christie Gallen
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Andrew Banks
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Paul Bainton
- Department of the Environment and Energy, GPO Box 787, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Karin English
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Australia; Children's Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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114
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Björnsdotter MK, Romera-García E, Borrull J, de Boer J, Rubio S, Ballesteros-Gómez A. Presence of diphenyl phosphate and aryl-phosphate flame retardants in indoor dust from different microenvironments in Spain and the Netherlands and estimation of human exposure. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 112:59-67. [PMID: 29268159 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Phosphate flame retardants (PFRs) are ubiquitous chemicals in the indoor environment. Diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) is a major metabolite and a common biomarker of aryl-PFRs. Since it is used as a chemical additive and it is a common impurity of aryl-PFRs as well as a degradation product, its presence in indoor dust as an additional source of exposure should not be easily ruled out. In this study, DPHP (and TPHP) are measured in indoor dust in samples collected in Spain and in the Netherlands (n=80). Additionally, the presence of other emerging aryl-PFRs was monitored by target screening. TPHP and DPHP were present in all samples in the ranges 169-142,459ng/g and 106-79,661ng/g, respectively. DPHP concentrations were strongly correlated to the TPHP levels (r=0.90, p<0.01), suggesting that DPHP could be present as degradation product of TPHP or other aryl-PFRs. Estimated exposures for adults and toddlers in Spain to TPHP and DPHP via dust ingestion (country for which the number of samples was higher) were much lower than the estimated reference dose (US EPA) for TPHP. However, other routes of exposure may contribute to the overall internal exposure (diet, dermal contact with dust/consumer products and inhalation of indoor air). The estimated urinary DPHP levels for adults and toddlers in Spain (0.002-0.032ng/mL) as a result of dust ingestion were low in comparison with the reported levels, indicating a low contribution of this source of contamination to the overall DPHP exposure. Other aryl-PFRs, namely cresyl diphenyl phosphate (CDP), resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate) (RDP), 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EDPHP), isodecyl diphenyl phosphate (IDP) and bisphenol A bis(diphenyl phosphate) (BDP), were all detected in indoor dust, however, with lower frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria K Björnsdotter
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemistry and Nanochemistry, Marie Curie Building (Annex), Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, 14071, Spain
| | - Encarnación Romera-García
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemistry and Nanochemistry, Marie Curie Building (Annex), Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, 14071, Spain
| | - Josep Borrull
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Environment and Health, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacob de Boer
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Environment and Health, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Soledad Rubio
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemistry and Nanochemistry, Marie Curie Building (Annex), Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, 14071, Spain
| | - Ana Ballesteros-Gómez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemistry and Nanochemistry, Marie Curie Building (Annex), Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, 14071, Spain.
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115
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He C, Toms LML, Thai P, Van den Eede N, Wang X, Li Y, Baduel C, Harden FA, Heffernan AL, Hobson P, Covaci A, Mueller JF. Urinary metabolites of organophosphate esters: Concentrations and age trends in Australian children. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 111:124-130. [PMID: 29195135 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
There is growing concern around the use of organophosphate esters (OPEs) due to their suspected reproductive toxicity, carcinogenicity, and neurotoxicity. OPEs are used as flame retardants and plasticizers, and due to their extensive application in consumer products, are found globally in the indoor environment. Early life exposure to OPEs is an important risk factor for children's health, but poorly understood. To study age and sex trends of OPE exposures in infants and young children, we collected, pooled, and analysed urine samples from children aged 0-5years from Queensland, Australia for 9 parent OPEs and 11 metabolites. Individual urine samples (n=400) were stratified by age and sex, and combined into 20 pools. Three individual breast milk samples were also analysed to provide a preliminary estimate on the contribution of breast milk to the intake of OPEs. Bis(1-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (BCIPP), 1-hydroxy-2-propyl bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCIPHIPP), bis(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (BDCIPP), dibutyl phosphate (DBP), diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), bis(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (BBOEP), bis(2-butoxyethyl) 3-hydroxyl-2-butoxyethyl phosphate (3OH-TBOEP), and bis(2-butoxyethyl) hydroxyethyl phosphate (BBOEHEP) were detected in all urine samples, followed by bis(methylphenyl) phosphate (80%), and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (BEHP, 20%), and bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (BCEP, 15%). Concentrations of tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), BCEP, tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP), and DBP decreased with age, while bis(methylphenyl) phosphate (BMPP) increased with age. Significantly higher concentrations of DPHP (p=0.039), and significantly lower concentrations of TEHP (p=0.006) were found in female samples compared to males. The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) via breastfeeding, were 4.6, 26 and 76ng/kg/day for TCEP, TBP and TEHP, respectively, and were higher than that via air and dust, suggesting higher exposure through consumption of breast milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang He
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, 4108 Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Leisa-Maree L Toms
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 4000 Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Phong Thai
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, 4000 Brisbane, Australia
| | - Nele Van den Eede
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Xianyu Wang
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, 4108 Brisbane, Australia
| | - Yan Li
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, 4108 Brisbane, Australia
| | - Christine Baduel
- Université Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 rue de la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France; QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, 4108 Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Amy L Heffernan
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, 4108 Brisbane, Australia; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 3000 Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter Hobson
- Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Taringa, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, 4108 Brisbane, Australia
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116
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Zeng X, Wu Y, Liu Z, Gao S, Yu Z. Occurrence and distribution of organophosphate ester flame retardants in indoor dust and their potential health exposure risk. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:345-352. [PMID: 28986991 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and distribution of 10 organophosphate ester (OP) flame retardants/plasticizers were studied in indoor dust collected in 2 districts of Wuhan City. Total concentrations of the 10 OPs (ΣOPs) varied from 86.5 to 6389 ng/g in 26 dust samples in Caidian District and from 300 to 10 186 ng/g in 27 samples in Jiang'an District. In most dust samples tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate was dominant over the other OPs, with concentrations of 9.14 to 2722 ng/g (mean 388 ng/g) in Caidian District and 57.3 to 3718 ng/g (mean 616 ng/g) in Jiang'an District. The calculated hazard indices, based on estimated exposure dose via dust ingestion to the reference dose, were much lower than 1. The results suggested that the inhabitants in the 2 regions were at low risk of exposure through dust ingestion. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:345-352. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyang Liu
- Institute of Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shutao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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117
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Muenhor D, Moon HB, Lee S, Goosey E. Organophosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) and phthalates in floor and road dust from a manual e-waste dismantling facility and adjacent communities in Thailand. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2018; 53:79-90. [PMID: 29064740 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2017.1369813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to investigate levels of organophosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) and phthalates in floor and road dust from a manual e-waste dismantling facility and nearby communities in Thailand. Concentrations of Σ10 PFRs and Σ6 phthalates in floor dust from the facility were approximately 36-1,700 and 86,000-790,000 ng g-1, whereas those from the communities were about 13-9,200 and 44,000-2,700,000 ng g-1, respectively. The highest content of Σ10 PFRs (9,200 ng g-1) and Σ6 phthalates (2,700,000 ng g-1) in indoor dust was both detected in the dust sampled from a house with no prevailing winds located 350 m northeast of the facility. Levels of Σ10 PFRs and Σ6 phthalates in road dust from the facility were around 1,100-2,100 and 40,000-670,000 ng g-1, while those from the residences were about 650-2,000 and 27,000-650,000 ng g-1, respectively. Concentrations of Σ10 PFRs (2,100 ng g-1) and Σ6 phthalates (670,000 ng g-1) in road dust were greatest in the dust collected from the facility. For the distributional pattern, TBEP (tris (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate) was the main PFR in residential dust, whereas TPP (triphenyl phosphate) was the major PFR in facility dust. TBEP was also found to be the most prominent PFR in all road dust samples. Furthermore, DEHP (di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate) was the most abundant phthalate congener in both floor and road dust samples. Under realistic high-end scenarios of environmental exposure to DEHP, Thai toddlers (25.29 µg kg-1 bw day-1) in the adjacent communities were exposed above the US EPA's (United States Environmental Protection Agency) reference dose (RfD) for this congener (20 µg kg-1 bw day-1). Our data reveal that the PFR and phthalate-containing products at the residences are a likely substantial source of PFRs and phthalates to the surrounding indoor environment, and humans can be exposed to PFRs and phthalates in their dwellings via the settled floor dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dudsadee Muenhor
- a Faculty of Environmental Management , Prince of Songkla University , Hat Yai, Songkhla , Thailand
- b Air Pollution and Health Effect Research Center , Prince of Songkla University , Hat Yai, Songkhla , Thailand
- c Health Impact Assessment Research Center , Prince of Songkla University , Hat Yai, Songkhla , Thailand
- d Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management (HSM) , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- e Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering , Hanyang University , Ansan , Republic of Korea
| | - Sunggyu Lee
- e Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering , Hanyang University , Ansan , Republic of Korea
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118
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Araki A, Ait Bamai Y, Ketema RM, Kishi R. [House Dust and Its Adverse Health Effects]. Nihon Eiseigaku Zasshi 2018; 73:130-137. [PMID: 29848863 DOI: 10.1265/jjh.73.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we examine house dust and its effect on inhabitants' health. Residential house dust includes components from plants, pollens, microorganisms, insects, skin flakes, hairs and fibers. It also includes materials contaminated with chemicals from combustion, furniture, interior materials, electronics, cleaning agents, personal care products. Nowadays, most people spend their time indoors. Thus, dust is an important medium of exposure to pollutions. According to United States Environmental Protection Agency Exposure Factors Handbook, the estimated amount of dust ingestion is 30 mg/day for adults, and 60 mg/day for children over 1 year of age. Since 2003, we have been conducting epidemiological studies to find the association between the indoor environment and the inhabitants' health. The levels of mite allergens, endotoxins, and β-1,3-d-glucan in house dust were measured as biological factors. Semi volatile organic compounds (SVOC) such as phthalates and phosphate flame retardants (PFRs) in dust were also analyzed. As a result, we found that the ORs (95%CI) of nasal and optical symptoms of sick building syndrome (SBS) were 1.45 (1.01-2.10) and 1.47 (1.14-1.88), respectively, when there was a 10-fold increase in the levels of mite allergens. There was no association of mite allergens with allergies. Endotoxins and β-1,3-d-glucan did not show any association with SBS. Regarding SVOC, increased levels of phthalates and PFR increased the risk of allergies. The association between phthalates and increased risk of allergies was clearer among children than adults. There were no gold standards of dust sampling and pretreatment methods. Thus, caution is needed when comparing findings of various studies. Methods should accurately reflect exposure levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Araki
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences
| | - Yu Ait Bamai
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences
| | | | - Reiko Kishi
- Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences
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119
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Liu J, Ye J, Chen Y, Li C, Ou H. UV-driven hydroxyl radical oxidation of tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate: Intermediate products and residual toxicity. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 190:225-233. [PMID: 28992474 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus esters (OPEs) are emerging contaminants widely applied as annexing agents in a variety of industrial products, and they are robust against conventional wastewater treatments. Ultraviolet-driven (UV) radical-based advanced oxidation processes have a potential to become cost-effective treatment technologies for the removal of OPEs in water matrix, but residual and newly generated toxicities of degradation products are a concern. This study is a comprehensive attempt to evaluate UV/H2O2 for the degradation of a water dissolved OPE, tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP). In ultrapure water, a pseudo-first order reaction was observed, and the degradation rate constant reached 0.155 min-1 for 3.5 μM TCEP using 7.0 mW cm-2 UV irradiation with 44.0 μM H2O2. Hydroxyl radicals were involved in the oxidative degradation of TCEP, as demonstrated by the quenching of the degradation reaction in the presences of tertiary butanol or ethanol. High resolution mass spectroscopy data showed a partial transformation of TCEP to a series of hydroxylated and dechlorinated products e.g., C4H9Cl2O4P, C6H13Cl2O5P and C2H6ClO4P. Based on proteomics data at molecular and metabolic network levels, the toxicity of TCEP products was reduced obviously as the reaction proceeded, which was confirmed by the up-regulated tricarboxylic acid cycle, fatty acid metabolism and amino acid metabolism in Escherichia coli cells exposed to degradation products mixture. In conclusion, incomplete hydroxylation and dechlorination of TCEP likewise are effective for its detoxification, indicating that UV/H2O2 can be a promising treatment method for OPEs removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Liu
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jinshao Ye
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Walnut Creek 94598, CA, USA
| | - Yifu Chen
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Chongshu Li
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Huase Ou
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Yadav IC, Devi NL, Li J, Zhang G. Organophosphate ester flame retardants in Nepalese soil: Spatial distribution, source apportionment and air-soil exchange assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 190:114-123. [PMID: 28985534 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite soil being the major terrestrial environmental reservoir and one of the significant sinks for many hydrophobic organic compounds including organophosphate ester flame retardants (OPFRs), limited information is available about concentration and fate of OPFRs contamination in urban soil in general and especially in case of Nepal. This study investigates the environmental concentration, spatial distribution and source apportionment of eight OPFRs in surface soil (n = 28) from four major cities of Nepal with special interest on air-soil exchange. Overall, significantly high concentrations of ∑8OPFR were measured in soil ranging from 25-27,900 ng/g dw (median 248 ng/g dw). In terms of compositional pattern, tris(methyl phenyl) phosphate (TMPP) was the most abundant phosphorus chemical in soil, followed by tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP), and accounted for 35-49% and 8-25% of ∑8OPFRs, respectively. The high level of these OPFRs was attributed to local sources as opposed to transboundary influence from remote areas. A Spearman's rank correlation analysis exhibited weak correlation of ∑8OPFRs with TOC (Rho = 0.117, p < 0.05) and BC (Rho = 0.007, p < 0.05), suggesting little or no influence of TOC and BC on the concentration of ∑8OPFRs. The fugacity fraction (ff) results indicated a strong influence of soil contamination on atmospheric level of OPFRs via volatilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishwar Chandra Yadav
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; Department of International Environmental and Agricultural Science (IEAS), Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT), 3-5-8, Saiwai-Cho, Fuchu-Shi, Tokyo 1838509, Japan.
| | | | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
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Ospina M, Jayatilaka NK, Wong LY, Restrepo P, Calafat AM. Exposure to organophosphate flame retardant chemicals in the U.S. general population: Data from the 2013-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 110:32-41. [PMID: 29102155 PMCID: PMC6261284 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Use of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) including tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate, triphenyl phosphate, tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate, and tris-2-chloroethyl phosphate, in consumer products is on the rise because of the recent phase out of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants. Some of these chemicals are also used as plasticizers or lubricants in many consumer products. OBJECTIVES To assess human exposure to these chlorinated and non-chlorinated organophosphates, and non-PBDE brominated chemicals in a representative sample of the U.S. general population 6years and older from the 2013-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). METHODS We used solid-phase extraction coupled to isotope dilution high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry after enzymatic hydrolysis of conjugates to analyze 2666 NHANES urine samples for nine biomarkers: diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP), bis-(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCIPP), bis-2-chloroethyl phosphate (BCEP), di-n-butyl phosphate (DNBP), di-p-cresylphosphate (DpCP), di-o-cresylphosphate (DoCP), dibenzyl phosphate (DBzP), and 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoic acid (TBBA). We calculated the geometric mean (GM) and distribution percentiles for the urinary concentrations (both in micrograms per liter [μg/L] and in micrograms per gram of creatinine). We only calculated GMs for analytes with an overall weighted frequency of detection >60%. For those analytes, we also a) determined weighted Pearson correlations among the log10-transformed concentrations, and b) used regression models to evaluate associations of various demographic parameters with urinary concentrations of these biomarkers. RESULTS We detected BDCIPP and DPHP in approximately 92% of study participants, BCEP in 89%, DNBP in 81%, and BCIPP in 61%. By contrast, we detected the other biomarkers much less frequently: DpCP (13%), DoCP (0.1%), TBBA (5%), and did not detect DBzP in any of the participants. Concentration ranges were highest for DPHP (<0.16-193μg/L), BDCIPP (<0.11-169μg/L), and BCEP (<0.08-110μg/L). Regardless of race/ethnicity, 6-11year old children had significantly higher BCEP adjusted GMs than other age groups. Females had significantly higher DPHP and BDCIPP adjusted GM than males, and were more likely than males to have DPHP concentrations above the 95th percentile (odds ratio=3.61; 95% confidence interval, 2.01-6.48). CONCLUSIONS Our results confirm findings from previous studies suggesting human exposure to OPFRs, and demonstrate, for the first time, widespread exposure to several OPFRs among a representative sample of the U.S. general population 6years of age and older. The observed differences in concentrations of certain OPFRs biomarkers by race/ethnicity, in children compared to other age groups, and in females compared to males may reflect differences in lifestyle and exposure patterns. These NHANES data can be used to stablish a nationally representative baseline of exposures to OPFRs and when combined with future 2-year survey data, to evaluate exposure trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ospina
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, MS F17, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
| | - Nayana K Jayatilaka
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, MS F17, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Lee-Yang Wong
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, MS F17, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Paula Restrepo
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, MS F17, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, MS F17, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
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122
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Wang Y, Hou M, Zhang Q, Wu X, Zhao H, Xie Q, Chen J. Organophosphorus Flame Retardants and Plasticizers in Building and Decoration Materials and Their Potential Burdens in Newly Decorated Houses in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:10991-10999. [PMID: 28866882 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) have been increasingly used in various building and decoration materials to fulfill fire safety standards since the phasing out of polybrominated diphenyl ethers. We determined OPFR concentrations in the most commonly used building and decoration materials available in local markets and online in China. The OPFR concentrations varied significantly, from 14.78 ng/g (putty powder) to 9649000 ng/g (expanded polystyrene panel (EPS)). Relatively high concentrations of OPFRs were found in foam samples, followed by nonwoven and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) wallpaper, PVC pipes, sealing materials, boards, and paints. Low concentrations were found mostly in wall decoration powders, suggesting that no OPFRs had been added to these powders. Tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate were the most detected halogenated OPFRs, while tri-n-butyl phosphate and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate were the dominant nonhalogenated OPFRs, implying that they are commonly used in building and decoration materials. The estimated OPFR burden in interior decoration using nonwoven wallpaper was 330- and 2110-fold higher than that using latex paint and diatomite, respectively. The emission periods of OPFRs from nonwoven and PVC wallpaper may be greater than 13 years. We estimated that the total burden of OPFRs for decoration using wallpaper in newly decorated houses in China is ∼63 t/y. Significantly higher concentrations of OPFRs in interior decoration materials, especially nonwoven wallpaper, pose potential health risks to the people using the buildings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024, China
| | - Minmin Hou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024, China
| | - Qiaonan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiaowei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024, China
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024, China
| | - Qing Xie
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024, China
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123
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Sugeng EJ, Leonards PEG, van de Bor M. Brominated and organophosphorus flame retardants in body wipes and house dust, and an estimation of house dust hand-loadings in Dutch toddlers. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 158:789-797. [PMID: 28756010 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Children generally have higher Flame Retardant (FR) concentrations in serum compared to other age groups. Toddler behavior enhances direct contact with house dust since their frequent presence proximate to the floor, and their mouthing behavior. This study aimed to thoroughly investigate FR levels in body wipes of toddlers 8-18 months old) and in indoor dust using a noninvasive sampling technique. In this cross-sectional study, body wipes from hands, mouth and back, and indoor household dust samples were collected in twenty-one families and analyzed for one brominated- and seven organophosphorus FRs (polybrominated diphenyl ether 209 (BDE209), tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP), tris(chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCIPP), tris(phenyl) phosphate (TPHP), tris(methylphenyl) phosphate (TMPP), resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate) and bisphenol A bis(diphenyl phosphate)). Accelerated solvent extraction was used for extraction and the extract was measured with liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry. Non-parametric correlation analyses were performed to assess associations. All FRs were detected in body- and indoor dust samples (median range: 1.0ng/hand wipe (BDE209) to 65ng/hand wipe (TCIPP)) and were mostly correlated with each other. We estimated that approximately 260mg dust (range 50-880mg) accumulated on toddler's hands per day. Hand-to-mouth frequency was negatively associated with FR levels in wipes (τ = -0.38, p = 0.04). With increasing age FR concentrations (BDE209, TCEP, TDCIPP, TPHP and TMPP) on hands decreased significantly (p = 0.01-0.03). Girls had significantly less FRs (TCEP, TCIPP, TPHP and TMPP) on the hands (p = 0.01-0.03) than boys. This is to the best of the authors' knowledge the first study in Europe that measured brominated- as well as organophosphorus FRs in several types of body wipes from toddlers and that estimated the amount of house dust that accumulates on toddler's hands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva J Sugeng
- Environment and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Pim E G Leonards
- Environment and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Margot van de Bor
- Environment and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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124
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Yadav IC, Devi NL, Zhong G, Li J, Zhang G, Covaci A. Occurrence and fate of organophosphate ester flame retardants and plasticizers in indoor air and dust of Nepal: Implication for human exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 229:668-678. [PMID: 28704803 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.06.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study was carried out in Nepal, a landlocked country located between world's two most populous countries i.e. India and China. In this study, the occurrence, profiles, spatial distributions and fate of eight organophosphate ester flame retardants (OPFRs) were investigated in indoor air and house dust. Overall, the concentrations of ∑OPFR were in the range of 153-12100 ng/g (median732 ng/g) and 0.32-64 ng/m3 (median 5.2 ng/m3) in house dust and indoor air, respectively. The sources of high OPFR in the indoor environment could be from locally used wide variety of consumer products and building materials in Nepalese houses. Significantly, high concentration of tri-cresyl phosphate (TMPP) was found both in air and dust, while tri (2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP) had the highest concentration in air samples. It might be due to fact that the high concentrations of TMPP are related to intense traffic and/or nearby airports. On the other hand, significantly high concentration of TEHP could be due to anthropogenic activities. Only TEHP showed positive correlation between indoor air and house dust (Rho = 0.517, p < 0.01), while rest of compounds were either less correlated or not correlated at all. The estimated human exposure to ∑OPFR via different pathway of intake suggested dermal absorption via indoor dust as major pathway of human exposure to both children and adult population. However, other pathways of OPFR intake such as dietary or dermal absorption via soil may still be significant in case of Nepal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishwar Chandra Yadav
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China.
| | | | - Guangcai Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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125
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Hammel SC, Hoffman K, Lorenzo AM, Chen A, Phillips AL, Butt CM, Sosa JA, Webster TF, Stapleton HM. Associations between flame retardant applications in furniture foam, house dust levels, and residents' serum levels. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 107:181-189. [PMID: 28750223 PMCID: PMC5572835 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Polyurethane foam (PUF) in upholstered furniture frequently is treated with flame retardant chemicals (FRs) to reduce its flammability and adhere to rigorous flammability standards. For decades, a commercial mixture of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) called PentaBDE was commonly applied to foam to fulfill these regulations; however, concerns over toxicity, bioaccumulation, and persistence led to a global phase-out in the mid-2000s. Although PentaBDE is still detected in older furniture, other FR compounds such as tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) and Firemaster® 550 (FM550) have been increasingly used as replacements. While biomonitoring studies suggest exposure is widespread, the primary sources of exposure are not clearly known. Here, we investigated the relationships between specific FR applications in furniture foam and human exposure. Paired samples of furniture foam, house dust and serum samples were collected from a cohort in North Carolina, USA and analyzed for FRs typically used in PUF. In general, the presence of a specific FR in the sofa of a home was associated with an increase in the concentration of that FR in house dust. For example, the presence of PentaBDE in sofas was associated with significantly higher levels of BDE-47, a major component of PentaBDE, in house dust (10β=6.4, p<0.001). A similar association was observed with a component of FM550, 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB), with levels that were approximately 3 times higher in house dust when FM550 was identified in the sofa foam (p<0.01). These relationships were modified by dust loading rates in the living room and the ratio of sofa size to room size. Interestingly, levels of TDCIPP and tris(1-chloro-2-isopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP) were also higher in dust with detections in sofa foam; however, these associations were not statistically significant and may suggest there are other prominent sources of these compounds in the home. In addition, the presence of PentaBDE in sofa foam was associated with significantly higher levels of BDE-47 in serum (p<0.01). These results suggest that FR applications in sofas are likely major sources of exposure to these compounds in the home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C Hammel
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.
| | - Kate Hoffman
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.
| | - Amelia M Lorenzo
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.
| | - Albert Chen
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Allison L Phillips
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.
| | - Craig M Butt
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Julie Ann Sosa
- Department of Surgery, Duke Cancer Institute, and Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.
| | - Thomas F Webster
- Boston University School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Heather M Stapleton
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.
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126
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Been F, Bastiaensen M, Lai FY, van Nuijs ALN, Covaci A. Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Biomarkers of Exposure to Phosphorus Flame Retardants in Wastewater to Monitor Community-Wide Exposure. Anal Chem 2017; 89:10045-10053. [PMID: 28836434 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers (PFRs) are increasingly used in consumer goods, from which they can leach and pose potential threats to human health. Monitoring human exposure to these compounds is thus highly relevant. Current assessment of exposure through analysis of biological matrices is, however, tedious as well as logistically and financially demanding. Analysis of selected biomarkers of exposure to PFRs in wastewater could be a simple and complementary approach to monitoring, over space and time, exposure at the population level. An analytical procedure, based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry, was developed and validated to monitor the occurrence in wastewater of human exposure biomarkers of 2-ethylhexyldiphenyl phosphate (EHDPHP), tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP), triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP), and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP). Various SPE sorbents and extraction protocols were evaluated, and for the optimized method, absolute extraction recoveries ranged between 46% and 100%. Accuracy and precision were satisfactory for the selected compounds. Method detection limits ranged from 1.6 to 19 ng L-1. Biomarkers of exposure to PFRs were measured for the first time in influent wastewater. Concentrations in samples collected in Belgium ranged from below the limit of quantitation to 1072 ng L-1, with 2-ethylhexyl phenyl phosphate (EHPHP) and TCEP being the most abundant. Per capita loads of target biomarkers varied greatly, suggesting potential differences in exposure between the investigated communities. The developed method allowed implementation of the concepts of human biomonitoring at the community scale, opening the possibility to assess population-wide exposure to PFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Been
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Michiel Bastiaensen
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Foon Yin Lai
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | | | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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127
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Hoffman K, Gearhart-Serna L, Lorber M, Webster TF, Stapleton HM. Estimated tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate exposure levels for US infants suggest potential health risks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2017; 4:334-338. [PMID: 34853794 PMCID: PMC8630826 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.7b00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) has been widely used as a flame retardant and is commonly detected in environmental samples. Biomonitoring studies relying on urinary metabolite levels (i.e. bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP)) demonstrate widespread exposure, but TDCIPP intake is unknown. Intake data area critical component of meaningful risk assessments and are needed to elucidate the potential health impacts of TDCIPP exposure. Using biomonitoring data, we estimated TDCIPP intake for infants. Infants aged 2-18 months were recruited from central, North Carolina (n=43, recruited 2014-2015), and spot urine samples were analyzed for BDCIPP. TDCIPP intake rates were estimated using daily urine excretion and the fraction of TDCIPP excreted as BDCIPP in urine. Daily TDCIPP intake estimates ranged from 0.01-15.03 μg/kg-day for children included in our assessment, with some variation depending on model assumptions. The U.S. Consumer Products Safety Commission (CPSC) previously established an acceptable daily intake of 5μg/kg-day for non-cancer health risks. Depending on modeling assumptions, we found that 2-9% percent of infants had TDCIPP intake estimates above this threshold. Our results indicate that current TDCIPP exposure levels could pose health risks for highly exposed infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Hoffman
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708 USA
| | - Larisa Gearhart-Serna
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708 USA
| | - Matthew Lorber
- Retired, Unites States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC
| | | | - Heather M. Stapleton
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708 USA
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128
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Pang L, Yang H, Yang P, Zhang H, Zhao J. Trace determination of organophosphate esters in white wine, red wine, and beer samples using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2017; 229:445-451. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.02.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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129
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Canbaz D, Logiantara A, van Ree R, van Rijt LS. Immunotoxicity of organophosphate flame retardants TPHP and TDCIPP on murine dendritic cells in vitro. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 177:56-64. [PMID: 28282624 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs) are commonly used as alternatives for the banned polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and are ubiquitously detected in indoor dust. PFRs can be potentially hazardous to respiratory health via the inhalation of house dust. Dendritic cells (DCs) are crucial in the immunological defense against pathogens in the airways. In respiratory allergy however, an aberrant immune response is induced against innocuous proteins, like house dust mite allergens. In this study, we examined whether exposure to PFRs Triphenylphosphate (TPHP) and Tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) affected activation/maturation of DCs at steady state and during exposure to house dust mite allergens (HDM). Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) were exposed to a concentration range of each PFR (0.1-100 μM) with or without HDM in vitro to analyze the effect on the expression of major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII), co-stimulatory molecules and cytokine production. Concentrations of TPHP and TDCIPP of ≥50 μM were cytotoxic to BMDCs. At these cytotoxic concentrations, TPHP exposure induced an activated phenotype in steady state DCs, while HDM exposed DCs acquired a tolerogenic phenotype. In contrast, TDCIPP exposure had no effect at steady state DCs but suppressed the expression of MHCII, costimulatory molecules, and the IL-6 production in HDM exposed DCs. The cytotoxic concentrations induced the anti-oxidant enzyme hemeoxigenase-1, which is a marker for oxidative stress. These results demonstrate that PFRs can be immunotoxic for DCs and suggest the necessity to evaluate the effects on the immune system on a cellular level during the risk assessment of these alternative flame retardants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derya Canbaz
- Dept of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Adrian Logiantara
- Dept of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald van Ree
- Dept of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, The Netherlands; Dept of Otorhinolaryngology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Leonie S van Rijt
- Dept of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, The Netherlands.
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130
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Liagkouridis I, Cequier E, Lazarov B, Palm Cousins A, Thomsen C, Stranger M, Cousins IT. Relationships between estimated flame retardant emissions and levels in indoor air and house dust. INDOOR AIR 2017; 27:650-657. [PMID: 27614110 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A significant number of consumer goods and building materials can act as emission sources of flame retardants (FRs) in the indoor environment. We investigate the relationship between the emission source strength and the levels of 19 brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and seven organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in air and dust collected in 38 indoor microenvironments in Norway. We use modeling methods to back-calculate emission rates from indoor air and dust measurements and identify possible indications of an emission-to-dust pathway. Experimentally based emission estimates provide a satisfactory indication of the relative emission strength of indoor sources. Modeling results indicate an up to two orders of magnitude enhanced emission strength for OPFRs (median emission rates of 0.083 and 0.41 μg h-1 for air-based and dust-based estimates) compared to BFRs (0.52 and 0.37 ng h-1 median emission rates). A consistent emission-to-dust signal, defined as higher dust-based than air-based emission estimates, was identified for four of the seven OPFRs, but only for one of the 19 BFRs. It is concluded, however, that uncertainty in model input parameters could potentially lead to the false identification of an emission-to-dust signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Liagkouridis
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - E Cequier
- Department of Exposure and Risk Assessment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Nydalen, Oslo, Norway
| | - B Lazarov
- Environmental Risk and Health Unit, VITO, Mol, Belgium
| | - A Palm Cousins
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C Thomsen
- Department of Exposure and Risk Assessment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Nydalen, Oslo, Norway
| | - M Stranger
- Environmental Risk and Health Unit, VITO, Mol, Belgium
| | - I T Cousins
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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131
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Cui K, Wen J, Zeng F, Li S, Zhou X, Zeng Z. Occurrence and distribution of organophosphate esters in urban soils of the subtropical city, Guangzhou, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 175:514-520. [PMID: 28254716 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
67 soil samples from the road greenbelts, the paddy/vegetable fields, the parks, the commercial and residential areas in the subtropical city, Guangzhou, China, were collected and analyzed for 11 organophosphate esters (OPEs) and triphenylphosphine oxide (TPPO). OPEs were detected in all soil samples analyzed, which indicate that OPEs are ubiquitous environmental contaminants. The ∑11OPEs concentrations ranged from 0.041 mg kg-1-dry weight (dw) to 1.37 mg kg-1-dw, with the mean and median concentrations of 0.25 mg kg-1-dw and 0.24 mg kg-1-dw, respectively. High concentrations of OPEs were observed in the roadside soils collected from the commercial areas with heavy traffic and extensive anthropogenic activities. Of 11 OPEs, tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP), tri-cresyl-phosphate (TMPP), tributyl phosphate (TNBP) and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) were the most abundant OPEs, contributing 42.8 ± 15.4%, 17.2 ± 11.9%, 10.9 ± 6.85% and 9.70 ± 9.56% of ∑11OPEs, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) suggested that OPEs accumulation in the urban soils derived from different sources. As compared to the results for other studies, the urban soils of Guangzhou were moderately polluted by OPEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunyan Cui
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510275, China; Instrumental Analysis and Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jiaxin Wen
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Feng Zeng
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Shuocong Li
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xi Zhou
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zunxiang Zeng
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510275, China
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132
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Zhou L, Hiltscher M, Gruber D, Püttmann W. Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in indoor and outdoor air in the Rhine/Main area, Germany: comparison of concentrations and distribution profiles in different microenvironments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:10992-11005. [PMID: 27230144 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6902-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of 9 organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) were determined in 56 indoor and 9 outdoor air samples in the Rhine/Main area in Germany. The indoor samples were collected from seven different indoor microenvironments including private cars, private homes, floor/carpet stores, building material markets, schools, offices, and day care centers, while outdoor samples were simultaneously collected close to the indoor sampling locations. The total OPFR concentrations (∑OPFRs) in indoor air ranged from 3.30 to 751.0 ng/m3 with a median of 40.23 ng/m3, which was approximately eight times higher than those in outdoor air (median 5.38 ng/m3), indicating that sources of OPFRs predominate in the indoor environment. Tris(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate (TCPP), tris(isobutyl)phosphate (TiBP), and tributyl phosphate (TnBP) were the dominating compounds both in indoor and outdoor air. The median concentration of ∑OPFRs in private cars (180.3 ng/m3) was significantly higher than that in private homes (12.51 ng/m3), schools (36.23 ng/m3), day care centers (31.80 ng/m3), and building material markets (31.17 ng/m3) (p < 0.05). Distribution profiles of OPFRs varied among different indoor microenvironments, which are evidenced by dominating indoor air concentrations of non-Cl-OPFRs in day care centers, floor/carpet stores, schools, and of Cl-OPFRs in other indoor microenvironments. Multivariate analyses revealed three distinct groups for OPFRs, i.e., TiBP/TnBP, TEP/TCEP/TDCPP, and TCPP, whose concentrations were closely associated with the distribution profiles and pollution characteristics of materials predominating in different indoor microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Zhou
- Department of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, J. W. Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Marco Hiltscher
- Department of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, J. W. Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Daniel Gruber
- Department of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, J. W. Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Püttmann
- Department of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, J. W. Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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133
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Li P, Jin J, Wang Y, Hu J, Xu M, Sun Y, Ma Y. Concentrations of organophosphorus, polybromobenzene, and polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in human serum, and relationships between concentrations and donor ages. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 171:654-660. [PMID: 28056452 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.12.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus flame retardants, polybromobenzenes, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were determined in pooled human serum samples collected in an area in which these chemicals are produced in North China. Tri (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) was found at a higher concentration than the other chemicals, and the mean TCEP concentration was 480.4 ng/g lipid. This is the first time TCEP has been detected in human serum from China. The PBDE concentration in serum was found to have decreased between 2007 and 2013. BDE-209 remained the dominant PBDE congener, and its mean concentration was 91.3 ng/g lipid in this study. The polybromobenzene concentrations were relatively low, but pentabromobenzene and pentabromotoluene were found in very many of the samples. The highest TCEP, tris(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate, pentabromobenzene, and pentabromotoluene concentrations were found in samples from young people (<30 y old). This suggests that the risks posed by these alternative flame retardants also need more concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jun Jin
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China; Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jicheng Hu
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Meng Xu
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yiming Sun
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yulong Ma
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
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134
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Dietary intake of phosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) using Swedish food market basket estimations. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 100:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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135
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Halloum W, Cariou R, Dervilly-Pinel G, Jaber F, Le Bizec B. APCI as an innovative ionization mode compared with EI and CI for the analysis of a large range of organophosphate esters using GC-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2017; 52:54-61. [PMID: 27868274 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are chemical compounds incorporated into materials as flame-proof and/or plasticizing agents. In this work, 13 non-halogenated and 5 halogenated OPEs were studied. Their mass spectra were interpreted and compared in terms of fragmentation patterns and dominant ions via various ionization techniques [electron ionization (EI) and chemical ionization (CI) under vacuum and corona discharge atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI)] on gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The novelty of this paper relies on the investigation of APCI technique for the analysis of OPEs via favored protonation mechanism, where the mass spectra were mostly dominated by the quasi-molecular ion [M + H]+ . The EI mass spectra were dominated by ions such as [H4 PO4 ]+ , [M-R]+ , [M-Cl]+ , and [M-Br]+ , and for some non-halogenated aryl OPEs, [M]+● was also observed. The CI mass spectra in positive mode were dominated by [M + H]+ and sometimes by [M-R]+ , while in negative mode, [M-R]- and more particularly [X]- and [X2 ]-● were mainly observed for the halogenated OPEs. Both EI and APCI techniques showed promising results for further development of instrumental method operating in selective reaction monitoring mode. Instrumental detection limits by using APCI mode were 2.5 to 25 times lower than using EI mode for the non-brominated OPEs, while they were determined at 50-100 times lower by the APCI mode than by the EI mode, for the two brominated OPEs. The method was applied to fish samples, and monitored transitions by using APCI mode showed higher specificity but lower stability compared with EI mode. The sensitivity in terms of signal-to-noise ratio varying from one compound to another. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafaa Halloum
- Oniris, Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), LUNAM Université, F-44307, Nantes, France
- Faculty of Sciences I, Laboratory of Analysis of Organic Compounds (LACO), Lebanese University, 508 Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ronan Cariou
- Oniris, Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), LUNAM Université, F-44307, Nantes, France
| | - Gaud Dervilly-Pinel
- Oniris, Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), LUNAM Université, F-44307, Nantes, France
| | - Farouk Jaber
- Faculty of Sciences I, Laboratory of Analysis of Organic Compounds (LACO), Lebanese University, 508 Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Bruno Le Bizec
- Oniris, Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), LUNAM Université, F-44307, Nantes, France
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136
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Zhang Y, Zhang W, Hou J, Wang X, Zheng H, Xiong W, Yuan J. Combined effect of tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate and benzo (a) pyrene on the release of IL-6 and IL-8 from HepG2 cells via the EGFR-ERK1/2 signaling pathway. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra11273d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate plus benzo (a) pyrene induced inflammatory response in HepG2 cells through the activation of EGFR-ERK1/2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjian Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health
- Tongji Medical College
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan 430030
- P. R. China
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health
- Tongji Medical College
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan 430030
- P. R. China
| | - Jian Hou
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health
- Tongji Medical College
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan 430030
- P. R. China
| | - Xian Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health
- Tongji Medical College
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan 430030
- P. R. China
| | - Hongyan Zheng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health
- Tongji Medical College
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan 430030
- P. R. China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health
- Tongji Medical College
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan 430030
- P. R. China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health
- Tongji Medical College
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan 430030
- P. R. China
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137
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Eng ML, Letcher RJ, Williams TD, Elliott JE. In ovo tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate concentrations significantly decrease in late incubation after a single exposure via injection, with no evidence of effects on hatching success or latent effects on growth or reproduction in zebra finches. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:83-88. [PMID: 27207485 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) eggs were injected with the organophosphate triester flame retardant tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) at 0 μg/g, 0.01 μg/g, 1 μg/g, 10 μg/g, or 50 μg/g egg. Subsets of high-dose eggs were collected throughout incubation to measure TBOEP, which started declining in late incubation and then decreased rapidly to 28% of injected concentration by hatching. The authors found no effects of TBOEP on survival, growth, or reproduction even at very high doses. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:83-88. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret L Eng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Pacific Wildlife Research Centre, Delta, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, National Wildlife Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tony D Williams
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - John E Elliott
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Pacific Wildlife Research Centre, Delta, British Columbia, Canada
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138
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Zhang X, Zou W, Mu L, Chen Y, Ren C, Hu X, Zhou Q. Rice ingestion is a major pathway for human exposure to organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 318:686-693. [PMID: 27484948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Although organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) have been shown to accumulate in abiotic and biotic environmental compartments, data about OPFRs concentrations in various foods are limited and are none in humans through diets. In this work, the concentrations of 6 typical OPFRs were investigated in 50 rice samples, 75 commonly consumed foods and 45 human hair samples from China. The dietary intakes of OPFRs for adult people via food ingestion were estimated. The concentrations of ΣOPFRs in foods ranged from 0.004ng/g to 287ng/g. OPFRs were detected in 53.3% of the human hair samples. The highest OPFRs concentrations were found in rice and vegetables. Tri(2-chloroethyl)phosphate(TCEP), tris(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate(TCIPP), and tri(2-ethyltexyl)phosphate(TEHP) were predominant in all food samples. OPFRs concentrations in foods were not significantly affected by the packaging materials. The mean dietary intakes of ΣOPFRs for adult males and females were 539 and 601ng/kg body weight/day, respectively. The greatest contribution to these values is from rice, accounting for approximately 60% of the total intake, particularly from rice protein. Rice ingestion was considered a potential major pathway for human exposure to OPFRs, and regional differences in the levels of OPFRs in foods and dietary differences should be given more attention in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingli Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education)/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Wei Zou
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education)/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Li Mu
- Institute of Agro-environmental Protection, Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Yuming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education)/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Chaoxiu Ren
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education)/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiangang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education)/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Qixing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education)/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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139
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Cristale J, Hurtado A, Gómez-Canela C, Lacorte S. Occurrence and sources of brominated and organophosphorus flame retardants in dust from different indoor environments in Barcelona, Spain. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 149:66-76. [PMID: 27179204 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the simultaneous presence of eight polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), nine new brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) and ten organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) was investigated in dust samples collected from different indoor environments (homes, schools, theatres, a university and a Research Institute) in Barcelona, Spain. OPFRs were detected at the highest concentrations followed by PBDEs. ∑OPFRs ranged from 2053 to 72,090ngg(-1) and tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP) was the most abundant compound. BDE-209 was the main PBDE congener detected (up to 14,990ngg(-1)), while other PBDEs ranged from 2.6 to 118ngg(-1). Among the studied NBFRs, decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE - up to 4432ngg(-1)) followed by bis(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (BEH-TEBP - up to 508ngg(-1)) were detected at the highest concentration, whereas a lower detection frequency was observed for 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), pentabromotoluene (PBT) and hexabromobenzene (HBB). The levels and profile of flame retardants (FRs) were characteristic of each environment, where theatres followed by homes presented the highest concentrations and schools had the lowest levels. Principal Component Analysis permitted to identify the main sources and distribution of all FRs, according to specific uses in each environment. The simultaneous presence of all FR families in indoor dust points to the need to monitor these compounds to minimize human exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Cristale
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Alba Hurtado
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Cristian Gómez-Canela
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Silvia Lacorte
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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140
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Langer S, Fredricsson M, Weschler CJ, Bekö G, Strandberg B, Remberger M, Toftum J, Clausen G. Organophosphate esters in dust samples collected from Danish homes and daycare centers. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 154:559-566. [PMID: 27085316 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphates are used in a wide range of materials and consumer products and are ubiquitous in indoor environments. Certain organophosphates have been associated with various adverse health effects. The present paper reports mass fractions of organophosphates in dust samples collected from 500 bedrooms and 151 daycare centers of children living in Odense, Denmark. The identified compounds include: tris(isobutyl) phosphate (TIBP), tri-n-butyl phosphate (TNBP), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP), tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCIPP), tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP), triphenylphosphate (TPHP), 2-ethylhexyl-diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP), tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP) and tris(methylphenyl) phosphate (TMPP). Both the number of organophosphates with median values above the limit of detection and the median values were higher for samples from daycare centers than for samples from homes. Organophosphates with median mass fractions above the limit of detection were: TCEP from homes (6.9 μg g(-1)), and TCEP (16 μg g(-1)), TCIPP (5.6 μg g(-1)), TDCIPP (7.1 μg g(-1)), TBOEP (26 μg g(-1)), TPHP (2.0 μg g(-1)) and EHDPP (2.1 μg g(-1)) from daycare centers. When present, TBOEP was typically the most abundant of the identified OPs. The sum of the organophosphate dust mass fractions measured in this study was roughly in the mid-range of summed mass fractions reported for dust samples collected in other countries. On a global scale, the geographical distribution of organophosphates in indoor dust is quite variable, with higher concentrations in industrialized countries. This trend differs from that for phthalate esters, whose geographic distribution is more homogeneous. Exposure to organophosphates via dust ingestion is relatively low, although there is considerable uncertainly in this assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarka Langer
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute Ltd., P.O. Box 53021, SE-400 14 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Malin Fredricsson
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute Ltd., P.O. Box 53021, SE-400 14 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Charles J Weschler
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark; Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Gabriel Bekö
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Bo Strandberg
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Box 414, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Mikael Remberger
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute Ltd., P.O. Box 210 60, SE-100 31 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jørn Toftum
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Geo Clausen
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
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141
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Canbaz D, van Velzen MJM, Hallner E, Zwinderman AH, Wickman M, Leonards PEG, van Ree R, van Rijt LS. Exposure to organophosphate and polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants via indoor dust and childhood asthma. INDOOR AIR 2016; 26:403-413. [PMID: 25952720 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Although the ubiquitous detection of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) and organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs) in indoor dust has raised health concerns, only very few epidemiological studies have assessed their impact on human health. Inhalation of dust is one of the exposure routes of FRs, especially in children and can be hazardous for the respiratory health. Moreover, PFRs are structurally similar to organophosphate pesticides, which have been associated with allergic asthma. Thus, we investigated whether the concentrations of PFRs and PBDEs in indoor dust are associated with the development of childhood asthma. We selected 110 children who developed asthma at 4 or at 8 years old and 110 matched controls from a large prospective birth cohort (BAMSE - Barn, Allergy, Milieu Stockholm Epidemiology). We analyzed the concentrations of 7 PFRs and 21 PBDEs in dust collected around 2 months after birth from the mother's mattress. The abundance rank in dust was as follows: TBOEP⪢TPHP>mmp-TMPP>EHDPHP~TDCIPP>TCEP~TCIPP~BDE-209⪢BDE-99>BDE-47>BDE-153>BDE-183>BDE-100. There was no positive association between the FRs in mattress dust and the development of childhood asthma. In contrast, dust collected from mattresses of the mothers of children who would develop asthma contained significant lower levels of TPHP and mmp-TMPP. This study provides data on a wide range of PFRs and PBDEs in dust samples and development of asthma in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Canbaz
- Department Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M J M van Velzen
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E Hallner
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A H Zwinderman
- Department Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Wickman
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Occupational and Environmental Health, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Sachs's Children's Hospital, Institute of Sodersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P E G Leonards
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R van Ree
- Department Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department Otorhinolaryngology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L S van Rijt
- Department Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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142
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Meng G, Feng Y, Nie Z, Wu X, Wei H, Wu S, Yin Y, Wang Y. Internal exposure levels of typical POPs and their associations with childhood asthma in Shanghai, China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 146:125-135. [PMID: 26748225 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are common persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that may be associated with childhood asthma. The concentrations of PBDEs, PCBs and OCPs were analyzed in pooled serum samples from both asthmatic and non-asthmatic children. The differences in the internal exposure levels between the case and control groups were tested (p value <0.0012). The associations between the internal exposure concentrations of the POPs and childhood asthma were estimated based on the odds ratios (ORs) calculated using logistic regression models. There were significant differences in three PBDEs, 26 PCBs and seven OCPs between the two groups, with significantly higher levels in the cases. The multiple logistic regression models demonstrated that the internal exposure concentrations of a number of the POPs (23 PCBs, p,p'-DDE and α-HCH) were positively associated with childhood asthma. Some synergistic effects were observed when the children were co-exposed to the chemicals. BDE-209 was positively associated with asthma aggravation. This study indicates the potential relationships between the internal exposure concentrations of particular POPs and the development of childhood asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Meng
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Yan Feng
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Zhiqing Nie
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Xiaomeng Wu
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Hongying Wei
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Shaowei Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yong Yin
- Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai 200127, PR China.
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200025, PR China; Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital / Faculty of Basic Medicine (or Faculty of Public Health), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; MOE and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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143
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Zhang W, Zhang Y, Xu T, Wang Z, Wang J, Xiong W, Lu W, Zheng H, Yuan J. Involvement of ROS-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and SIRT3 down-regulation in tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate-induced cell cycle arrest. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2016; 5:461-470. [PMID: 30090360 PMCID: PMC6062305 DOI: 10.1039/c5tx00229j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate (TCEP) is a flame retardant in plastics. It is bio-accumulative and persistent in the environment and has been detected in ambient and indoor air, surface and groundwater, food, house dust, and consumer products. Studies showed that TCEP can cause damage to the liver and kidneys of rats. However, the mechanisms underlying TCEP remain unclear. To investigate the effect of TCEP on mitochondrial function and cell fate, Chang liver cells were treated with TCEP (3.12, 12.50, 50.00, and 200.00 mg L-1) for 24 and 48 h. The results showed that TCEP increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production, disrupted mitochondrial integrity and caused mitochondrial dysfunction, representing increased intercellular free Ca2+ levels, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial DNA copies as well as reduced ATP synthesis, and G2/M cell cycle arrest with down-regulation of SIRT3, forkhead box O3a and manganese superoxide dismutase proteins. The findings suggest that TCEP caused cell cycle arrest through down-regulation of SIRT3 is involved in mitochondrial oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health , Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection , and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating) , School of Public Health , Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430030 , Hubei , P. R. China . ; ; Tel: +86 27 83693209
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health , Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection , and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating) , School of Public Health , Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430030 , Hubei , P. R. China
| | - Youjian Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health , Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection , and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating) , School of Public Health , Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430030 , Hubei , P. R. China . ; ; Tel: +86 27 83693209
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health , Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection , and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating) , School of Public Health , Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430030 , Hubei , P. R. China
| | - Tian Xu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health , Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection , and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating) , School of Public Health , Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430030 , Hubei , P. R. China . ; ; Tel: +86 27 83693209
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health , Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection , and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating) , School of Public Health , Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430030 , Hubei , P. R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health , Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection , and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating) , School of Public Health , Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430030 , Hubei , P. R. China . ; ; Tel: +86 27 83693209
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health , Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection , and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating) , School of Public Health , Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430030 , Hubei , P. R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health , Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection , and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating) , School of Public Health , Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430030 , Hubei , P. R. China . ; ; Tel: +86 27 83693209
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health , Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection , and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating) , School of Public Health , Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430030 , Hubei , P. R. China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health , Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection , and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating) , School of Public Health , Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430030 , Hubei , P. R. China . ; ; Tel: +86 27 83693209
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health , Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection , and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating) , School of Public Health , Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430030 , Hubei , P. R. China
| | - Wenhong Lu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health , Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection , and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating) , School of Public Health , Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430030 , Hubei , P. R. China . ; ; Tel: +86 27 83693209
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health , Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection , and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating) , School of Public Health , Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430030 , Hubei , P. R. China
| | - Hongyan Zheng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health , Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection , and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating) , School of Public Health , Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430030 , Hubei , P. R. China . ; ; Tel: +86 27 83693209
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health , Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection , and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating) , School of Public Health , Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430030 , Hubei , P. R. China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health , Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection , and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating) , School of Public Health , Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430030 , Hubei , P. R. China . ; ; Tel: +86 27 83693209
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health , Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection , and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating) , School of Public Health , Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430030 , Hubei , P. R. China
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144
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Tan XX, Luo XJ, Zheng XB, Li ZR, Sun RX, Mai BX. Distribution of organophosphorus flame retardants in sediments from the Pearl River Delta in South China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 544:77-84. [PMID: 26657357 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Twelve organophosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) were identified in the sediments and the sediment core collected from the rivers and the estuary in the Pearl River Delta, with the aim of investigating their spatial and vertical distributions. The concentrations of PFRs ranged from 8.3 to 470 ng/g dry weight with high levels of PFRs in the urban area and the e-waste recycling region. Generally, TPhP, TCPP, TEHP, TCEP, and TBEP were the dominant compounds of the PFRs, the composition of which varied across the different regions, reflecting the different sources of PFRs. In the estuary, the PFRs mainly derived from the Xijiang River and the Shunde sections. Increased concentrations of halogen-containing PFRs have been observed in the upper layers of the sediment core. Conversely, relatively high concentrations of halogen-free PFRs were observed in the lower layers of the sediment core, indicating different usage patterns or environmental behaviors between the halogen and the non-halogen PFRs in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xin Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Xiao-Bo Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zong-Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Run-Xia Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bi-Xian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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145
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Van den Eede N, Tomy G, Tao F, Halldorson T, Harrad S, Neels H, Covaci A. Kinetics of tris (1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP) metabolism in human liver microsomes and serum. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:1299-1305. [PMID: 26473552 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP) is an emerging contaminant which is ubiquitous in the indoor and outdoor environment. Moreover, its presence in human body fluids and biota has been evidenced. Since no quantitative data exist on the biotransformation or stability of TCIPP in the human body, we performed an in vitro incubation of TCIPP with human liver microsomes (HLM) and human serum (HS). Two metabolites, namely bis(2-chloro-isopropyl) phosphate (BCIPP) and bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) 1-hydroxy-2-propyl phosphate (BCIPHIPP), were quantified in a kinetic study using HLM or HS (only BCIPP, the hydrolysis product) and LC-MS. The Michaelis-Menten model fitted best the NADPH-dependent formation of BCIPHIPP and BCIPP in HLM, with respective V(MAX) of 154 ± 4 and 1470 ± 110 pmol/min/mg protein and respective apparent K(m) of 80.2 ± 4.4 and 96.1 ± 14.5 μM. Hydrolases, which are naturally present in HLM, were also involved in the production of BCIPP. A HS paraoxonase assay could not detect any BCIPP formation above 38.6 ± 10.8 pmol/min/μL serum. Our data indicate that BCIPP is the major metabolite of TCIPP formed in the liver. To our knowledge, this is the first quantitative assessment of the stability of TCIPP in tissues of humans or any other species. Further research is needed to confirm whether these biotransformation reactions are associated with a decrease or increase in toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele Van den Eede
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Gregg Tomy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Fang Tao
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Thor Halldorson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Stuart Harrad
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Hugo Neels
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium.
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146
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Luo P, Bao LJ, Guo Y, Li SM, Zeng EY. Size-dependent atmospheric deposition and inhalation exposure of particle-bound organophosphate flame retardants. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 301:504-11. [PMID: 26414926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric size-fractionated particles were collected at different heights in an e-waste recycling zone (QY) and urban Guangzhou (GZ), China and analyzed for organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs). The total air concentrations of eight OPFRs were 130±130 and 138±127 ng m(-3) in QY and GZ, respectively. Compositional profiles of chlorinated OPFRs were different between QY and GZ, but the size distribution patterns of all OPFRs were not significantly different at different heights. Estimated atmospheric deposition fluxes of OPFRs were 51±67 and 55±13 μg m(-2) d(-1) in QY and GZ, respectively, and the coarse particles (Dp>1.8 μm) dominated both the dry and wet deposition fluxes. Moreover, not all particle-bound OPFRs were inhalable and deposited in the human respiratory tract. The calculated inhalation doses of OPFRs were much lower than the reference doses, suggesting that potential health risk due to inhalation exposure to particle-bound OPFRs in the e-waste recycling zone and urban site was low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lian-Jun Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Ying Guo
- School of Environment and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Shao-Meng Li
- Air Quality Research Division, Environment Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; School of Environment and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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147
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Hendriks HS, Westerink RH. Neurotoxicity and risk assessment of brominated and alternative flame retardants. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2015; 52:248-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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148
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Brommer S, Harrad S. Sources and human exposure implications of concentrations of organophosphate flame retardants in dust from UK cars, classrooms, living rooms, and offices. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 83:202-7. [PMID: 26232632 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of a number of organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs) were measured in floor dust collected from UK living rooms (n = 32), cars (n = 21), school and child daycare centre classrooms (n = 28), and offices (n = 61). While concentrations were overall broadly within the range of those reported previously for North America, Japan, and other European countries, median concentrations of TCIPP in all UK microenvironments exceeded those reported elsewhere in the world. Moreover, concentrations of TCIPP and TDCIPP in 2 UK car dust samples were--at 370 μg g(-1) and 740 μg g(-1) respectively--amongst the highest reported globally in indoor dust to date. Consistent with this, concentrations of TDCIPP in dust from UK cars exceed significantly those detected in the other microenvironments studied. Concentrations of EHDPP were shown for the first time to be significantly higher in classroom dust than in samples from other microenvironments. When compared to concentrations of PBDEs determined previously in the classroom dust samples; concentrations of all target PFRs exceeded substantially those of those PBDEs that are the principal constituents of the Penta- and Octa-BDE formulations. Moreover, while mass-based concentrations of BDE-209 exceeded those of most of our target PFRs, they still fell below those of TCIPP and EHDPP. In line with a previous observation in Sweden that indoor air contamination with TNBP was significantly lower in newer buildings; concentrations of TNBP in classroom dust were significantly higher in older compared to more recently-constructed schools. Consistent with the reported extensive use of TCIPP and TDCIPP in polyurethane foam, the highest concentrations of both TCIPP and TDCIPP in the classrooms studied, were observed in rooms containing the highest numbers of foam chairs (n = 31 and 18 respectively). Exposure to PFRs of both adults and young children via ingestion of indoor dust was estimated. While even our high-end exposure estimate for young children was ~100 times lower than one previously reported health-based limit (HBLV) value for TCIPP; the margin of safety was only 5-fold when compared to another HBLV for this contaminant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Brommer
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Harrad
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
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149
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Kucharska A, Cequier E, Thomsen C, Becher G, Covaci A, Voorspoels S. Assessment of human hair as an indicator of exposure to organophosphate flame retardants. Case study on a Norwegian mother-child cohort. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 83:50-7. [PMID: 26081984 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge of non-invasive human biomonitoring using hair is to assess whether it can be used as an indicator of exposure to Flame Retardants, such as Organophosphate Flame Retardants (PFRs), since the contribution of atmospheric deposition (air and/or dust) cannot be neglected. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the suitability of using human hair more thoroughly by comparison of (i) levels of PFRs in human hair (from 48 mothers and 54 children), with levels measured in dust and air in their respective households; and (ii) levels of selected PFRs in hair with the levels of corresponding PFR metabolites in matching urine samples collected simultaneously. Most PFRs (tri-n-butyl phosphate (TNBP), 2-ethyl-hexyldiphenyl phosphate (EHDPHP), tri-phenyl phosphate (TPHP), tri-iso-butyl phosphate (TIBP), and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP)) were detected in all human hair samples, tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP) and tris(1,3-dichloro-iso-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) in 93%, tri-cresyl-phosphate (TCP) in 69% and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) in 21% of the samples. Levels of individual PFRs ranged between <1 and 3744 ng/g hair and were lower than in indoor dust from the participants' homes. Several statistically significant associations between PFR levels in human hair and PFR levels in house dust and/or air were found, e.g. Spearman correlation (rS = 0.561, p < 0.05) between TBOEP in children's hair and in indoor air. Also, associations were found between TDCIPP in hair and its metabolite bis(1,3-dichloro-iso-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP) in urine; they were stronger for children (e.g. Pearson correlation rP = 0.475; p = 0.001) than for mothers (rP = 0.395, p = 0.01). Levels of diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) in mothers' and children's urine were slightly correlated (rS = 0.409, p = 0.008), suggesting similar sources of exposure. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study with such design and our findings might help to understand human exposure to and body burdens of PFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kucharska
- VITO - Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium; University of Antwerp, Toxicological Centre, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Enrique Cequier
- NIPH - Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, 0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Cathrine Thomsen
- NIPH - Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, 0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Georg Becher
- NIPH - Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, 0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Adrian Covaci
- University of Antwerp, Toxicological Centre, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Stefan Voorspoels
- VITO - Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium.
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150
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Mizouchi S, Ichiba M, Takigami H, Kajiwara N, Takamuku T, Miyajima T, Kodama H, Someya T, Ueno D. Exposure assessment of organophosphorus and organobromine flame retardants via indoor dust from elementary schools and domestic houses. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 123:17-25. [PMID: 25532762 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To assess the exposure of flame retardants (FRs) for school-children, organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers (PFRs) and organobromine flame retardants (BFRs) were determined in the indoor dust samples collected from elementary schools and domestic houses in Japan in 2009 and 2010. PFRs were detected in all the dust samples analyzed and the highest concentration of total PFRs was thousand-fold higher than that of BFRs. Among the PFRs, tris(butoxyethyl)phosphate (TBOEP) showed the highest concentration with a median (med.) of 270,000 ng g(-1) dry weight (3700-5,500,000 ng g(-1) dry weight), followed by tris(methylphenyl)phosphate (TMPPs)>triphenyl phosphate (TPHP)=tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCIPP)=tris(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate (TCIPP)=tris(2chloroethyl)phosphate (TCEP)>ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP). Significantly higher concentrations of TBOEP, tri-n-butyl phosphate (TNBP), TPHP, TMPPs, and total-PFRs were found in dust samples from elementary schools than from domestic houses. It might be due to that higher concentrations of TBOEP (as leveling agent) were detected from the floor polisher/wax products collected in those elementary schools. On the other hand, significantly higher concentrations of TCEP, TCIPPs, and total chloroalkyl-PFRs were found in domestic houses than in elementary schools. Exposure assessments of PFRs via indoor dust from elementary schools and domestic houses were conducted by calculating the hazard quotient (HQ). Among PFRs, HQs for TBOEP exceeded 1 (higher than reference dose: RfD) and its highest value was 1.9. To reduce the intake of TBOEP by school-children, it is recommended that the use of floor polisher/wax containing TBOEP be reduced in schools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigekazu Mizouchi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saga University, 1 Honjyo, Saga, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Ichiba
- Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Takigami
- Research Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onokawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Natsuko Kajiwara
- Research Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onokawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Takamuku
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saga University, 1 Honjyo, Saga, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Toru Miyajima
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saga University, 1 Honjyo, Saga, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kodama
- Analytical Research Center for Experimental Sciences, Saga University, 1 Honjyo, Saga, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Takashi Someya
- Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, 1 Honjyo, Saga, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ueno
- Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, 1 Honjyo, Saga, Saga 840-8502, Japan.
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