101
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Cremonini E, Wang Z, Bettaieb A, Adamo AM, Daveri E, Mills DA, Kalanetra KM, Haj FG, Karakas S, Oteiza PI. (-)-Epicatechin protects the intestinal barrier from high fat diet-induced permeabilization: Implications for steatosis and insulin resistance. Redox Biol 2017; 14:588-599. [PMID: 29154190 PMCID: PMC5691220 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased permeability of the intestinal barrier is proposed as an underlying factor for obesity-associated pathologies. Consumption of high fat diets (HFD) is associated with increased intestinal permeabilization and increased paracellular transport of endotoxins which can promote steatosis and insulin resistance. This study investigated whether dietary (-)-epicatechin (EC) supplementation can protect the intestinal barrier against HFD-induced permeabilization and endotoxemia, and mitigate liver damage and insulin resistance. Mechanisms leading to loss of integrity and function of the tight junction (TJ) were characterized. Consumption of a HFD for 15 weeks caused obesity, steatosis, and insulin resistance in male C57BL/6J mice. This was associated with increased intestinal permeability, decreased expression of ileal TJ proteins, and endotoxemia. Supplementation with EC (2-20mg/kg body weight) mitigated all these adverse effects. EC acted modulating cell signals and the gut hormone GLP-2, which are central to the regulation of intestinal permeability. Thus, EC prevented HFD-induced ileum NOX1/NOX4 upregulation, protein oxidation, and the activation of the redox-sensitive NF-κB and ERK1/2 pathways. Supporting NADPH oxidase as a target of EC actions, in Caco-2 cells EC and apocynin inhibited tumor necrosis alpha (TNFα)-induced NOX1/NOX4 overexpression, protein oxidation and monolayer permeabilization. Together, our findings demonstrate protective effects of EC against HFD-induced increased intestinal permeability and endotoxemia. This can in part underlie EC capacity to prevent steatosis and insulin resistance occurring as a consequence of HFD consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Cremonini
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, USA; Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Ziwei Wang
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, USA; Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Ahmed Bettaieb
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Ana M Adamo
- Department of Biological Chemistry and IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elena Daveri
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, USA; Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - David A Mills
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, USA; Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Karen M Kalanetra
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, USA; Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Fawaz G Haj
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, USA; Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Sidika Karakas
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Patricia I Oteiza
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, USA; Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, USA.
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102
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Alhenaky A, Abdelqader A, Abuajamieh M, Al-Fataftah AR. The effect of heat stress on intestinal integrity and Salmonella invasion in broiler birds. J Therm Biol 2017; 70:9-14. [PMID: 29108563 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2017.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal mucosa works as a barrier to protect the internal environment of the animal from bacteria and bacterial toxins found in the gut lumen. Heat stress may harm this function. Therefore, we designed the current experiment to investigate the effect of heat stress on intestinal integrity, physiological and immunological responses and Salmonella invasion in broiler chickens. At 26 days of age, 72 birds were randomly distributed into 3 treatments, with 8 replicates per treatment and 3 birds per replicate. The three treatments were control treatment; kept at thermoneutral environmental conditions (20 ± 2°C), chronic heat stress treatment (exposed to 30 ± 2°C; 24h/day) and acute heat stress treatment (exposed to 35 ±2°C from 09:00 to 13:00 and kept at 20 ± 1°C from 13:00 to 09:00). The heat stress exposure was conducted for 10 successive days. Compared with the control treatment, birds subject to chronic and acute heat stress had reduced (P < 0.05) body weight and body gain and increased (P < 0.05) feed conversion ratio. However, feed intake and mortality rate were only increased (P < 0.05) in the acute heat stress treatment. Rectal temperature and Δ rectal temperature (°C/h) increased (P < 0.05) sharply during the first 2 days of exposure followed by gradual decreases until a plateau was achieved. Heat-stressed birds had increased (P < 0.05) serum concentrations of corticosterone, endotoxin lipopolysaccharide and the systemic inflammatory cytokine: TNF-α and IL-2, as well as a higher (P < 0.05) prevalence of Salmonella spp. in meat and livers, as compared with control treatment. It can be concluded that heat stress impaired intestinal integrity which resulted in increased intestinal permeability to endotoxin, translocation of intestinal pathogens (Salmonella spp.) and serum inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, avoiding thermal dysfunction of intestinal barrier is a significant factor in maintaining welfare, immune status and meat safety of broiler birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alhanof Alhenaky
- Department of Biological Science, School of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Anas Abdelqader
- Department of Animal Production, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan.
| | - Mohannad Abuajamieh
- Department of Animal Production, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Abdur-Rahman Al-Fataftah
- Department of Animal Production, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
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103
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Schreiber D, Marx L, Felix S, Clasohm J, Weyland M, Schäfer M, Klotz M, Lilischkis R, Erkel G, Schäfer KH. Anti-inflammatory Effects of Fungal Metabolites in Mouse Intestine as Revealed by In vitro Models. Front Physiol 2017; 8:566. [PMID: 28824460 PMCID: PMC5545603 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), which include Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, are chronic inflammatory disorders that can affect the whole gastrointestinal tract or the colonic mucosal layer. Current therapies aiming to suppress the exaggerated immune response in IBD largely rely on compounds with non-satisfying effects or side-effects. Therefore, new therapeutical options are needed. In the present study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of the fungal metabolites, galiellalactone, and dehydrocurvularin in both an in vitro intestinal inflammation model, as well as in isolated myenteric plexus and enterocyte cells. Administration of a pro-inflammatory cytokine mix through the mesenteric artery of intestinal segments caused an up-regulation of inflammatory marker genes. Treatment of the murine intestinal segments with galiellalactone or dehydrocurvularin by application through the mesenteric artery significantly prevented the expression of pro-inflammatory marker genes on the mRNA and the protein level. Comparable to the results in the perfused intestine model, treatment of primary enteric nervous system (ENS) cells from the murine intestine with the fungal compounds reduced expression of cytokines such as IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, and inflammatory enzymes such as COX-2 and iNOS on mRNA and protein levels. Similar anti-inflammatory effects of the fungal metabolites were observed in the human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line DLD-1 after stimulation with IFN-γ (10 ng/ml), TNF-α (10 ng/ml), and IL-1β (5 ng/ml). Our results show that the mesenterially perfused intestine model provides a reliable tool for the screening of new therapeutics with limited amounts of test compounds. Furthermore, we could characterize the anti-inflammatory effects of two novel active compounds, galiellalactone, and dehydrocurvularin which are interesting candidates for studies with chronic animal models of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Schreiber
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences KaiserslauternKaiserslautern, Germany.,Department of Biotechnology, Technical University of KaiserslauternKaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Lisa Marx
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences KaiserslauternKaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Silke Felix
- Department of Biotechnology, Technical University of KaiserslauternKaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Jasmin Clasohm
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences KaiserslauternKaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Maximilian Weyland
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences KaiserslauternKaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Maximilian Schäfer
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences KaiserslauternKaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Markus Klotz
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences KaiserslauternKaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Rainer Lilischkis
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences KaiserslauternKaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Gerhard Erkel
- Department of Biotechnology, Technical University of KaiserslauternKaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Karl-Herbert Schäfer
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences KaiserslauternKaiserslautern, Germany.,Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital MannheimMannheim, Germany
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104
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Rudzki L, Pawlak D, Pawlak K, Waszkiewicz N, Małus A, Konarzewska B, Gałęcka M, Bartnicka A, Ostrowska L, Szulc A. Immune suppression of IgG response against dairy proteins in major depression. BMC Psychiatry 2017; 17:268. [PMID: 28738849 PMCID: PMC5525306 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-017-1431-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interactions between the digestive system, brain functions and immunoglobulin G (IgG) mediated immunity against food antigens became recently a topic of growing interest in psychiatry research. Psychological stress can activate hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) with subsequent hypercortisolemia. It can also influence intestinal permeability and dynamics of IgG response. Major depression can by accompanied either by activation of inflammatory response or by immune suppression (e.g. decreased antibody production) where hypercortisolemia is a significant immune modulator. The aim of our study was to assess IgG immune response against 44 food products in depressed patients and controls along with markers of psychological stress, inflammation, psychometric and dietary parameters. METHODS Serum IgG concentrations against 44 food antigens, plasma cortisol, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1b concentrations were measured and psychometric parameters were evaluated using Hamilton Depression Rating (HAM-D 17), Perceived Stress (PSS-10), and Symptom Checklist (SCL-90) scales in 34 depressed patients and 29 controls. Dietary parameters such as frequency of exposure to food antigens, appetite and weight change were assessed. RESULTS There was a significantly lower IgG concentration against dairy in depressed patients compared to controls (post hoc p < 0.05) when there was a high exposure (consumption) to dairy. Our research revealed a significant interaction of IgG concentration against dairy proteins and exposure to dairy between groups (F (2.63) = 3.92, p = 0.025, η2 = 0.12). There was no significant difference in mean IgG concentration against food antigens between patients and controls. We found increased concentration of cortisol in depressed patients (t (1.61) = 2.37, p = 0.02) compared to controls. Patients with melancholic depression had significantly higher (M rank = 21.27) concentration of cortisol (U = 41, p = 0.006), when compared with the non-melancholic group of patients (M rank = 12.16). Cortisol concentration significantly positively correlated with HAM-D 17 (r = 0.442, p = 0.009) and with phobias in SCL-90 scale in patients' group (r = 0.531, p = 0.001). There was decreased concentration of TNF-α (t = 4.256, p < 0.001) in depressed patients compared to controls. IgG concentration of 38.63% food products positively correlated with TNF-α concentration in depressed patients compared to 9.09% of those in healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS We observed an immune suppression of IgG response to dairy proteins in depressed patients. Hypercortisolemia with involvement of decreased concentration of TNF-α might play a significant role in suppression of IgG response in depressed patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leszek Rudzki
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland. .,Argyll and Bute Hospital, Blarbuie Road, Lochgilphead, PA31 8LD, Scotland, UK.
| | - Dariusz Pawlak
- 0000000122482838grid.48324.39Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Krystyna Pawlak
- 0000000122482838grid.48324.39Department of Monitored Pharmacotherapy, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Napoleon Waszkiewicz
- 0000000122482838grid.48324.39Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Małus
- 0000000122482838grid.48324.39Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Beata Konarzewska
- 0000000122482838grid.48324.39Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | | | | | - Lucyna Ostrowska
- 0000000122482838grid.48324.39Department of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Agata Szulc
- 0000000122482838grid.48324.39Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland ,0000000113287408grid.13339.3bDepartment of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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105
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Schokker D, Jansman AJM, Veninga G, de Bruin N, Vastenhouw SA, de Bree FM, Bossers A, Rebel JMJ, Smits MA. Perturbation of microbiota in one-day old broiler chickens with antibiotic for 24 hours negatively affects intestinal immune development. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:241. [PMID: 28320307 PMCID: PMC5359956 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3625-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gut microbial colonization and development of immune competence are intertwined and are influenced by early-life nutritional, environmental, and management factors. Perturbation of the gut microbiome at young age affects the crosstalk between intestinal bacteria and host cells of the intestinal mucosa. Results We investigated the effect of a perturbation of the normal early life microbial colonization of the jejunum in 1-day old chickens. Perturbation was induced by administering 0.8 mg amoxicillin per bird per day) via the drinking water for a period of 24 h. Effects of the perturbation were measured by 16S rRNA profiling of the microbiome and whole genome gene expression analysis. In parallel to what has been observed for other animal species, we hypothesized that such an intervention may have negative impact on immune development. Trends were observed in changes of the composition and diversity of the microbiome when comparing antibiotic treated birds with their controls. in the jejunum, the expression of numerous genes changed, which potentially leads to changes in biological activities of the small intestinal mucosa. Validation of the predicted functional changes was performed by staining immune cells in the small intestinal mucosa and a reduction in the number of macrophage-like (KUL01+) cells was observed due to a direct or indirect effect of the antibiotic treatment. We provide evidence that a short, early life antibiotic treatment affects both the intestinal microbiota (temporarily) and mucosal gene expression over a period of 2 weeks. Conclusion These results underscore the importance of early life microbial colonization of the gut in relation to immune development and the necessity to explore the capabilities of a variety of early life dietary and/or environmental factors to modulate the programming for immune competence in broilers. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-3625-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirkjan Schokker
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Postbus 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Alfons J M Jansman
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Postbus 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Naomi de Bruin
- Gezondheidsdienst voor Dieren, Deventer, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Alex Bossers
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna M J Rebel
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Postbus 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mari A Smits
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Postbus 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
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106
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Mourad FH, Barada KA, Saade NE. Impairment of Small Intestinal Function in Ulcerative Colitis: Role of Enteric Innervation. J Crohns Colitis 2017; 11:369-377. [PMID: 27655154 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjw162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Small intestinal dysfunction has been described in patients with ulcerative colitis and in experimental animal models of colitis. This is demonstrated by a decrease in fluid, electrolyte, amino acid, fat and carbohydrate absorption as well as by deranged intestinal motility. Histopathological changes in the small intestines in colitis have not been consistently demonstrated, but there is evidence of structural and biochemical alterations as shown by increased intestinal permeability and a decrease in the expression of multiple brush border membrane enzymes such as disaccharidases and aminopetidases, in both humans and experimental animals. The pathophysiology of this dysfunction has not been elucidated, but it is thought to include alterations in neural circuitry such as increased neuronal excitability, neuronal damage and changes of neuropeptidergic innervation and receptors as well as an increase in local production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and alterations in the production of some neurohumoral mediators. In the following, we provide an update on the advancement of clinical and scientific contributions to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of the alteration of the functions of apparently intact small intestinal segments, induced by ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadi H Mourad
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, American University of Beirut, Beirut-Lebanon.,Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut-Lebanon
| | - Kassem A Barada
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, American University of Beirut, Beirut-Lebanon.,Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut-Lebanon
| | - Nayef E Saade
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, American University of Beirut, Beirut-Lebanon
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107
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Salvo Romero E, Alonso Cotoner C, Pardo Camacho C, Casado Bedmar M, Vicario M. The intestinal barrier function and its involvement in digestive disease. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE ENFERMEDADES DIGESTIVAS 2017; 107:686-96. [PMID: 26541659 DOI: 10.17235/reed.2015.3846/2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal mucosal surface is lined with epithelial cells representing an effective barrier made up with intercellular junctions that separate the inner and the outer environments, and block the passage of potentially harmful substances. However, epithelial cells are also responsible for the absorption of nutrients and electrolytes, hence a semipermeable barrier is required that selectively allows a number of substances in while keeping others out. To this end, the intestine developed the "intestinal barrier function", a defensive system involving various elements, both intra- and extracellular, that work in a coordinated way to impede the passage of antigens, toxins, and microbial byproducts, and simultaneously preserves the correct development of the epithelial barrier, the immune system, and the acquisition of tolerance against dietary antigens and the intestinal microbiota. Disturbances in the mechanisms of the barrier function favor the development of exaggerated immune responses; while exact implications remain unknown, changes in intestinal barrier function have been associated with the development of inflammatory conditions in the gastrointestinal tract. This review details de various elements of the intestinal barrier function, and the key molecular and cellular changes described for gastrointestinal diseases associated with dysfunction in this defensive mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - María Vicario
- Gastroenteroogia, Vall d'Hebron Institut de REcerca, España
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108
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Elizabeth de Sousa Rodrigues M, Bekhbat M, Houser MC, Chang J, Walker DI, Jones DP, Oller do Nascimento CM, Barnum CJ, Tansey MG. Chronic psychological stress and high-fat high-fructose diet disrupt metabolic and inflammatory gene networks in the brain, liver, and gut and promote behavioral deficits in mice. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 59:158-172. [PMID: 27592562 PMCID: PMC5154856 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the association between chronic psychological stress, development of metabolic syndrome (MetS), and behavioral impairment in obesity are poorly understood. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of mild chronic psychological stress on metabolic, inflammatory, and behavioral profiles in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity. We hypothesized that (1) high-fat high-fructose diet (HFHF) and psychological stress would synergize to mediate the impact of inflammation on the central nervous system in the presence of behavioral dysfunction, and that (2) HFHF and stress interactions would impact insulin and lipid metabolism. C57Bl/6 male mice underwent a combination of HFHF and two weeks of chronic psychological stress. MetS-related conditions were assessed using untargeted plasma metabolomics, and structural and immune changes in the gut and liver were evaluated. Inflammation was measured in plasma, liver, gut, and brain. Our results show a complex interplay of diet and stress on gut alterations, energetic homeostasis, lipid metabolism, and plasma insulin levels. Psychological stress and HFHF diet promoted changes in intestinal tight junctions proteins and increases in insulin resistance and plasma cholesterol, and impacted the RNA expression of inflammatory factors in the hippocampus. Stress promoted an adaptive anti-inflammatory profile in the hippocampus that was abolished by diet treatment. HFHF increased hippocampal and hepatic Lcn2 mRNA expression as well as LCN2 plasma levels. Behavioral changes were associated with HFHF and stress. Collectively, these results suggest that diet and stress as pervasive factors exacerbate MetS-related conditions through an inflammatory mechanism that ultimately can impact behavior. This rodent model may prove useful for identification of possible biomarkers and therapeutic targets to treat metabolic syndrome and mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elizabeth de Sousa Rodrigues
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine at Emory University, United States,Department of Physiology of Nutrition, Federal University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mandakh Bekhbat
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine at Emory University, United States.
| | - Madelyn C. Houser
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine at Emory University, United States
| | - Jianjun Chang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine at Emory University, United States.
| | - Douglas I. Walker
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine at Emory University, United States
| | - Dean P. Jones
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine at Emory University, United States
| | | | | | - Malú G. Tansey
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine at Emory University, United States,Corresponding author at: Emory University School of Medicine, 605L Whitehead Biomedical Res. Bldg., 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA 30322-3110, United States
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109
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Mazzoli R, Pessione E. The Neuro-endocrinological Role of Microbial Glutamate and GABA Signaling. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1934. [PMID: 27965654 PMCID: PMC5127831 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota provides the host with multiple functions (e.g., by contributing to food digestion, vitamin supplementation, and defense against pathogenic strains) and interacts with the host organism through both direct contact (e.g., through surface antigens) and soluble molecules, which are produced by the microbial metabolism. The existence of the so-called gut–brain axis of bi-directional communication between the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system (CNS) also supports a communication pathway between the gut microbiota and neural circuits of the host, including the CNS. An increasing body of evidence has shown that gut microbiota is able to modulate gut and brain functions, including the mood, cognitive functions, and behavior of humans. Nonetheless, given the extreme complexity of this communication network, its comprehension is still at its early stage. The present contribution will attempt to provide a state-of-the art description of the mechanisms by which gut microbiota can affect the gut–brain axis and the multiple cellular and molecular communication circuits (i.e., neural, immune, and humoral). In this context, special attention will be paid to the microbial strains that produce bioactive compounds and display ascertained or potential probiotic activity. Several neuroactive molecules (e.g., catecholamines, histamine, serotonin, and trace amines) will be considered, with special focus on Glu and GABA circuits, receptors, and signaling. From the basic science viewpoint, “microbial endocrinology” deals with those theories in which neurochemicals, produced by both multicellular organisms and prokaryotes (e.g., serotonin, GABA, glutamate), are considered as a common shared language that enables interkingdom communication. With regards to its application, research in this area opens the way toward the possibility of the future use of neuroactive molecule-producing probiotics as therapeutic agents for the treatment of neurogastroenteric and/or psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Mazzoli
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Proteomics and Metabolic Engineering of Prokaryotes, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino Torino, Italy
| | - Enrica Pessione
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Proteomics and Metabolic Engineering of Prokaryotes, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino Torino, Italy
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110
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Ufnal M, Pham K. The gut-blood barrier permeability - A new marker in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases? Med Hypotheses 2016; 98:35-37. [PMID: 28012600 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that blood-borne metabolites of gut microbiota, such as trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) are involved in the aetiology of cardiovascular diseases and may serve as markers of cardiovascular risk. To enter the bloodstream the microbiota-derived molecules need to pass the gut-blood barrier (GBB). The GBB plays an important role in maintaining organism homeostasis. It is a complex multi-layer system which determines the absorption of nutrients, water and many other substances. The integrity and permeability of the GBB may be impaired in numerous diseases including gastrointestinal, metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Here, we propose that the evaluation of the GBB permeability may have a significant diagnostic potential in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Second, we suggest that the GBB permeability is a variable that confounds diagnostic value of new gut microbiota-derived biomarkers such as TMAO. Therefore, cardiovascular risk assessment requires the evaluation of both TMAO and the GBB permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Ufnal
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Kinga Pham
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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111
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Lundquist P, Artursson P. Oral absorption of peptides and nanoparticles across the human intestine: Opportunities, limitations and studies in human tissues. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 106:256-276. [PMID: 27496705 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In this contribution, we review the molecular and physiological barriers to oral delivery of peptides and nanoparticles. We discuss the opportunities and predictivity of various in vitro systems with special emphasis on human intestine in Ussing chambers. First, the molecular constraints to peptide absorption are discussed. Then the physiological barriers to peptide delivery are examined. These include the gastric and intestinal environment, the mucus barrier, tight junctions between epithelial cells, the enterocytes of the intestinal epithelium, and the subepithelial tissue. Recent data from human proteome studies are used to provide information about the protein expression profiles of the different physiological barriers to peptide and nanoparticle absorption. Strategies that have been employed to increase peptide absorption across each of the barriers are discussed. Special consideration is given to attempts at utilizing endogenous transcytotic pathways. To reliably translate in vitro data on peptide or nanoparticle permeability to the in vivo situation in a human subject, the in vitro experimental system needs to realistically capture the central aspects of the mentioned barriers. Therefore, characteristics of common in vitro cell culture systems are discussed and compared to those of human intestinal tissues. Attempts to use the cell and tissue models for in vitro-in vivo extrapolation are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lundquist
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, SE-752 37 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - P Artursson
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, SE-752 37 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Tomuschat C, O'Donnell AM, Coyle D, Dreher N, Kelly D, Puri P. Altered expression of a two-pore domain (K2P) mechano-gated potassium channel TREK-1 in Hirschsprung's disease. Pediatr Res 2016; 80:729-733. [PMID: 27384506 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2016.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathophysiology of Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR) is not fully understood. A significant proportion of patients have persisting bowel symptoms such as constipation, soiling, and enterocolitis despite correctly performed operations. Animal data suggest that stretch-activated 2-pore domain K+ channels play a critical role in the maintenance of intestinal barrier integrity. METHODS We investigated TREK-1 protein expression in ganglionic and aganglionic regions of HSCR patients (n = 10) vs. normal control colon (n = 10). Protein distribution was assessed by using immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. Gene and protein expression were quantified using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blot analysis, and densitometry. RESULTS Confocal microscopy of the normal colon revealed strong TREK-1 channel expression in the epithelium. TREK-1-positive cells were decreased in aganglionic and ganglionic bowel compared to controls. TREK-1 gene expression levels were significantly decreased in aganglionic and ganglionic bowel compared to controls (P < 0.05). Western blotting revealed decreased TREK-1 protein expression in aganglionic and ganglionic bowel compared to controls. CONCLUSION We demonstrate, for the first time, the expression and distribution of TREK-1 channels in the human colon. The decreased TREK-1 expression in the aganglionic and ganglionic bowel observed in HSCR may alter intestinal epithelial barrier function leading to the development of enterocolitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Tomuschat
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Anne Marie O'Donnell
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David Coyle
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nickolas Dreher
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Danielle Kelly
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Prem Puri
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Medicine and Medical Science and Conway Institute of Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Neuroinflammation in Autism: Plausible Role of Maternal Inflammation, Dietary Omega 3, and Microbiota. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:3597209. [PMID: 27840741 PMCID: PMC5093279 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3597209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Several genetic causes of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have been identified. However, more recent work has highlighted that certain environmental exposures early in life may also account for some cases of autism. Environmental insults during pregnancy, such as infection or malnutrition, seem to dramatically impact brain development. Maternal viral or bacterial infections have been characterized as disruptors of brain shaping, even if their underlying mechanisms are not yet fully understood. Poor nutritional diversity, as well as nutrient deficiency, is strongly associated with neurodevelopmental disorders in children. For instance, imbalanced levels of essential fatty acids, and especially polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), are observed in patients with ASD and other neurodevelopmental disorders (e.g., attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and schizophrenia). Interestingly, PUFAs, and specifically n-3 PUFAs, are powerful immunomodulators that exert anti-inflammatory properties. These prenatal dietary and immunologic factors not only impact the fetal brain, but also affect the microbiota. Recent work suggests that the microbiota could be the missing link between environmental insults in prenatal life and future neurodevelopmental disorders. As both nutrition and inflammation can massively affect the microbiota, we discuss here how understanding the crosstalk between these three actors could provide a promising framework to better elucidate ASD etiology.
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114
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Tomuschat C, O'Donnell AM, Coyle D, Dreher N, Kelly D, Puri P. Altered expression of ATP-sensitive K(+) channels in Hirschsprung's disease. J Pediatr Surg 2016; 51:948-52. [PMID: 27001456 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2016.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hirschsprung's disease-associated enterocolitis (HAEC) is the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR). Altered intestinal epithelial barrier function has been suggested to play a role in the causation of HAEC. In rodent experimental models of colitis, a decreased expression of K(ATP) channels (Subunits: Kir6.1/6.2 and SUR1/2) is reported. We designed this study to determine if K(ATP) channels exist within the human colon and to investigate the expression of different subunits in Hirschsprung's disease. METHODS We investigated Kir6.1, Kir6.2, SUR1, and SUR2 expression in ganglionic and aganglionic bowel of HD patients (n=5) and controls (n=5). Western blotting and confocal immunofluorescence were performed. MAIN RESULTS Western blot analysis revealed that Kir6.1, Kir6.2, SUR1, and SUR2 are strongly expressed in the normal human colon. Kir6.1, Kir6.2, SUR1, and SUR2 expression was significantly decreased in the aganglionic bowel compared to ganglionic bowel and controls. Kir6.1 and SUR1 expression were also significantly decreased in the ganglionic bowel of HSCR patients compared to controls. CONCLUSION We demonstrate for the first time the existence of K(ATP) channels in the human colon. The decreased K(ATP) channel expression in HSCR specimens suggests that an altered K(ATP) expression may interfere with intestinal epithelium barrier function and predispose to HAEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Tomuschat
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Anne Marie O'Donnell
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David Coyle
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nickolas Dreher
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Danielle Kelly
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Prem Puri
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland; School of Medicine and Medical Science and Conway Institute of Biomedical Research, University College, Dublin, Ireland.
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115
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Bai L, Takagi S, Ando T, Yoneyama H, Ito K, Mizugai H, Isogai E. Antimicrobial activity of tea catechin against canine oral bacteria and the functional mechanisms. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:1439-1445. [PMID: 27246281 PMCID: PMC5059371 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is the major polyphenolic compound of green tea.
Polyphenolic compounds were extracted from the leaf of Camellia sinensis
(Japanese green tea), and the minimum inhibitory concentration against canine oral
bacteria was measured. Subsequently, we investigated the inhibitory effects of
polyphenolic compounds and EGCG on the growth of canine oral bacteria. EGCG showed
antimicrobial activity against a model bacterium, Streptococcus mutans.
Our results indicate that EGCG can inhibit the growth and biofilm formation of S.
mutans and that EGCG does not interact with streptococcal lipoteichoic acid
(LTA). Furthermore, our findings suggest that EGCG interacts with other component(s) of
the bacterial membrane aside from streptococcal LTA to inhibit biofilm formation and
damage biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Bai
- Laboratory of Animal Microbiology, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori, Amamiya-machi Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8555, Japan
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Abstract
The present review examines the pig as a model for physiological studies in human subjects related to nutrient sensing, appetite regulation, gut barrier function, intestinal microbiota and nutritional neuroscience. The nutrient-sensing mechanisms regarding acids (sour), carbohydrates (sweet), glutamic acid (umami) and fatty acids are conserved between humans and pigs. In contrast, pigs show limited perception of high-intensity sweeteners and NaCl and sense a wider array of amino acids than humans. Differences on bitter taste may reflect the adaptation to ecosystems. In relation to appetite regulation, plasma concentrations of cholecystokinin and glucagon-like peptide-1 are similar in pigs and humans, while peptide YY in pigs is ten to twenty times higher and ghrelin two to five times lower than in humans. Pigs are an excellent model for human studies for vagal nerve function related to the hormonal regulation of food intake. Similarly, the study of gut barrier functions reveals conserved defence mechanisms between the two species particularly in functional permeability. However, human data are scant for some of the defence systems and nutritional programming. The pig model has been valuable for studying the changes in human microbiota following nutritional interventions. In particular, the use of human flora-associated pigs is a useful model for infants, but the long-term stability of the implanted human microbiota in pigs remains to be investigated. The similarity of the pig and human brain anatomy and development is paradigmatic. Brain explorations and therapies described in pig, when compared with available human data, highlight their value in nutritional neuroscience, particularly regarding functional neuroimaging techniques.
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117
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Nullens S, Staessens M, Peleman C, Plaeke P, Malhotra-Kumar S, Francque S, De Man JG, De Winter BY. Beneficial Effects of Anti-Interleukin-6 Antibodies on Impaired Gastrointestinal Motility, Inflammation and Increased Colonic Permeability in a Murine Model of Sepsis Are Most Pronounced When Administered in a Preventive Setup. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152914. [PMID: 27044016 PMCID: PMC4820138 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES During sepsis, gastrointestinal ileus, mucosal barrier dysfunction and bacterial translocation are accepted to be important triggers that can maintain or exacerbate the septic state. In the caecal ligation and puncture animal model of sepsis, we demonstrated that systemic and colonic interleukin-6 levels are significantly increased coinciding with an impaired colonic barrier function. We therefore aimed to study the effect of therapeutic or curative administration of anti-IL6 antibodies on overall GI motility, colonic permeability and translocation of intestinal bacteria in blood and mesenteric lymph nodes in the mouse caecal ligation and puncture model. METHODS OF-1 mice were randomized to either the preventive or curative protocol, in which they received 1 mg/kg of antibodies to interleukin-6, or its IgG isotype control solution. They subsequently underwent either the caecal ligation and puncture procedure, or sham-surgery. GI motility was assessed 48 h following the procedure, as well as colonic permeability, serum and colon cytokines, colonic tight junction proteins at the mRNA level; cultures of blood and mesenteric lymph nodes were performed. RESULTS Preventive administration of anti-interleukin-6 antibodies successfully counteracted the gastrointestinal motility disturbances and impaired colonic barrier function that could be observed in vehicle-treated septic animals. Serum and colonic levels of proinflammatory cytokines were significantly lower when animals were preventively treated with anti-interleukin-6 antibodies. A repetitive injection 24 h later resulted in the most pronounced effects. Curative treatment significantly lowered systemic and colonic inflammation markers while the effects on transit and permeability were unfortunately no longer significant. CONCLUSIONS Caecal ligation and puncture resulted in septic ileus with an increased colonic permeability. Antibodies to interleukin-6 were able to ameliorate gastro-intestinal motility, suppress inflammation and normalize the permeability of the colonic wall, with the preventive administration combined with a repeat injection being far more efficacious than the sole preventive or curative one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Nullens
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Michael Staessens
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Cédric Peleman
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Philip Plaeke
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Sven Francque
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Antwerp University Hospital, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Joris G. De Man
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Benedicte Y. De Winter
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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118
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Gosain A. Established and Emerging Concepts in Hirschsprung’s-Associated Enterocolitis. Pediatr Surg Int 2016; 32:313-20. [PMID: 26783087 PMCID: PMC5321668 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-016-3862-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR) is a common cause of neonatal bowel obstruction and the approach to diagnosis and surgical treatment is well defined and accepted. Hirschsprung's-associated enterocolitis (HAEC) remains a frequent cause of pre-operative and post-operative morbidity and mortality, with unchanged treatment guidelines over multiple decades. Recent advances in our understanding of the genetics underlying HSCR have allowed the development of animal models, some of which recapitulate the HAEC phenotype. These animal models, along with recent translational studies, have implicated multiple facets of mucosal immunity and microbiome dysbiosis in the development of HAEC. Here, we will review the established epidemiology, modes of diagnosis and treatment of HAEC. Furthermore, we will explore emerging concepts in the pathogenesis of this disease; including animal models, alterations in mucosal immunity, dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiome, specific genetic susceptibility, and novel treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankush Gosain
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN, USA,Children’s Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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119
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Zhang L, Song J, Hou X. Mast Cells and Irritable Bowel Syndrome: From the Bench to the Bedside. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2016; 22:181-92. [PMID: 26755686 PMCID: PMC4819856 DOI: 10.5056/jnm15137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is traditionally defined as a functional disorder since it lacks demonstrable pathological abnormalities. However, in recent years, low grade inflammatory infiltration, often rich in mast cells, in both the small and large bowel, has been observed in some patients with IBS. The close association of mast cells with major intestinal functions, such as epithelial secretion and permeability, neuroimmune interactions, visceral sensation, and peristalsis, makes researchers and gastroenterologists to focus attention on the key roles of mast cells in the pathogenesis of IBS. Numerous studies have been carried out to identify the mechanisms in the development, infiltration, activation, and degranulation of intestinal mast cells, as well as the actions of mast cells in the processes of mucosal barrier disruption, mucosal immune dysregulation, visceral hypersensitivity, dysmotility, and local and central stress in IBS. Moreover, therapies targeting mast cells, such as mast cell stabilizers (cromoglycate and ketotifen) and antagonists of histamine and serotonin receptors, have been tried in IBS patients, and have partially exhibited considerable efficacy. This review focuses on recent advances in the role of mast cells in IBS, with particular emphasis on bridging experimental data with clinical therapeutics for IBS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Song
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaohua Hou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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120
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Enck P, Aziz Q, Barbara G, Farmer AD, Fukudo S, Mayer EA, Niesler B, Quigley EMM, Rajilić-Stojanović M, Schemann M, Schwille-Kiuntke J, Simren M, Zipfel S, Spiller RC. Irritable bowel syndrome. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2016; 2:16014. [PMID: 27159638 PMCID: PMC5001845 DOI: 10.1038/nrdp.2016.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 591] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal disease with a high population prevalence. The disorder can be debilitating in some patients, whereas others may have mild or moderate symptoms. The most important single risk factors are female sex, younger age and preceding gastrointestinal infections. Clinical symptoms of IBS include abdominal pain or discomfort, stool irregularities and bloating, as well as other somatic, visceral and psychiatric comorbidities. Currently, the diagnosis of IBS is based on symptoms and the exclusion of other organic diseases, and therapy includes drug treatment of the predominant symptoms, nutrition and psychotherapy. Although the underlying pathogenesis is far from understood, aetiological factors include increased epithelial hyperpermeability, dysbiosis, inflammation, visceral hypersensitivity, epigenetics and genetics, and altered brain-gut interactions. IBS considerably affects quality of life and imposes a profound burden on patients, physicians and the health-care system. The past decade has seen remarkable progress in our understanding of functional bowel disorders such as IBS that will be summarized in this Primer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Enck
- Department of Internal Medicine VI (Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy), University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Qasim Aziz
- Wingate Institute of Neurogastroenterology, Barts and London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Giovanni Barbara
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, St. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Adam D Farmer
- Wingate Institute of Neurogastroenterology, Barts and London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Shin Fukudo
- Department of Behavioural Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Emeran A Mayer
- Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Beate Niesler
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eamonn M M Quigley
- Lynda K and David M Underwood Center for Digestive Disorders, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Mirjana Rajilić-Stojanović
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Michael Schemann
- Department of Human Biology, Technical University Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Juliane Schwille-Kiuntke
- Department of Internal Medicine VI (Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy), University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Magnus Simren
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stephan Zipfel
- Department of Internal Medicine VI (Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy), University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robin C Spiller
- NIHR Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research Unit, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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121
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Gorky J, Schwaber J. The role of the gut-brain axis in alcohol use disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2016; 65:234-41. [PMID: 26188287 PMCID: PMC4679635 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Neuroimmune and inflammatory processes have been locally associated with the amygdala in alcohol exposure and withdrawal. We and others have suggested that this inflammation in the amygdala may cause disturbance of neural function observed as anxiety and autonomic distress in withdrawal. Despite the potential importance of the robust neuroinflammatory response, the mechanisms contributing to this response are not well understood. We review literature that suggests the effects of alcohol, and other substances of abuse, cause dysbiosis of the gut microbiome. This peripheral response may modulate neuroprotective vagal afferent signaling that permits and exacerbates a neuroinflammatory response in the amygdala. We will examine the mounting evidence that suggests that (1) gut dysbiosis contributes to neuroinflammation, especially in the context of alcohol exposure and withdrawal, (2) the neuroinflammation in the amygdala involves the microglia and astrocytes and their effect on neural cells, and (3) amygdala neuroinflammation itself contributes directly to withdrawal behavior and symptoms. The contribution of the gut to an anxiogenic response is a promising therapeutic target for patients suffering with withdrawal symptoms given the safe and well-established methods of modulating the gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Gorky
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - James Schwaber
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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122
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Xu XJ, Liu L, Yao SK. Nerve growth factor and diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D): a potential therapeutic target? J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2016; 17:1-9. [PMID: 26739521 PMCID: PMC4710835 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1500181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by recurrent abdominal pain or discomfort associated with abnormal bowel habits. Diarrhea-predominant IBS (IBS-D) is a major subtype of IBS, the predominant manifestations of which are abdominal pain and diarrhea. The pathogenesis of IBS-D remained unknown until recently. The effects of psychosocial stress, central hypervigilance, neuroendocrine abnormality, disturbed gastrointestinal motility, mucosal immune activation, intestinal barrier dysfunction, visceral hypersensitivity (VH), altered gut flora, and genetic susceptibility may be involved in its development. Recently, increased attention has been placed on the neural-immune-endocrine network mechanism in IBS-D, especially the role of various neuroendocrine mediators. As a member of the neurotrophin family, nerve growth factor (NGF) has diverse biological effects, and participates in the pathogenesis of many diseases. Basic studies have demonstrated that NGF is associated with inflammatory- and stress-related VH, as well as stress-related intestinal barrier dysfunction. The aim of this study is to summarize recent literature and discuss the role of NGF in the pathophysiology of IBS-D, especially in VH and intestinal barrier dysfunction, as well as its potential as a therapeutic target in IBS-D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-juan Xu
- Gastroenterology Department, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100073, China
| | - Liang Liu
- Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Shu-kun Yao
- Gastroenterology Department, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100073, China
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123
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Abstract
There is increasing concern in identifying the mechanisms underlying the intimate control of the intestinal barrier, as deregulation of its function is strongly associated with digestive (organic and functional) and a number of non-digestive (schizophrenia, diabetes, sepsis, among others) disorders. The intestinal barrier is a complex and effective defensive functional system that operates to limit luminal antigen access to the internal milieu while maintaining nutrient and electrolyte absorption. Intestinal permeability to substances is mainly determined by the physicochemical properties of the barrier, with the epithelium, mucosal immunity, and neural activity playing a major role. In functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs), the absence of structural or biochemical abnormalities that explain chronic symptoms is probably close to its end, as recent research is providing evidence of structural gut alterations, at least in certain subsets, mainly in functional dyspepsia (FD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). These alterations are associated with increased permeability, which seems to reflect mucosal inflammation and neural activation. The participation of each anatomical and functional component of barrier function in homeostasis and intestinal dysfunction is described, with a special focus on FGIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricard Farré
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Vicario
- Laboratory of Translational Mucosal Immunology, Digestive Diseases Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Paseo Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain. .,Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Paseo Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain.
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Mereu A, Tedó G, Moeser AJ, Rimbach G, Ipharraguerre IR. Cromolyn-mediated improvement of intestinal barrier function is associated with enhanced piglet performance after weaning. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:274. [PMID: 26510713 PMCID: PMC4624645 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0588-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous work showed that weaning stress causes gut barrier dysfunction partly by triggering the release of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) and thereby inducing the degranulation of intestinal mast cell (MC). This study investigated the hypothesis that attenuating the weaning-induced activation of the CRF-MC axis via administration of a MC stabilizing agent (cromolyn) may improve gut permeability and piglet performance after weaning. Results To test the hypothesis twenty piglets were weaned (20 ± 1.0 d of age; 6.4 ± 0.4 kg of BW) and injected intraperitoneally with saline (control, n = 10) or 20 mg/kg BW of sodium cromolyn (cromolyn, n = 10) at – 0.5, 8 and 16 h relative to weaning. Piglets were housed individually and fed ad libitum a pre-starter diet from one to 15 d post-weaning followed by a starter diet until the end of the study on d 36. Cromolyn improved intestinal permeability as indicated by the reduced recovery of cobalt and mannitol in plasma samples. Cromolyn treated pigs consumed more feed (369 vs. 313 g/d; P < 0.009), gained more BW (283 vs. 238 g/d; P < 0.006), and grew more efficiently (0.60 vs. 0.40; P < 0.042) than their control counterparts. As a result, cromolyn treated pigs were 1.4 kg heavier than those in the control group by d 36 after weaning (16.5 vs. 17.9 kg; P < 0.002). Conclusions In agreement with our hypothesis, present data indicate that the cromolyn-mediated improvement of intestinal permeability is associated with enhanced pig performance after weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Mereu
- Lucta S.A., Can Parellada 28, 08170, Montornés del Vallés, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Gemma Tedó
- Lucta S.A., Can Parellada 28, 08170, Montornés del Vallés, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Adam J Moeser
- Gastrointestinal Stress Biology Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 48824, MI, USA.
| | - Gerald Rimbach
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Straße 6-8, D-24118, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Ignacio R Ipharraguerre
- Lucta S.A., Can Parellada 28, 08170, Montornés del Vallés, Barcelona, Spain. .,Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Straße 6-8, D-24118, Kiel, Germany.
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Abstract
Despite an extensive body of reported information about peripheral and central mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of IBS symptoms, no comprehensive disease model has emerged that would guide the development of novel, effective therapies. In this Review, we will first describe novel insights into some key components of brain-gut interactions, starting with the emerging findings of distinct functional and structural brain signatures of IBS. We will then point out emerging correlations between these brain networks and genomic, gastrointestinal, immune and gut-microbiome-related parameters. We will incorporate this new information, as well as the reported extensive literature on various peripheral mechanisms, into a systems-based disease model of IBS, and discuss the implications of such a model for improved understanding of the disorder, and for the development of more-effective treatment approaches in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeran A Mayer
- Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7378, USA
| | - Jennifer S Labus
- Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7378, USA
| | - Kirsten Tillisch
- Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7378, USA and West Los Angeles VA Medical Center, 11301 Wilshire Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - Steven W Cole
- Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7378, USA
| | - Pierre Baldi
- Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of California at Irvine, 4038 Bren Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-3435, USA
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126
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Feng L, Li W, Liu Y, Jiang WD, Kuang SY, Jiang J, Tang L, Wu P, Tang WN, Zhang YA, Zhou XQ. Dietary phenylalanine-improved intestinal barrier health in young grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) is associated with increased immune status and regulated gene expression of cytokines, tight junction proteins, antioxidant enzymes and related signalling molecules. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 45:495-509. [PMID: 25979603 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Revised: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The present work evaluated the effects of dietary phenylalanine (Phe) on the intestinal immune response, tight junction proteins transcript abundance, and the gene expression of immune- and antioxidant-related signalling molecules in the intestine. In addition, the dietary Phe (and Phe + Tyr) requirement of young grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) was also estimated. Fish were fed fish meal-casein-gelatin based diets (302.3 g crude protein kg(-1)) containing 3.4 (basal diet), 6.1, 9.1, 11.5, 14.0 and 16.8 g Phe kg(-1) with a fixed amount of 10.7 g tyrosine kg(-1) for 8 weeks. The results showed that Phe deficiency or excess Phe reduced the lysozyme and acid phosphatase activities and complement C 3 content in the intestine (P < 0.05). Moreover, zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), occludin and claudin c mRNA levels were highest in the fish fed the diet containing 11.5 g Phe kg(-1) (P < 0.05). However, claudin 12 and claudin b mRNA levels were not significantly affected by dietary Phe (P > 0.05). Gene expression of interleukin-10 (IL-10), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), target of rapamycin (TOR) and inhibitor of nuclear factor κBα (IκBα) in proximal intestine (PI), mid intestine (MI) and distal intestine (DI) increased as dietary Phe increased up to 6.1, 9.1, 11.5 and 14.0 g kg(-1), respectively (P < 0.05). However, interleukin-8 (IL-8), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and nuclear factor-κB p65 (NF-κB p65) mRNA levels showed opposite tendencies. In addition, the mRNA level of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was significantly lower in the intestinal tissue of the group fed a diet with Phe levels of 16.8 g kg(-1) than in those of other groups (P < 0.05). The expression of NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) gene was increased as dietary Phe increased up to 9.1 g kg(-1) (P < 0.05). In conclusion, Phe improved intestinal immune status, and regulated gene expression of cytokines, tight junction proteins, antioxidant enzymes, NF-κB p65, IκBα, TOR, and Nrf2 in the fish intestine. Based on the quadratic regression analysis of lysozyme activity at a 95% maximum, the dietary Phe requirement of young grass carp (256-629 g) was estimated to be 8.31 g kg(-1), corresponding to 2.75 g 100 g(-1) protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Feng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Wen Li
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Wei-Dan Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Sheng-Yao Kuang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Ling Tang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Pei Wu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Wu-Neng Tang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Yong-An Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xiao-Qiu Zhou
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China.
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Hungin APS, Becher A, Cayley B, Heidelbaugh JJ, Muris JWM, Rubin G, Seifert B, Russell A, De Wit NJ. Irritable bowel syndrome: an integrated explanatory model for clinical practice. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015; 27:750-63. [PMID: 25703486 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a symptom-based diagnosis, clinicians' management of and communication about the disorder is often hampered by an unclear conceptual understanding of the nature of the problem. We aimed to elucidate an integrated explanatory model (EM) for IBS from the existing literature for pragmatic use in the clinical setting. METHODS Systematic and exploratory literature searches were performed in PubMed to identify publications on IBS and EMs. KEY RESULTS The searches did not identify a single, integrated EM for IBS. However, three main hypotheses were elucidated that could provide components with which to develop an IBS EM: (i) altered peripheral regulation of gut function (including sensory and secretory mechanisms); (ii) altered brain-gut signaling (including visceral hypersensitivity); and (iii) psychological distress. Genetic polymorphisms and epigenetic changes may, to some degree, underlie the etiology and pathophysiology of IBS and could increase the susceptibility to developing the disorder. The three model components also fit into one integrated explanation for abdominal symptoms and changes in stool habit. Additionally, IBS may share a common pathophysiological mechanism with other associated functional syndromes. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES It was possible to elucidate an integrated, three-component EM as a basis for clinicians to conceptualize the nature of IBS, with the potential to contribute to better diagnosis and management, and dialog with sufferers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P S Hungin
- School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, Stockton-on-Tees, UK
| | - A Becher
- School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, Stockton-on-Tees, UK.,Research and Evaluation Unit, Oxford PharmaGenesis Ltd, Oxford, UK
| | - B Cayley
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - J J Heidelbaugh
- Departments of Family Medicine and Urology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - J W M Muris
- Department of Family Medicine, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - G Rubin
- School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, Stockton-on-Tees, UK
| | - B Seifert
- Institute of General Practice, Charles University, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - A Russell
- Department of Anthropology, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - N J De Wit
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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128
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Fernández-Blanco JA, Estévez J, Shea-Donohue T, Martínez V, Vergara P. Changes in Epithelial Barrier Function in Response to Parasitic Infection: Implications for IBD Pathogenesis. J Crohns Colitis 2015; 9:463-76. [PMID: 25820018 PMCID: PMC4817368 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjv056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Mast cells [MCs] are implicated in epithelial barrier alterations that characterize inflammatory and functional bowel disorders. In this study, we describe mast cell proteinases [chymases and tryptases] and tight junction [TJ] proteins kinetics in a rat model of postinfectious gut dysfunction. METHODS Jejunal tissues of control and -infected rats were used. Inflammation-related changes in MCs and the expression of TJ-related proteins were evaluated by immunostaining and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Epithelial barrier function was assessed in vitro (Ussing chambers) and in vivo. RESULTS After infection, intestinal inflammation was associated with a generalized overexpression of MC chymases, peaking between Days 6 and 14. Thereafter, a mucosal MC hyperplasia and a late increase in connective tissue MC counts were observed. From Day 2 post-infection, TJ proteins occludin and claudin-3 expression was down-regulated whereas the pore-forming protein claudin-2 was overexpressed. The expression of proglucagon, precursor of the barrier-enhancing factor glucagon-like peptide-2, was reduced. These changes were associated with an increase in epithelial permeability, both in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Proteinases expression and location of mucosal and connective tissue MCs indicate a time-related pattern in the maturation of intestinal MCs following infection. Altered expression of TJ-related proteins is consistent with a loss of epithelial tightness, and provides a molecular mechanism for the enhanced epithelial permeability observed in inflammatory conditions of the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Javier Estévez
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat
Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona,
Spain
| | - Terez Shea-Donohue
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology
& Hepatology and Mucosal Biology Research Center,
Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Vicente Martínez
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat
Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona,
Spain,Instituto de Neurociencias, Universitat Autònoma de
Barcelona, Barcelona,
Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y
Digestivas [CIBERehd], Instituto de Salud Carlos III,
Madrid, Spain
| | - Patri Vergara
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat
Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona,
Spain,Instituto de Neurociencias, Universitat Autònoma de
Barcelona, Barcelona,
Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y
Digestivas [CIBERehd], Instituto de Salud Carlos III,
Madrid, Spain
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129
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Schokker D, Veninga G, Vastenhouw SA, Bossers A, de Bree FM, Kaal-Lansbergen LMTE, Rebel JMJ, Smits MA. Early life microbial colonization of the gut and intestinal development differ between genetically divergent broiler lines. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:418. [PMID: 26017153 PMCID: PMC4446945 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1646-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Host genetic makeup plays a role in early gut microbial colonization and immune programming. Interactions between gut microbiota and host cells of the mucosal layer are of paramount importance for a proper development of host defence mechanisms. For different livestock species, it has already been shown that particular genotypes have increased susceptibilities towards disease causing pathogens. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of genotypic variation on both early microbial colonization of the gut and functional development of intestinal tissue. From two genetically diverse chicken lines intestinal content samples were taken for microbiota analyses and intestinal tissue samples were extracted for gene expression analyses, both at three subsequent time-points (days 0, 4, and 16). Results The microbiota composition was significantly different between lines on each time point. In contrast, no significant differences were observed regarding changes in the microbiota diversity between the two lines throughout this study. We also observed trends in the microbiota data at genus level when comparing lines X and Y. We observed that approximately 2000 genes showed different temporal gene expression patterns when comparing line X to line Y. Immunological related differences seem to be only present at day 0, because at day 4 and 16 similar gene expression is observed for these two lines. However, for genes involved in cell cycle related processes the data show higher expression over the whole course of time in line Y in comparison to line X. Conclusions These data suggest the genetic background influences colonization of gut microbiota after hatch in combination with the functional development of intestinal mucosal tissue, including the programming of the immune system. The results indicate that genetically different chicken lines have different coping mechanisms in early life to cope with the outside world. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1646-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alex Bossers
- Central Veterinary Institute, Lelystad, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | - Mari A Smits
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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130
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de Punder K, Pruimboom L. Stress induces endotoxemia and low-grade inflammation by increasing barrier permeability. Front Immunol 2015; 6:223. [PMID: 26029209 PMCID: PMC4432792 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading causes of work absence, disability, and mortality worldwide. Most of these diseases are associated with low-grade inflammation. Here, we hypothesize that stresses (defined as homeostatic disturbances) can induce low-grade inflammation by increasing the availability of water, sodium, and energy-rich substances to meet the increased metabolic demand induced by the stressor. One way of triggering low-grade inflammation is by increasing intestinal barrier permeability through activation of various components of the stress system. Although beneficial to meet the demands necessary during stress, increased intestinal barrier permeability also raises the possibility of the translocation of bacteria and their toxins across the intestinal lumen into the blood circulation. In combination with modern life-style factors, the increase in bacteria/bacterial toxin translocation arising from a more permeable intestinal wall causes a low-grade inflammatory state. We support this hypothesis with numerous studies finding associations with NCDs and markers of endotoxemia, suggesting that this process plays a pivotal and perhaps even a causal role in the development of low-grade inflammation and its related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin de Punder
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité University Medicine , Berlin , Germany ; Natura Foundation , Numansdorp , Netherlands
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131
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What is known about the mechanisms of dietary influences in Crohn's disease? Nutrition 2015; 31:1195-203. [PMID: 26333887 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2015.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Much has been written about the role of diet and risk for Crohn's disease (CD). However, the evidence is contradictory. Recent evidence has pointed to fiber playing an important role along with the possibility that dietary fat and overnutrition also have a role. Diet has a clearer place in disease modification, with some diets used in the treatment of CD. The lack of clarity stems from a poor understanding of the mechanisms underlying the relationship between diet and CD. Gut permeability is likely to play a key role in the risk for CD. Mechanisms whereby diet can affect gut permeability, including the effects of the gut microbiota, are reviewed. Modification of disease behavior is likely to be influenced by additional mechanisms, including recognition of complex food antigens. As with many other chronic diseases, a surrogate marker of CD risk would greatly aid evaluation of the dietary factors involved. Formal measures of gut permeability are too cumbersome for large-scale use, but fecal calprotectin may be a convenient measure of this. There are only preliminary data on the effect of diet and microbiota composition on fecal calprotectin and these require further investigation.
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132
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Dhawan S, Hiemstra IH, Verseijden C, Hilbers FW, te Velde AA, Willemsen LEM, Stap J, den Haan JM, de Jonge WJ. Cholinergic receptor activation on epithelia protects against cytokine-induced barrier dysfunction. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2015; 213:846-59. [PMID: 25683465 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM Various types of cholinergic receptors are expressed on intestinal epithelia. Their function is not completely understood. We hypothesize that cholinergic receptor activation on epithelium may serve a protective function in cytokine-induced barrier dysfunction. METHODS The effect of cholinergic receptor activation on cellular barrier function in epithelial cells was assessed by measuring electrical impedance, and by determining para-cellular transport in transwell experiments. Cell lysates treated with cytokine and/or cholinergic agonists were analysed for cyto- and chemokine production, and tight junction (TJ) protein rearrangement was assessed. Primary colonic epithelial cells were isolated from surgically resected colon tissue of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. RESULTS IL-1β induced production of chemokines (CXCL-1, CXCL-10, IL-8, CCL-7) and led to a rearrangement of TJ proteins (occludin and ZO-1). This response was inhibited by pre-treatment with muscarinic, rather than nicotinic, acetylcholine receptor agonists. Treatment with IL-1β enhanced paracellular permeability (4kD dextran) and reduced impedance across the monolayer, which was counteracted by pre-incubation with acetylcholine, or muscarinic receptor agonist bethanechol. The protective effect of acetylcholine was antagonized by atropine, underscoring muscarinic receptor involvement. IL-1β induced transcription of myosin light chain kinase and phosphorylation of myosin light chain, and this cytokine-induced phosphorylation of MLC was inhibited by muscarinic receptor agonists. Furthermore, in epithelial cells from resection material of patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, high expression of CXCL-8 was associated with a reduced choline acetyl transferase expression, suggesting an aberrant epithelial production of ACh in inflammatory context. CONCLUSION Acetylcholine acts on muscarinic receptors on epithelial cells to maintain epithelial barrier function under inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Dhawan
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Diseases; Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - I. H. Hiemstra
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - C. Verseijden
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Diseases; Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - F. W. Hilbers
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Diseases; Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - A. A. te Velde
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Diseases; Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - L. E. M. Willemsen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University; Utrecht Germany
| | - J. Stap
- Core Facility Cellular Imaging/LCAM-AMC; Academic Medical Centrum; Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - J. M. den Haan
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - W. J. de Jonge
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Diseases; Amsterdam the Netherlands
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Abstract
Tremendous progress has been made in characterizing the bidirectional interactions between the central nervous system, the enteric nervous system, and the gastrointestinal tract. A series of provocative preclinical studies have suggested a prominent role for the gut microbiota in these gut-brain interactions. Based on studies using rodents raised in a germ-free environment, the gut microbiota appears to influence the development of emotional behavior, stress- and pain-modulation systems, and brain neurotransmitter systems. Additionally, microbiota perturbations by probiotics and antibiotics exert modulatory effects on some of these measures in adult animals. Current evidence suggests that multiple mechanisms, including endocrine and neurocrine pathways, may be involved in gut microbiota-to-brain signaling and that the brain can in turn alter microbial composition and behavior via the autonomic nervous system. Limited information is available on how these findings may translate to healthy humans or to disease states involving the brain or the gut/brain axis. Future research needs to focus on confirming that the rodent findings are translatable to human physiology and to diseases such as irritable bowel syndrome, autism, anxiety, depression, and Parkinson's disease.
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134
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Provost M, Brégeon J, Aubert P, Duchalais-Dassonneville E, D'Aldebert E, Vergnolle N, Neunlist M, Meurette G. Effects of 1-week sacral nerve stimulation on the rectal intestinal epithelial barrier and neuromuscular transmission in a porcine model. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015; 27:40-50. [PMID: 25388954 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) is a validated treatment for fecal incontinence, although the mechanism of action remains unknown. Short-term effects of SNS on the intestinal epithelial barrier (IEB) have been reported previously. The aim of our study was to assess the impact of a 1-week SNS on the IEB in a preclinical model. METHODS Fourteen pigs were implanted for bilateral SNS. Seven pigs received 7-day stimulation, whereas the remaining animals received no stimulation. Rectal biopsies were performed before and after SNS. We assessed IEB permeability, mucosal tight junction and cytokine mRNA expression, IL-6 production in an organotypic culture model, and neuromuscular transmission in muscle strips. KEY RESULTS IEB permeability was not modified after stimulation, as compared with baseline. The PAR-induced increase in IEB permeability and the mucosal ZO-1 mRNA decrease observed in the controls were not observed into the stimulated group. Cytokine overexpression was not observed in the mucosa in either group. SNS decreased IL-6 production in the organotypic culture model. In the stimulated group, the area-under-the-curve of the EFS-induced contractile response was significantly increased. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES The main conclusions of our work are (i) the successful development of a preclinical model of bilateral SNS and (ii) in physiological conditions, 1-week SNS did not lead to functional changes in the mucosa. While under stress-induced conditions, SNS modified the properties of the IEB, leading to a decrease in its permeability. Neuromuscular transmission was modified by SNS, leading to neuronal hyperexcitability. These results add evidence to the reinforcement of the IEB by SNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Provost
- INSERM UMR 913, Institut des maladies de l'appareil digestif, CHU Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, France
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135
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Fehér J, Kovács I, Pacella E, Radák Z. [Correlation of the microbiota and intestinal mucosa in the pathophysiology and treatment of irritable bowel, irritable eye, and irritable mind syndrome]. Orv Hetil 2014; 155:1454-60. [PMID: 25194867 DOI: 10.1556/oh.2014.29987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating clinical evidence supports co-morbidity of irritable bowel, irritable eye and irritable mind symptoms. Furthermore, perturbation of the microbiota-host symbiosis (dysbiosis) is considered a common pathogenic mechanism connecting gastrointestinal, ocular and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Consequently, maintaining or restoring microbiota-host symbiosis represents a new approach to treat these symptoms or to prevent their relapses. Current treatment approach assigned a primary role to live probiotics alone or in combination with prebiotics to enhance colonization of beneficial bacteria and to strengthen the symbiosis. However, several papers showed major benefits of heat-killed probiotics as compared to their live counterparts on both intestinal and systemic symptoms. Recently, in addition to killing probiotics, in a proof of concept study lysates (fragments) of probiotics in combination with vitamins A, B, D and omega 3 fatty acids were successfully tested. These findings suggested a conceptual change in the approach addressed to both the microbiota and host as targets for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- János Fehér
- Nutripharma Hungaria Kft. Ophthalmic Neuroscience Program Budapest Sapienza Tudományegyetem Szemklinika via Sardegna 139 00187 Róma Olaszország
| | - Illés Kovács
- Semmelweis Egyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar Szemészeti Klinika Budapest
| | - Elena Pacella
- Sapienza Tudományegyetem Szemklinika via Sardegna 139 00187 Róma Olaszország
| | - Zsolt Radák
- Semmelweis Egyetem, Testnevelési és Sporttudományi Kar Sporttudományi Kutatóintézet Budapest
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136
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The brain-gut axis in health and disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 817:135-53. [PMID: 24997032 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0897-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between the brain and the gut has been recognized for many centuries. This bidirectional interaction occurs via neural, immunological and hormonal routes, and is important not only in normal gastrointestinal function but also plays a significant role in shaping higher cognitive function such as our feelings and our subconscious decision-making. Therefore, it remains unsurprising that perturbations in normal signalling have been associated with a multitude of disorders, including inflammatory and functional gastrointestinal disorders, and eating disorders.
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137
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Vázquez-Carretero MD, Palomo M, García-Miranda P, Sánchez-Aguayo I, Peral MJ, Calonge ML, Ilundain AA. Dab2, megalin, cubilin and amnionless receptor complex might mediate intestinal endocytosis in the suckling rat. J Cell Biochem 2014; 115:510-22. [PMID: 24122887 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We previously proposed that Dab2 participates in the endocytosis of milk macromolecules in rat small intestine. Here we investigate the receptors that may mediate this endocytosis by studying the effects of age and diet on megalin, VLDLR, and ApoER2 expression, and that of age on the expression of cubilin and amnionless. Of megalin, VLDLR and ApoER2, only the megalin expression pattern resembles that of Dab2 previously reported. Thus the mRNA and protein levels of megalin and Dab2 are high in the intestine of the suckling rat, down-regulated by age and up-regulated by milk diet, mainly in the ileum. Neither age nor diet affect ApoER2 mRNA levels. The effect of age on VLDLR mRNA levels depends on the epithelial cell tested but they are down-regulated by milk diet. In the suckling rat, the intestinal expressions of both cubilin and amnionless are similar to that of megalin and megalin, cubilin, amnionless and Dab2 co-localize at the microvilli and in the apical endocytic apparatus. Co-localization of Dab2 with ApoER2 and VLDLR at the microvilli and in the apical endocytic apparatus is also observed. This is the first report showing intestinal co-localization of: megalin/cubilin/amnionless/Dab2, VLDLR/Dab2 and ApoER2/Dab2. We conclude that the megalin/cubilin/amnionless/Dab2 complex/es participate in intestinal processes, mainly during the lactation period and that Dab2 may act as an adaptor in intestinal processes mediated by ApoER2 and VLDLR.
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138
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Ghosh SS, Bie J, Wang J, Ghosh S. Oral supplementation with non-absorbable antibiotics or curcumin attenuates western diet-induced atherosclerosis and glucose intolerance in LDLR-/- mice--role of intestinal permeability and macrophage activation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108577. [PMID: 25251395 PMCID: PMC4177397 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Association between circulating lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and metabolic diseases (such as Type 2 Diabetes and atherosclerosis) has shifted the focus from Western diet-induced changes in gut microbiota per se to release of gut bacteria-derived products into circulation as the possible mechanism for the chronic inflammatory state underlying the development of these diseases. Under physiological conditions, an intact intestinal barrier prevents this release of LPS underscoring the importance of examining and modulating the direct effects of Western diet on intestinal barrier function. In the present study we evaluated two strategies, namely selective gut decontamination and supplementation with oral curcumin, to modulate Western-diet (WD) induced changes in intestinal barrier function and subsequent development of glucose intolerance and atherosclerosis. LDLR−/− mice were fed WD for 16 weeks and either received non-absorbable antibiotics (Neomycin and polymyxin) in drinking water for selective gut decontamination or gavaged daily with curcumin. WD significantly increased intestinal permeability as assessed by in vivo translocation of FITC-dextran and plasma LPS levels. Selective gut decontamination and supplementation with curcumin significantly attenuated the WD-induced increase in plasma LPS levels (3.32 vs 1.90 or 1.51 EU/ml, respectively) and improved intestinal barrier function at multiple levels (restoring intestinal alkaline phosphatase activity and expression of tight junction proteins, ZO-1 and Claudin-1). Consequently, both these interventions significantly reduced WD-induced glucose intolerance and atherosclerosis in LDLR−/− mice. Activation of macrophages by low levels of LPS (50 ng/ml) and its exacerbation by fatty acids is likely the mechanism by which release of trace amounts of LPS into circulation due to disruption of intestinal barrier function induces the development of these diseases. These studies not only establish the important role of intestinal barrier function, but also identify oral supplementation with curcumin as a potential therapeutic strategy to improve intestinal barrier function and prevent the development of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhartha S. Ghosh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jinghua Bie
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Shobha Ghosh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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139
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Mayer EA, Padua D, Tillisch K. Altered brain-gut axis in autism: comorbidity or causative mechanisms? Bioessays 2014; 36:933-9. [PMID: 25145752 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201400075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The concept that alterated communications between the gut microbiome and the brain may play an important role in human brain disorders has recently received considerable attention. This is the result of provocative preclinical and some clinical evidence supporting early hypotheses about such communication in health and disease. Gastrointestinal symptoms are a common comorbidity in patients with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), even though the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. In addition, alteration in the composition and metabolic products of the gut microbiome has long been implicated as a possible causative mechanism contributing to ASD pathophysiology, and this hypothesis has been supported by several recently published evidence from rodent models of autism induced by prenatal insults to the mother. Recent evidence in one such model involving maternal infection, that is characterized by alterations in behavior, gut physiology, microbial composition, and related metabolite profile, suggests a possible benefit of probiotic treatment on several of the observed abnormal behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeran A Mayer
- Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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140
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Modulatory effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide on intestinal mucosal immunity and microbial community of weaned piglets challenged by an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (K88). PLoS One 2014; 9:e104183. [PMID: 25101851 PMCID: PMC4125177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize microbial pathogens and trigger immune response, but their regulation by neuropeptide-vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in weaned piglets infected by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88 remains unexplored. Therefore, the study was conducted to investigate its role using a model of early weaned piglets infected by ETEC K88. Male Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire piglets (n = 24) were randomly divided into control, ETEC K88, VIP, and ETEC K88+VIP groups. On the first three days, ETEC K88 and ETEC K88+VIP groups were orally administrated with ETEC K88, other two groups were given sterile medium. Then each piglet from VIP and ETEC K88+VIP group received 10 nmol VIP intraperitoneally (i.p.) once daily, on day four and six. On the seventh day, the piglets were sacrificed. The results indicated that administration of VIP improved the growth performance, reduced diarrhea incidence of ETEC K88 challenged pigs, and mitigated the histopathological changes of intestine. Serum levels of IL-2, IL-6, IL-12p40, IFN-γ and TNF-α in the ETEC K88+ VIP group were significantly reduced compared with those in the ETEC group. VIP significantly increased IL-4, IL-10, TGF-β and S-IgA production compared with the ETEC K88 group. Besides, VIP could inhibit the expression of TLR2, TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB p65 and the phosphorylation of IκB-α, p-ERK, p-JNK, and p-38 induced by ETEC K88. Moreover, VIP could upregulate the expression of occludin in the ileum mucosa compared with the ETEC K88 group. Colon and caecum content bacterial richness and diversity were lower for pigs in the ETEC group than the unchallenged groups. These results demonstrate that VIP is beneficial for the maturation of the intestinal mucosal immune system and elicited local immunomodulatory activities. The TLR2/4-MyD88 mediated NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathway may be critical to the mechanism underlying the modulatory effect of VIP on intestinal mucosal immune function and bacterial community.
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141
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Vanuytsel T, van Wanrooy S, Vanheel H, Vanormelingen C, Verschueren S, Houben E, Salim Rasoel S, Tόth J, Holvoet L, Farré R, Van Oudenhove L, Boeckxstaens G, Verbeke K, Tack J. Psychological stress and corticotropin-releasing hormone increase intestinal permeability in humans by a mast cell-dependent mechanism. Gut 2014; 63:1293-9. [PMID: 24153250 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2013-305690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intestinal permeability and psychological stress have been implicated in the pathophysiology of IBD and IBS. Studies in animals suggest that stress increases permeability via corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)-mediated mast cell activation. Our aim was to investigate the effect of stress on intestinal permeability in humans and its underlying mechanisms. DESIGN Small intestinal permeability was quantified by a 2 h lactulose-mannitol urinary excretion test. In a first study, 23 healthy volunteers were subjected to four different conditions: control; indomethacin; public speech and anticipation of electroshocks. In a second study, five test conditions were investigated in 13 volunteers: control; after pretreatment with disodium cromoglycate (DSCG); administration of CRH; DSCG+CRH and DSCG+public speech. RESULTS Indomethacin, as a positive comparator (0.071±0.040 vs 0.030±0.022; p<0.0001), and public speech (0.059±0.040; p<0.01), but not the shock protocol increased intestinal permeability. Similarly, salivary cortisol was only increased after public speech. Subgroup analysis demonstrated that the effect of public speech on permeability was only present in subjects with a significant elevation of cortisol. CRH increased the lactulose-mannitol ratio (0.042±0.021 vs 0.028±0.009; p=0.02), which was inhibited by the mast cell stabiliser DSCG. Finally, intestinal permeability was unaltered by public speech with DSCG pretreatment. CONCLUSIONS Acute psychological stress increases small intestinal permeability in humans. Peripheral CRH reproduces the effect of stress and DSCG blocks the effect of both stress and CRH, suggesting the involvement of mast cells. These findings provide new insight into the complex interplay between the central nervous system and GI function in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Vanuytsel
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Department of Gastroenterology, Leuven University Hospitals, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sander van Wanrooy
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hanne Vanheel
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christophe Vanormelingen
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sofie Verschueren
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Els Houben
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Shadea Salim Rasoel
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joran Tόth
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieselot Holvoet
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ricard Farré
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lukas Van Oudenhove
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy Boeckxstaens
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Department of Gastroenterology, Leuven University Hospitals, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kristin Verbeke
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Tack
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Department of Gastroenterology, Leuven University Hospitals, Leuven, Belgium
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142
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Pierre JF, Barlow-Anacker AJ, Erickson CS, Heneghan AF, Leverson GE, Dowd SE, Epstein ML, Kudsk KA, Gosain A. Intestinal dysbiosis and bacterial enteroinvasion in a murine model of Hirschsprung's disease. J Pediatr Surg 2014; 49:1242-51. [PMID: 25092084 PMCID: PMC4122863 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2014.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR), characterized by the absence of ganglia in the distal colon, results in functional obstruction. Despite surgical resection of the aganglionic segment, around 40% of patients suffer recurrent life threatening Hirschsprung's-associated enterocolitis (HAEC). The aim of this study was to investigate whether gut microbiota and intestinal immunity changes contribute to the HAEC risk in an HSCR model. METHODS Mice with neural crest conditional deletion of Endothelin receptor B (EdnrB) and their littermate controls were used (EdnrB-null and EdnrB-het). Bacterial DNA was prepared from cecal contents of P16-18 and P21-24 animals and pyrosequencing employed for microbiome analysis. Ileal tissue was isolated and secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) expression and activity determined. Enteroinvasion of Escherichia coli into ileal explants was measured using an ex vivo organ culture system. RESULTS EdnrB-het and EdnrB-nulls displayed similar flora, sPLA2 expression and activity at P16-18. However, by P21-24, EdnrB-hets demonstrated increased Lactobacillus and decreased Bacteroides and Clostridium, while EdnrB-nulls exhibited reciprocal changes. EdnrB-nulls also showed reduced sPLA2 expression and luminal activity at this stage. Functionally, EdnrB-nulls were more susceptible to enteroinvasion with E. coli ex vivo and released less sPLA2 than EdnrB-hets. CONCLUSIONS Initially, EdnrB-het and EdnrB-nulls contain similar cecal flora but then undergo reciprocal changes. EdnrB-nulls display dysbiosis, demonstrate impaired mucosal defense, decreased luminal sPLA2 and increased enteroinvasion of E. coli just prior to robust colonic inflammation and death. These findings suggest a role for the intestinal microbiome in the development of HAEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph F. Pierre
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Amanda J. Barlow-Anacker
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Christopher S. Erickson
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Aaron F. Heneghan
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Glen E. Leverson
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Scot E. Dowd
- Research and Testing Laboratory, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Miles L. Epstein
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kenneth A. Kudsk
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America,Veteran Administration Surgical Service, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, United States of America
| | - Ankush Gosain
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.
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143
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Neilan NA, Garg UC, Schurman JV, Friesen CA. Intestinal permeability in children/adolescents with functional dyspepsia. BMC Res Notes 2014; 7:275. [PMID: 24886078 PMCID: PMC4022401 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background An altered intestinal mucosal barrier has been demonstrated in subsets of patients with IBS and FAP and may be an additional biological factor contributing to symptom generation in children with FD. The objective of this study was to determine if intestinal permeability is increased in children/adolescents with functional dyspepsia (FD) and whether intestinal permeability is correlated with mucosal inflammation and/or symptoms of anxiety or depression in this population. Methods A sugar absorption test was performed in 19 patients with FD and 19 controls. Anxiety and depression were assessed in both groups utilizing a standard questionnaire. In FD patients, duodenal mean and peak mast cell and eosinophil densities were determined. Results Intestinal permeability as measured by the sugar absorption test did not differ between children with FD and controls. In children with FD, there was no correlation between permeability and mast cell density, eosinophil density, anxiety scores, or depression scores, respectively. Conclusions Pediatric FD does not appear to be associated with increased small bowel intestinal permeability, however, there are some limitations to the current study. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov;
NCT00363597.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Craig A Friesen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, & Nutrition, Children's Mercy Hospitals & Clinics, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA.
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144
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Mayer EA, Savidge T, Shulman RJ. Brain-gut microbiome interactions and functional bowel disorders. Gastroenterology 2014; 146:1500-12. [PMID: 24583088 PMCID: PMC4114504 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in the bidirectional interactions between the intestine and the nervous system have important roles in the pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). A body of largely preclinical evidence suggests that the gut microbiota can modulate these interactions. A small and poorly defined role for dysbiosis in the development of IBS symptoms has been established through characterization of altered intestinal microbiota in IBS patients and reported improvement of subjective symptoms after its manipulation with prebiotics, probiotics, or antibiotics. It remains to be determined whether IBS symptoms are caused by alterations in brain signaling from the intestine to the microbiota or primary disruption of the microbiota, and whether they are involved in altered interactions between the brain and intestine during development. We review the potential mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of IBS in different groups of patients. Studies are needed to better characterize alterations to the intestinal microbiome in large cohorts of well-phenotyped patients, and to correlate intestinal metabolites with specific abnormalities in gut-brain interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeran A Mayer
- Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
| | - Tor Savidge
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Texas Children's Microbiome Center, Department of Pathology, Houston, Texas; Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Robert J Shulman
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, Texas; Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
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145
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Abstract
The role of the gastrointestinal microbiota in human brain development and function is an area of increasing interest and research. Preclinical models suggest a role for the microbiota in broad aspects of human health, including mood, cognition, and chronic pain. Early human studies suggest that altering the microbiota with beneficial bacteria, or probiotics, can lead to changes in brain function, as well as subjective reports of mood. As the mechanisms of bidirectional communication between the brain and microbiota are better understood, it is expected that these pathways will be harnessed to provide novel methods to enhance health and treat disease.
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146
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Valentini L, Ramminger S, Haas V, Postrach E, Werich M, Fischer A, Koller M, Swidsinski A, Bereswill S, Lochs H, Schulzke JD. Small intestinal permeability in older adults. Physiol Rep 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/phy2.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Luzia Valentini
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Section of Nutritional Medicine; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Sara Ramminger
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Section of Nutritional Medicine; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Verena Haas
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Section of Nutritional Medicine; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Elisa Postrach
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Section of Nutritional Medicine; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Martina Werich
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Section of Nutritional Medicine; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - André Fischer
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Michael Koller
- Center for Clinical Studies; University Hospital Regensburg; Regensburg Germany
| | - Alexander Swidsinski
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Section of Nutritional Medicine; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Stefan Bereswill
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Herbert Lochs
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Section of Nutritional Medicine; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
- Medical University Innsbruck; Rectorate Innsbruck Austria
| | - Jörg-Dieter Schulzke
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Section of Nutritional Medicine; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
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147
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Valentini L, Ramminger S, Haas V, Postrach E, Werich M, Fischer A, Koller M, Swidsinski A, Bereswill S, Lochs H, Schulzke JD. Small intestinal permeability in older adults. Physiol Rep 2014; 2:e00281. [PMID: 24771689 PMCID: PMC4001874 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
It is not yet clear whether intestinal mucosal permeability changes with advancing age in humans. This question is of high importance for drug and nutrition approaches for older adults. Our main objective was to answer the question if small intestinal barrier integrity deteriorates with healthy aging. We conducted a cross‐sectional study including the pooled data of 215 nonsmoking healthy adults (93 female/122 male), 84 of whom were aged between 60 and 82 years. After a 12‐h fast, all participants ingested 10 g of lactulose and 5 g of mannitol. Urine was collected for 5 h afterwards and analyzed for test sugars. The permeability index (PI = lactulose/mannitol) was used to assess small intestinal permeability. Low‐grade inflammation defined by high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein ≥1 mL/L and kidney function (estimated glomerular filtration rate) were determined in the older age group. The PI was similar in older compared to younger adults (P =0.887). However, the urinary recovery of lactulose and mannitol was lower in the older adults and this change was neither associated with urinary volume nor glomerular filtration rate. The PI was not significantly correlated with low‐grade inflammation or presence of noninsulin‐dependent type 2 diabetes. However, it significantly deteriorated in the copresence of both conditions compared to low‐grade inflammation alone (P =0.043) or type 2 diabetes alone (P =0.015). Small intestinal mucosal barrier does not deteriorate with age per se. But low‐grade inflammation coupled with minor disease challenges, such as type 2 diabetes, can compromise the small intestinal barrier. Until now, it has not been clear if the small intestinal mucosal barrier deteriorates with age per se. We investigated the pooled data of 215 nonsmoking healthy adults, 84 of whom were aged between 60 and 82 years and found similar intestinal permeability results in all age classes. However, in participants with low‐grade inflammation coupled with type 2 diabetes the small intestinal integrity was compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luzia Valentini
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Section of Nutritional Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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148
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Sharkey KA, Savidge TC. Reprint of: Role of enteric neurotransmission in host defense and protection of the gastrointestinal tract. Auton Neurosci 2014; 182:70-82. [PMID: 24674836 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Host defense is a vital role played by the gastrointestinal tract. As host to an enormous and diverse microbiome, the gut has evolved an elaborate array of chemical and physicals barriers that allow the digestion and absorption of nutrients without compromising the mammalian host. The control of such barrier functions requires the integration of neural, humoral, paracrine and immune signaling, involving redundant and overlapping mechanisms to ensure, under most circumstances, the integrity of the gastrointestinal epithelial barrier. Here we focus on selected recent developments in the autonomic neural control of host defense functions used in the protection of the gut from luminal agents, and discuss how the microbiota may potentially play a role in enteric neurotransmission. Key recent findings include: the important role played by subepithelial enteric glia in modulating intestinal barrier function, identification of stress-induced mechanisms evoking barrier breakdown, neural regulation of epithelial cell proliferation, the role of afferent and efferent vagal pathways in regulating barrier function, direct evidence for bacterial communication to the enteric nervous system, and microbial sources of enteric neurotransmitters. We discuss these new and interesting developments in our understanding of the role of the autonomic nervous system in gastrointestinal host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith A Sharkey
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Tor C Savidge
- Texas Children's Microbiome Center, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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149
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Wiest R, Lawson M, Geuking M. Pathological bacterial translocation in liver cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2014; 60:197-209. [PMID: 23993913 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 524] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reiner Wiest
- Department Gastroenterology, Inselspital, University Hospital, Bern 3010, Switzerland.
| | - Melissa Lawson
- Maurice Müller Laboratories, Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin (UVCM), University of Bern, Bern 3010, Switzerland
| | - Markus Geuking
- Maurice Müller Laboratories, Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin (UVCM), University of Bern, Bern 3010, Switzerland
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Role of enteric neurotransmission in host defense and protection of the gastrointestinal tract. Auton Neurosci 2013; 181:94-106. [PMID: 24412639 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Host defense is a vital role played by the gastrointestinal tract. As host to an enormous and diverse microbiome, the gut has evolved an elaborate array of chemical and physicals barriers that allow the digestion and absorption of nutrients without compromising the mammalian host. The control of such barrier functions requires the integration of neural, humoral, paracrine and immune signaling, involving redundant and overlapping mechanisms to ensure, under most circumstances, the integrity of the gastrointestinal epithelial barrier. Here we focus on selected recent developments in the autonomic neural control of host defense functions used in the protection of the gut from luminal agents, and discuss how the microbiota may potentially play a role in enteric neurotransmission. Key recent findings include: the important role played by subepithelial enteric glia in modulating intestinal barrier function, identification of stress-induced mechanisms evoking barrier breakdown, neural regulation of epithelial cell proliferation, the role of afferent and efferent vagal pathways in regulating barrier function, direct evidence for bacterial communication to the enteric nervous system, and microbial sources of enteric neurotransmitters. We discuss these new and interesting developments in our understanding of the role of the autonomic nervous system in gastrointestinal host defense.
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