101
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Accounting for Carbon Flux to Mycorrhizal Fungi May Resolve Discrepancies in Forest Carbon Budgets. Ecosystems 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-019-00440-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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102
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Bourgeois I, Clément JC, Caillon N, Savarino J. Foliar uptake of atmospheric nitrate by two dominant subalpine plants: insights from in situ triple-isotope analysis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:1784-1794. [PMID: 30802966 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The significance of foliar uptake of nitrogen (N) compounds in natural conditions is not well understood, despite growing evidence of its importance to plant nutrition. In subalpine meadows, N-limitation fosters the dominance of specific subalpine plant species, which in turn ensures the provision of essential ecosystems services. Understanding how these plants absorb N and from which sources is important in predicting ecological consequences of increasing N deposition. Here, we investigate the sources of N to plants from subalpine meadows with distinct land-use history in the French Alps, using the triple isotopes (Δ17 O, δ18 O, and δ15 N) of plant tissue nitrate (NO3- ). We use this approach to evaluate the significance of foliar uptake of atmospheric NO3- (NO3-atm ). The foliar uptake of NO3-atm accounted for 4-16% of the leaf NO3- content, and contributed more to the leaf NO3- pool after peak biomass. Additionally, the gradual 15 N enrichment of NO3- from the soil to the leaves reflected the contribution of NO3-atm assimilation to plants' metabolism. The present study confirms that foliar uptake is a potentially important pathway for NO3-atm into subalpine plants. This is of major significance as N emissions (and deposition) are predicted to increase globally in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilann Bourgeois
- CNRS, IRD, Grenoble INP, IGE, University of Grenoble Alpes, F-38000, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, LECA, University of Grenoble Alpes, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Clément
- CNRS, LECA, University of Grenoble Alpes, F-38000, Grenoble, France
- INRA, CARRTEL, University of Savoie Mont Blanc, F-74200, Thonon-Les Bains, France
| | - Nicolas Caillon
- CNRS, IRD, Grenoble INP, IGE, University of Grenoble Alpes, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Joël Savarino
- CNRS, IRD, Grenoble INP, IGE, University of Grenoble Alpes, F-38000, Grenoble, France
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103
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Tedersoo L, Bahram M. Mycorrhizal types differ in ecophysiology and alter plant nutrition and soil processes. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:1857-1880. [PMID: 31270944 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mycorrhizal fungi benefit plants by improved mineral nutrition and protection against stress, yet information about fundamental differences among mycorrhizal types in fungi and trees and their relative importance in biogeochemical processes is only beginning to accumulate. We critically review and synthesize the ecophysiological differences in ectomycorrhizal, ericoid mycorrhizal and arbuscular mycorrhizal symbioses and the effect of these mycorrhizal types on soil processes from local to global scales. We demonstrate that guilds of mycorrhizal fungi display substantial differences in genome-encoded capacity for mineral nutrition, particularly acquisition of nitrogen and phosphorus from organic material. Mycorrhizal associations alter the trade-off between allocation to roots or mycelium, ecophysiological traits such as root exudation, weathering, enzyme production, plant protection, and community assembly as well as response to climate change. Mycorrhizal types exhibit differential effects on ecosystem carbon and nutrient cycling that affect global elemental fluxes and may mediate biome shifts in response to global change. We also note that most studies performed to date have not been properly replicated and collectively suffer from strong geographical sampling bias towards temperate biomes. We advocate that combining carefully replicated field experiments and controlled laboratory experiments with isotope labelling and -omics techniques offers great promise towards understanding differences in ecophysiology and ecosystem services among mycorrhizal types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leho Tedersoo
- Natural History Museum, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila, 50411 Tartu, Estonia.,Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mohammad Bahram
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila, 50411 Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Ulls väg 16, 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
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104
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Leaf and Soil δ15N Patterns Along Elevational Gradients at Both Treelines and Shrublines in Three Different Climate Zones. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10070557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The natural abundance of stable nitrogen (N) isotope (δ15N) in plants and soils can reflect N cycling processes in ecosystems. However, we still do not fully understand patterns of plant and soil δ15N at alpine treelines and shrublines in different climate zones. We measured δ15N and N concentration in leaves of trees and shrubs and also in soils along elevational gradients from lower altitudes to the upper limits of treelines and shrublines in subtropical, dry- and wet-temperate regions in China. The patterns of leaf δ15N in trees and shrubs in response to altitude changes were consistent, with lower values occurring at higher altitude in all three climate zones, but such patterns did not exist for leaf Δδ15N and soil δ15N. Average δ15N values of leaves (−1.2‰) and soils (5.6‰) in the subtropical region were significantly higher than those in the two temperate regions (−3.4‰ and 3.2‰, respectively). Significant higher δ15N values in subtro4pical forest compared with temperate forests prove that N cycles are more open in warm regions. The different responses of leaf and soil δ15N to altitude indicate complex mechanisms of soil biogeochemical process and N sources uptake with environmental variations.
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105
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Benavent-González A, Raggio J, Villagra J, Blanquer JM, Pintado A, Rozzi R, Green TGA, Sancho LG. High nitrogen contribution by Gunnera magellanica and nitrogen transfer by mycorrhizas drive an extraordinarily fast primary succession in sub-Antarctic Chile. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:661-674. [PMID: 30951191 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Chronosequences at the forefront of retreating glaciers provide information about colonization rates of bare surfaces. In the northern hemisphere, forest development can take centuries, with rates often limited by low nutrient availability. By contrast, in front of the retreating Pia Glacier (Tierra del Fuego, Chile), a Nothofagus forest is in place after only 34 yr of development, while total soil nitrogen (N) increased from near zero to 1.5%, suggesting a strong input of this nutrient. We measured N-fixation rates, carbon fluxes, leaf N and phosphorus contents and leaf δ15 N in the dominant plants, including the herb Gunnera magellanica, which is endosymbiotically associated with a cyanobacterium, in order to investigate the role of N-fixing and mycorrhizal symbionts in N-budgets during successional transition. G. magellanica presented some of the highest nitrogenase activities yet reported (potential maximal contribution of 300 kg N ha-1 yr-1 ). Foliar δ15 N results support the framework of a highly efficient N-uptake and transfer system based on mycorrhizas, with c. 80% of N taken up by the mycorrhizas potentially transferred to the host plant. Our results suggest the symbiosis of G. magellanica with cyanobacteria, and trees and shrubs with mycorrhizas, to be the key processes driving this rapid succession.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Benavent-González
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Raggio
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Johana Villagra
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Manuel Blanquer
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Pintado
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Rozzi
- Parque Etnobotánico Omora, Sede Puerto Williams, Universidad de Magallanes, Teniente Muñoz 396, Punta Arenas, Chile
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB-Chile), Teniente Muñoz 396, Puerto Williams, Chile
- Department of Philosophy and Religion Studies, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76201, USA
| | - T G Allan Green
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Biological Sciences, Waikato University, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand
| | - Leopoldo G Sancho
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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106
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Umaña MN, Swenson NG. Does trait variation within broadly distributed species mirror patterns across species? A case study in Puerto Rico. Ecology 2019; 100:e02745. [PMID: 31032887 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although populations are phenotypically diverse, the majority of trait-based studies have focused on examining differences among species. The justification for this broadly applied approach is based on the assumption that differences among species are always greater than within species. This is likely true for local communities, but species are often broadly distributed across a wide range of environments and patterns of intraspecific variation might surpass differences among species. Therefore, an appropriate interpretation of the functional diversity requires an assessment of patterns of trait variation across different ecological scales. In this study, we examine and characterize patterns of leaf trait variation for species that are broadly distributed along an elevational gradient. We focus on seven leaf traits that represent a main axis of functional differentiation in plants reflecting the balance between photosynthetic efficiency, display, and stomatal conductance. We evaluated patterns of trait variance across ecological scales (elevation, species, populations, and individuals) and examined trait covariance at both within species and across species levels, along the elevation gradient. Our results show three key patterns: (1) intraspecific leaf trait variation for broadly distributed species is comparable to the interspecific trait variation, (2) the trait variance structure is highly variable across species, and (3) trait coordination between pairs of leaf traits is evident across species along the gradient, but not always within species. Combined, our results show that trait coordination and covariance are highly idiosyncratic across broadly distributed and co-occurring species, indicating that species may achieve similar functional roles even when exhibiting different phenotypes. This result challenges the traditional paradigm of functional ecology that assumes single trait values as optimal solutions for environments. In conclusion, patterns of trait variation both across and within species should be considered in future studies that assess trade-offs among traits over environmental gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- María N Umaña
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48019, USA
| | - Nathan G Swenson
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742, USA
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107
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108
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Sorensen PO, Bhatnagar JM, Christenson L, Duran J, Fahey T, Fisk MC, Finzi AC, Groffman PM, Morse JL, Templer PH. Roots Mediate the Effects of Snowpack Decline on Soil Bacteria, Fungi, and Nitrogen Cycling in a Northern Hardwood Forest. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:926. [PMID: 31114563 PMCID: PMC6503048 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rising winter air temperature will reduce snow depth and duration over the next century in northern hardwood forests. Reductions in snow depth may affect soil bacteria and fungi directly, but also affect soil microbes indirectly through effects of snowpack loss on plant roots. We incubated root exclusion and root ingrowth cores across a winter climate-elevation gradient in a northern hardwood forest for 29 months to identify direct (i.e., winter snow-mediated) and indirect (i.e., root-mediated) effects of winter snowpack decline on soil bacterial and fungal communities, as well as on potential nitrification and net N mineralization rates. Both winter snowpack decline and root exclusion increased bacterial richness and phylogenetic diversity. Variation in bacterial community composition was best explained by differences in winter snow depth or soil frost across elevation. Root ingrowth had a positive effect on the relative abundance of several bacterial taxonomic orders (e.g., Acidobacterales and Actinomycetales). Nominally saprotrophic (e.g., Saccharomycetales and Mucorales) or mycorrhizal (e.g., Helotiales, Russalales, Thelephorales) fungal taxonomic orders were also affected by both root ingrowth and snow depth variation. However, when grouped together, the relative abundance of saprotrophic fungi, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and ectomycorrhizal fungi were not affected by root ingrowth or snow depth, suggesting that traits in addition to trophic mode will mediate fungal community responses to snowpack decline in northern hardwood forests. Potential soil nitrification rates were positively related to ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and archaea abundance (e.g., Nitrospirales, Nitrosomondales, Nitrosphaerales). Rates of N mineralization were positively and negatively correlated with ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungi, respectively, and these relationships were mediated by root exclusion. The results from this study suggest that a declining winter snowpack and its effect on plant roots each have direct effects on the diversity and abundance of soil bacteria and fungal communities that interact to determine rates of soil N cycling in northern hardwood forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick O. Sorensen
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Lynn Christenson
- Biology Department, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY, United States
| | - Jorge Duran
- Centre for Functional Ecology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Timothy Fahey
- Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Melany C. Fisk
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, United States
| | - Adrien C. Finzi
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Peter M. Groffman
- City University of New York Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center, New York, NY, United States
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY, United States
| | - Jennifer L. Morse
- Department of Environmental Science and Management, Portland State University, Portland, OR, United States
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109
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Majlesi S, Juutilainen J, Kasurinen A, Mpamah P, Trubnikova T, Oinonen M, Martikainen P, Biasi C. Uptake of Soil-Derived Carbon into Plants: Implications for Disposal of Nuclear Waste. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:4198-4205. [PMID: 30916547 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b06089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Radiocarbon (14C) is potentially significant in terms of release from deep geological disposal of radioactive waste and incorporation into the biosphere. In this study we investigated the transfer of soil-derived C into two plant species by using a novel approach, where the uptake of soil-derived C into newly cultivated plants was studied on 8000-year leftover peat in order to distinguish between soil-derived and atmospheric C. Two-pool isotope mixing model was used to reveal the fraction of soil C in plants. Our results indicated that although the majority of plant C was obtained from atmosphere by photosynthesis, a significant portion (up to 3-5%) of C in plant roots was derived from old soil. We found that uptake of soil C into roots was more pronounced in ectomycorrhizal Scots pine than in endomycorrhizal reed canary grass, but nonetheless, both species showed soil-derived C uptake in their roots. Although plenty of soil-derived C was available in canopy air for reassimilation by photosynthesis, no trace of soil-derived C was detected in aboveground parts, possibly due to the open canopy. The results suggest that the potential for contamination with 14C is higher for roots than for leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soroush Majlesi
- University of Eastern Finland , Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences , P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio , Finland
| | - Jukka Juutilainen
- University of Eastern Finland , Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences , P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio , Finland
| | - Anne Kasurinen
- University of Eastern Finland , Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences , P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio , Finland
| | - Promise Mpamah
- University of Eastern Finland , Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences , P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio , Finland
| | - Tatiana Trubnikova
- University of Eastern Finland , Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences , P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio , Finland
| | - Markku Oinonen
- Laboratory of Chronology , Finnish Museum of Natural History , P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Pertti Martikainen
- University of Eastern Finland , Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences , P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio , Finland
| | - Christina Biasi
- University of Eastern Finland , Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences , P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio , Finland
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110
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N Isotope Fractionation in Tree Tissues During N Reabsorption and Remobilization in Fagus crenata Blume. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10040330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Motivation: Nitrogen content in tissues of Fagus crenata Blume is key for flowering and seed production. However, there is a lack of information on seasonal intra-plant nitrogen partitioning in this representative tree species typical of heavy snowfall regions in Japan. Therefore, the objective of this study was to elucidate Fagus crenata intra-plant nitrogen movement by means of nitrogen content, nitrogen isotope analysis, and amino acids temporal variability. Materials and Methods: Nitrogen content, isotope ratio, and free amino acids content were measured in coarse roots, sapwood, leaves, and litter in four phenological stages in nine adult Fagus crenata trees and upscaled to the whole-tree level.
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111
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Nutrient and Isotopic Dynamics of Litter Decomposition from Different Land Uses in Naturally Restoring Taihang Mountain, North China. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11061752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Litter decomposition is a prominent pathway for nutrient availability and management in terrestrial ecosystems. An in-situ litter decomposition experiment was carried out for different land use types along an elevation gradient in the Taihang Mountain area restored after heavy forest degradation in the past. Four land use types, i.e., cropland, shrubland, grassland, and forest, selected randomly from a 300–700 m elevation were investigated for the experiment using the litter bag technique. Litter mass loss ranged from 26.9% (forest) to 44.3% (cropland) varying significantly among land use types. The initial litter quality, mainly N and C/N, had a significant effect on the litter loss rate. The interaction of elevation × land use types × time was significant (p < 0.001). Litter nutrient mobility (K > P ≈ N > C) of the decomposing litter was sporadic with substantial stoichiometric effects of C/N, N/P, and C/P. The residual litters were enriched in δ15N and depleted in 13C as compared to the initial litter. Increment of N, P, and 15N values in residual litter indicates that, even in the highly weathered substrate, plant litter plays a crucial role in conserving nutrients. This study is a strong baseline for monitoring the functioning of the Taihang Mountain ecosystem restored after the complete destruction in the early 1990s.
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112
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Isotope ecology detects fine-scale variation in Svalbard reindeer diet: implications for monitoring herbivory in the changing Arctic. Polar Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-019-02474-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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113
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Turner MG, Whitby TG, Romme WH. Feast not famine: Nitrogen pools recover rapidly in 25-yr-old postfire lodgepole pine. Ecology 2019; 100:e02626. [PMID: 30648264 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The extent of young postfire conifer forests is growing throughout western North America as the frequency and size of high-severity fires increase, making it important to understand ecosystem structure and function in early seral forests. Understanding nitrogen (N) dynamics during postfire stand development is especially important because northern conifers are often N limited. We resampled lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) stands that regenerated naturally after the 1988 fires in Yellowstone National Park (Wyoming, USA) to ask (1) How have N pools and fluxes changed over a decade (15 to 25 yr postfire) of very rapid forest growth? (2) At postfire year 25, how do N pools and fluxes vary with lodgepole pine density and productivity? Lodgepole pine foliage, litter (annual litterfall, forest-floor litter), and mineral soils were sampled in 14 plots (0.25 ha) that varied in postfire lodgepole pine density (1,500 to 344,000 stems/ha) and aboveground net primary production (ANPP; 1.4 to 16.1 Mg·ha-1 ·yr-1 ). Counter to expectation, foliar N concentrations in lodgepole pine current-year and composite needles (1.33 and 1.11% N, respectively) had not changed over time. Further, all measured ecosystem N pools increased substantially: foliar N increased to 89 kg N/ha (+93%), O-horizon N increased to 39 kg N/ha (+38%), and mineral soil percent total N (0-15 cm) increased to 0.08% (+33%). Inorganic N availability also increased to 0.69 μg N·[g resin]-1 ·d-1 (+165%). Thus, soil N did not decline as live biomass N pools increased. Among stands, biomass N pools at postfire year 25 remained strongly influenced by early postfire tree density: foliar and litterfall N concentrations declined with lodgepole pine density and ANPP, but the foliar N pool increased. Lodgepole pine ANPP correlated negatively with annual resin-sorbed N, and we found no indication of widespread N limitation. The large increases in N pools cannot be explained by atmospheric N deposition or presence of known N fixers. These results suggest an unmeasured N source and are consistent with recent reports of N fixation in young lodgepole pine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica G Turner
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| | - Timothy G Whitby
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| | - William H Romme
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523, USA
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114
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Vaario LM, Sah SP, Norisada M, Narimatsu M, Matsushita N. Tricholoma matsutake may take more nitrogen in the organic form than other ectomycorrhizal fungi for its sporocarp development: the isotopic evidence. MYCORRHIZA 2019; 29:51-59. [PMID: 30406843 PMCID: PMC6311186 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-018-0870-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Tricholoma matsutake is an ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungus capable of in vitro saprotrophic growth, but the sources of C and N used to generate sporocarps in vivo are not well understood. We examined natural abundance isotope data to investigate this phenomenon. For this purpose, C, N and their stable isotopes (13C, 15N) content of fungal sporocarps and their potential nutrient sources (i.e., foliage, litter, fine roots, wood, and soil) were investigated from two well-studied sites in Finland and Japan. Our results show that δ13C values of T. matsutake and other fungal groups are consistent with those of most studies, but a very high δ15N value (16.8‰ ± 2.3) is observed in T. matsutake. Such isotopic pattern of fungal δ15N suggests that matsutake has a greater proteolytic potential to digest chemically complex 15N-enriched organic matter and hydrophobic hyphae. This assumption is further supported by a significant and positive correlation between δ13Ccap-stipe and δ15Ncap-stipe exclusively in T. matsutake, which suggests common C and N sources (protein) possible for isotopically enriched cap. The 13C increase of caps relative to stipe presumably reflects greater contents of 13C-enriched protein than 13C-depleted chitin. We conclude that T. matsutake is a typical ECM fungus which obtains for its sporocarp development for both C and N from a common protein source (vs. photosynthetic carbon) present in soil organic matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Min Vaario
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
- Asian Natural Environmental Science Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Shambhu Prasad Sah
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mariko Norisada
- Asian Natural Environmental Science Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maki Narimatsu
- Iwate Prefectural Forestry Technology Center, 560-11 Kemuyama, Yahaba, Iwate, Japan
| | - Norihisa Matsushita
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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115
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Hayashi M, Lopez Caceres ML, Nobori Y, Mijidsuren B, Boy J. Nitrogen isotope pattern in Mongolian larch stands at the southern Eurasian boreal forest boundary. ISOTOPES IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH STUDIES 2018; 54:608-621. [PMID: 30156882 DOI: 10.1080/10256016.2018.1509073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades a drastic increase in air temperature but a stable precipitation regime in Mongolia has led to gradual drying conditions. Thus, we evaluated the effect of spatial and climatic characteristics on the soil-plant nitrogen dynamics in three representative larch stands (Larix sibirica) with different geographical and climatic conditions using stable nitrogen isotopes. The results showed significant differences in the soil inorganic N content among sites and consequently a different isotopic composition in the plant-soil system. Litter, bark and wood had the lowest δ15N values for all sites, slightly higher δ15N values for needles, while the highest δ15N values were observed for roots and soil. These differences could be the result of the larch stands age themselves, but were in agreement with the spatial and climatic characteristics of the sites. Based on the δ15N value a higher reliance on ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECMF) was observed in the warmest and driest site, while lower dependency was shown in the cooler northern site with higher soil inorganic N content. In both sites, the rate of air temperature increase has been similar in the last decades; however, their soil-plant N dynamics showed different characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Hayashi
- a Faculty of Agriculture , Yamagata University , Tsuruoka , Japan
| | | | - Yoshihiro Nobori
- a Faculty of Agriculture , Yamagata University , Tsuruoka , Japan
| | - Byambasuren Mijidsuren
- b Plant Protection Research Institute , Mongolian University of Life Sciences , Ulaanbaatar , Mongolia
| | - Jens Boy
- c Soil Institute , Leibniz Universität Hannover , Hannover , Germany
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Korotkin HB, Swenie RA, Miettinen O, Budke JM, Chen KH, Lutzoni F, Smith ME, Matheny PB. Stable isotope analyses reveal previously unknown trophic mode diversity in the Hymenochaetales. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2018; 105:1869-1887. [PMID: 30368779 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY The Hymenochaetales are dominated by lignicolous saprotrophic fungi involved in wood decay. However, the group also includes bryophilous and terricolous taxa, but their modes of nutrition are not clear. Here, we investigate patterns of carbon and nitrogen utilization in numerous non-lignicolous Hymenochaetales and provide a phylogenetic context in which these non-canonical ecological guilds arose. METHODS We combined stable isotope analyses of δ13 C and δ15 N and phylogenetic analyses to explore assignment and evolution of nutritional modes. Clustering procedures and statistical tests were performed to assign trophic modes to Hymenochaetales and test for differences between varying ecologies. Genomes of Hymenochaetales were mined for presence of enzymes involved in plant cell wall and lignin degradation and sucrolytic activity. KEY RESULTS Three different trophic clusters were detected - biotrophic, saprotrophic, and a second biotrophic cluster including many bryophilous Hymenochaetales and mosses. Non-lignicolous Hymenochaetales are generally biotrophic. All lignicolous Hymenochaetales clustered as saprotrophic and most terricolous Hymenochaetales clustered as ectomycorrhizal. Overall, at least 15 species of Hymenochaetales are inferred as biotrophic. Bryophilous species of Rickenella can degrade plant cell walls and lignin, and cleave sucrose to glucose consistent with a parasitic or endophytic life style. CONCLUSIONS Most non-lignicolous Hymenochaetales are biotrophic. Stable isotope values of many bryophilous Hymenochaetales cluster as ectomycorrhizal or in a biotrophic cluster indicative of parasitism or an endophytic life style. Overall, trophic mode diversity in the Hymenochaetales is greater than anticipated, and non-lignicolous ecological traits and biotrophic modes of nutrition are evolutionarily derived features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailee B Korotkin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, 1416 Circle Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996, USA
| | - Rachel A Swenie
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, 1416 Circle Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996, USA
| | - Otto Miettinen
- Botanical Museum, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, PO Box 7, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Jessica M Budke
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, 1416 Circle Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996, USA
| | - Ko-Hsuan Chen
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham, North Carolina, 27708, USA
| | - François Lutzoni
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham, North Carolina, 27708, USA
| | - Matthew E Smith
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Plant Pathology, University of Florida, 2550 Hull Road, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA
| | - P Brandon Matheny
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, 1416 Circle Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996, USA
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117
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Halbwachs H, Easton GL, Bol R, Hobbie EA, Garnett MH, Peršoh D, Dixon L, Ostle N, Karasch P, Griffith GW. Isotopic evidence of biotrophy and unusual nitrogen nutrition in soil-dwelling Hygrophoraceae. Environ Microbiol 2018; 20:3573-3588. [PMID: 30105856 PMCID: PMC6849620 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence suggest that the agaricoid, non-ectomycorrhizal members of the family Hygrophoraceae (waxcaps) are biotrophic with unusual nitrogen nutrition. However, methods for the axenic culture and lab-based study of these organisms remain to be developed, so our current knowledge is limited to field-based investigations. Addition of nitrogen, lime or organophosphate pesticide at an experimental field site (Sourhope) suppressed fruiting of waxcap basidiocarps. Furthermore, stable isotope natural abundance in basidiocarps were unusually high in 15 N and low in 13 C, the latter consistent with mycorrhizal nutritional status. Similar patterns were found in waxcap basidiocarps from diverse habitats across four continents. Additional data from 14 C analysis of basidiocarps and 13 C pulse label experiments suggest that these fungi are not saprotrophs but rather biotrophic endophytes and possibly mycorrhizal. The consistently high but variable δ15 N values (10-20‰) of basidiocarps further indicate that N acquisition or processing differ from other fungi; we suggest that N may be derived from acquisition of N via soil fauna high in the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Halbwachs
- Bavarian Forest National ParkFreyunger Str. 2, 94481, GrafenauGermany
| | - Gary L. Easton
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth UniversityAdeilad Cledwyn, Penglais, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3DD, WalesUK
| | - Roland Bol
- Institute of Bio‐ and Geosciences, Agrosphere (IBG‐3). Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbHWilhelm‐Johnen‐Straße, 52428, JülichGermany
| | - Erik A. Hobbie
- Earth Systems Research Center, Morse HallUniversity of New Hampshire8 College Road, DurhamNH, 03824‐3525USA
| | - Mark H Garnett
- NERC Radiocarbon FacilityScottish Enterprise Technology ParkRankine Avenue, East Kilbride, G75 0QFScotland, UK
| | - Derek Peršoh
- Department of GeobotanyRuhr‐Universität BochumGebäude ND 03/170, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780, BochumGermany
| | - Liz Dixon
- Sustainable Soils and Grassland Systems, Rothamsted ResearchNorth Wyke, Okehampton, Devon, EX20 2SBEngland, UK
| | - Nick Ostle
- Lancaster Environment CentreLancaster UniversityLancaster, LA1 4YQEngland, UK
| | - Peter Karasch
- German Mycological SocietyKirchl 78. D‐94545, HohenauGermany
| | - Gareth W. Griffith
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth UniversityAdeilad Cledwyn, Penglais, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3DD, WalesUK
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Antunes C, Chozas S, West J, Zunzunegui M, Diaz Barradas MC, Vieira S, Máguas C. Groundwater drawdown drives ecophysiological adjustments of woody vegetation in a semi-arid coastal ecosystem. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:4894-4908. [PMID: 30030867 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Predicted droughts and anthropogenic water use will increase groundwater lowering rates and intensify groundwater limitation, particularly for Mediterranean semi-arid ecosystems. These hydrological changes may be expected to elicit differential functional responses of vegetation either belowground or aboveground. Yet, our ability to predict the impacts of groundwater changes on these ecosystems is still poor. Thus, we sought to better understand the impact of falling water table on the physiology of woody vegetation. We specifically ask (a) how is woody vegetation ecophysiological performance affected by water table depth during the dry season? and (b) does the vegetation response to increasing depth to groundwater differ among water-use functional types? We examined a suite of physiological parameters and water-uptake depths of the dominant, functionally distinct woody vegetation along a water-table depth gradient in a Mediterranean semi-arid coastal ecosystem that is currently experiencing anthropogenic groundwater extraction pressure. We found that groundwater drawdown did negatively affect the ecophysiological performance of the woody vegetation. Across all studied environmental factors, depth to groundwater was the most important driver of ecophysiological adjustments. Plant functional types, independent of groundwater dependence, showed consistent declines in water content and generally reduced C and N acquisition with increasing depths to groundwater. Functional types showed distinct operating physiological ranges, but common physiological sensitivity to greater water table depth. Thus, although differences in water-source use exist, a physiological convergence appeared to happen among different functional types. These results strongly suggest that hydrological drought has an important impact on fundamental physiological processes, constraining the performance of woody vegetation under semi-arid conditions. By disentangling the functional responses and vulnerability of woody vegetation to groundwater limitation, our study establishes the basis for predicting the physiological responses of woody vegetation in semi-arid coastal ecosystems to groundwater drawdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Antunes
- Centre for Ecology Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- PPG - Ecologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Sergio Chozas
- Centre for Ecology Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jason West
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Maria Zunzunegui
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Simone Vieira
- Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas Ambientais, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Cristina Máguas
- Centre for Ecology Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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119
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Mathias JM, Thomas RB. Disentangling the effects of acidic air pollution, atmospheric CO 2 , and climate change on recent growth of red spruce trees in the Central Appalachian Mountains. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:3938-3953. [PMID: 29781219 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In the 45 years after legislation of the Clean Air Act, there has been tremendous progress in reducing acidic air pollutants in the eastern United States, yet limited evidence exists that cleaner air has improved forest health. Here, we investigate the influence of recent environmental changes on the growth and physiology of red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) trees, a key indicator species of forest health, spanning three locations along a 100 km transect in the Central Appalachian Mountains. We incorporated a multiproxy approach using 75-year tree ring chronologies of basal tree growth, carbon isotope discrimination (∆13 C, a proxy for leaf gas exchange), and δ15 N (a proxy for ecosystem N status) to examine tree and ecosystem level responses to environmental change. Results reveal the two most important factors driving increased tree growth since ca. 1989 are reductions in acidic sulfur pollution and increases in atmospheric CO2 , while reductions in pollutant emissions of NOx and warmer springs played smaller, but significant roles. Tree ring ∆13 C signatures increased significantly since 1989, concurrently with significant declines in tree ring δ15 N signatures. These isotope chronologies provide strong evidence that simultaneous changes in C and N cycling, including greater photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of trees and increases in ecosystem N retention, were related to recent increases in red spruce tree growth and are consequential to ecosystem recovery from acidic pollution. Intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE) of the red spruce trees increased by ~51% across the 75-year chronology, and was driven by changes in atmospheric CO2 and acid pollution, but iWUE was not linked to recent increases in tree growth. This study documents the complex environmental interactions that have contributed to the recovery of red spruce forest ecosystems from pervasive acidic air pollution beginning in 1989, about 15 years after acidic pollutants started to decline in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Mathias
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Richard B Thomas
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
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120
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Zhang G, Yu X, Xu J, Duan H, Rafay L, Zhang Q, Li Y, Liu Y, Xia S. Effects of environmental variation on stable isotope abundances during typical seasonal floodplain dry season litter decomposition. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 630:1205-1215. [PMID: 29554742 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Unique hydrological characteristics and complex topography can create wide-ranging dry season environmental heterogeneity in response to groundwater level across China's Jiangxi Province Poyang Lake wetland. Soil traits are one of several fluctuating environmental variables. To determine the effects of soil variables on stable isotope (δ13C and δ15N) abundances during decomposition, we performed a field experiment using Carex cinerascens along a groundwater level gradient (GT-L: -25 to -50cm, GT-LM: -15 to -25cm, GT-MH: -5 to -15cm, GT-H: 5 to -5cm) in a shallow lake. Twelve soil properties-including total organic carbon (TOC), nitrogen (N), pH, moisture, bulk density, clay, silt, sand, peroxidase, cellulase, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), and microbial biomass nitrogen-were measured in surface soil samples to assess soil environmental conditions. Analyses were performed to determine the effects of soil traits and lignin degradation on changes in stable isotope abundances. This study revealed that stable isotope abundances were significantly lower at high groundwater levels than at low groundwater levels. Lignin degradation was associated with a decrease in both δ13C and δ15N abundances. These two stable isotopes were positively related with soil N and bulk density, but negatively with pH and microbial quotient (MBC/TOC). Variation partitioning analysis (VPA) showed that soil variables and lignin decay rates explained 80.1% of the δ13C variation and 42.8% of the δ15N variation. Soil chemical and biological variables exhibited significant interactions with lignin decay rates, indicating they may affect stable isotope abundances via complex mechanisms. Our results indicate that the change in stable isotope abundances during decomposition may be affected directly by soil variables or indirectly through lignin degradation. Our results provide useful insight for understanding the roles of litter decomposition and soil traits in changing environmental conditions of seasonal floodplain wetlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangshuai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiubo Yu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Jun Xu
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystem, State Key Lab of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Houlang Duan
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Loretta Rafay
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Quanjun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ya Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shaoxia Xia
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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121
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Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on the Vegetative Vigor of Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle Seedlings under Sustained Pot Limitation. FORESTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/f9070409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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122
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Permafrost Regime Affects the Nutritional Status and Productivity of Larches in Central Siberia. FORESTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/f9060314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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123
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Op De Beeck M, Troein C, Peterson C, Persson P, Tunlid A. Fenton reaction facilitates organic nitrogen acquisition by an ectomycorrhizal fungus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 218:335-343. [PMID: 29297591 PMCID: PMC5873446 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Boreal trees rely on their ectomycorrhizal fungal symbionts to acquire growth-limiting nutrients, such as nitrogen (N), which mainly occurs as proteins complexed in soil organic matter (SOM). The mechanisms for liberating this N are unclear as ectomycorrhizal fungi have lost many genes encoding lignocellulose-degrading enzymes present in their saprotrophic ancestors. We hypothesized that hydroxyl radicals (˙ OH), produced by the ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus during growth on SOM, are involved in liberating organic N. Paxillus involutus was grown for 7 d on N-containing or N-free substrates that represent major organic compounds of SOM. ˙ OH production, ammonium assimilation, and proteolytic activity were measured daily. ˙ OH production was strongly induced when P. involutus switched from ammonium to protein as the main N source. Extracellular proteolytic activity was initiated shortly after the oxidation. Oxidized protein substrates induced higher proteolytic activity than unmodified proteins. Dynamic modeling predicted that ˙ OH production occurs in a burst, regulated mainly by ammonium and ferric iron concentrations. We propose that the production of ˙ OH and extracellular proteolytic enzymes are regulated by similar nutritional signals. Oxidation works in concert with proteolysis, improving N liberation from proteins in SOM. Organic N mining by ectomycorrhizal fungi has, until now, only been attributed to proteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel Op De Beeck
- Department of BiologyMicrobial Ecology GroupLund UniversityEcology BuildingSE‐223 62LundSweden
| | - Carl Troein
- Department of Astronomy and Theoretical Physics, Computational Biology and Biological PhysicsLund UniversitySölvegatan 14ASE‐223 62LundSweden
| | - Carsten Peterson
- Department of Astronomy and Theoretical Physics, Computational Biology and Biological PhysicsLund UniversitySölvegatan 14ASE‐223 62LundSweden
| | - Per Persson
- Department of BiologyMicrobial Ecology GroupLund UniversityEcology BuildingSE‐223 62LundSweden
- Centre for Environmental and Climate Research (CEC)Lund UniversityEcology BuildingSE‐223 62LundSweden
| | - Anders Tunlid
- Department of BiologyMicrobial Ecology GroupLund UniversityEcology BuildingSE‐223 62LundSweden
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124
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Chen C, Li J, Wang G, Shi M. Accounting for the effect of temperature in clarifying the response of foliar nitrogen isotope ratios to atmospheric nitrogen deposition. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 609:1295-1302. [PMID: 28793398 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric nitrogen deposition affects nitrogen isotope composition (δ15N) in plants. However, both negative effect and positive effect have been reported. The effects of climate on plant δ15N have not been corrected for in previous studies, this has impeded discovery of a true effect of atmospheric N deposition on plant δ15N. To obtain a more reliable result, it is necessary to correct for the effects of climatic factors. Here, we measured δ15N and N contents of plants and soils in Baiwangshan and Mount Dongling, north China. Atmospheric N deposition in Baiwangshan was much higher than Mount Dongling. Generally, however, foliar N contents showed no difference between the two regions and foliar δ15N was significantly lower in Baiwangshan than Mount Dongling. The corrected foliar δ15N after accounting for a predicted value assumed to vary with temperature was obviously more negative in Baiwangshan than Mount Dongling. Thus, this suggested the necessity of temperature correction in revealing the effect of N deposition on foliar δ15N. Temperature, soil N sources and mycorrhizal fungi could not explain the difference in foliar δ15N between the two regions, this indicated that atmospheric N deposition had a negative effect on plant δ15N. Additionally, this study also showed that the corrected foliar δ15N of bulk data set increased with altitude above 1300m in Mount Dongling, this provided an another evidence for the conclusion that atmospheric N deposition could cause 15N-depletion in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongjuan Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention-control and Remediation, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiazhu Li
- Institute of Desertification Studies, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Guoan Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention-control and Remediation, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Minrui Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention-control and Remediation, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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125
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Palmqvist K, Franklin O, Näsholm T. Symbiosis constraints: Strong mycobiont control limits nutrient response in lichens. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:7420-7433. [PMID: 28944027 PMCID: PMC5606882 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Symbioses such as lichens are potentially threatened by drastic environmental changes. We used the lichen Peltigera aphthosa-a symbiosis between a fungus (mycobiont), a green alga (Coccomyxa sp.), and N2-fixing cyanobacteria (Nostoc sp.)-as a model organism to assess the effects of environmental perturbations in nitrogen (N) or phosphorus (P). Growth, carbon (C) and N stable isotopes, CNP concentrations, and specific markers were analyzed in whole thalli and the partners after 4 months of daily nutrient additions in the field. Thallus N was 40% higher in N-fertilized thalli, amino acid concentrations were twice as high, while fungal chitin but not ergosterol was lower. Nitrogen also resulted in a thicker algal layer and density, and a higher δ13C abundance in all three partners. Photosynthesis was not affected by either N or P. Thallus growth increased with light dose independent of fertilization regime. We conclude that faster algal growth compared to fungal lead to increased competition for light and CO 2 among the Coccomyxa cells, and for C between alga and fungus, resulting in neither photosynthesis nor thallus growth responded to N fertilization. This suggests that the symbiotic lifestyle of lichens may prevent them from utilizing nutrient abundance to increase C assimilation and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Palmqvist
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science (EMG)Umeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | - Oskar Franklin
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA)LaxenburgAustria
| | - Torgny Näsholm
- Department of Forest Ecology and ManagementSwedish University of Agriculture Sciences (SLU)UmeåSweden
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126
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Stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen help to predict the belowground communities at a regional scale. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7276. [PMID: 28779090 PMCID: PMC5544679 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07517-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
At the regional scale, although environmental factors are known to shape the distributions of belowground communities in terrestrial ecosystems, these environmental factors account for relatively low percentages of the variation in belowground communities. More of this variation might be explained by considering ecosystem stable isotopic values, which can provide insight into environmental conditions. Here, we investigated ecosystem (plant and soil) δ13C and δ15N values and belowground communities (microbes and nematodes) as well as environmental factors (climates, soils, and plants) across the Mongolian Plateau. The regression analyses showed that plant isotopic values were more closely associated with belowground communities than soil isotopic values, while ecosystem δ13C values were more closely associated with the belowground communities than ecosystem δ15N values. We also found isotopic values were more closely associated with nematode communities than microbial communities. Variation partioning analyses indicated that environmental variables together explained 16–45% of total variation in belowground communities. After isotopic variables were added as predictors to the variation partition analyses, the explanation of the variance was improved by14–24% for microbial communities and was improved by 23–44% for nematode communities. These findings indicate that isotopic values could be used to predict the properties of belowground communities at a regional scale.
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127
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Hellmann C, Große-Stoltenberg A, Thiele J, Oldeland J, Werner C. Heterogeneous environments shape invader impacts: integrating environmental, structural and functional effects by isoscapes and remote sensing. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4118. [PMID: 28646189 PMCID: PMC5482842 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04480-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial heterogeneity of ecosystems crucially influences plant performance, while in return plant feedbacks on their environment may increase heterogeneous patterns. This is of particular relevance for exotic plant invaders that transform native ecosystems, yet, approaches integrating geospatial information of environmental heterogeneity and plant-plant interaction are lacking. Here, we combined remotely sensed information of site topography and vegetation cover with a functional tracer of the N cycle, δ15N. Based on the case study of the invasion of an N2-fixing acacia in a nutrient-poor dune ecosystem, we present the first model that can successfully predict (R 2 = 0.6) small-scale spatial variation of foliar δ15N in a non-fixing native species from observed geospatial data. Thereby, the generalized additive mixed model revealed modulating effects of heterogeneous environments on invader impacts. Hence, linking remote sensing techniques with tracers of biological processes will advance our understanding of the dynamics and functioning of spatially structured heterogeneous systems from small to large spatial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Hellmann
- Ecosystem Physiology, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 53/54, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Experimental and Systems Ecology, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - André Große-Stoltenberg
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Heisenbergstraße 2, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Jan Thiele
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Heisenbergstraße 2, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Jens Oldeland
- Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution of Plants, Biocentre Klein Flottbek and Botanical Garden, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststraße 18, 22609, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christiane Werner
- Ecosystem Physiology, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 53/54, 79110, Freiburg, Germany.
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128
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Sleen P, Zuidema PA, Pons TL. Stable isotopes in tropical tree rings: theory, methods and applications. Funct Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sleen
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group Wageningen University & Research Droevendaalsesteeg 3 6708 PB Wageningen The Netherlands
- Marine Science Institute University of Texas at Austin 750 Channel View Drive Port Aransas TX78373 USA
| | - Pieter A. Zuidema
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group Wageningen University & Research Droevendaalsesteeg 3 6708 PB Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Thijs L. Pons
- Plant Ecophysiology Institute of Environmental Biology Utrecht University Padualaan 8 3584 CH Utrecht The Netherlands
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Laliberté E. Below-ground frontiers in trait-based plant ecology. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:1597-1603. [PMID: 27735077 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Contents 1597 I. 1597 II. 1597 III. 1598 IV. 1598 V. 1600 VI. 1601 VII. 1601 VIII. 1601 1602 References 1602 SUMMARY: Trait-based approaches have led to significant advances in plant ecology, but are currently biased toward above-ground traits. It is becoming clear that a stronger emphasis on below-ground traits is needed to better predict future changes in plant biodiversity and their consequences for ecosystem functioning. Here I propose six 'below-ground frontiers' in trait-based plant ecology, with an emphasis on traits governing soil nutrient acquisition: redefining fine roots; quantifying root trait dimensionality; integrating mycorrhizas; broadening the suite of root traits; determining linkages between root traits and abiotic and biotic factors; and understanding ecosystem-level consequences of root traits. Focusing research efforts along these frontiers should help to fulfil the promise of trait-based ecology: enhanced predictive capacity across ecological scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Laliberté
- Centre sur la biodiversité, Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke Est, Montréal, Québec, H1X 2B2, Canada
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130
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Fujiyoshi L, Sugimoto A, Tsukuura A, Kitayama A, Lopez Caceres ML, Mijidsuren B, Saraadanbazar A, Tsujimura M. Spatial variations in larch needle and soil δ 15N at a forest-grassland boundary in northern Mongolia. ISOTOPES IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH STUDIES 2017; 53:54-69. [PMID: 27426009 DOI: 10.1080/10256016.2016.1206093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The spatial patterns of plant and soil δ15N and associated processes in the N cycle were investigated at a forest-grassland boundary in northern Mongolia. Needles of Larix sibirica Ledeb. and soils collected from two study areas were analysed to calculate the differences in δ15N between needle and soil (Δδ15N). Δδ15N showed a clear variation, ranging from -8 ‰ in the forest to -2 ‰ in the grassland boundary, and corresponded to the accumulation of organic layer. In the forest, the separation of available N produced in the soil with 15N-depleted N uptake by larch and 15N-enriched N immobilization by microorganisms was proposed to cause large Δδ15N, whereas in the grassland boundary, small Δδ15N was explained by the transport of the most available N into larch. The divergence of available N between larch and microorganisms in the soil, and the accumulation of diverged N in the organic layer control the variation in Δδ15N.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Fujiyoshi
- a Graduate School of Environmental Science , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Japan
| | - Atsuko Sugimoto
- a Graduate School of Environmental Science , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Japan
- b Faculty of Environmental Earth Science , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Japan
- c Arctic Research Center , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Japan
| | - Akemi Tsukuura
- a Graduate School of Environmental Science , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Japan
| | - Asami Kitayama
- a Graduate School of Environmental Science , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Japan
| | | | - Byambasuren Mijidsuren
- e Plant Protection Research Institute, Mongolian University of Life Sciences , Ulaanbaatar , Mongolia
| | - Ariunaa Saraadanbazar
- e Plant Protection Research Institute, Mongolian University of Life Sciences , Ulaanbaatar , Mongolia
| | - Maki Tsujimura
- f Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba , Japan
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131
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Hobbie EA, Rice SF, Weber NS, Smith JE. Isotopic evidence indicates saprotrophy in post-fire Morchella in Oregon and Alaska. Mycologia 2017; 108:638-45. [DOI: 10.3852/15-281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel F. Rice
- Earth Systems Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824
| | - Nancy S. Weber
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, 2160 NW Beechwood Place, Corvallis, Oregon 97330
| | - Jane E. Smith
- US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
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132
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Trappe MJ, Smith ME, Hobbie EA. Exploring the phylogenetic affiliations and the trophic mode of Sedecula pulvinata (Sedeculaceae). Mycologia 2017; 107:688-96. [DOI: 10.3852/14-110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Trappe
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, 321 Richardson Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| | - Matthew E. Smith
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, 2517 Fifield Hall, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - Erik A. Hobbie
- Earth Systems Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824
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133
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Ushio M, Aiba SI, Takeuchi Y, Iida Y, Matsuoka S, Repin R, Kitayama K. Plant-soil feedbacks and the dominance of conifers in a tropical montane forest in Borneo. ECOL MONOGR 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Ushio
- Center for Ecological Research; Kyoto University; 2-509-3, Hirano Otsu 520-2113 Japan
- Department of Environmental Solution Technology; Faculty of Science and Technology; Ryukoku University; 1-5 Yokotani, Seta Oe-cho Otsu 520-2194 Japan
- Joint Research Center for Science and Technology; Ryukoku University; Otsu 520-2194 Japan
| | - Shin-ichiro Aiba
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Kagoshima University; Kagoshima 890-0065 Japan
| | - Yayoi Takeuchi
- Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem Studies; National Institute for Environmental Studies; Onogawa 16-2 Tsukuba 305-8506 Japan
| | - Yoshiko Iida
- Kyushu Research Center; Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute; 4-11-16 Kurokami, Chuo-ku Kumamoto 860-0862 Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Oiwake-cho, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Shunsuke Matsuoka
- Center for Ecological Research; Kyoto University; 2-509-3, Hirano Otsu 520-2113 Japan
| | - Rimi Repin
- Sabah Parks; Lot 45 & 46, Level 1-5, Blok H, KK Times Square 88806 Kota Kinabalu Sabah Malaysia
| | - Kanehiro Kitayama
- Center for Ecological Research; Kyoto University; 2-509-3, Hirano Otsu 520-2113 Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Oiwake-cho, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
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134
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Dawes MA, Schleppi P, Hättenschwiler S, Rixen C, Hagedorn F. Soil warming opens the nitrogen cycle at the alpine treeline. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:421-434. [PMID: 27207568 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Climate warming may alter ecosystem nitrogen (N) cycling by accelerating N transformations in the soil, and changes may be especially pronounced in cold regions characterized by N-poor ecosystems. We investigated N dynamics across the plant-soil continuum during 6 years of experimental soil warming (2007-2012; +4 °C) at a Swiss high-elevation treeline site (Stillberg, Davos; 2180 m a.s.l.) featuring Larix decidua and Pinus uncinata. In the soil, we observed considerable increases in the NH4+ pool size in the first years of warming (by >50%), but this effect declined over time. In contrast, dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) concentrations in soil solutions from the organic layer increased under warming, especially in later years (maximum of +45% in 2012), suggesting enhanced DON leaching from the main rooting zone. Throughout the experimental period, foliar N concentrations showed species-specific but small warming effects, whereas δ15 N values showed a sustained increase in warmed plots that was consistent for all species analysed. The estimated total plant N pool size at the end of the study was greater (+17%) in warmed plots with Pinus but not in those containing Larix, with responses driven by trees. Irrespective of plot tree species identity, warming led to an enhanced N pool size of Vaccinium dwarf shrubs, no change in that of Empetrum hermaphroditum (dwarf shrub) and forbs, and a reduction in that of grasses, nonvascular plants, and fine roots. In combination, higher foliar δ15 N values and the transient response in soil inorganic N indicate a persistent increase in plant-available N and greater cumulative plant N uptake in warmer soils. Overall, greater N availability and increased DON concentrations suggest an opening of the N cycle with global warming, which might contribute to growth stimulation of some plant species while simultaneously leading to greater N losses from treeline ecosystems and possibly other cold biomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Dawes
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research - SLF, Flüelastrasse 11, CH-7260, Davos Dorf, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Schleppi
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Hättenschwiler
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle & Evolutive (CEFE UMR 5175), CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE, 1919 route de Mende, F-34293, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Christian Rixen
- WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research - SLF, Flüelastrasse 11, CH-7260, Davos Dorf, Switzerland
| | - Frank Hagedorn
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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135
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Kearsley E, Verbeeck H, Hufkens K, Van de Perre F, Doetterl S, Baert G, Beeckman H, Boeckx P, Huygens D. Functional community structure of African monodominant Gilbertiodendron dewevrei forest influenced by local environmental filtering. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:295-304. [PMID: 28070293 PMCID: PMC5216677 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Monodominant patches of forest dominated by Gilbertiodendron dewevrei are commonly found in central African tropical forests, alongside forests with high species diversity. Although these forests are generally found sparsely distributed along rivers, their occurrence is not thought to be (clearly) driven by edaphic conditions but rather by trait combinations of G. dewevrei that aid in achieving monodominance. Functional community structure between these monodominant and mixed forests has, however, not yet been compared. Additionally, little is known about nondominant species in the monodominant forest community. These two topics are addressed in this study. We investigate the functional community structure of 10 one-hectare plots of monodominant and mixed forests in a central region of the Congo basin, in DR Congo. Thirteen leaf and wood traits are measured, covering 95% (basal area weighted) of all species present in the plots, including leaf nutrient contents, leaf isotopic compositions, specific leaf area, wood density, and vessel anatomy. The trait-based assessment of G. dewevrei shows an ensemble of traits related to water use and transport that could be favorable for its location near forest rivers. Moreover, indications have been found for N and P limitations in the monodominant forest, possibly related to ectomycorrhizal associations formed with G. dewevrei. Reduced leaf N and P contents are found at the community level for the monodominant forest and for different nondominant groups, as compared to those in the mixed forest. In summary, this work shows that environmental filtering does prevail in the monodominant G. dewevrei forest, leading to lower functional diversity in this forest type, with the dominant species showing beneficial traits related to its common riverine locations and with reduced soil N and P availability found in this environment, both coregulating the tree community assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Kearsley
- Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental BiologyComputational and Applied Vegetation Ecology – CAVElabGhent UniversityGentBelgium
- Department of Applied Analytical and Physical ChemistryIsotope Bioscience Laboratory – ISOFYSGhent UniversityGentBelgium
- Service of Wood BiologyRoyal Museum for Central AfricaTervurenBelgium
| | - Hans Verbeeck
- Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental BiologyComputational and Applied Vegetation Ecology – CAVElabGhent UniversityGentBelgium
| | - Koen Hufkens
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary BiologyHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
| | | | - Sebastian Doetterl
- Department of Applied Analytical and Physical ChemistryIsotope Bioscience Laboratory – ISOFYSGhent UniversityGentBelgium
- Institute of GeographyAugsburg UniversityAugsburgGermany
| | - Geert Baert
- Department of Applied BiosciencesGhent UniversityGentBelgium
| | - Hans Beeckman
- Service of Wood BiologyRoyal Museum for Central AfricaTervurenBelgium
| | - Pascal Boeckx
- Department of Applied Analytical and Physical ChemistryIsotope Bioscience Laboratory – ISOFYSGhent UniversityGentBelgium
| | - Dries Huygens
- Department of Applied Analytical and Physical ChemistryIsotope Bioscience Laboratory – ISOFYSGhent UniversityGentBelgium
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología VegetalUniversidad Nacional de Córdoba & CONICETCordobaArgentina
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136
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Chen J, Hofmockel KS, Hobbie EA. Isotopic Analysis of Sporocarp Protein and Structural Material Improves Resolution of Fungal Carbon Sources. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1994. [PMID: 28082951 PMCID: PMC5183622 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal acquisition of resources is difficult to assess in the field. To determine whether fungi received carbon from recent plant photosynthate, litter or soil-derived organic (C:N bonded) nitrogen, we examined differences in δ13C among bulk tissue, structural carbon, and protein extracts of sporocarps of three fungal types: saprotrophic fungi, fungi with hydrophobic ectomycorrhizae, or fungi with hydrophilic ectomycorrhizae. Sporocarps were collected from experimental plots of the Duke Free-air CO2 enrichment experiment during and after CO2 enrichment. The differential 13C labeling of ecosystem pools in CO2 enrichment experiments was tracked into fungi and provided novel insights into organic nitrogen use. Specifically, sporocarp δ13C as well as δ15N of protein and structural material indicated that fungi with hydrophobic ectomycorrhizae used soil-derived organic nitrogen sources for protein carbon, fungi with hydrophilic ectomycorrhizae used recent plant photosynthates for protein carbon and both fungal groups used photosynthates for structural carbon. Saprotrophic fungi depended on litter produced during fumigation for both protein and structural material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Chen
- Earth, Oceans and Space, Earth Systems Research Center, University of New HampshireDurham, NH, USA
- Soil and Water Management and Crop Nutrition Laboratory, FAO/IAEA Agriculture and Biotechnology LaboratoriesSeibersdorf, Austria
| | - Kirsten S. Hofmockel
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Iowa State UniversityAmes, IA, USA
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory and Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichland, WA, USA
| | - Erik A. Hobbie
- Earth, Oceans and Space, Earth Systems Research Center, University of New HampshireDurham, NH, USA
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137
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Fahad ZA, Bolou-Bi EB, Köhler SJ, Finlay RD, Mahmood S. Fractionation and assimilation of Mg isotopes by fungi is species dependent. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2016; 8:956-965. [PMID: 27588362 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Symbiotic ectomycorrhizal fungi mobilize nutrients from both organic and inorganic substrates and supply them to their host plants. Their role in mobilizing base cations and phosphorus from mineral substrates through weathering has received increasing attention in recent years but the processes involved remain to be elucidated. We grew selected ectomycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal fungi in axenic systems containing mineral and organic substrates and examined their capacity to fractionate and assimilate stable isotopes of magnesium. The mycorrhizal fungi were significantly depleted in heavy isotopes with the lowest Δ26 Mg values (the difference between δ26 Mg in fungal tissue and δ26 Mg in the substrate) compared with nonmycorrhizal fungi, when grown on mineral substrates containing granite particles. The ectomycorrhizal fungi accumulated significantly higher concentrations of Mg, K and P than the nonmycorrhizal fungi. There was a highly significant statistical relationship between δ26 Mg tissue signature and mycelial concentration of Mg, with a clear separation between most ectomycorrhizal fungi and the nonmycorrhizal fungi. These results are consistent with the idea that ectomycorrhizal fungi have evolved efficient mechanisms to mobilize, transport and store Mg within their mycelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaenab A Fahad
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, SE, 750 07, Sweden
| | - Emile B Bolou-Bi
- Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE, 752 36, Sweden
- Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement IEES Paris, équipe Géomicrobiologie des sols et des eaux, Université de Paris-Est Créteil Val de Marne, Créteil Cedex, FR, 94 010, France
| | - Stephan J Köhler
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Soil-Water-Environment Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, SE, 750 07, Sweden
| | - Roger D Finlay
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, SE, 750 07, Sweden
| | - Shahid Mahmood
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, SE, 750 07, Sweden
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138
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Ruiz-Navarro A, Barberá GG, Albaladejo J, Querejeta JI. Plant δ 15 N reflects the high landscape-scale heterogeneity of soil fertility and vegetation productivity in a Mediterranean semiarid ecosystem. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 212:1030-1043. [PMID: 27405992 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the magnitude and drivers of spatial variability in soil and plant δ15 N across the landscape in a topographically complex semiarid ecosystem. We hypothesized that large spatial heterogeneity in water availability, soil fertility and vegetation cover would be positively linked to high local-scale variability in δ15 N. We measured foliar δ15 N in three dominant plant species representing contrasting plant functional types (tree, shrub, grass) and mycorrhizal association types (ectomycorrhizal or arbuscular mycorrhizal). This allowed us to investigate whether δ15 N responds to landscape-scale environmental heterogeneity in a consistent way across species. Leaf δ15 N varied greatly within species across the landscape and was strongly spatially correlated among co-occurring individuals of the three species. Plant δ15 N correlated tightly with soil δ15 N and key measures of soil fertility, water availability and vegetation productivity, including soil nitrogen (N), organic carbon (C), plant-available phosphorus (P), water-holding capacity, topographic moisture indices and normalized difference vegetation index. Multiple regression models accounted for 62-83% of within-species variation in δ15 N across the landscape. The tight spatial coupling and interdependence of the water, N and C cycles in drylands may allow the use of leaf δ15 N as an integrative measure of variations in moisture availability, biogeochemical activity, soil fertility and vegetation productivity (or 'site quality') across the landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Ruiz-Navarro
- Department of Soil and Water Conservation, Spanish National Research Council (CEBAS-CSIC), PO Box 164, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, Espinardo, Murcia, E-30100, Spain
| | - Gonzalo G Barberá
- Department of Soil and Water Conservation, Spanish National Research Council (CEBAS-CSIC), PO Box 164, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, Espinardo, Murcia, E-30100, Spain
| | - Juan Albaladejo
- Department of Soil and Water Conservation, Spanish National Research Council (CEBAS-CSIC), PO Box 164, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, Espinardo, Murcia, E-30100, Spain
| | - José I Querejeta
- Department of Soil and Water Conservation, Spanish National Research Council (CEBAS-CSIC), PO Box 164, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, Espinardo, Murcia, E-30100, Spain
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139
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von Holstein ICC, Walton Rogers P, Craig OE, Penkman KEH, Newton J, Collins MJ. Provenancing Archaeological Wool Textiles from Medieval Northern Europe by Light Stable Isotope Analysis (δ13C, δ15N, δ2H). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162330. [PMID: 27764106 PMCID: PMC5072590 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigate the origin of archaeological wool textiles preserved by anoxic waterlogging from seven medieval archaeological deposits in north-western Europe (c. 700–1600 AD), using geospatial patterning in carbon (δ13C), nitrogen (δ15N) and non-exchangeable hydrogen (δ2H) composition of modern and ancient sheep proteins. δ13C, δ15N and δ2H values from archaeological wool keratin (n = 83) and bone collagen (n = 59) from four sites were interpreted with reference to the composition of modern sheep wool from the same regions. The isotopic composition of wool and bone collagen samples clustered strongly by settlement; inter-regional relationships were largely parallel in modern and ancient samples, though landscape change was also significant. Degradation in archaeological wool samples, examined by elemental and amino acid composition, was greater in samples from Iceland (Reykholt) than in samples from north-east England (York, Newcastle) or northern Germany (Hessens). A nominal assignment approach was used to classify textiles into local/non-local at each site, based on maximal estimates of isotopic variability in modern sheep wool. Light element stable isotope analysis provided new insights into the origins of wool textiles, and demonstrates that isotopic provenancing of keratin preserved in anoxic waterlogged contexts is feasible. We also demonstrate the utility of δ2H analysis to understand the location of origin of archaeological protein samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Oliver E. Craig
- BioArCh, Departments of Archaeology & Chemistry, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty E. H. Penkman
- BioArCh, Departments of Archaeology & Chemistry, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Newton
- NERC Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry Facility, Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, East Kilbride, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J. Collins
- BioArCh, Departments of Archaeology & Chemistry, University of York, York, United Kingdom
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140
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Schweiger PF. Nitrogen isotope fractionation during N uptake via arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal fungi into grey alder. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 205:84-92. [PMID: 27639038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi affect plant nitrogen (N) dynamics. Plant N isotope patterns have been used to characterise the contribution of ECM fungi to plant N uptake. By quantifying and comparing the effects of an AM and an ECM fungus on growth, N uptake and isotopic composition of one host plant grown at different relative N supply levels, the aim of this study was to improve the mechanistic understanding of natural 15N abundance patterns in mycorrhizal plants and their underlying causes. Grey alders were inoculated with one ECM fungus or one AM fungus or left non-mycorrhizal. Plants were grown under semi-hydroponic conditions and were supplied with three rates of relative N supply ranging from deficient to luxurious. Neither mycorrhizal fungus increased plant growth or N uptake. AM root colonisation had no effect on whole plant δ15N and decreased foliar δ 15N only under N deficiency. The roots of these plants were 15N-enriched. ECM root colonisation consistently decreased foliar and whole plant δ15N. It is concluded, that both mycorrhizal fungi contributed to plant N uptake into the shoot. Nitrogen isotope fractionation during N assimilation and transformations in fungal mycelia is suggested to have resulted in plants receiving 15N-depleted N via the mycorrhizal uptake pathways. Negative mycorrhizal growth effects are explained by symbiotic resource trade on carbon and N and decreased direct plant N uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter F Schweiger
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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141
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Rinne KT, Rajala T, Peltoniemi K, Chen J, Smolander A, Mäkipää R. Accumulation rates and sources of external nitrogen in decaying wood in a Norway spruce dominated forest. Funct Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katja T. Rinne
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke) P.O. Box 18 VantaaFI‐01301 Finland
| | | | - Krista Peltoniemi
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke) P.O. Box 18 VantaaFI‐01301 Finland
| | - Janet Chen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke) P.O. Box 18 VantaaFI‐01301 Finland
| | - Aino Smolander
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke) P.O. Box 18 VantaaFI‐01301 Finland
| | - Raisa Mäkipää
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke) P.O. Box 18 VantaaFI‐01301 Finland
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142
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Stevens RE, O'Connell TC. Red deer bone and antler collagen are not isotopically equivalent in carbon and nitrogen. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:1969-1984. [PMID: 27501431 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Bone and antler collagen δ(13) C and δ(15) N values are often assumed to be equivalent when measured in palaeodietary, palaeoclimate and palaeocological studies. Although compositionally similar, bone grows slowly and is remodelled whereas antler growth is rapid and remodelling does not occur. These different patterns of growth could result in isotopic difference within antler and between the two tissue types. Here we test whether red deer (Cervus elaphus) bone and antler δ(13) C and δ(15) N values are equivalent, and whether intra-antler isotopic values are uniform. METHODS Bone and antler were isotopically analysed from six stags that lived in a temperate maritime climate on the Isle of Rum, Scotland. Multiple antlers from different years were sampled per individual, together with a single bone sample per individual. Up to 12 samples were taken along the length of each antler (total of 25 antlers, 259 samples) so that a chronological record of the isotopic composition during antler growth could be obtained. Collagen was extracted and its δ(13) C and δ(15) N values were measured by continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry. RESULTS Intra-antler collagen isotope signatures vary, and show that not all antlers from an individual or a growth year are equivalent in carbon and nitrogen isotopic ratios. δ(15) N values typically increase with distance along antler length, but no overall trend is observed in δ(13) C values. An isotopic offset is visible between bone and antler, with bone δ(13) C and δ(15) N values being higher in most cases. CONCLUSIONS Bone and antler collagen δ(13) C and δ(15) N values are not isotopically equivalent and are therefore not directly comparable in palaeodietary, palaeoclimate and palaeocological studies. Bone and antler collagen isotopic differences probably relate to differential metabolic processes during the formation of the two tissues. Intra- and inter-antler isotopic variations probably reflect the isotopic composition of an individual's diet rather than physiological parameters, and may have the potential to provide high-resolution individual-specific information in modern and ancient cervid populations. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon E Stevens
- McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3ER, UK
| | - Tamsin C O'Connell
- McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3ER, UK
- Department of Archaeology & Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3DZ, UK
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143
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Lankau RA, Keymer DP. Ectomycorrhizal fungal richness declines towards the host species’ range edge. Mol Ecol 2016; 25:3224-41. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard A. Lankau
- Department of Plant Biology University of Georgia Athens GA 30606 USA
| | - Daniel P. Keymer
- Department of Plant Biology University of Georgia Athens GA 30606 USA
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144
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Kwon T, Tsuyuzaki S. Differences in nitrogen redistribution between early and late plant colonizers through ectomycorrhizal fungi on the volcano Mount Koma. Ecol Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-016-1364-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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145
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von Holstein ICC, Makarewicz CA. Geographical variability in northern European sheep wool isotopic composition (δ(13) C, δ(15) N, δ(2) H values). RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:1423-1434. [PMID: 27197035 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Light stable isotopic analysis of herbivore proteinaceous tissues (hair, muscle, milk) is critical for authenticating the point of origin of finished agricultural or industrial products in both ancient and modern economies. This study examined the distribution of light stable isotopes in herbivores in northern Europe (Iceland to Finland), which is expected to depend on regional-level environmental inputs (precipitation, temperature) and local variables (vegetation type, fodder type, soil type). METHODS Sheep wool was obtained from animals managed using traditional methods and located across a gradient of northern European environments. Defatted whole-year samples were analysed by isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) for carbon (δ(13) C values), nitrogen (δ(15) N values) and un-exchangeable hydrogen (δ(2) H values) isotopic composition. RESULTS Wool δ(13) C, δ(15) N and δ(2) H values showed the same correlations to local mean annual precipitation and temperature as were expected for graze plants. Wool δ(2) H values were correlated with local modelled meteoric water δ(2) H values, mediated by plant solid tissue and leaf water fractionations. Cluster analysis distinguished wool from Sweden and the Baltic region from more western material. Local variation in vegetation or soil type did not disrupt dependence on climatic variables but did affect geospatial discrimination. CONCLUSIONS Wool isotopic composition in northern Europe is controlled by the effects of local precipitation and temperature on graze plant inputs, and is only weakly affected by pasture type. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cheryl A Makarewicz
- Institut für Ur- und Frühgeschichte, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, D-24098, Kiel, Germany
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146
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Gautam MK, Lee KS, Song BY, Lee D, Bong YS. Early-stage changes in natural (13)C and (15)N abundance and nutrient dynamics during different litter decomposition. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2016; 129:463-476. [PMID: 26915037 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-016-0798-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Decomposition, nutrient, and isotopic (δ(13)C and δ(15)N) dynamics during 1 year were studied for leaf and twig litters of Pinus densiflora, Castanea crenata, Erigeron annuus, and Miscanthus sinensis growing on a highly weathered soil with constrained nutrient supply using litterbags in a cool temperate region of South Korea. Decay constant (k/year) ranged from 0.58 to 1.29/year, and mass loss ranged from 22.36 to 58.43 % among litter types. The results demonstrate that mass loss and nutrient dynamics of decomposing litter were influenced by the seasonality of mineralization and immobilization processes. In general, most nutrients exhibited alternate phases of rapid mineralization followed by gradual immobilization, except K, which was released throughout the field incubation. At the end of study, among all the nutrients only N and P showed net immobilization. Mobility of different nutrients from decomposing litter as the percentage of initial litter nutrient concentration was in the order of K > Mg > Ca > N ≈ P. The δ(13)C (0.32-6.70 ‰) and δ(15)N (0.74-3.90 ‰) values of residual litters showed nonlinear increase and decrease, respectively compared to initial isotopic values during decomposition. Litter of different functional types and chemical quality converged toward a conservative nutrient use strategy through mechanisms of slow decomposition and slow nutrient mobilization. Our results indicate that litter quality and season, are the most important regulators of litter decomposition in these forests. The results revealed significant relationships between litter decomposition rates and N, C:N ratio and P, and seasonality (temperature). These results and the convergence of different litters towards conservative nutrient use in these nutrient constrained ecosystems imply optimization of litter management because litter removal can have cascading effects on litter decomposition and nutrient availability in these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Kumar Gautam
- Division of Earth and Environmental Science, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), 162 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, 363-886, Republic of Korea
- , 2081 Wallace Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10462, USA
| | - Kwang-Sik Lee
- Division of Earth and Environmental Science, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), 162 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, 363-886, Republic of Korea.
| | - Byeong-Yeol Song
- Division of Earth and Environmental Science, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), 162 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, 363-886, Republic of Korea
- Chemical Analysis Division, National Forensic Service, Wonju, 220-170, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongho Lee
- Division of Earth and Environmental Science, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), 162 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, 363-886, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Sik Bong
- Division of Earth and Environmental Science, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), 162 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, 363-886, Republic of Korea
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147
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Plant nitrogen concentration and isotopic composition in residential lawns across seven US cities. Oecologia 2016; 181:271-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-016-3566-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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148
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Corrales A, Mangan SA, Turner BL, Dalling JW. An ectomycorrhizal nitrogen economy facilitates monodominance in a neotropical forest. Ecol Lett 2016; 19:383-92. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Corrales
- Department of Plant Biology University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana‐Champaign IL 61801 USA
| | - Scott A. Mangan
- Department of Biology Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis MO 63130 USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Apartado 0843–03092 Balboa Ancon Panama
| | - Benjamin L. Turner
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Apartado 0843–03092 Balboa Ancon Panama
| | - James W. Dalling
- Department of Plant Biology University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana‐Champaign IL 61801 USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Apartado 0843–03092 Balboa Ancon Panama
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149
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Bonito GM, Smith ME. General Systematic Position of the Truffles: Evolutionary Theories. SOIL BIOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-31436-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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150
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Pyle LA, Hockaday WC, Boutton T, Zygourakis K, Kinney TJ, Masiello CA. Chemical and Isotopic Thresholds in Charring: Implications for the Interpretation of Charcoal Mass and Isotopic Data. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:14057-14064. [PMID: 26523420 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Charcoal plays a significant role in the long-term carbon cycle, and its use as a soil amendment is promoted as a C sequestration strategy (biochar). One challenge in this research area is understanding the heterogeneity of charcoal properties. Although the maximum reaction temperature is often used as a gauge of pyrolysis conditions, pyrolysis duration also changes charcoal physicochemical qualities. Here, we introduce a formal definition of charring intensity (CI) to more accurately characterize pyrolysis, and we document variation in charcoal chemical properties with variation in CI. We find two types of responses to CI: either linear or threshold relationships. Mass yield decreases linearly with CI, while a threshold exists across which % C, % N, and δ(15)N exhibit large changes. This CI threshold co-occurs with an increase in charcoal aromaticity. C isotopes do not change from original biomass values, supporting the use of charcoal δ(13)C signatures to infer paleoecological conditions. Fractionation of N isotopes indicates that fire may be enriching soils in (15)N through pyrolytic N isotope fractionation. This influx of "black N" could have a significant impact on soil N isotopes, which we show theoretically using a simple mass-balance model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lacey A Pyle
- Department of Earth Science, Rice University , 6100 Main St MS 126, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - William C Hockaday
- Department of Geology, Baylor University , One Bear Place #97354, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Thomas Boutton
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Texas A&M University , 2138 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Kyriacos Zygourakis
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University , 6100 Main St MS-362, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Timothy J Kinney
- Department of Earth Science, Rice University , 6100 Main St MS 126, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Caroline A Masiello
- Department of Earth Science, Rice University , 6100 Main St MS 126, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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