101
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In vitro assays supporting the safety assessment of immunomodulatory monoclonal antibodies. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 45:296-308. [PMID: 28263892 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Many monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) licensed for human use or in clinical development for cancer and autoimmune disease directly interact with the immune system. These immunomodulatory mAbs have an inherent risk of adverse immune-mediated drug reactions, including infusion reactions, cytokine storms, immunosuppression and autoimmunity. A thorough understanding of the potential for immunotoxicity of a mAb is required to support administration to humans. This review will highlight the key role of in vitro assays in defining the immunopharmacology, immunotoxicity and immunogenicity of mAbs. A wide range of in vitro tests with multiple formats of different complexity can be utilized to characterize i) the antibody-binding domains of the mAb, such as on-target binding and downstream pharmacological effects (e.g. immunosuppression, immune activation, cytokine release) in both humans and animal species used for toxicology studies and off-target binding; ii) Fc-dependent effects such as Fc-mediated cellular activation (e.g. of leukocytes, platelets) and cytokine release, complement activation; and iii) product-related factors (sequence, physical-chemical properties and impurities) that can impact both pharmacological activity and immunogenicity potential of a mAb. These assays can be crucial to the selection of mAbs with an optimum balance of safety and efficacy, in defining whether a mAb is a high risk molecule, and together with animal data, can inform human safe starting doses and escalation schemes.
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102
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Kean LS, Turka LA, Blazar BR. Advances in targeting co-inhibitory and co-stimulatory pathways in transplantation settings: the Yin to the Yang of cancer immunotherapy. Immunol Rev 2017; 276:192-212. [PMID: 28258702 PMCID: PMC5338458 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, the power of harnessing T-cell co-signaling pathways has become increasingly understood to have significant clinical importance. In cancer immunotherapy, the field has concentrated on two related modalities: First, targeting cancer antigens through highly activated chimeric antigen T cells (CAR-Ts) and second, re-animating endogenous quiescent T cells through checkpoint blockade. In each of these strategies, the therapeutic goal is to re-ignite T-cell immunity, in order to eradicate tumors. In transplantation, there is also great interest in targeting T-cell co-signaling, but with the opposite goal: in this field, we seek the Yin to cancer immunotherapy's Yang, and focus on manipulating T-cell co-signaling to induce tolerance rather than activation. In this review, we discuss the major T-cell signaling pathways that are being investigated for tolerance induction, detailing preclinical studies and the path to the clinic for many of these molecules. These include blockade of co-stimulation pathways and agonism of coinhibitory pathways, in order to achieve the delicate state of balance that is transplant tolerance: a state which guarantees lifelong transplant acceptance without ongoing immunosuppression, and with preservation of protective immune responses. In the context of the clinical translation of immune tolerance strategies, we discuss the significant challenge that is embodied by the fact that targeted pathway modulators may have opposing effects on tolerance based on their impact on effector vs regulatory T-cell biology. Achieving this delicate balance holds the key to the major challenge of transplantation: lifelong control of alloreactivity while maintaining an otherwise intact immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie S Kean
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Laurence A Turka
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Immune Tolerance Network, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics and the Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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103
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Wang YI, Oleaga C, Long CJ, Esch MB, McAleer CW, Miller PG, Hickman JJ, Shuler ML. Self-contained, low-cost Body-on-a-Chip systems for drug development. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2017; 242:1701-1713. [PMID: 29065797 DOI: 10.1177/1535370217694101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrated multi-organ microphysiological systems are an evolving tool for preclinical evaluation of the potential toxicity and efficacy of drug candidates. Such systems, also known as Body-on-a-Chip devices, have a great potential to increase the successful conversion of drug candidates entering clinical trials into approved drugs. Systems, to be attractive for commercial adoption, need to be inexpensive, easy to operate, and give reproducible results. Further, the ability to measure functional responses, such as electrical activity, force generation, and barrier integrity of organ surrogates, enhances the ability to monitor response to drugs. The ability to operate a system for significant periods of time (up to 28 d) will provide potential to estimate chronic as well as acute responses of the human body. Here we review progress towards a self-contained low-cost microphysiological system with functional measurements of physiological responses. Impact statement Multi-organ microphysiological systems are promising devices to improve the drug development process. The development of a pumpless system represents the ability to build multi-organ systems that are of low cost, high reliability, and self-contained. These features, coupled with the ability to measure electrical and mechanical response in addition to chemical or metabolic changes, provides an attractive system for incorporation into the drug development process. This will be the most complete review of the pumpless platform with recirculation yet written.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying I Wang
- 1 Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Carlota Oleaga
- 2 NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
| | - Christopher J Long
- 2 NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA.,3 Hesperos, Inc., Orlando, FL 32826, USA
| | - Mandy B Esch
- 4 Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Christopher W McAleer
- 2 NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA.,3 Hesperos, Inc., Orlando, FL 32826, USA
| | - Paula G Miller
- 1 Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - James J Hickman
- 2 NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA.,3 Hesperos, Inc., Orlando, FL 32826, USA
| | - Michael L Shuler
- 1 Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.,3 Hesperos, Inc., Orlando, FL 32826, USA
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104
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Lemoine M. Animal extrapolation in preclinical studies: An analysis of the tragic case of TGN1412. STUDIES IN HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF BIOLOGICAL AND BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES 2017; 61:35-45. [PMID: 28039775 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsc.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
According to the received view, the transportation view, animal extrapolation consists in inductive prediction of the outcome of a mechanism in a target, based on an analogical mechanism in a model. Through an analysis of the failure of preclinical studies of TGN1412, an innovative drug, to predict the tragic consequences of its first-in-man trial in 2006, the received view is challenged by a proposed view of animal extrapolation, the chimera view. According to this view, animal extrapolation is based on a hypothesis about how human organisms work, supported by the amalgamation of results drawn from various experimental organisms, and only predicting the 'predictive grid', that is, a global framework of the effects to be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maël Lemoine
- INSERM U930, France; Université de Tours - Faculté de Médecine - Département de SHS, 10 Bd Tonnellé 37032 Tours Cedex, France.
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105
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Boesch AW, Miles AR, Chan YN, Osei-Owusu NY, Ackerman ME. IgG Fc variant cross-reactivity between human and rhesus macaque FcγRs. MAbs 2017; 9:455-465. [PMID: 28055295 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1274845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-human primate (NHP) studies are often an essential component of antibody development efforts before human trials. Because the efficacy or toxicity of candidate antibodies may depend on their interactions with Fcγ receptors (FcγR) and their resulting ability to induce FcγR-mediated effector functions such as antibody-dependent cell-meditated cytotoxicity and phagocytosis (ADCP), the evaluation of human IgG variants with modulated affinity toward human FcγR is becoming more prevalent in both infectious disease and oncology studies in NHP. Reliable translation of these results necessitates analysis of the cross-reactivity of these human Fc variants with NHP FcγR. We report evaluation of the binding affinities of a panel of human IgG subclasses, Fc amino acid point mutants and Fc glycosylation variants against the common allotypes of human and rhesus macaque FcγR by applying a high-throughput array-based surface plasmon resonance platform. The resulting data indicate that amino acid variation present in rhesus FcγRs can result in disrupted, matched, or even increased affinity of IgG Fc variants compared with human FcγR orthologs. These observations emphasize the importance of evaluating species cross-reactivity and developing an understanding of the potential limitations or suitability of representative in vitro and in vivo models before human clinical studies when either efficacy or toxicity may be associated with FcγR engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin W Boesch
- a Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College , Hanover , NH , USA
| | - Adam R Miles
- b Wasatch Microfluidics , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Ying N Chan
- a Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College , Hanover , NH , USA
| | - Nana Y Osei-Owusu
- c Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Geisel School of Medicine , Lebanon , NH , USA
| | - Margaret E Ackerman
- a Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College , Hanover , NH , USA.,c Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Geisel School of Medicine , Lebanon , NH , USA
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106
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Safety and General Considerations for the Use of Antibodies in Infectious Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1053:265-294. [PMID: 29549644 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72077-7_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Monocolonal antibodies are valuable potential new tools for meeting unmet needs in treating infectious dieseases and to provide alternatives and supplements to antibiotics in these times of growing resistance. Especially when considering the ability to screen for antibodies reacting to very diverse target antigens and the ability to design and engineer them to work specifically to hit and overcome their strategies, like toxins and their hiding in specific cells to evade the immuneresponse and their special features enabling killing of the infectious agents and or the cells harbouring them. Antibodies are generally very safe and adverse effects of treatments with therapeutic antibodies are usually related to exaggeration of the intended pharmacology. In this chapter general safety considerations for the use of antibodies is reviewed and the general procedures for nonclinical testing to support their clinical development. Special considerations for anti-infective mAb treatments are provided including the special features that makes nonclinical safety programs for anti-infective mAbs much more simple and restricted. However at a cost since only limited information for clinical safety and modeling can be derived from such programs. Then strategies for optimally designing antibodies are discussed including the use of combination of antibodies. Finally ways to facilitate development of more than the currently only three approved mAb based treatments are discussed with a special focus on high costs and high price and how collaboration and new strategies for development in emerging markets can be a driver for this.
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107
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Bhoumik P, Del Rio-Espinola A, Hahne F, Moggs J, Grenet O. Translational Safety Genetics. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 45:119-126. [PMID: 27932582 DOI: 10.1177/0192623316675064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The emerging field of translational safety genetics is providing new opportunities to enhance drug discovery and development. Genetic variation in therapeutic drug targets, off-target interactors and relevant drug metabolism/disposition pathways can contribute to diverse drug pharmacologic and toxicologic responses between different animal species, strains and geographic origins. Recent advances in the sequencing of rodent, canine, nonhuman primate, and minipig genomes have dramatically improved the ability to select the most appropriate animal species for preclinical drug toxicity studies based on genotypic characterization of drug targets/pathways and drug metabolism and/or disposition, thus avoiding inconclusive or misleading animal studies, consistent with the principles of the 3Rs (replacement, reduction and refinement). The genetic background of individual animals should also be taken into consideration when interpreting phenotypic outcomes from toxicity studies and susceptibilities to spontaneous safety-relevant background findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyasma Bhoumik
- 1 Preclinical Safety, Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alberto Del Rio-Espinola
- 1 Preclinical Safety, Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Florian Hahne
- 1 Preclinical Safety, Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Moggs
- 1 Preclinical Safety, Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Grenet
- 1 Preclinical Safety, Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
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108
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Lee WWL, Teo TH, Lum FM, Andiappan AK, Amrun SN, Rénia L, Rötzschke O, Ng LFP. Virus infection drives IL-2 antibody complexes into pro-inflammatory agonists in mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37603. [PMID: 27886209 PMCID: PMC5122839 DOI: 10.1038/srep37603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of IL-2/JES6-1 Ab complex (IL-2 Ab Cx) has been considered as a potential therapeutic for inflammatory diseases due to its selective expansion of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in mice. Here, IL-2 Ab Cx was explored as a therapeutic agent to reduce joint inflammation induced by chikungunya virus, an alphavirus causing debilitating joint disease globally. Virus-infected mice treated with IL-2 Ab Cx exhibited exacerbated joint inflammation due to infiltration of highly activated CD4+ effector T cells (Teffs). Virus infection led to upregulation of CD25 on the Teffs, rendering them sensitive towards IL2 Ab Cx. Ready responsiveness of Teffs to IL-2 was further demonstrated in healthy human donors, suggesting that the use of IL-2 Ab Cx in humans is not suitable. Changes in IL-2 sensitivity during active virus infection could change the responsive pattern towards the IL-2 Ab Cx, resulting in the expansion of pro-inflammatory rather than anti-inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy W. L. Lee
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore (A*STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Teck-Hui Teo
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore (A*STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Fok-Moon Lum
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore (A*STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Anand K. Andiappan
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore (A*STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Siti Naqiah Amrun
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore (A*STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Laurent Rénia
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore (A*STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Olaf Rötzschke
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore (A*STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Lisa F. P. Ng
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore (A*STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
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109
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Poirier N, Blancho G, Hiance M, Mary C, Van Assche T, Lempoels J, Ramael S, Wang W, Thepenier V, Braudeau C, Salabert N, Josien R, Anderson I, Gourley I, Soulillou JP, Coquoz D, Vanhove B. First-in-Human Study in Healthy Subjects with FR104, a Pegylated Monoclonal Antibody Fragment Antagonist of CD28. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:4593-4602. [PMID: 27849166 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
FR104 is a monovalent pegylated Fab' Ab, antagonist of CD28, under development for treatment of transplant rejection and autoimmune diseases. In contrast to CD80/86 antagonists (CTLA4-Ig), FR104 selectively blunts CD28 costimulation while sparing CTLA-4 and PD-L1 coinhibitory signals. In the present work, FR104 has been evaluated in a first-in-human study to evaluate the safety, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and potency of i.v. administrations in healthy subjects. Sixty-four subjects were randomly assigned to four single ascending dose groups, two double dose groups and four single ascending dose groups challenged with keyhole limpet hemocyanin. Subjects were followed up over a maximum of 113 d. Overall, the pharmacokinetics of FR104 after a single and double infusions was approximately linear at doses ≥0.200 mg/kg. CD28 receptor occupancy by FR104 was saturated at the first sampling time point (0.5 h) at doses above 0.02 mg/kg and returned to 50% in a dose-dependent manner, by day 15 (0.020 mg/kg) to 85 (1.500 mg/kg). FR104 was well tolerated, with no evidence of cytokine-release syndrome and no impact on blood lymphocyte subsets. Inhibition of anti-keyhole limpet hemocyanin Ab response was dose-dependent in FR104 recipients and was already apparent at a dose of 0.02 mg/kg. Abs to FR104 were detected in 22/46 (48%) of FR104 recipients and only 1/46 (2.2%) was detected during drug exposure. In conclusion, selective blockade of CD28 with FR104 was safe and well tolerated at the doses tested. The observed immunosuppressive activity indicated that FR104 has potential to show clinical activity in the treatment of immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Poirier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 1064, Nantes F44093, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Université de Nantes, Nantes F44000, France.,OSE Immunotherapeutics S.A., Nantes F44200, France
| | - Gilles Blancho
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 1064, Nantes F44093, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Université de Nantes, Nantes F44000, France.,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nantes, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Centre d'immunomonitorage Nantes-Atlantique, Nantes, F44000, France
| | | | - Caroline Mary
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 1064, Nantes F44093, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Université de Nantes, Nantes F44000, France.,OSE Immunotherapeutics S.A., Nantes F44200, France
| | - Tim Van Assche
- SGS Life Science Services, Clinical Pharmacology Unit Antwerp, Antwerp 2060, Belgium
| | - Jos Lempoels
- SGS Life Science Services, Clinical Pharmacology Unit Antwerp, Antwerp 2060, Belgium
| | - Steven Ramael
- SGS Life Science Services, Clinical Pharmacology Unit Antwerp, Antwerp 2060, Belgium
| | - Weirong Wang
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA 19477
| | - Virginie Thepenier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 1064, Nantes F44093, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Université de Nantes, Nantes F44000, France.,OSE Immunotherapeutics S.A., Nantes F44200, France
| | - Cecile Braudeau
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 1064, Nantes F44093, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Université de Nantes, Nantes F44000, France.,LabEx ImmunoGraft Oncology, Nantes F44000, Nantes, France; and
| | - Nina Salabert
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 1064, Nantes F44093, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Université de Nantes, Nantes F44000, France.,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nantes, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Centre d'immunomonitorage Nantes-Atlantique, Nantes, F44000, France.,LabEx ImmunoGraft Oncology, Nantes F44000, Nantes, France; and
| | - Regis Josien
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 1064, Nantes F44093, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Université de Nantes, Nantes F44000, France.,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nantes, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Centre d'immunomonitorage Nantes-Atlantique, Nantes, F44000, France.,LabEx ImmunoGraft Oncology, Nantes F44000, Nantes, France; and
| | - Ian Anderson
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA 19477
| | - Ian Gourley
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA 19477
| | - Jean-Paul Soulillou
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 1064, Nantes F44093, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Université de Nantes, Nantes F44000, France
| | | | - Bernard Vanhove
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 1064, Nantes F44093, France; .,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Université de Nantes, Nantes F44000, France.,OSE Immunotherapeutics S.A., Nantes F44200, France.,LabEx ImmunoGraft Oncology, Nantes F44000, Nantes, France; and
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110
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Thoma EC, Heckel T, Keller D, Giroud N, Leonard B, Christensen K, Roth A, Bertinetti-Lapatki C, Graf M, Patsch C. Establishment of a translational endothelial cell model using directed differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells from Cynomolgus monkey. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35830. [PMID: 27779219 PMCID: PMC5078800 DOI: 10.1038/srep35830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to their broad differentiation potential, pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) offer a promising approach for generating relevant cellular models for various applications. While human PSC-based cellular models are already advanced, similar systems for non-human primates (NHPs) are still lacking. However, as NHPs are the most appropriate animals for evaluating the safety of many novel pharmaceuticals, the availability of in vitro systems would be extremely useful to bridge the gap between cellular and animal models. Here, we present a NHP in vitro endothelial cell system using induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSCs) from Cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis). Based on an adapted protocol for human IPSCs, we directly differentiated macaque IPSCs into endothelial cells under chemically defined conditions. The resulting endothelial cells can be enriched using immuno-magnetic cell sorting and display endothelial marker expression and function. RNA sequencing revealed that the differentiation process closely resembled vasculogenesis. Moreover, we showed that endothelial cells derived from macaque and human IPSCs are highly similar with respect to gene expression patterns and key endothelial functions, such as inflammatory responses. These data demonstrate the power of IPSC differentiation technology to generate defined cell types for use as translational in vitro models to compare cell type-specific responses across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva C Thoma
- Roche pRED (Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Heckel
- Roche pRED (Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Keller
- Roche pRED (Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Giroud
- Roche pRED (Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Brian Leonard
- Roche pRED (Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Christensen
- Roche pRED (Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Roth
- Roche pRED (Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Bertinetti-Lapatki
- Roche pRED (Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Graf
- Roche pRED (Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Patsch
- Roche pRED (Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
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111
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Brennan FR, Kiessling A. Translational immunotoxicology of immunomodulatory monoclonal antibodies. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2016; 21-22:85-93. [PMID: 27978992 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
While immunomodulatory monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have a wide therapeutic potential, exaggerated immunopharmacology may drive both acute and delayed immunotoxicity. The existing tools for immunotoxicity assessment do not accurately predict the full range of immunotoxicities observed in humans. New and optimized models, assays, endpoints and biomarkers in animals and humans are required to safeguard patients and allow them access to these often transformational therapies.
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112
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Shi R, Honczarenko M, Zhang S, Fleener C, Mora J, Lee SK, Wang R, Liu X, Shevell DE, Yang Z, Wang H, Murthy B. Pharmacokinetic, Pharmacodynamic, and Safety Profile of a Novel Anti-CD28 Domain Antibody Antagonist in Healthy Subjects. J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 57:161-172. [PMID: 27402064 PMCID: PMC5697635 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We report pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of a novel anti‐CD28 domain antibody antagonist (lulizumab pegol) in healthy subjects following single‐ or multiple‐dose administration. A minimal anticipated biological effect level approach was used to select a 0.01 mg starting dose for a single‐ascending‐dose (SAD), double‐blind, first‐in‐human study. Part 1 included 9 intravenous (IV; 0.01‐100 mg) and 3 subcutaneous (SC; 9‐50 mg) doses or placebo. In part 2, a keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) immunization was performed in 16 subjects/panel, who received 1 of 3 IV doses (9‐100 mg) or placebo. In a double‐blind, multiple‐ascending‐dose (MAD) study, subjects received SC lulizumab 6.25 mg every 2 weeks, 12.5 mg weekly, 37.5 mg weekly, or placebo. Among 180 treated subjects, 169 completed the studies. Peak concentrations and areas under the curve from time 0 to infinity increased dose proportionally. Estimated SC bioavailability was 68.2%. Receptor occupancy of approximately ≥80% was maintained for ≥2 weeks at ≥9‐mg doses (SAD) and throughout the dosing interval (MAD). IV doses ≥9 mg inhibited antibody production against KLH for 2 weeks. No significant cytokine or immune cell changes were observed. No immunogenicity responses persisted, and there was no correlation to adverse events. Headache occurred in 21 SAD and 4 MAD subjects receiving lulizumab; in the MAD study 5 lulizumab subjects experienced infections. Lulizumab IV or SC was safe at all doses studied, without evidence of cytokine release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Shi
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | | | - Sean Zhang
- GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Sun Ku Lee
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Reena Wang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Xiaoni Liu
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | | | - Zheng Yang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
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113
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Hünig T. The rise and fall of the CD28 superagonist TGN1412 and its return as TAB08: a personal account. FEBS J 2016; 283:3325-34. [PMID: 27191544 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Two decades ago, we discovered 'superagonistic' monoclonal antibodies specific for the CD28 molecule which are able to polyclonally activate T cells, in particular regulatory T cells, and are therapeutically active in many rodent models of autoimmunity, inflammation, transplantation, and tissue repair. A phase I trial of the human CD28 superagonist TGN1412 failed in 2006 due to an unexpected cytokine release syndrome, but after it became clear that dose-reduction allows to preferentially address regulatory T cells also in humans, clinical development was resumed under the name TAB08. Here, I recount the story of CD28 superagonist development from a personal perspective with an emphasis on the dramatic events during and after the 2006 phase I trial, the reasons for the failure of preclinical research to warn of the impending cytokine storm, and on the research which allowed resumption of clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hünig
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Germany.
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114
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Clementi N, Criscuolo E, Cappelletti F, Burioni R, Clementi M, Mancini N. Novel therapeutic investigational strategies to treat severe and disseminated HSV infections suggested by a deeper understanding of in vitro virus entry processes. Drug Discov Today 2016; 21:682-91. [PMID: 26976690 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The global burden of herpes simplex virus (HSV) legitimates the critical need to develop new prevention strategies, such as drugs and vaccines that are able to fight either primary HSV infections or reactivations. Moreover, the ever-growing number of patients receiving transplants increases the number of severe HSV infections that are unresponsive to current therapies. Finally, the high global incidence of genital HSV-2 infection increases the risk of perinatal transmission to newborns, in which disseminated infection or central nervous system (CNS) involvement is frequent, with associated high morbidity and mortality rates. There are several key features shared by novel anti-HSV drugs, from currently available optimized drugs to small molecules able to interfere with various virus replication steps. However, several virological aspects of the disease and associated clinical needs highlight why an ideal anti-HSV drug has yet to be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Clementi
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, 'Vita-Salute San Raffaele' University, 20132 Milan, Italy.
| | - Elena Criscuolo
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, 'Vita-Salute San Raffaele' University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Cappelletti
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, 'Vita-Salute San Raffaele' University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Burioni
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, 'Vita-Salute San Raffaele' University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Clementi
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, 'Vita-Salute San Raffaele' University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Nicasio Mancini
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, 'Vita-Salute San Raffaele' University, 20132 Milan, Italy
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115
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TGN1412 Induces Lymphopenia and Human Cytokine Release in a Humanized Mouse Model. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149093. [PMID: 26959227 PMCID: PMC4784892 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) such as the superagonistic, CD28-specific antibody TGN1412, or OKT3, an anti-CD3 mAb, can cause severe adverse events including cytokine release syndrome. A predictive model for mAb-mediated adverse effects, for which no previous knowledge on severe adverse events to be expected or on molecular mechanisms underlying is prerequisite, is not available yet. We used a humanized mouse model of human peripheral blood mononuclear cell-reconstituted NOD-RAG1-/-Aβ-/-HLADQ(tg+ or tg-)IL-2Rγc-/- mice to evaluate its predictive value for preclinical testing of mAbs. 2–6 hours after TGN1412 treatment, mice showed a loss of human CD45+ cells from the peripheral blood and loss of only human T cells after OKT3 injection, reminiscent of effects observed in mAb-treated humans. Moreover, upon OKT3 injection we detected selective CD3 downmodulation on T cells, a typical effect of OKT3. Importantly, we detected release of human cytokines in humanized mice upon both OKT3 and TGN1412 application. Finally, humanized mice showed severe signs of illness, a rapid drop of body temperature, and succumbed to antibody application 2–6 hours after administration. Hence, the humanized mouse model used here reproduces several effects and adverse events induced in humans upon application of the therapeutic mAbs OKT3 and TGN1412.
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Ryan JM, Wasser JS, Adler AJ, Vella AT. Enhancing the safety of antibody-based immunomodulatory cancer therapy without compromising therapeutic benefit: Can we have our cake and eat it too? Expert Opin Biol Ther 2016; 16:655-74. [PMID: 26855028 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2016.1152256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting checkpoint inhibitors have demonstrated clinical benefit in treating patients with cancer and have paved the way for additional immune-modulating mAbs such as those targeting costimulatory receptors. The full clinical utility of these agents, however, is hampered by immune-related adverse events (irAEs) that can occur during therapy. AREAS COVERED We first provide a general overview of tumor immunity, followed by a review of the two major classes of immunomodulatory mAbs being developed as cancer therapeutics: checkpoint inhibitors and costimulatory receptor agonists. We then discuss therapy-associated adverse events. Finally, we describe in detail the mechanisms driving their therapeutic activity, with an emphasis on interactions between antibody fragment crystallizable (Fc) domains and Fc receptors (FcR). EXPERT OPINION Given that Fc-FcR interactions appear critical in facilitating the ability of immunomodulatory mAbs to elicit both therapeutically useful as well as adverse effects, the engineering of mAbs that can effectively engage their targets while limiting interaction with FcRs might represent a promising future avenue for developing the next generation of immune-enhancing tumoricidal agents with increased safety and retention of efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Ryan
- a Department of Immunology , UConn Health , Farmington , CT , USA
| | | | - Adam J Adler
- a Department of Immunology , UConn Health , Farmington , CT , USA
| | - Anthony T Vella
- a Department of Immunology , UConn Health , Farmington , CT , USA
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Schmidt T, Willenborg S, Hünig T, Deeg CA, Sonderstrup G, Hertl M, Eming R. Induction of T regulatory cells by the superagonistic anti-CD28 antibody D665 leads to decreased pathogenic IgG autoantibodies against desmoglein 3 in a HLA-transgenic mouse model of pemphigus vulgaris. Exp Dermatol 2016; 25:293-8. [PMID: 26661498 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a potentially life-threatening autoimmune disease of the skin and mucous membranes. Its pathogenesis is based on IgG autoantibodies that target the desmosomal cadherins, desmoglein 3 (Dsg3) and desmoglein 1 (Dsg1) and induce intra-epidermal loss of adhesion. Although the PV pathogenesis is well-understood, therapeutic options are still limited to immunosuppressive drugs, particularly corticosteroids, which are associated with significant side effects. Dsg3-reactive T regulatory cells (Treg) have been previously identified in PV and healthy carriers of PV-associated HLA class II alleles. Ex vivo, Dsg3-specific Treg cells down-regulated the activation of pathogenic Dsg3-specific T-helper (Th) 2 cells. In this study, in a HLA-DRB1*04:02 transgenic mouse model of PV, peripheral Treg cells were modulated by the use of Treg-depleting or expanding monoclonal antibodies, respectively. Our findings show that, in vivo, although not statistically significant, Treg cells exert a clear down-regulatory effect on the Dsg3-driven T-cell response and, accordingly, the formation of Dsg3-specific IgG antibodies. These observations confirm the powerful immune regulatory functions of Treg cells and identify Treg cells as potential therapeutic modulators in PV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schmidt
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Willenborg
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Hünig
- Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Julius-Maximilians University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Cornelia A Deeg
- Department of Ophthalmology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Grete Sonderstrup
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael Hertl
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Eming
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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Whritenour J, Casinghino S, Collinge M, Zhu X. Nonclinical Tools to Assess Risk of Drug Hypersensitivity Reactions. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2016; 56:561-76. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010715-103354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Whritenour
- Pfizer Inc., Drug Safety Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340;
| | - S. Casinghino
- Pfizer Inc., Drug Safety Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340;
| | - M. Collinge
- Pfizer Inc., Drug Safety Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340;
| | - X. Zhu
- Pfizer Inc., Drug Safety Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340;
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119
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Kenter MJH, Cohen AF. The return of the prodigal son and the extraordinary development route of antibody TGN1412 - lessons for drug development and clinical pharmacology. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 79:545-7. [PMID: 25711949 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel J H Kenter
- The Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMw)
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Abstract
Since the approval of insulin as the first recombinant therapeutic protein, the prominence of biologic therapies in drug development has grown significantly. Many modalities beyond traditional biologics are now being developed or explored for various indications with significant unmet medical needs. From early traditional replacement proteins to more recent, highly engineered antibodies, oligonucleotides, fusion proteins, and gene constructs, biologic agents have delivered life-changing therapies, despite often having scientifically and technically challenging development programs. This brief review outlines some of the major biotherapeutic classes and identifies the advantages and challenges with the development of these products.
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121
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Poirier N, Chevalier M, Mary C, Hervouet J, Minault D, Baker P, Ville S, Le Bas-Bernardet S, Dilek N, Belarif L, Cassagnau E, Scobie L, Blancho G, Vanhove B. Selective CD28 Antagonist Blunts Memory Immune Responses and Promotes Long-Term Control of Skin Inflammation in Nonhuman Primates. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 196:274-83. [PMID: 26597009 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Novel therapies that specifically target activation and expansion of pathogenic immune cell subsets responsible for autoimmune attacks are needed to confer long-term remission. Pathogenic cells in autoimmunity include memory T lymphocytes that are long-lived and present rapid recall effector functions with reduced activation requirements. Whereas the CD28 costimulation pathway predominantly controls priming of naive T cells and hence generation of adaptive memory cells, the roles of CD28 costimulation on established memory T lymphocytes and the recall of memory responses remain controversial. In contrast to CD80/86 antagonists (CTLA4-Ig), selective CD28 antagonists blunt T cell costimulation while sparing CTLA-4 and PD-L1-dependent coinhibitory signals. Using a new selective CD28 antagonist, we showed that Ag-specific reactivation of human memory T lymphocytes was prevented. Selective CD28 blockade controlled both cellular and humoral memory recall in nonhuman primates and induced long-term Ag-specific unresponsiveness in a memory T cell-mediated inflammatory skin model. No modification of memory T lymphocytes subsets or numbers was observed in the periphery, and importantly no significant reactivation of quiescent viruses was noticed. These findings indicate that pathogenic memory T cell responses are controlled by both CD28 and CTLA-4/PD-L1 cosignals in vivo and that selectively targeting CD28 would help to promote remission of autoimmune diseases and control chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Poirier
- INSERM UMR 1064, Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie, Université de Nantes, 44000 Nantes, France; Effimune, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Melanie Chevalier
- INSERM UMR 1064, Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie, Université de Nantes, 44000 Nantes, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, 44000 Nantes, France; and
| | - Caroline Mary
- INSERM UMR 1064, Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie, Université de Nantes, 44000 Nantes, France; Effimune, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Jeremy Hervouet
- INSERM UMR 1064, Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie, Université de Nantes, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - David Minault
- INSERM UMR 1064, Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie, Université de Nantes, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Paul Baker
- Department of Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Ville
- INSERM UMR 1064, Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie, Université de Nantes, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Stephanie Le Bas-Bernardet
- INSERM UMR 1064, Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie, Université de Nantes, 44000 Nantes, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, 44000 Nantes, France; and
| | - Nahzli Dilek
- INSERM UMR 1064, Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie, Université de Nantes, 44000 Nantes, France; Effimune, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Lyssia Belarif
- INSERM UMR 1064, Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie, Université de Nantes, 44000 Nantes, France; Effimune, 44000 Nantes, France
| | | | - Linda Scobie
- Department of Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, United Kingdom
| | - Gilles Blancho
- INSERM UMR 1064, Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie, Université de Nantes, 44000 Nantes, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, 44000 Nantes, France; and
| | - Bernard Vanhove
- INSERM UMR 1064, Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie, Université de Nantes, 44000 Nantes, France; Effimune, 44000 Nantes, France;
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Vessillier S, Eastwood D, Fox B, Sathish J, Sethu S, Dougall T, Thorpe SJ, Thorpe R, Stebbings R. Cytokine release assays for the prediction of therapeutic mAb safety in first-in man trials--Whole blood cytokine release assays are poorly predictive for TGN1412 cytokine storm. J Immunol Methods 2015; 424:43-52. [PMID: 25960173 PMCID: PMC4768082 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2015.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic monoclonal antibody (mAb) TGN1412 (anti-CD28 superagonist) caused near-fatal cytokine release syndrome (CRS) in all six volunteers during a phase-I clinical trial. Several cytokine release assays (CRAs) with reported predictivity for TGN1412-induced CRS have since been developed for the preclinical safety testing of new therapeutic mAbs. The whole blood (WB) CRA is the most widely used, but its sensitivity for TGN1412-like cytokine release was recently criticized. In a comparative study, using group size required for 90% power with 5% significance as a measure of sensitivity, we found that WB and 10% (v/v) WB CRAs were the least sensitive for TGN1412 as these required the largest group sizes (n = 52 and 79, respectively). In contrast, the peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) solid phase (SP) CRA was the most sensitive for TGN1412 as it required the smallest group size (n = 4). Similarly, the PBMC SP CRA was more sensitive than the WB CRA for muromonab-CD3 (anti-CD3) which stimulates TGN1412-like cytokine release (n = 4 and 4519, respectively). Conversely, the WB CRA was far more sensitive than the PBMC SP CRA for alemtuzumab (anti-CD52) which stimulates FcγRI-mediated cytokine release (n = 8 and 180, respectively). Investigation of potential factors contributing to the different sensitivities revealed that removal of red blood cells (RBCs) from WB permitted PBMC-like TGN1412 responses in a SP CRA, which in turn could be inhibited by the addition of the RBC membrane protein glycophorin A (GYPA); this observation likely underlies, at least in part, the poor sensitivity of WB CRA for TGN1412. The use of PBMC SP CRA for the detection of TGN1412-like cytokine release is recommended in conjunction with adequately powered group sizes for dependable preclinical safety testing of new therapeutic mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vessillier
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Biotherapeutics Group, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, United Kingdom.
| | - D Eastwood
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Biotherapeutics Group, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, United Kingdom
| | - B Fox
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Biotherapeutics Group, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, United Kingdom
| | - J Sathish
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom
| | - S Sethu
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom
| | - T Dougall
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Biotherapeutics Group, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, United Kingdom
| | - S J Thorpe
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Biotherapeutics Group, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, United Kingdom
| | - R Thorpe
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Biotherapeutics Group, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, United Kingdom
| | - R Stebbings
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Biotherapeutics Group, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, United Kingdom; MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom; Medimmune, Aaron Klug Building, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, United Kingdom.
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123
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Henry KA, Tanha J, Hussack G. Identification of cross-reactive single-domain antibodies against serum albumin using next-generation DNA sequencing. Protein Eng Des Sel 2015; 28:379-83. [PMID: 26319004 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzv039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies that cross-react with multiple isoforms or homologue of a given protein are often desirable, especially in therapeutic applications. Here, we report the identification of several unique, clonally unrelated, single-domain antibodies (sdAbs) that bind to multiple serum albumin orthologues (human, rhesus, rat and mouse) with low-to-medium nanomolar affinity from a llama immunized only with human serum albumin. Using single-round panning of a phage-displayed sdAb library against serum albumins and next-generation DNA sequencing, we were able to predict patterns of sdAb reactivity to the albumins of different species with ∼90% accuracy. We expect this strategy to be generally applicable for identifying cross-reactive sdAbs, particularly when these exist at low frequency and/or are poorly enriched by panning. Moreover, the sdAbs identified here are of potential interest for serum half-life extension of biologics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Henry
- Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - Jamshid Tanha
- Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0R6 School of Environmental Sciences, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1 Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 75 Laurier Avenue East, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 8M5
| | - Greg Hussack
- Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0R6
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van Aerts LAGJM, De Smet K, Reichmann G, van der Laan JW, Schneider CK. Biosimilars entering the clinic without animal studies. A paradigm shift in the European Union. MAbs 2015; 6:1155-62. [PMID: 25517301 PMCID: PMC4622966 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.29848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of biosimilars has spread from Europe to other regions throughout the world, and many regions have drafted regulatory guidelines for their development. Recently, a paradigm shift in regulatory thinking on the non-clinical development of biosimilars has emerged in Europe: In vivo testing should follow a step-wise approach rather than being performed by default. To not require animal testing at all in some instances can well be seen as a revolutionary, but science-based, step. Here, we describe the internal discussions that led to this paradigm shift. The mainstay for the establishment of biosimilarity is the pharmaceutical comparability based on extensive physicochemical and biological characterization. Pharmacodynamic comparability can be evaluated in in vitro assays, whereas pharmacokinetic comparability is best evaluated in clinical studies. It is considered highly unlikely that new safety issues would arise when comparability has been demonstrated based on physicochemical and in vitro comparative studies.
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125
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Trombetta M, Julian TB, Wickerham DL, Steed DL. Safety Profile of Amnion-Derived Cellular Cytokine Solution (ACCS) Following Topical Skin Application in Patients Receiving Breast Radiotherapy. EPLASTY 2015; 15:e33. [PMID: 26240671 PMCID: PMC4522146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish a safety profile for amnion-derived cellular cytokine solution following topical application in patients undergoing whole breast radiotherapy for breast cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty female patients with early-stage breast cancer were enrolled in 2 separate cohorts of an institutional review board-approved phase I protocol. Cohort 1 consisted of 10 patients who received topical amnion-derived cellular cytokine solution to the breast immediately following the first 10 fractions of whole breast radiotherapy. Cohort 2 consisted of 10 additional patients who fit the same criteria as the initial cohort but received topical amnion-derived cellular cytokine solution following the development of at least grade I breast erythema. Blood samples were tested for the presence of proteins in amnion-derived cellular cytokine solution as well as routine hematologic functions. RESULTS Amnion-derived cellular cytokine solution did not induce overproduction of any cytokines sampled, and there was no evidence of "cytokine storm." It also showed no significant absorption systemically following topical delivery. No patients developed an adverse event. There were no patterns of changes in vital signs or clinical laboratory tests that were related to the treatment regimen. CONCLUSION In this safety trial, the topical application of amnion-derived cellular cytokine solution in both intact and denuded, irradiated skin was found to be safe, and showed no evidence of systemic absorption. No cosmetic changes were identified long term. Patient blood chemistry was not adversely affected, indicating the absence of an anaphylactic response and no evidence "cytokine storm" was identified. Amnion-derived cellular cytokine solution is safe to use topically in clinical protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Trombetta
- aDepartment of Oncology, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pa,bDepartment of Surgery, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pa,Correspondence:
| | - Thomas B. Julian
- bDepartment of Surgery, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pa,cDrexel University College of Medicine, Allegheny Campus, Pittsburgh, Pa,dNational Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - D. Lawrence Wickerham
- cDrexel University College of Medicine, Allegheny Campus, Pittsburgh, Pa,dNational Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project, Pittsburgh, Pa
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van Meer PJ, Graham ML, Schuurman HJ. The safety, efficacy and regulatory triangle in drug development: Impact for animal models and the use of animals. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 759:3-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.02.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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127
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Beyersdorf N, Kerkau T, Hünig T. CD28 co-stimulation in T-cell homeostasis: a recent perspective. Immunotargets Ther 2015; 4:111-22. [PMID: 27471717 PMCID: PMC4918251 DOI: 10.2147/itt.s61647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cells play a key role within the adaptive immune system mediating cellular immunity and orchestrating the immune response as a whole. Their activation requires not only recognition of antigen/major histocompatibility complexes by the T-cell receptor but in addition co-stimulation via the CD28 molecule through binding to CD80, CD86, or as recently discovered, inducible co-stimulator ligand expressed by antigen-presenting cells. Apart from tight control of the co-stimulatory signal by the T-cell receptor complex, expression of the inhibitory receptor cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) sharing its ligands with CD28 is required to avoid inappropriate or prolonged T-cell activation. CD4(+) Foxp3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells, which are crucial inhibitors of autoimmunity, add another level of complexity in that they differ from conventional non-regulatory CD4(+) T-cells by strongly depending on CD28 signaling for their generation and homeostasis. Moreover, CTLA-4 is constitutively expressed by Treg cells where it serves as a key mediator of suppression, while conventional CD4(+) T-cells express CTLA-4 only after activation. Here, we discuss recent insights into the molecular events underlying CD28-mediated co-stimulation, its impact on gene regulation, and the differential role of CD28 expression on Treg cells versus conventional CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cells. Moreover, we summarize the exciting therapeutic options which have arisen from our current understanding of T-cell co-stimulation. Some of these have already been translated into the clinic, while others are expected to follow soon due to promising preclinical results. In particular, we discuss the failed 2006 trial of the CD28 superagonist TGN1412, and the return of this potent T-cell activator to clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Beyersdorf
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Kerkau
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Hünig
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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128
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Ramani T, Auletta CS, Weinstock D, Mounho-Zamora B, Ryan PC, Salcedo TW, Bannish G. Cytokines: The Good, the Bad, and the Deadly. Int J Toxicol 2015; 34:355-65. [PMID: 26015504 DOI: 10.1177/1091581815584918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 30 years, the world of pharmaceutical toxicology has seen an explosion in the area of cytokines. An overview of the many aspects of cytokine safety evaluation currently in progress and evolving strategies for evaluating these important entities was presented at this symposium. Cytokines play a broad role to help the immune system respond to diseases, and drugs which modulate their effect have led to some amazing therapies. Cytokines may be "good" when stimulating the immune system to fight a foreign pathogen or attack tumors. Other "good" cytokine effects include reduction of an immune response, for example interferon β reduction of neuron inflammation in patients with multiple sclerosis. They may be "bad" when their expression causes inflammatory diseases, such as the role of tumor necrosis factor α in rheumatoid arthritis or asthma and Crohn's disease. Therapeutic modulation of cytokine expression can help the "good" cytokines to generate or quench the immune system and block the "bad" cytokines to prevent damaging inflammatory events. However, care must be exercised, as some antibody therapeutics can cause "ugly" cytokine release which can be deadly. Well-designed toxicology studies should incorporate careful assessment of cytokine modulation that will allow effective therapies to treat unmet needs. This symposium discussed lessons learned in cytokine toxicology using case studies and suggested future directions.
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Abstract
Supplemental digital content is available in the text. CD28 signal blockade after T cell receptor activation is under intense investigation as a tolerance-inducing therapy for transplantation. Our goal is to produce a CD28-specific reagent as a therapy for the prevention of graft rejection and graft-versus-host disease in the canine model of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation.
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130
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The Development of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies: Overview of the Nonclinical Safety Assessment. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2015; 19:2. [DOI: 10.1007/s11916-014-0472-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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131
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Cauvin AJ, Peters C, Brennan F. Advantages and Limitations of Commonly Used Nonhuman Primate Species in Research and Development of Biopharmaceuticals. THE NONHUMAN PRIMATE IN NONCLINICAL DRUG DEVELOPMENT AND SAFETY ASSESSMENT 2015. [PMCID: PMC7149394 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-417144-2.00019-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nonhuman primates (NHPs) have been used extensively during the past four decades for research and nonclinical development because they are close to humans in terms of genetics, anatomy, physiology, and immunology. They have been widely used in the development of infection models, leading to the generation of vaccines and drugs, as well as in the nonclinical pharmacologic and toxicologic assessment of biopharmaceuticals, especially in the fields of immunotherapy and oncology, despite the constant pressure to move to lower species. In many cases, NHPs are the only species that allows a correct risk assessment for humans. Nevertheless, limitations inherent to each species have to be considered before an investigation. This chapter shines some light on the respective interests and limitations of using cynomolgus monkeys, rhesus monkeys, and marmosets in medical research and nonclinical development, with a specific focus on reproduction and immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annick J. Cauvin
- UCB Biopharma, New Medicine, Non-Clinical Development, Braine L’Alleud, Belgium
| | - Christopher Peters
- UCB Biopharma, New Medicine, Non-Clinical Development, Braine L’Alleud, Belgium
| | - Frank Brennan
- UCB Pharma, New Medicines, Non-Clinical Development, Slough, UK
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132
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Na SY, Mracsko E, Liesz A, Hünig T, Veltkamp R. Amplification of Regulatory T Cells Using a CD28 Superagonist Reduces Brain Damage After Ischemic Stroke in Mice. Stroke 2015; 46:212-20. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.114.007756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose—
Neuroinflammation plays an important role in ischemic brain injury. Regulatory T cells (Treg) are important endogenous immune modulators. We tested the hypothesis that Treg amplification with a CD28 superagonistic monoclonal antibody (CD28SA) reduces brain damage in murine cerebral ischemia.
Methods—
Cerebral ischemia was induced by coagulation of the distal middle cerebral artery or by 60 minutes filament occlusion of the proximal middle cerebral artery in C57BL6 mice. 150 μg CD28SA was injected intraperitoneally 3 or 6 hours after ischemia onset. Outcome was determined by infarct volumetry and behavioral testing. Brain-infiltrating leukocyte subpopulations were analyzed by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry 3 and 7 days after middle cerebral artery occlusion.
Results—
CD28SA reduced infarct size in both models and attenuated functional deficit 7 days after stroke induction. Mice treated with CD28SA increased numbers of Treg in spleen and brain. Tregs were functionally active and migrated into the brain where they accumulated and proliferated in the peri-infarct area. More than 60% of brain infiltrating Treg produced interleukin-10 in CD28SA compared with 30% in control.
Conclusions—
In vivo expansion and amplification of Treg by CD28SA attenuates the inflammatory response and improves outcome after experimental stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Young Na
- From the Department of Neurology, University Heidelberg, Germany (S.-Y.N., E.M., A.L., R.V.); Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Munich, Germany (A.L.); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany (A.L.); Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University Würzburg, Germany (T.H.); and Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK (R.V.)
| | - Eva Mracsko
- From the Department of Neurology, University Heidelberg, Germany (S.-Y.N., E.M., A.L., R.V.); Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Munich, Germany (A.L.); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany (A.L.); Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University Würzburg, Germany (T.H.); and Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK (R.V.)
| | - Arthur Liesz
- From the Department of Neurology, University Heidelberg, Germany (S.-Y.N., E.M., A.L., R.V.); Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Munich, Germany (A.L.); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany (A.L.); Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University Würzburg, Germany (T.H.); and Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK (R.V.)
| | - Thomas Hünig
- From the Department of Neurology, University Heidelberg, Germany (S.-Y.N., E.M., A.L., R.V.); Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Munich, Germany (A.L.); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany (A.L.); Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University Würzburg, Germany (T.H.); and Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK (R.V.)
| | - Roland Veltkamp
- From the Department of Neurology, University Heidelberg, Germany (S.-Y.N., E.M., A.L., R.V.); Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Munich, Germany (A.L.); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany (A.L.); Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University Würzburg, Germany (T.H.); and Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK (R.V.)
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133
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Hussain K, Hargreaves CE, Roghanian A, Oldham RJ, Chan HTC, Mockridge CI, Chowdhury F, Frendéus B, Harper KS, Strefford JC, Cragg MS, Glennie MJ, Williams AP, French RR. Upregulation of FcγRIIb on monocytes is necessary to promote the superagonist activity of TGN1412. Blood 2015; 125:102-10. [PMID: 25395427 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-08-593061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-CD28 superagonist antibody TGN1412 caused life-threatening cytokine release syndrome (CRS) in healthy volunteers, which had not been predicted by preclinical testing. T cells in fresh peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) do not respond to soluble TGN1412 but do respond following high-density (HD) preculture. We show for the first time that this response is dependent on crystallizable fragment gamma receptor IIb (FcγRIIb) expression on monocytes. This was unexpected because, unlike B cells, circulating monocytes express little or no FcγRIIb. However, FcγRIIb expression is logarithmically increased on monocytes during HD preculture, and this upregulation is necessary and sufficient to explain TGN1412 potency after HD preculture. B-cell FcγRIIb expression is unchanged by HD preculture, but B cells can support TGN1412-mediated T-cell proliferation when added at a frequency higher than that in PBMCs. Although low-density (LD) precultured PBMCs do not respond to TGN1412, T cells from LD preculture are fully responsive when cocultured with FcγRIIb-expressing monocytes from HD preculture, which shows that they are fully able to respond to TGN1412-mediated activation. Our novel findings demonstrate that cross-linking by FcγRIIb is critical for the superagonist activity of TGN1412 after HD preculture, and this may contribute to CRS in humans because of the close association of FcγRIIb-bearing cells with T cells in lymphoid tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khiyam Hussain
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Chantal E Hargreaves
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ali Roghanian
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Oldham
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - H T Claude Chan
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - C Ian Mockridge
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ferdousi Chowdhury
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Bjorn Frendéus
- Preclinical Research, BioInvent International AB, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kirsty S Harper
- Huntingdon Life Sciences Ltd, Woolley Road, Alconbury, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom; and
| | | | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J Glennie
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony P Williams
- Southampton Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth R French
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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134
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Brady JL, Harrison LC, Goodman DJ, Cowan PJ, Hawthorne WJ, O'Connell PJ, Sutherland RM, Lew AM. Preclinical screening for acute toxicity of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies in a hu-SCID model. Clin Transl Immunology 2014; 3:e29. [PMID: 25587392 PMCID: PMC4282178 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2014.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been a spectacular clinical and commercial success in the treatment of cancer and autoimmune diseases. Many of these mAbs (for example, OKT3, Campath-1H, rituximab and infliximab) are against surface or secreted products of lymphocytes. However, mAbs can have a variety of adverse effects including fever, chills and nausea. This is probably a result of cytokine release, which is most seriously manifested as a ‘cytokine storm' as highlighted by the TGN1412 (anti-CD28) trial. Prediction of adverse effects of mAbs would be clinically advantageous and numerous in vitro assays attempting to predict adverse effects have been reported. Here, we report an in vivo humanized mouse model to detect adverse effects in response to OKT3, Campath-1H or the polyclonal Ab preparation anti-thymocyte globulin. We found that the administration of each of these Abs to humanized mice led to acute clinical symptoms such as piloerection, hypomotility and hypothermia, particularly when delivered via the intravenous route. A cytokine storm occurred in the humanized mice receiving OKT3. This model system is a potentially useful tool to predict adverse effects and select initial doses for first-in-human trials. We would advocate this in vivo model, in addition to current in vitro preclinical testing, as a more representative and robust means of assessing potential adverse effects of mAb before their human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Brady
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research , Parkville, Victoria, Australia ; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Leonard C Harrison
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research , Parkville, Victoria, Australia ; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - David J Goodman
- Department of Nephrology, St Vincent's Hospital , Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter J Cowan
- Immunology Research Centre, St Vincent's Hospital , Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia ; Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wayne J Hawthorne
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital , Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Philip J O'Connell
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital , Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robyn M Sutherland
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research , Parkville, Victoria, Australia ; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew M Lew
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research , Parkville, Victoria, Australia ; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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135
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Hsiao CW, Lo YT, Liu H, Hsiao SC. Real-time cytotoxicity assays in human whole blood. J Vis Exp 2014:e51941. [PMID: 25406660 DOI: 10.3791/51941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A live cell-based whole blood cytotoxicity assay (WCA) that allows access to temporal information of the overall cell cytotoxicity is developed with high-throughput cell positioning technology. The targeted tumor cell populations are first preprogrammed to immobilization into an array format, and labeled with green fluorescent cytosolic dyes. Following the cell array formation, antibody drugs are added in combination with human whole blood. Propidium iodide (PI) is then added to assess cell death. The cell array is analyzed with an automatic imaging system. While cytosolic dye labels the targeted tumor cell populations, PI labels the dead tumor cell populations. Thus, the percentage of target cancer cell killing can be quantified by calculating the number of surviving targeted cells to the number of dead targeted cells. With this method, researchers are able to access time-dependent and dose-dependent cell cytotoxicity information. Remarkably, no hazardous radiochemicals are used. The WCA presented here has been tested with lymphoma, leukemia, and solid tumor cell lines. Therefore, WCA allows researchers to assess drug efficacy in a highly relevant ex vivo condition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hong Liu
- Research and Development, Eureka Therapeutics
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136
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Mou D, Espinosa J, Lo DJ, Kirk AD. CD28 negative T cells: is their loss our gain? Am J Transplant 2014; 14:2460-6. [PMID: 25323029 PMCID: PMC4886707 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
CD28 is a primary costimulation molecule for T cell activation. However, during the course of activation some T cells lose this molecule and assume a CD28-independent existence. These CD28- T cells are generally antigen-experienced and highly differentiated. CD28- T cells are functionally heterogeneous. Their characteristics vary largely on the context in which they are found and range from having enhanced cytotoxic abilities to promoting immune regulation. Thus, CD28 loss appears to be more of a marker for advanced differentiation regardless of the cytotoxic or regulatory function being conducted by the T cell. CD28- T cells are now being recognized as playing significant roles in several human diseases. Various functional CD28- populations have been characterized in inflammatory conditions, infections and cancers. Of note, the recent introduction of costimulation blockade-based therapies, particularly those that inhibit CD28-B7 interactions, has made CD28 loss particularly relevant for solid organ transplantation. Certain CD28- T cell populations seem to promote allograft tolerance whereas others contribute to alloreactivity and costimulation blockade resistant rejection. Elucidating the interplay between these populations and characterizing the determinants of their ultimate function may have relevance for clinical risk stratification and personal determination of optimal posttransplant immune management.
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137
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Thaventhiran T, Alhumeed N, Yeang HXA, Sethu S, Downey JS, Alghanem AF, Olayanju A, Smith EL, Cross MJ, Webb SD, Williams DP, Bristow A, Ball C, Stebbings R, Sathish JG. Failure to upregulate cell surface PD-1 is associated with dysregulated stimulation of T cells by TGN1412-like CD28 superagonist. MAbs 2014; 6:1290-9. [PMID: 25517314 PMCID: PMC4622985 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.29758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The CD28 superagonist (CD28SA) TGN1412 was administered to humans as an agent that can selectively activate and expand regulatory T cells but resulted in uncontrolled T cell activation accompanied by cytokine storm. The molecular mechanisms that underlie this uncontrolled T cell activation are unclear. Physiological activation of T cells leads to upregulation of not only activation molecules but also inhibitory receptors such as PD-1. We hypothesized that the uncontrolled activation of CD28SA-stimulated T cells is due to both the enhanced expression of activation molecules and the lack of or reduced inhibitory signals. In this study, we show that anti-CD3 antibody-stimulated human T cells undergo time-limited controlled DNA synthesis, proliferation and interleukin-2 secretion, accompanied by PD-1 expression. In contrast, CD28SA-activated T cells demonstrate uncontrolled activation parameters including enhanced expression of LFA-1 and CCR5 but fail to express PD-1 on the cell surface. We demonstrate the functional relevance of the lack of PD-1 mediated regulatory mechanism in CD28SA-stimulated T cells. Our findings provide a molecular explanation for the dysregulated activation of CD28SA-stimulated T cells and also highlight the potential for the use of differential expression of PD-1 as a biomarker of safety for T cell immunostimulatory biologics.
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Key Words
- APC, antigen presenting cell
- CCR5, C-C chemokine receptor type 5
- CD28 superagonist
- CD28SA, CD28 superagonist
- CK2, casein kinase 2
- CTLA-4, cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4
- IFNγ, interferon gamma
- IL-2, interleukin 2
- LAG-3, Lymphocyte-activation gene 3
- LFA-1, lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1
- MFI, mean fluorescence intensity
- PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- PD-1
- PD-1, programmed cell death protein 1
- PD-L1, programmed cell death-ligand 1
- PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog
- S-phase, synthesis phase
- T cells
- TCR, T cell receptor
- TEMs, effector memory T cells
- TGN1412
- TIM-3, T cell immunoglobulin mucin 3
- immunostimulatory biologics
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilipan Thaventhiran
- a Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science and Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology ; University of Liverpool ; Liverpool , UK
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138
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Ferris RL, Lu B, Kane LP. Too much of a good thing? Tim-3 and TCR signaling in T cell exhaustion. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:1525-30. [PMID: 25086175 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
T cell exhaustion is thought to be a natural mechanism for limiting immune pathology, although it may be desirable to circumvent this mechanism to help eliminate viral reservoirs or tumors. Although there are no definitive markers, a fingerprint for exhausted T cells has been described that includes the transmembrane proteins PD-1, LAG3, and Tim-3. However, apart from the recruitment of tyrosine phosphatases to PD-1, little is known about the biochemical mechanisms by which these proteins contribute to the development or maintenance of exhaustion. Tim-3 contains no known motifs for the recruitment of inhibitory phosphatases, but it may actually increase signaling downstream of TCR/CD3, at least under acute conditions. Other studies showed that T cell exhaustion results from chronic stimulation that extends the effector phase of T cell activation, at the expense of T cell memory. We suggest that Tim-3 may contribute to T cell exhaustion by enhancing TCR-signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Ferris
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; and Cancer Immunology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Binfeng Lu
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; Cancer Immunology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Lawrence P Kane
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; Cancer Immunology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
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139
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Xiong F, Janko M, Walker M, Makropoulos D, Weinstock D, Kam M, Hrebien L. Analysis of cytokine release assay data using machine learning approaches. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 22:465-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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140
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Mikami N, Sakaguchi S. CD28 signals the differential control of regulatory T cells and effector T cells. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:955-7. [PMID: 24652756 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
One possible means of driving antigen-specific immune suppression is to expand or induce antigen-specific FoxP3-expressing Treg cells. One way of activating and expanding these specialized cells, both in vitro and in vivo, is by strong costimulation via CD28 with an agonistic anti-CD28 monoclonal antibody, called anti-CD28 superagonist (CD28SA). However, CD28SA also strongly activates conventional T (Tconv) cells to secrete proinflammatory cytokines and, under certain conditions, causes serious cytokine release syndrome. In this issue of European Journal of Immunology, Tabares et al. [Eur. J. Immunol. 2014. 44: 1225-1236] address how CD28SA can be used for the differential control of human Treg and Tconv cells to suppress immune responses without serious adverse effects. They show that, depending on the dose of the antibody or by comedication of cortico-steroid, the selective expansion of Treg cells can be achieved without significantly activating Tconv cells to produce inflammatory cytokines. This difference in CD28 signal sensitivity between the two populations can be exploited for better control of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihisa Mikami
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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141
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Esposito P, Grosjean F, Rampino T, Libetta C, Gregorini M, Fasoli G, Marchi G, Sileno G, Montagna F, Dal Canton A. Costimulatory pathways in kidney transplantation: pathogenetic role, clinical significance and new therapeutic opportunities. Int Rev Immunol 2014; 33:212-33. [PMID: 24127878 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2013.829470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Costimulatory pathways play a key role in immunity, providing the second signal required for a full activation of adaptive immune response. Different costimulatory families (CD28, TNF-related, adhesion and TIM molecules), characterized by structural and functional analogies, have been described. Costimulatory molecules modulate T cell activation, B cell function, Ig production, cytokine release and many other processes, including atherosclerosis. Patients suffering from renal diseases present significant alterations of the costimulatory pathways, which might make them particularly liable to infections. These alterations are further pronounced in patients undergoing kidney transplantation. In these patients, different costimulatory patterns have been related to distinct clinical features. The importance that costimulation has gained during the last years has led to development of several pharmacological approaches to modulate this critical step in the immune activation. Different drugs, mainly monoclonal antibodies targeting various costimulatory molecules (i.e. anti-CD80, CTLA-4 fusion proteins, anti-CD154, anti-CD40, etc.) were designed and tested in both experimental and clinical studies. The results of these studies highlighted some criticisms, but also some promising findings and now costimulatory blockade is considered a suitable strategy, with belatacept (a CTLA-4 fusion protein) being approved as the first costimulatory blocker for use in renal transplantation. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on costimulatory pathways in the setting of kidney transplantation. We describe the principal costimulatory molecule families, their role and clinical significance in patients undergoing renal transplantation and the new therapeutic approaches that have been developed to modulate the costimulatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Esposito
- Unit of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo and University of Pavia , Pavia , Italy
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Dollery CT. Lost in Translation (LiT): IUPHAR Review 6. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:2269-90. [PMID: 24428732 PMCID: PMC3997269 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Translational medicine is a roller coaster with occasional brilliant successes and a large majority of failures. Lost in Translation 1 ('LiT1'), beginning in the 1950s, was a golden era built upon earlier advances in experimental physiology, biochemistry and pharmacology, with a dash of serendipity, that led to the discovery of many new drugs for serious illnesses. LiT2 saw the large-scale industrialization of drug discovery using high-throughput screens and assays based on affinity for the target molecule. The links between drug development and university sciences and medicine weakened, but there were still some brilliant successes. In LiT3, the coverage of translational medicine expanded from molecular biology to drug budgets, with much greater emphasis on safety and official regulation. Compared with R&D expenditure, the number of breakthrough discoveries in LiT3 was disappointing, but monoclonal antibodies for immunity and inflammation brought in a new golden era and kinase inhibitors such as imatinib were breakthroughs in cancer. The pharmaceutical industry is trying to revive the LiT1 approach by using phenotypic assays and closer links with academia. LiT4 faces a data explosion generated by the genome project, GWAS, ENCODE and the 'omics' that is in danger of leaving LiT4 in a computerized cloud. Industrial laboratories are filled with masses of automated machinery while the scientists sit in a separate room viewing the results on their computers. Big Data will need Big Thinking in LiT4 but with so many unmet medical needs and so many new opportunities being revealed there are high hopes that the roller coaster will ride high again.
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143
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Brennan FR, Cauvin A, Tibbitts J, Wolfreys A. Optimized nonclinical safety assessment strategies supporting clinical development of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies targeting inflammatory diseases. Drug Dev Res 2014; 75:115-61. [PMID: 24782266 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
An increasing number of immunomodulatory monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and IgG Fc fusion proteins are either approved or in early-to-late stage clinical trials for the treatment of chronic inflammatory conditions, autoimmune diseases and organ transplant rejection. The exquisite specificity of mAbs, in combination with their multi-functional properties, high potency, long half-life (permitting intermittent dosing and prolonged pharamcological effects), and general lack of off-target toxicity makes them ideal therapeutics. Dosing with mAbs for these severe and debilitating but often non life-threatening diseases is usually prolonged, for several months or years, and not only affects adults, including sensitive populations such as woman of child-bearing potential (WoCBP) and the elderly, but also children. Immunosuppression is usually a therapeutic goal of these mAbs and when administered to patients whose treatment program often involves other immunosuppressive therapies, there is an inherent risk for frank immunosuppression and reduced host defence which when prolonged increases the risk of infection and cancer. In addition when mAbs interact with the immune system they can induce other adverse immune-mediated drug reactions such as infusion reactions, cytokine release syndrome, anaphylaxis, immune-complex-mediated pathology and autoimmunity. An overview of the nonclinical safety assessment and risk mitigation strategies utilized to characterize these immunomodulatory mAbs and Fc fusion proteins to support first-in human (FIH) studies and futher clinical development in inflammatory disease indications is provided. Specific emphasis is placed on the design of studies to qualify animal species for toxicology studies, early studies to investigate safety and define PK/PD relationships, FIH-enabling and chronic toxicology studies, immunotoxicity, developmental, reproductive and juvenile toxicity studies and studies to determine the potential for immunosuppression and reduced host defence against infection and cancer. Nonclinical strategies to facilitate clinical and market entry in the most efficient timeframe are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank R Brennan
- Preclinical Safety, New Medicines, UCB-Celltech, Slough, SL1 3WE, UK
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144
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Poirier N, Mary C, Le Bas-Bernardet S, Daguin V, Belarif L, Chevalier M, Hervouet J, Minault D, Ville S, Charpy V, Blancho G, Vanhove B. Advantages of Papio anubis for preclinical testing of immunotoxicity of candidate therapeutic antagonist antibodies targeting CD28. MAbs 2014; 6:697-707. [PMID: 24598534 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.28375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Antagonist anti-CD28 antibodies prevent T-cell costimulation and are functionally different from CTLA4Ig since they cannot block CTLA-4 and PDL-1 co-inhibitory signals. They demonstrated preclinical efficacy in suppressing effector T cells while enhancing immunoregulatory mechanisms. Because a severe cytokine release syndrome was observed during the Phase 1 study with the superagonist anti-CD28 TGN1412, development of other anti-CD28 antibodies requires careful preclinical evaluation to exclude any potential immunotoxicity side-effects. The failure to identify immunological toxicity of TGN1412 using macaques led us to investigate more relevant preclinical models. We report here that contrary to macaques, and like in man, all baboon CD4-positive T lymphocytes express CD28 in their effector memory cells compartment, a lymphocyte subtype that is the most prone to releasing cytokines after reactivation. Baboon lymphocytes are able to release pro-inflammatory cytokines in vitro in response to agonist or superagonist anti-CD28 antibodies. Furthermore, we compared the reactivity of human and baboon lymphocytes after transfer into non obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD/SCID) interleukin-2rγ knockout mice and confirmed that both cell types could release inflammatory cytokines in situ after injection of agonistic anti-CD28 antibodies. In contrast, FR104, a monovalent antagonistic anti-CD28 antibody, did not elicit T cell activation in these assays, even in the presence of anti-drug antibodies. Infusion to baboons also resulted in an absence of cytokine release. In conclusion, the baboon represents a suitable species for preclinical immunotoxicity evaluation of anti-CD28 antibodies because their effector memory T cells do express CD28 and because cytokine release can be assessed in vitro and trans vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Poirier
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche; Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN) ; Université de Nantes; Nantes, France; Effimune SAS; Nantes, France
| | - Caroline Mary
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche; Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN) ; Université de Nantes; Nantes, France; Effimune SAS; Nantes, France
| | - Stephanie Le Bas-Bernardet
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche; Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN) ; Université de Nantes; Nantes, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire; Nantes, France
| | - Veronique Daguin
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche; Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN) ; Université de Nantes; Nantes, France
| | - Lyssia Belarif
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche; Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN) ; Université de Nantes; Nantes, France
| | - Melanie Chevalier
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche; Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN) ; Université de Nantes; Nantes, France
| | - Jeremy Hervouet
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche; Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN) ; Université de Nantes; Nantes, France
| | - David Minault
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche; Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN) ; Université de Nantes; Nantes, France
| | - Simon Ville
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche; Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN) ; Université de Nantes; Nantes, France
| | - Vianney Charpy
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche; Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN) ; Université de Nantes; Nantes, France
| | - Gilles Blancho
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche; Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN) ; Université de Nantes; Nantes, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire; Nantes, France
| | - Bernard Vanhove
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche; Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN) ; Université de Nantes; Nantes, France; Effimune SAS; Nantes, France
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145
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Chowdhury F, Johnson PW, Glennie M, Williams AP. Ex vivo assays of dendritic cell activation and cytokine profiles as predictors of in vivo effects in an anti-human CD40 monoclonal antibody ChiLob 7/4 phase I trial. Cancer Immunol Res 2014; 2:229-40. [PMID: 24778319 PMCID: PMC4007630 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-13-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Immunostimulatory antibodies entering the clinic create challenge in terms of not only pharmacodynamics for monitoring anticipated mechanisms but also predetermining cytotoxicity. We show the use of ex vivo whole-blood samples to predict the activation requirements, cytokine signature, and adverse events of an anti-human-CD40 chimeric IgG1 antibody, ChiLob 7/4. Assessments were initially undertaken on human myeloid (mDC1) and plasmacytoid (pDC) dendritic cells, in which an absolute need for cross-linking was shown through the upregulation of activation markers CD83 and CCR7. Subsequent cytokine secretion evaluations of ex vivo whole blood showed the cross-linked antibody-induced increases in MIP1β, interleukin (IL)-8, IL-12, TNFα, and IL-6. This cytokine signature compared favorably with the Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligand lipopolysaccharide (LPS), in which levels of TNFα and IL-6 were significantly higher, suggesting a less intense proinflammatory response and possible modified cytokine release syndrome when used in human trials. Following first-in-human use of this agent within a dose escalation study, in vivo evaluations of dendritic cell activation and secreted cytokines closely matched the predetermined immunomonitoring endpoints. Patients showed a comparable pattern of MIP1β, IL-8, and IL-12 secretion, but no TNFα and IL-6 were identified. Mild symptoms relating to a cytokine release syndrome were seen at an equivalent dosage to that observed for dendritic cell activation and cytokine release. In summary, ChiLob 7/4 induces a distinctive pattern of dendritic cell activation and cytokine secretion in ex vivo assays that can be predictive of in vivo responses. Such preclinical approaches to monoclonal antibody evaluation may inform both the starting dosages and the anticipated cytokine release events that could occur, providing a valuable adjunct for future first-in-human assessments of immunostimulatory antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Chowdhury
- Academic Unit of Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, CRUK Clinical Centre, Somers Cancer Research Building, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, England
- Southampton NIHR Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, Mailpoint 824, Southampton, SO16 6YD, England
| | - P. W. Johnson
- Academic Unit of Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, CRUK Clinical Centre, Somers Cancer Research Building, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, England
- Southampton NIHR Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, Mailpoint 824, Southampton, SO16 6YD, England
| | - M.J. Glennie
- Academic Unit of Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, CRUK Clinical Centre, Somers Cancer Research Building, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, England
| | - A. P. Williams
- Academic Unit of Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, CRUK Clinical Centre, Somers Cancer Research Building, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, England
- Southampton NIHR Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, Mailpoint 824, Southampton, SO16 6YD, England
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146
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Tabares P, Berr S, Römer PS, Chuvpilo S, Matskevich AA, Tyrsin D, Fedotov Y, Einsele H, Tony H, Hünig T. Human regulatory T cells are selectively activated by low‐dose application of the CD28 superagonist TGN1412/TAB08. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:1225-36. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Tabares
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology University of Würzburg Würzburg Germany
| | - Susanne Berr
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology University of Würzburg Würzburg Germany
| | - Paula S. Römer
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology University of Würzburg Würzburg Germany
- TheraMAB LLC Würzburg Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Hermann Einsele
- Department of Internal Medicine II University Hospital of Würzburg Würzburg Germany
| | - Hans‐Peter Tony
- Department of Internal Medicine II University Hospital of Würzburg Würzburg Germany
| | - Thomas Hünig
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology University of Würzburg Würzburg Germany
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147
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Bartholomaeus P, Semmler LY, Bukur T, Boisguerin V, Römer PS, Tabares P, Chuvpilo S, Tyrsin DY, Matskevich A, Hengel H, Castle J, Hünig T, Kalinke U. Cell Contact–Dependent Priming and Fc Interaction with CD32+ Immune Cells Contribute to the TGN1412-Triggered Cytokine Response. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:2091-8. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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148
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Saul L, Josephs DH, Cutler K, Bradwell A, Karagiannis P, Selkirk C, Gould HJ, Jones P, Spicer JF, Karagiannis SN. Comparative reactivity of human IgE to cynomolgus monkey and human effector cells and effects on IgE effector cell potency. MAbs 2014; 6:509-22. [PMID: 24492303 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.27828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to genetic similarities with humans, primates of the macaque genus such as the cynomolgus monkey are often chosen as models for toxicology studies of antibody therapies. IgE therapeutics in development depend upon engagement with the FcεRI and FcεRII receptors on immune effector cells for their function. Only limited knowledge of the primate IgE immune system is available to inform the choice of models for mechanistic and safety evaluations. METHODS The recognition of human IgE by peripheral blood lymphocytes from cynomolgus monkey and man was compared. We used effector cells from each species in ex vivo affinity, dose-response, antibody-receptor dissociation and potency assays. RESULTS We report cross-reactivity of human IgE Fc with cynomolgus monkey cells, and comparable binding kinetics to peripheral blood lymphocytes from both species. In competition and dissociation assays, however, human IgE dissociated faster from cynomolgus monkey compared with human effector cells. Differences in association and dissociation kinetics were reflected in effector cell potency assays of IgE-mediated target cell killing, with higher concentrations of human IgE needed to elicit effector response in the cynomolgus monkey system. Additionally, human IgE binding on immune effector cells yielded significantly different cytokine release profiles in each species. CONCLUSION These data suggest that human IgE binds with different characteristics to human and cynomolgus monkey IgE effector cells. This is likely to affect the potency of IgE effector functions in these two species, and so has relevance for the selection of biologically-relevant model systems when designing pre-clinical toxicology and functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Saul
- Cutaneous Medicine and Immunotherapy; St. John's Institute of Dermatology; Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals and King's College London; London, UK; Research Oncology, Division of Cancer Studies; King's College London; Guy's Hospital; Great Maze Pond; London, UK
| | - Debra H Josephs
- Cutaneous Medicine and Immunotherapy; St. John's Institute of Dermatology; Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals and King's College London; London, UK; Research Oncology, Division of Cancer Studies; King's College London; Guy's Hospital; Great Maze Pond; London, UK
| | - Keith Cutler
- Public Health England; Porton Down; Salisbury, Wiltshire UK
| | | | - Panagiotis Karagiannis
- Cutaneous Medicine and Immunotherapy; St. John's Institute of Dermatology; Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals and King's College London; London, UK
| | - Chris Selkirk
- Biotherapeutics Development Unit; Cancer Research UK; South Mimms, Hertfordshire UK
| | - Hannah J Gould
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics & Division of Asthma; Allergy and Lung Biology, MRC and Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London; London, UK
| | - Paul Jones
- Drug Development Office; Strategy and Research Funding; Cancer Research UK; London, UK
| | - James F Spicer
- Research Oncology, Division of Cancer Studies; King's College London; Guy's Hospital; Great Maze Pond; London, UK
| | - Sophia N Karagiannis
- Cutaneous Medicine and Immunotherapy; St. John's Institute of Dermatology; Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals and King's College London; London, UK
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149
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Finco D, Grimaldi C, Fort M, Walker M, Kiessling A, Wolf B, Salcedo T, Faggioni R, Schneider A, Ibraghimov A, Scesney S, Serna D, Prell R, Stebbings R, Narayanan PK. Cytokine release assays: current practices and future directions. Cytokine 2014; 66:143-55. [PMID: 24412476 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
As a result of the CD28 superagonist biotherapeutic monoclonal antibody (TGN 1412) "cytokine storm" incident, cytokine release assays (CRA) have become hazard identification and prospective risk assessment tools for screening novel biotherapeutics directed against targets having a potential risk for eliciting adverse pro-inflammatory clinical infusion reactions. Different laboratories may have different strategies, assay formats, and approaches to the reporting, interpretation, and use of data for either decision making or risk assessment. Additionally, many independent contract research organizations (CROs), academic and government laboratories are involved in some aspect of CRA work. As a result, while some pharmaceutical companies are providing CRA data as part of the regulatory submissions when necessary, technical and regulatory practices are still evolving to provide data predictive of cytokine release in humans and that are relevant to safety. This manuscript provides an overview of different approaches employed by the pharmaceutical industry and CROs, for the use and application of CRA based upon a survey and post survey follow up conducted by ILSI-Health and Environmental Sciences Institute (HESI) Immunotoxicology Committee CRA Working Group. Also discussed is ongoing research in the academic sector, the regulatory environment, current limitations of the assays, and future directions and recommendations for cytokine release assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Finco
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA.
| | - C Grimaldi
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - M Fort
- Discovery Toxicology, Amgen Inc., Seattle, WA, USA
| | - M Walker
- Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA, USA
| | | | - B Wolf
- Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - T Salcedo
- Immunotoxicology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - R Faggioni
- Clinical Pharmacology & DMPK, MedImmune, LLC, Hayward, CA, USA
| | - A Schneider
- Clinical Pharmacology & DMPK, MedImmune, LLC, Hayward, CA, USA
| | | | - S Scesney
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - D Serna
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - R Prell
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, USA
| | - R Stebbings
- National Institute for Biological Standards & Control, Potters Bar, UK
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150
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Systemic Syndromes with Biomedicines. ADVERSE EVENTS WITH BIOMEDICINES 2014. [PMCID: PMC7121214 DOI: 10.1007/978-88-470-5313-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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