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de la Morena-Barrio M, Antón A, Martínez-Martínez I, Padilla J, Miñano A, Navarro-Fernández J, Águila S, López M, Fontcuberta J, Vicente V, Corral J. Regulatory regions of SERPINC1 gene: Identification of the first mutation associated with antithrombin deficiency. Thromb Haemost 2017; 107:430-7. [DOI: 10.1160/th11-10-0701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
SummaryAntithrombin is the main endogenous anticoagulant. Impaired function or deficiency of this molecule significantly increases the risk of thrombosis. We studied the genetic variability of SERPINC1, the gene encoding antithrombin, to identify mutations affecting regulatory regions with functional effect on its levels. We sequenced 15,375 bp of this gene, including the potential promoter region, in three groups of subjects: five healthy subjects with antithrombin levels in the lowest (75%) and highest (115%) ranges of our population, 14 patients with venous thrombosis and a moderate antithrombin deficiency as the single thrombophilic defect, and two families with type I antithrombin deficiency who had neither mutations affecting exons or flanking regions, nor gross gene deletions. Our study confirmed the low genetic variability of SERPINC1, particularly in the coding region, and its minor influence in the heterogeneity of antithrombin levels. Interestingly, in one family, we identified a g.2143 C>G transversion, located 170 bp upstream from the translation initiation codon. This mutation affected one of the four regions located in the minimal promoter that have potential regulatory activity according to previous DNase footprinting protection assays. Genotype-phenotype analysis in the affected family and reporter analysis in different hepatic cell lines demonstrated that this mutation significantly impaired, although it did not abolish, the downstream transcription. Therefore, this is the first mutation affecting a regulatory region of the SERPINC1 gene associated with antithrombin deficiency. Our results strongly sustain the inclusion of the promoter region of SERPINC1 in the molecular analysis of patients with antithrombin deficiency.
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Águila S, Izaguirre G, Martínez-Martínez I, Vicente V, Olson ST, Corral J. Disease-causing mutations in the serpin antithrombin reveal a key domain critical for inhibiting protease activities. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:16513-16520. [PMID: 28743742 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.787325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Antithrombin mainly inhibits factor Xa and thrombin. The reactive center loop (RCL) is crucial for its interactions with its protease targets and is fully inserted into the A-sheet after its cleavage, causing translocation of the covalently linked protease to the opposite end of the A-sheet. Antithrombin variants with altered RCL hinge residues behave as substrates rather than inhibitors, resulting in stoichiometries of inhibition greater than one. Other antithrombin residues have been suggested to interfere with RCL insertion or the stability of the antithrombin-protease complex, but available crystal structures or mutagenesis studies have failed to identify such residues. Here, we characterized two mutations, S365L and I207T, present in individuals with type II antithrombin deficiency and identified a new antithrombin functional domain. S365L did not form stable complexes with thrombin or factor Xa, and the I207T/I207A variants inhibited both proteases with elevated stoichiometries of inhibition. Close proximity of Ile-207 and Ser-365 to the inserted RCL suggested that the preferred reaction of these mutants as protease substrates reflects an effect on the rate of the RCL insertion and protease translocation. However, both residues lie within the final docking site for the protease in the antithrombin-protease complex, supporting the idea that the enhanced substrate reactions may result from an increased dissociation of the final complexes. Our findings demonstrate that the distal end of the antithrombin A-sheet is crucial for the last steps of protease inhibition either by affecting the rate of RCL insertion or through critical interactions with proteases at the end of the A-sheet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Águila
- From the Centro Regional de Hemodonación and Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB)-Virgen de la Arrixaca, 30003 Murcia, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Izaguirre
- the Department of Periodontics, Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, and
| | - Irene Martínez-Martínez
- From the Centro Regional de Hemodonación and Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB)-Virgen de la Arrixaca, 30003 Murcia, Spain, .,the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Vicente
- From the Centro Regional de Hemodonación and Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB)-Virgen de la Arrixaca, 30003 Murcia, Spain.,the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Steven T Olson
- the Department of Periodontics, Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, and
| | - Javier Corral
- From the Centro Regional de Hemodonación and Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB)-Virgen de la Arrixaca, 30003 Murcia, Spain.,the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Aird SD, da Silva NJ, Qiu L, Villar-Briones A, Saddi VA, Pires de Campos Telles M, Grau ML, Mikheyev AS. Coralsnake Venomics: Analyses of Venom Gland Transcriptomes and Proteomes of Six Brazilian Taxa. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:E187. [PMID: 28594382 PMCID: PMC5488037 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9060187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Venom gland transcriptomes and proteomes of six Micrurus taxa (M. corallinus, M. lemniscatus carvalhoi, M. lemniscatus lemniscatus, M. paraensis, M. spixii spixii, and M. surinamensis) were investigated, providing the most comprehensive, quantitative data on Micrurus venom composition to date, and more than tripling the number of Micrurus venom protein sequences previously available. The six venomes differ dramatically. All are dominated by 2-6 toxin classes that account for 91-99% of the toxin transcripts. The M. s. spixii venome is compositionally the simplest. In it, three-finger toxins (3FTxs) and phospholipases A₂ (PLA₂s) comprise >99% of the toxin transcripts, which include only four additional toxin families at levels ≥0.1%. Micrurus l. lemniscatus venom is the most complex, with at least 17 toxin families. However, in each venome, multiple structural subclasses of 3FTXs and PLA₂s are present. These almost certainly differ in pharmacology as well. All venoms also contain phospholipase B and vascular endothelial growth factors. Minor components (0.1-2.0%) are found in all venoms except that of M. s. spixii. Other toxin families are present in all six venoms at trace levels (<0.005%). Minor and trace venom components differ in each venom. Numerous novel toxin chemistries include 3FTxs with previously unknown 8- and 10-cysteine arrangements, resulting in new 3D structures and target specificities. 9-cysteine toxins raise the possibility of covalent, homodimeric 3FTxs or heterodimeric toxins with unknown pharmacologies. Probable muscarinic sequences may be reptile-specific homologs that promote hypotension via vascular mAChRs. The first complete sequences are presented for 3FTxs putatively responsible for liberating glutamate from rat brain synaptosomes. Micrurus C-type lectin-like proteins may have 6-9 cysteine residues and may be monomers, or homo- or heterodimers of unknown pharmacology. Novel KSPIs, 3× longer than any seen previously, appear to have arisen in three species by gene duplication and fusion. Four species have transcripts homologous to the nociceptive toxin, (MitTx) α-subunit, but all six species had homologs to the β-subunit. The first non-neurotoxic, non-catalytic elapid phospholipase A₂s are reported. All are probably myonecrotic. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that the six taxa diverged 15-35 million years ago and that they split from their last common ancestor with Old World elapines nearly 55 million years ago. Given their early diversification, many cryptic micrurine taxa are anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Aird
- Division of Faculty Affairs, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa-ken 904-0495, Japan.
- Ecology and Evolution Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa-ken 904-0495, Japan.
| | - Nelson Jorge da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais e Saúde, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás 74605-140, Brazil.
| | - Lijun Qiu
- Ecology and Evolution Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa-ken 904-0495, Japan.
| | - Alejandro Villar-Briones
- Research Support Division, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa-ken 904-0495, Japan.
| | - Vera Aparecida Saddi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais e Saúde, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás 74605-140, Brazil.
- Laboratório de Oncogenética e Radiobiologia da Associação de Combate ao Câncer em Goiás, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 239 no. 52-Setor Universitário, Goiânia, Goiás 74065-070, Brazil.
| | - Mariana Pires de Campos Telles
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais e Saúde, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás 74605-140, Brazil.
- Laboratório de Genética & Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás 74690-900, Brazil.
| | - Miguel L Grau
- Ecology and Evolution Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa-ken 904-0495, Japan.
| | - Alexander S Mikheyev
- Ecology and Evolution Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa-ken 904-0495, Japan.
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Suehiro S, Shimizu K, Imai K, Niii A, Akeho K, Nakata H, Yamaguchi A, Matsumoto KI, Oda T. Polymer-coated cardiopulmonary bypass circuit attenuates upregulation of both proteases/protease inhibitors and platelet degranulation in pigs. Perfusion 2017; 32:645-655. [DOI: 10.1177/0267659117715506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Interaction of blood with a cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) circuit activates the coagulation-fibrinolysis, complement and kinin-kallikrein systems that are mainly supported by proteases and their inhibitors. Methods: Biocompatibility of a new polymer-coated (SEC-coated) CPB circuit was globally evaluated and compared with that of a non-coated CPB circuit by quantitative proteomics, using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification labeling tandem mass spectrometry. Plasma samples were taken three times (5 min after initiation of CPB, just before declamping and just before termination of CPB) in 12 pigs undergoing 120 min of CPB with the SEC-coated CPB circuit or a non-coated CPB circuit (n = 6, respectively). Results: Identified were 224 proteins having high protein confidence (>99%) and false discovery rate (FDR) <5%. Among these proteins, there were 25 significantly upregulated proteins in the non-coated CPB group compared to those in the SEC-coated CPB group. Dominant protein functions were platelet degranulation, serine-type (cysteine-type) endopeptidase inhibitor activity and serine-type endopeptidase activity in the 25 proteins. Bioinformatics analysis similarly revealed upregulation of proteins belonging to platelet degranulation and negative regulation of endopeptidase activity in the non-coated CPB group; these upregulations were effectively attenuated in the SEC-coated CPB group. Conclusion: The new polymer (SEC)-coated CPB circuit effectively attenuated upregulation of proteins compared to the non-coated CPB circuit. These proteins were associated with both proteases/protease inhibitors and platelet degranulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoichi Suehiro
- Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Kouji Shimizu
- Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Kensuke Imai
- Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Niii
- Department of Medical Engineering, Shimane University Hospital, Izumo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Akeho
- Department of Medical Engineering, Shimane University Hospital, Izumo, Japan
| | - Hayato Nakata
- Department of Medical Engineering, Shimane University Hospital, Izumo, Japan
| | - Akane Yamaguchi
- Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Matsumoto
- Department of Biosignaling and Radioisotope Experiment, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Teiji Oda
- Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
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Jin S, Yu G, Hou R, Shen B, Jiang H. Effect of Hemodilution In Vitro with Hydroxyethyl Starch on Hemostasis. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23:2189-2197. [PMID: 28481865 PMCID: PMC5436429 DOI: 10.12659/msm.901588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) solutions are used for volume expansion during surgery. We aimed to investigate how 6%HES 130/0.4 affects hemostasis. Material/Methods Blood samples were collected from 12 healthy adult volunteers, diluting with 6%HES 130/0.4 (HES group) or Ringer lactate solution (RL control group). The hemodilution ratio (HR) of citrated blood volume to plasma substitute volume was 10: 0 (undiluted), 10: 2, 10: 4, and 10: 6. Clotting factors activity was measured. Thrombin generation was monitored. Platelet function was analyzed. Results 1) Activity of coagulation factor was decreased with increasing HR compared to undiluted baseline, and the activity of FVIII was significantly decreased in HES vs. RL. 2) Calibrated automated thrombography (CAT) results showed HES extended lag time, time to peak (ttpeak), start tail, and decreased peak of thrombin generation. Although lag time and ttpeak were significantly prolonged in HES vs. RL, endogenous thrombin potential (ETP) did not change. 3) Flow cytometric (FCM) analysis showed that HES reduced platelet phospholipids serine (PS) vs. baseline and RL. 4) HES significantly decreased antithrombin activity (AT: A) of the anticoagulant system with increasing HR vs. baseline and RL. 5) For fibrinolytic system, HES did not affect fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) and D-dimers (D-D) vs. baseline, or α2-antiplasmin (α2-AP) vs. RL. Conclusions By reducing FVIII activity and platelet PS expression, HES interfered with PS combining to FXIa, FVIIIa, and FVa, which affected the acceleration and explosion stage of thrombin. The decreased velocity and peak of thrombin generation delays and reduces clot formation. Combined 6%HES 130/0.4 decreased anticoagulant activity and may have clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanliang Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Guifang Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Ruijiao Hou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Boxiong Shen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (mainland)
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Aquino-Cortez A, Pinheiro BQ, Lima DBC, Silva HVR, Mota-Filho AC, Martins JAM, Rodriguez-Villamil P, Moura AA, Silva LDM. Proteomic characterization of canine seminal plasma. Theriogenology 2017; 95:178-186. [PMID: 28460673 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to identify the major proteome of the sperm-rich fraction and prostatic fraction of canine seminal plasma. Three semen samples from four healthy dogs were obtained by digital manipulation. The pre-sperm fraction, sperm-rich fraction and prostatic fraction were separated from each ejaculate. Immediately after sperm analysis, a protease inhibitor was added to the sperm-rich fraction and prostatic fraction, and the fractions were separately centrifuged and frozen at -80 °C. The samples were thawed, re-centrifuged, and the total protein concentration was determined. Samples were subjected to 1D SDS-PAGE and Coomassie-blue stained gels, were analyzed by Quantity One 1D Analysis Software. Bands detected in the gels were excised and proteins subjected to digestion with trypsin. Proteins were identified by nano-HPLC-MS and tools of bioinformatics. Tandem mass spectrometry allowed the detection of 268 proteins in the gels of sperm-rich fraction and prostatic fraction of canine ejaculate. A total of 251 proteins were common to the sperm-rich and prostatic fractions, while 17 proteins were present in the sperm-rich fraction and absent in the prostatic fraction. The intensity of the bands detected in range 1 and 2 represented 46.5% of all of the band intensities detected in the 1D gels for proteins of the sperm-rich fraction and 53.0% of all bands in the prostatic fraction. Arginine esterase and lactotransferrin precursor were the protein with the highest intensity observed in the both fractions. Among the proteins present only in the sperm-rich fraction, the proteins UPF0764 protein C16orf89 homolog and epididymal-specific lipocalin-9 were the most abundant. In conclusion, canine sperm-rich fraction and prostatic fraction express a very diverse set of proteins, with unique biochemical properties and functions. Moreover, although most proteins are common to both sperm-rich fraction and prostatic fraction, there are some exclusive proteins in sperm-rich fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annice Aquino-Cortez
- Laboratory of Carnivores Reproduction, State University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
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108
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Ebrahimi S, Rezaei S, Seiri P, Ryzhikov M, Hashemy SI, Hassanian SM. Factor Xa Signaling Contributes to the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Diseases. J Cell Physiol 2016; 232:1966-1970. [PMID: 27925197 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The coagulation protease Factor Xa (FXa) triggers a variety of signaling pathways through activation of protease-activated receptors (PARs) and non-PAR receptors. FXa-mediated signaling is strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory diseases including fibrosis, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. Thus, targeting of FXa can have great clinical significance in terms of the treatment of these disorders. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the mechanism of FXa signaling in cellular and animal systems under (patho) physiological conditions for a better understanding and hence a better management of FXa-induced disorders. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 1966-1970, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safieh Ebrahimi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sara Rezaei
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Parvaneh Seiri
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mikhail Ryzhikov
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Seyed Isaac Hashemy
- Surgical Oncology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahdi Hassanian
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Microanatomy Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased thrombin generation in injured patients possibly contributes to early consumption of coagulation factors, exacerbating hemorrhage. Identifying optimal resuscitation products for restoring plasma homeostasis following injury is important for improving management of these patients. OBJECTIVES To determine the effects of crystalloid versus plasma resuscitation on thrombin generation in a rat model of trauma and hemorrhagic shock (HS). PATIENTS/METHODS Rats were subjected to trauma and HS followed by resuscitation with Lactated Ringer's solution (LR) or fresh frozen plasma (FFP). Blood was collected at baseline, decompensation, and 3-h post-resuscitation. Thrombin generation was measured by calibrated automated thrombogram and antithrombin III (AT) by ELISA. In a prospective observational study, admission blood samples were collected on highest-level activation trauma patients and diluted with LR or FFP for thrombin generation analysis. RESULTS Resuscitation with LR resulted in persistent hypercoagulability; however, FFP resuscitation reversed this hypercoagulability to baseline thrombin generation or below. Plasma AT levels decreased following HS and remained low in rats receiving LR, but were corrected in rats receiving FFP. Similarly, in trauma patient plasma LR increased thrombin generation while FFP reduced it. However, results with AT-deficient plasma dilution were similar to LR. In patients with admission hypocoagulability, FFP slightly increased thrombin generation. CONCLUSIONS HS in rats is associated with increased thrombin generation and resuscitation with FFP, not LR, reverses hypercoagulability. Dilution of trauma patient plasma with LR or FFP yielded similar results; however, the modulatory effects of FFP were attenuated when AT was absent. Importantly, FFP reduced thrombin generation in hypercoagulable patient plasma, but slightly increased thrombin generation in hypocoagulable patient plasma. Thus, FFP restores hemostatic balance following trauma and HS which is, in part, by delivering AT.
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110
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Jin NZ, Gopinath SC. Potential blood clotting factors and anticoagulants. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 84:356-365. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Meekins DA, Zhang X, Battaile KP, Lovell S, Michel K. 1.45 Å resolution structure of SRPN18 from the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2016; 72:853-862. [PMID: 27917832 PMCID: PMC5137461 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x16017854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine protease inhibitors (serpins) in insects function within development, wound healing and immunity. The genome of the African malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae, encodes 23 distinct serpin proteins, several of which are implicated in disease-relevant physiological responses. A. gambiae serpin 18 (SRPN18) was previously categorized as non-inhibitory based on the sequence of its reactive-center loop (RCL), a region responsible for targeting and initiating protease inhibition. The crystal structure of A. gambiae SRPN18 was determined to a resolution of 1.45 Å, including nearly the entire RCL in one of the two molecules in the asymmetric unit. The structure reveals that the SRPN18 RCL is extremely short and constricted, a feature associated with noncanonical inhibitors or non-inhibitory serpin superfamily members. Furthermore, the SRPN18 RCL does not contain a suitable protease target site and contains a large number of prolines. The SRPN18 structure therefore reveals a unique RCL architecture among the highly conserved serpin fold.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xin Zhang
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, USA
| | - Kevin P. Battaile
- IMCA–CAT, Hauptman–Woodward Medical Research Institute, Argonne National Laboratory, USA
| | - Scott Lovell
- Protein Structure Laboratory, Del Shankel Structural Biology Center, University of Kansas, USA
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Mkaouar H, Akermi N, Mariaule V, Boudebbouze S, Gaci N, Szukala F, Pons N, Marquez J, Gargouri A, Maguin E, Rhimi M. Siropins, novel serine protease inhibitors from gut microbiota acting on human proteases involved in inflammatory bowel diseases. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:201. [PMID: 27894344 PMCID: PMC5127057 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0596-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In eukaryotes, the serpins constitute a wide family of protease inhibitors regulating many physiological pathways. Many reports stressed the key role of serpins in several human physiopathologies including mainly the inflammatory bowel diseases. In this context, eukaryotic serpins were largely studied and their use to limit inflammation was reported. In comparison to that, bacterial serpins and mainly those from human gut microbiota remain poorly studied. Results The two genes encoding for putative serpins from the human gut bacterium Eubacterium sireaum, display low sequence identities. These genes were overexpressed and the encoded proteins, named Siropins, were purified. Activity studies demonstrated that both purified proteins inhibited serine proteases but surprisingly they preferentially inhibited two human serine proteases (Human Neutrophil Elastase and Proteinase3). The biochemical characterization of these Siropins revealed that Siropin 1 was the most active and stable at low pH values while Siropin 2 was more thermoactive and thermostable. Kinetic analysis allowed the determination of the stoichiometry of inhibition (SI) which was around 1 and of the association rate constants of 7.7 × 104 for the Human Neutrophil Elastase and 2.6 × 105 for the Proteinase3. Moreover, both Siropins displayed the ability to inhibit proteases usually present in fecal waters. Altogether our data indicate the high efficiency of Siropins and their probable involvement in the control of the overall intestine protease activity. Conclusions Here we report the purification and the biochemical characterization of two novel serpins originated from Eubacterium sireaum, a human gastro-intestinal tract commensal bacteria. These proteins that we called Siropins, efficiently inhibited two human proteases reported to be associated with inflammatory bowel diseases. The determination of the biochemical properties of these enzymes revealed different temperature and pH behaviours that may reflect adaptation of this human commensal bacterium to different ecological environments. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first bacterial serpins showing an attractive inhibition of fecal proteases recovered from a mice group with chemically induced inflammation. Altogether our data highlight the interesting potential of Siropins, and serpins from the human gut microbiota in general, to be used as new alternative to face inflammatory diseases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-016-0596-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héla Mkaouar
- UMR 1319 Micalis, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Eukaryotes, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, 3038, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Nizar Akermi
- UMR 1319 Micalis, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Eukaryotes, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, 3038, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Vincent Mariaule
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble Outstation, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 90181, 38042 Cedex 9, Grenoble, France
| | - Samira Boudebbouze
- UMR 1319 Micalis, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Nadia Gaci
- UMR 1319 Micalis, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Florette Szukala
- UMR 1319 Micalis, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Nicolas Pons
- INRA, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, US 1367 Metagenopolis, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Josan Marquez
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble Outstation, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 90181, 38042 Cedex 9, Grenoble, France
| | - Ali Gargouri
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Eukaryotes, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, 3038, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Emmanuelle Maguin
- UMR 1319 Micalis, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Moez Rhimi
- UMR 1319 Micalis, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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The influence of thermal trauma on pro- and anticoagulant activity of erythrocyte-derived microvesicles. Burns 2016; 42:1528-1533. [DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Wei H, Cai H, Wu J, Wei Z, Zhang F, Huang X, Ma L, Feng L, Zhang R, Wang Y, Ragg H, Zheng Y, Zhou A. Heparin Binds Lamprey Angiotensinogen and Promotes Thrombin Inhibition through a Template Mechanism. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:24900-24911. [PMID: 27681598 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.725895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lamprey angiotensinogen (l-ANT) is a hormone carrier in the regulation of blood pressure, but it is also a heparin-dependent thrombin inhibitor in lamprey blood coagulation system. The detailed mechanisms on how angiotensin is carried by l-ANT and how heparin binds l-ANT and mediates thrombin inhibition are unclear. Here we have solved the crystal structure of cleaved l-ANT at 2.7 Å resolution and characterized its properties in heparin binding and protease inhibition. The structure reveals that l-ANT has a conserved serpin fold with a labile N-terminal angiotensin peptide and undergoes a typical stressed-to-relaxed conformational change when the reactive center loop is cleaved. Heparin binds l-ANT tightly with a dissociation constant of ∼10 nm involving ∼8 monosaccharides and ∼6 ionic interactions. The heparin binding site is located in an extensive positively charged surface area around helix D involving residues Lys-148, Lys-151, Arg-155, and Arg-380. Although l-ANT by itself is a poor thrombin inhibitor with a second order rate constant of 500 m-1 s-1, its interaction with thrombin is accelerated 90-fold by high molecular weight heparin following a bell-shaped dose-dependent curve. Short heparin chains of 6-20 monosaccharide units are insufficient to promote thrombin inhibition. Furthermore, an l-ANT mutant with the P1 Ile mutated to Arg inhibits thrombin nearly 1500-fold faster than the wild type, which is further accelerated by high molecular weight heparin. Taken together, these results suggest that heparin binds l-ANT at a conserved heparin binding site around helix D and promotes the interaction between l-ANT and thrombin through a template mechanism conserved in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hudie Wei
- From the Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China and
| | - Haiyan Cai
- From the Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China and
| | - Jiawei Wu
- From the Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China and
| | - Zhenquan Wei
- From the Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China and
| | - Fei Zhang
- From the Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China and
| | - Xin Huang
- From the Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China and
| | - Lina Ma
- From the Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China and
| | - Lingling Feng
- From the Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China and
| | - Ruoxi Zhang
- From the Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China and
| | - Yunjie Wang
- the Faculty of Technology, Bielefeld University, 33613 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hermann Ragg
- the Faculty of Technology, Bielefeld University, 33613 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Ying Zheng
- From the Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China and
| | - Aiwu Zhou
- From the Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China and
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115
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Serpins in arthropod biology. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 62:105-119. [PMID: 27603121 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Serpins are the largest known family of serine proteinase inhibitors and perform a variety of physiological functions in arthropods. Herein, we review the field of serpins in arthropod biology, providing an overview of current knowledge and topics of interest. Serpins regulate insect innate immunity via inhibition of serine proteinase cascades that initiate immune responses such as melanization and antimicrobial peptide production. In addition, several serpins with anti-pathogen activity are expressed as acute-phase serpins in insects upon infection. Parasitoid wasps can downregulate host serpin expression to modulate the host immune system. In addition, examples of serpin activity in development and reproduction in Drosophila have also been discovered. Serpins also function in host-pathogen interactions beyond immunity as constituents of venom in parasitoid wasps and saliva of blood-feeding ticks and mosquitoes. These serpins have distinct effects on immunosuppression and anticoagulation and are of interest for vaccine development. Lastly, the known structures of arthropod serpins are discussed, which represent the serpin inhibitory mechanism and provide a detailed overview of the process.
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Muenchhoff J, Poljak A, Thalamuthu A, Gupta VB, Chatterjee P, Raftery M, Masters CL, Morris JC, Bateman RJ, Fagan AM, Martins RN, Sachdev PS. Changes in the plasma proteome at asymptomatic and symptomatic stages of autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29078. [PMID: 27381087 PMCID: PMC4933916 DOI: 10.1038/srep29078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The autosomal dominant form of Alzheimer's disease (ADAD) is far less prevalent than late onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD), but enables well-informed prospective studies, since symptom onset is near certain and age of onset is predictable. Our aim was to discover plasma proteins associated with early AD pathology by investigating plasma protein changes at the asymptomatic and symptomatic stages of ADAD. Eighty-one proteins were compared across asymptomatic mutation carriers (aMC, n = 15), symptomatic mutation carriers (sMC, n = 8) and related noncarriers (NC, n = 12). Proteins were also tested for associations with cognitive measures, brain amyloid deposition and glucose metabolism. Fewer changes were observed at the asymptomatic than symptomatic stage with seven and 16 proteins altered significantly in aMC and sMC, respectively. This included complement components C3, C5, C6, apolipoproteins A-I, A-IV, C-I and M, histidine-rich glycoprotein, heparin cofactor II and attractin, which are involved in inflammation, lipid metabolism and vascular health. Proteins involved in lipid metabolism differed only at the symptomatic stage, whereas changes in inflammation and vascular health were evident at asymptomatic and symptomatic stages. Due to increasing evidence supporting the usefulness of ADAD as a model for LOAD, these proteins warrant further investigation into their potential association with early stages of LOAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Muenchhoff
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anne Poljak
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anbupalam Thalamuthu
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Veer B. Gupta
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer’s disease Research & Care, School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
- Sir James McCusker Alzheimer’s Disease Research Unit (Hollywood Private Hospital), Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Pratishtha Chatterjee
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer’s disease Research & Care, School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
- Sir James McCusker Alzheimer’s Disease Research Unit (Hollywood Private Hospital), Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mark Raftery
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - John C. Morris
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
- Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center at Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Randall J. Bateman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
- Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center at Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Anne M. Fagan
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
- Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center at Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Ralph N. Martins
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer’s disease Research & Care, School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
- Sir James McCusker Alzheimer’s Disease Research Unit (Hollywood Private Hospital), Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Perminder S. Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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117
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Role of heparin and non heparin binding serpins in coagulation and angiogenesis: A complex interplay. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 604:128-42. [PMID: 27372899 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pro-coagulant, anti-coagulant and fibrinolytic pathways are responsible for maintaining hemostatic balance under physiological conditions. Any deviation from these pathways would result in hypercoagulability leading to life threatening diseases like myocardial infarction, stroke, portal vein thrombosis, deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). Angiogenesis is the process of sprouting of new blood vessels from pre-existing ones and plays a critical role in vascular repair, diabetic retinopathy, chronic inflammation and cancer progression. Serpins; a superfamily of protease inhibitors, play a key role in regulating both angiogenesis and coagulation. They are characterized by the presence of highly conserved secondary structure comprising of 3 β-sheets and 7-9 α-helices. Inhibitory role of serpins is modulated by binding to cofactors, specially heparin and heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) present on cell surfaces and extracellular matrix. Heparin and HSPGs are the mainstay of anti-coagulant therapy and also have therapeutic potential as anti-angiogenic inhibitors. Many of the heparin binding serpins that regulate coagulation cascade are also potent inhibitors of angiogenesis. Understanding the molecular mechanism of the switch between their specific anti-coagulant and anti-angiogenic role during inflammation, stress and regular hemostasis is important. In this review, we have tried to integrate the role of different serpins, their interaction with cofactors and their interplay in regulating coagulation and angiogenesis.
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118
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Bohdan N, Espín S, Águila S, Teruel-Montoya R, Vicente V, Corral J, Martínez-Martínez I. Heparanase Activates Antithrombin through the Binding to Its Heparin Binding Site. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157834. [PMID: 27322195 PMCID: PMC4913942 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparanase is an endoglycosidase that participates in morphogenesis, tissue repair, heparan sulphates turnover and immune response processes. It is over-expressed in tumor cells favoring the metastasis as it penetrates the endothelial layer that lines blood vessels and facilitates the metastasis by degradation of heparan sulphate proteoglycans of the extracellular matrix. Heparanase may also affect the hemostatic system in a non-enzymatic manner, up-regulating the expression of tissue factor, which is the initiator of blood coagulation, and dissociating tissue factor pathway inhibitor on the cell surface membrane of endothelial and tumor cells, thus resulting in a procoagulant state. Trying to check the effect of heparanase on heparin, a highly sulphated glycosaminoglycan, when it activates antithrombin, our results demonstrated that heparanase, but not proheparanase, interacted directly with antithrombin in a non-covalent manner. This interaction resulted in the activation of antithrombin, which is the most important endogenous anticoagulant. This activation mainly accelerated FXa inhibition, supporting an allosteric activation effect. Heparanase bound to the heparin binding site of antithrombin as the activation of Pro41Leu, Arg47Cys, Lys114Ala and Lys125Alaantithrombin mutants was impaired when it was compared to wild type antithrombin. Intrinsic fluorescence analysis showed that heparanase induced an activating conformational change in antithrombin similar to that induced by heparin and with a KD of 18.81 pM. In conclusion, under physiological pH and low levels of tissue factor, heparanase may exert a non-enzymatic function interacting and activating the inhibitory function of antithrombin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya Bohdan
- Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Salvador Espín
- Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Sonia Águila
- Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Raúl Teruel-Montoya
- Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
- Grupo de investigación CB15/00055 del Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Vicente
- Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
- Grupo de investigación CB15/00055 del Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Corral
- Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
- Grupo de investigación CB15/00055 del Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Martínez-Martínez
- Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
- Grupo de investigación CB15/00055 del Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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119
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Glynn JJ, Hinds MT. Bioactive Anti-Thrombotic Modification of Decellularized Matrix for Vascular Applications. Adv Healthc Mater 2016; 5:1439-46. [PMID: 27072858 PMCID: PMC5753589 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201600020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The decellularized matrix derived from porcine small intestinal submucosa (SIS) is a widely used biomaterial being investigated for numerous applications. Currently, thrombus deposition and neointimal hyperplasia have limited the use of SIS in some vascular applications. To limit these detrimental processes, this work applies bioactive, endothelial-inspired properties to the material. SIS is modified with the endothelial cell membrane protein thrombomodulin and the glycosaminoglycan heparin to facilitate protein C activation and anticoagulant activity, respectively. Modifying SIS with thrombomodulin alone enables robust activated protein C (APC) generation, and thrombomodulin activity is maintained after prolonged exposure to fluid shear and blood plasma. Heparin-modified SIS has a potent anticoagulant activity. When both modifications are applied sequentially, SIS modified first with thrombomodulin then with heparin retains the full activity of each individual modification. Tubular SIS devices are connected to a baboon arteriovenous shunt to quantify thrombus deposition on these materials. After being exposed to flowing whole blood for 60 min, SIS devices modified first with thrombomodulin then with heparin have significantly less platelet accumulation compared to unmodified SIS devices. These studies demonstrate that modifying SIS with thrombomodulin and heparin confers APC generation and anticoagulant activity that results in reduced thrombogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy J Glynn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Mail Code: CH13B 3303 SW Bond Ave, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Monica T Hinds
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Mail Code: CH13B 3303 SW Bond Ave, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
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Santiago PB, Assumpção TCF, de Araújo CN, Bastos IMD, Neves D, da Silva IG, Charneau S, Queiroz RML, Raiol T, Oliveira JVDA, de Sousa MV, Calvo E, Ribeiro JMC, Santana JM. A Deep Insight into the Sialome of Rhodnius neglectus, a Vector of Chagas Disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004581. [PMID: 27129103 PMCID: PMC4851354 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triatomines are hematophagous insects that act as vectors of Chagas disease. Rhodnius neglectus is one of these kissing bugs found, contributing to the transmission of this American trypanosomiasis. The saliva of hematophagous arthropods contains bioactive molecules responsible for counteracting host haemostatic, inflammatory, and immune responses. METHODS/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Next generation sequencing and mass spectrometry-based protein identification were performed to investigate the content of triatomine R. neglectus saliva. We deposited 4,230 coding DNA sequences (CDS) in GenBank. A set of 636 CDS of proteins of putative secretory nature was extracted from the assembled reads, 73 of them confirmed by proteomic analysis. The sialome of R. neglectus was characterized and serine protease transcripts detected. The presence of ubiquitous protein families was revealed, including lipocalins, serine protease inhibitors, and antigen-5. Metalloproteases, disintegrins, and odorant binding protein families were less abundant. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The data presented improve our understanding of hematophagous arthropod sialomes, and aid in understanding hematophagy and the complex interplay among vectors and their vertebrate hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Teresa C. F. Assumpção
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- Vector Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Carla Nunes de Araújo
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- Ceilândia Faculty, The University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | - David Neves
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | - Sébastien Charneau
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | - Tainá Raiol
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane - Fiocruz Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | | | - Eric Calvo
- Vector Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - José M. C. Ribeiro
- Vector Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jaime M. Santana
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Tirloni L, Kim TK, Coutinho ML, Ali A, Seixas A, Termignoni C, Mulenga A, da Silva Vaz I. The putative role of Rhipicephalus microplus salivary serpins in the tick-host relationship. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 71:12-28. [PMID: 26844868 PMCID: PMC4808628 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation and hemostasis are part of the host's first line of defense to tick feeding. These systems are in part serine protease mediated and are tightly controlled by their endogenous inhibitors, in the serpin superfamily (serine protease inhibitors). From this perspective ticks are thought to use serpins to evade host defenses during feeding. The cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus encodes at least 24 serpins, of which RmS-3, RmS-6, and RmS-17 were previously identified in saliva of this tick. In this study, we screened inhibitor functions of these three saliva serpins against a panel of 16 proteases across the mammalian defense pathway. Our data confirm that Pichia pastoris-expressed rRmS-3, rRmS-6, and rRmS-17 are likely inhibitors of pro-inflammatory and pro-coagulant proteases. We show that rRmS-3 inhibited chymotrypsin and cathepsin G with stoichiometry of inhibition (SI) indices of 1.8 and 2.0, and pancreatic elastase with SI higher than 10. Likewise, rRmS-6 inhibited trypsin with SI of 2.6, chymotrypsin, factor Xa, factor XIa, and plasmin with SI higher than 10, while rRmS-17 inhibited trypsin, cathepsin G, chymotrypsin, plasmin, and factor XIa with SI of 1.6, 2.6, 2.7, 3.4, and 9.0, respectively. Additionally, we observed the formation of irreversible complexes between rRmS-3 and chymotrypsin, rRmS-6/rRmS-17 and trypsin, and rRmS-3/rRmS-17 and cathepsin G, which is consistent with typical mechanism of inhibitory serpins. In blood clotting assays, rRmS-17 delayed plasma clotting by 60 s in recalcification time assay, while rRmS-3 and rRmS-6 did not have any effect. Consistent with inhibitor function profiling data, 2.0 μM rRmS-3 and rRmS-17 inhibited cathepsin G-activated platelet aggregation in a dose-responsive manner by up to 96% and 95% respectively. Of significant interest, polyclonal antibodies blocked inhibitory functions of the three serpins. Also notable, antibodies to Amblyomma americanum, Ixodes scapularis, and Rhipicephalus sanguineus tick saliva proteins cross-reacted with the three R. microplus saliva serpins, suggesting the potential of these proteins as candidates for universal anti-tick vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Tirloni
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Tae Kwon Kim
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Mariana Loner Coutinho
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Abid Ali
- Institute of Biotechnology Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Adriana Seixas
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Farmacociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carlos Termignoni
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Albert Mulenga
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Itabajara da Silva Vaz
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Zhao D, Sang Q, Cui H. Preparation and evaluation a new generation of low molecular weight heparin. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 79:194-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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De novo assembly and analysis of midgut transcriptome of Haemaphysalis flava and identification of genes involved in blood digestion, feeding and defending from pathogens. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 38:62-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Li X, Luo JY, Zhang L, Yang YN, Xie X, Liu F, Chen BD, Ma YT. Variant of PAI-2 gene is associated with coronary artery disease and recurrent coronary event risk in Chinese Han population. Lipids Health Dis 2015; 14:148. [PMID: 26573152 PMCID: PMC4647573 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-015-0150-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plasminogen activator inhibitor −2 (PAI-2) is an important molecular that plays a crucial role in vascular homeostasis and constitutes a critical response mechanism to cardiovascular injury, such as atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods The aim of the current study was to explore the association between the variants in PAI-2 gene and CAD and its prognoses. The three variants (rs8093048, rs9946657, rs9320032) of the PAI-2 gene were detected in 407 patients with CAD and 518 control subjects. All patients with CAD underwent one-year follow-up for major adverse cardiac events (MACE). Results The frequencies of the TT genotype and T allele of rs8093048 was significantly higher in CAD patients than that in control subjects (7.6 % vs.3.5 %, P = 0.003, 28.1 % vs.21.7 %, P < 0.001, respectively). Multifactor logistic regression analysis showed that the TT genotype of rs8093048 was a risk factor for CAD (OR = 1.455, 95 % CI: 1.069-1.980, P = 0.017). In addition, the follow-up data showed that CAD patients with rs8093048 TT genotype had significantly higher rate of refractory angina and MACE than those with CC or CT genotype (P = 0.032, P = 0.009, respectively). Cox regression analysis showed that rs8093048 TT genotype was the risk factor for the MACE (Hazard ratio = 5.672, 95 % CI = 1.992-16.152, P = 0.001). Conclusion We firstly found that the variant of PAI-2 gene was associated with CAD and recurrent coronary event risk in Chinese Han population, in Xinjiang.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830011, China.
| | - Jun-Yi Luo
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830054, China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830011, China.
| | - Yi-Ning Yang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830054, China.
| | - Xiang Xie
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830054, China.
| | - Fen Liu
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830054, China.
| | - Bang-Dang Chen
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830054, China.
| | - Yi-Tong Ma
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830054, China.
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Priola GM, Foster MW, Deal AM, Richardson BM, Thompson JW, Blatt J. Cerebrospinal fluid proteomics in children during induction for acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A pilot study. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015; 62:1190-4. [PMID: 25809122 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.25420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thrombosis in patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) can develop after treatment with L-asparaginase (asp) and is often localized to the central nervous system (CNS). We hypothesize that changes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteome will occur after asp therapy and will anticipate CNS clots. METHODS Five newly diagnosed patients, ages 1-11 years, with ALL (n = 4) or lymphoblastic lymphoma (LL) (n = 1) underwent serial lumbar punctures during induction. CSF was depleted of abundant plasma proteins and analyzed by gel-free, label-free quantitative proteomics. RESULTS More than 600 proteins were quantified across all CSF samples. In four subjects, the expression of proteins involved in coagulation such as protein C Inhibitor (SERPINA5) and heparin cofactor II (SERPIND1) changed over the course of asp therapy. Antithrombin III (ATIII) and plasminogen (PLMN) levels were shown to have decreased expression over time in one child who developed a CNS thrombosis, compared to other subjects. CONCLUSIONS CSF proteomics is feasible and reproducible in ALL and LL. CSF ATIII and PLMN should be further investigated as predictive markers of CNS thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginna M Priola
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Matthew W Foster
- Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.,Proteomics and Metabolomics Shared Resource, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Allison M Deal
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Brenna M Richardson
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Shared Resource, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - J Will Thompson
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Shared Resource, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Julie Blatt
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Tirloni L, Islam MS, Kim TK, Diedrich JK, Yates JR, Pinto AFM, Mulenga A, You MJ, Da Silva Vaz I. Saliva from nymph and adult females of Haemaphysalis longicornis: a proteomic study. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:338. [PMID: 26104117 PMCID: PMC4484640 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0918-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Haemaphysalis longicornis is a major vector of Theileria spp., Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Babesia spp. and Coxiella burnetti in East Asian countries. All life stages of ixodid ticks have a destructive pool-feeding style in which they create a pool-feeding site by lacerating host tissue and secreting a variety of biologically active compounds that allows the tick to evade host responses, enabling the uptake of a blood meal. The identification and functional characterization of tick saliva proteins can be useful to elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in tick development and to conceive new anti-tick control methods. METHODS H. longicornis tick saliva was collected from fully engorged nymphs and fully engorged adults induced by dopamine or pilocarpine, respectively. Saliva was digested with trypsin for LC-MS/MS sequencing and peptides were searched against tick and rabbit sequences. RESULTS A total of 275 proteins were identified, of which 135 were tick and 100 were rabbit proteins. Of the tick proteins, 30 proteins were identified exclusively in fully engorged nymph saliva, 74 in fully engorged adult females, and 31 were detected in both stages. The identified tick proteins include heme/iron metabolism-related proteins, oxidation/detoxification proteins, enzymes, proteinase inhibitors, tick-specific protein families, and cytoskeletal proteins. Proteins involved in signal transduction, transport and metabolism of carbohydrate, energy, nucleotide, amino acids and lipids were also detected. Of the rabbit proteins, 13 were present in nymph saliva, 48 in adult saliva, and 30 were present in both. The host proteins include immunoglobulins, complement system proteins, antimicrobial proteins, serum albumin, peroxiredoxin, serotransferrin, apolipoprotein, hemopexin, proteinase inhibitors, and hemoglobin/red blood cells-related products. CONCLUSIONS This study allows the identification of H. longicornis saliva proteins. In spontaneously detached tick saliva various proteins were identified, although results obtained with saliva of fully engorged ticks need to be carefully interpreted. However, it is interesting to note that proteins identified in this study were also described in other tick saliva proteomes using partially engorged tick saliva, including hemelipoprotein, proteases, protease inhibitors, proteins related to structural functions, transporter activity, metabolic processes, and others. In conclusion, these data can provide a deeper understanding to the biology of H. longicornis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Tirloni
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Mohammad Saiful Islam
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-safety Research Centre, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Obstetrics, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, Bangladesh.
| | - Tae Kwon Kim
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - Jolene K Diedrich
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - John R Yates
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Antônio F M Pinto
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Centro de Pesquisas em Biologia Molecular e Funcional, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Tuberculose (INCT-TB), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Albert Mulenga
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - Myung-Jo You
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-safety Research Centre, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea.
| | - Itabajara Da Silva Vaz
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Conserved Amblyomma americanum tick Serpin19, an inhibitor of blood clotting factors Xa and XIa, trypsin and plasmin, has anti-haemostatic functions. Int J Parasitol 2015; 45:613-27. [PMID: 25957161 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tick saliva serine protease inhibitors (serpins) facilitate tick blood meal feeding through inhibition of protease mediators of host defense pathways. We previously identified a highly conserved Amblyomma americanum serpin 19 that is characterised by its reactive center loop being 100% conserved in ixodid ticks. In this study, biochemical characterisation reveals that the ubiquitously transcribed A. americanum serpin 19 is an anti-coagulant protein, inhibiting the activity of five of the eight serine protease blood clotting factors. Pichia pastoris-expressed recombinant (r) A. americanum serpin 19 inhibits the enzyme activity of trypsin, plasmin and blood clotting factors (f) Xa and XIa, with stoichiometry of inhibition estimated at 5.1, 9.4, 23.8 and 28, respectively. Similar to typical inhibitory serpins, recombinant A. americanum serpin 19 forms irreversible complexes with trypsin, fXa and fXIa. At a higher molar excess of recombinant A. americanum serpin 19, fXIIa is inhibited by 82.5%, and thrombin (fIIa), fIXa, chymotrypsin and tryptase are inhibited moderately by 14-29%. In anti-hemostatic functional assays, recombinant A. americanum serpin 19 inhibits thrombin but not ADP and cathepsin G activated platelet aggregation, delays clotting in recalcification and thrombin time assays by up to 250s, and up to 40s in the activated partial thromboplastin time assay. Given A. americanum serpin 19 high cross-tick species conservation, and specific reactivity of recombinant A. americanum serpin 19 with antibodies to A. americanum tick saliva proteins, we conclude that recombinant A. americanum serpin 19 is a potential candidate for development of a universal tick vaccine.
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Post-transcriptional control of Amblyomin-X on secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor and expression of adhesion molecules in endothelial cells. Toxicon 2015; 101:1-10. [PMID: 25912945 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a pivotal process of homeostasis and tissue repair, but it also favours neovascularisation syndromes and cancer nutrition. The chemical mediation of angiogenesis is complex, involving a balance between serine proteases and their inhibitors. We addressed the mechanisms of action of a Kunitz serine protease inhibitor (KPI) on spontaneous angiogenesis, using Amblyomin-X, a KPI designed from the cDNA library of the Amblyomma cajennense tick. Amblyomin-X treatment (10-1000 ng/10 μL; each 48 h; 3 times) reduced the number of vessels in the subcutaneous dorsal tissue of male Swiss mice, as measured by intravital microscopy, haematoxylin-eosin staining, and PECAM-1 immunofluorescence labeling. Incubation of Amblyomin-X with t-End endothelial cells, a murine endothelial microvascular lineage, did not alter cell proliferation, cell-cycle phases, necrosis and apoptosis, and the production of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2. Nevertheless, Amblyomin-X treatment reduced t-End migration and adhesion to Matrigel(®), and inhibited the VEGF-A secretion and VCAM-1 and β3 integrin expressions by posttranscriptional pathways. Together, data herein outline novel posttranscriptional mechanisms of KPIs on endothelial cells during angiogenesis and point out the possible application of Amblyomin-X as a local inhibitor to undesired neovascularisation process.
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Kindell DG, Keck RW, Jankun J. Comparison between the clot-protecting activity of a mutant plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 with a very long half-life and 6-aminocaproic acid. Exp Ther Med 2015; 9:2339-2343. [PMID: 26136983 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 is a serpin glycoprotein that can stabilize blood clots by inhibiting fibrinolysis. However, wild-type PAI-1 has the disadvantage of a short half-life of ∼2 h. A very long half-life (VLHL) PAI-1 mutant was developed previously with an active-form half-life of >700 h, making it a possible candidate for use in hemorrhagic therapy. Current treatments for mitigating hemorrhage, other than inducers of blood clotting, are limited to lysine analog antifibrinolytics, including 6-aminocaproic acid and tranexamic acid. VLHL PAI-1 has been previously demonstrated to limit bleeding; however, the efficacy of this protein compared with lysine analog antifibrinolytics has not been investigated. The aim of the current study was to compare the clot stabilizing properties of the novel antifibrinolytic VLHL PAI-1 with those of 6-aminocaproic acid in reference plasma. Using thromboelastographic analysis, VLHL PAI-1 exhibited an IC50 (half maximal inhibitory concentration) of 8.8×10-8 mol/l, while 6-aminocaproic acid showed an IC50 of 1.6×10-4 mol/l. However, at doses of >9.0×10-7 mol/l, VLHL PAI-1 exhibited a delay in the onset of clot formation, which may be attributed to thrombin inhibition by excess PAI-1. The inhibition of tissue plasminogen activator by VLHL PAI-1 demonstrated improved efficacy over 6-aminocaproic acid in mitigating hemorrhage. In addition, patients with a PAI-1 deficiency, which causes blood clots to lyse rapidly resulting in profuse bleeding, may benefit from the application of VLHL PAI-1 as an antihemorrhagic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Glenn Kindell
- Urology Research Center, Department of Urology, University of Toledo, Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Rick Wayne Keck
- Urology Research Center, Department of Urology, University of Toledo, Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Jerzy Jankun
- Urology Research Center, Department of Urology, University of Toledo, Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA ; Protein Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ; Department of Clinical Nutrition, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Pomerania 80-211, Poland
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Plasma is the physiologic buffer of tissue plasminogen activator-mediated fibrinolysis: rationale for plasma-first resuscitation after life-threatening hemorrhage. J Am Coll Surg 2015; 220:872-9. [PMID: 25840538 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2015.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prehospital resuscitation with crystalloid exacerbates fibrinolysis, which is associated with high mortality. We hypothesized that plasma compared with crystalloid resuscitation prevents hyperfibrinolysis in a tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)-rich environment via preservation of proteins essential for regulation of fibrinolysis. STUDY DESIGN Healthy individuals donated blood, which was assayed using a native (nonactivated) thrombelastography (TEG). Whole-blood was mixed with normal saline (NS) or platelet poor plasma (PPP) at progressive dilutions. Tissue plasminogen activator was added to promote a fibrinolytic environment. In a separate experiment, PPP was run through a 100 kDa filter and liquid remaining on top of the filter (TFP) and below the filter (BFP) was obtained. Whole blood was diluted by 50% with TFP, BFP, and NS and assayed with a tPA TEG challenge. The TFP and BFP were assayed for protein concentration and protein composition. RESULTS Normal saline and PPP dilution of whole blood without tPA did not affect clot lysis at 30 minutes (LY30) (NS Spearman's rho 0.300, p = 0.186 and PPP 0.294, p = 0.288). When tPA was added, NS dilution of whole blood increased LY30 in a percentage-dependent manner (0.844, p < 0.001), but did not significantly increase with PPP dilution (0.270, p = 0.202). The difference in LY30 from whole blood to diluted whole blood with PPP (mean change, -1.05, 95% CI, -9.42 to 7.33) was similar with TFP (1.23, 95% CI, -5.20 to 7.66, p = 0.992). However, both BFP (37.65, 95% CI 24.47 to 50.82, p = 0.001) and NS (47.36, 95% CI 34.3 to 60.45, p < 0.001) showed large increases in fibrinolysis compared with PPP. CONCLUSIONS Crystalloid and plasma dilution of whole blood does not increase fibrinolysis. However, NS dilution of whole blood increases susceptibility to tPA-mediated fibrinolysis. Plasma resuscitation, simulated by plasma dilution of whole blood, attenuates increased susceptibility to tPA-mediated fibrinolysis. The benefits of plasma resuscitation are mediated through preservation of plasma proteins.
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Kobayashi N, Ueno T, Ohashi K, Yamashita H, Takahashi Y, Sakamoto K, Manabe S, Hara S, Takashima Y, Dan T, Pastan I, Miyata T, Kurihara H, Matsusaka T, Reiser J, Nagata M. Podocyte injury-driven intracapillary plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 accelerates podocyte loss via uPAR-mediated β1-integrin endocytosis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015; 308:F614-26. [PMID: 25587125 PMCID: PMC4360033 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00616.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Podocyte-endothelial cell cross-talk is paramount for maintaining the filtration barrier. The present study investigated the endothelial response to podocyte injury and its subsequent role in glomerulosclerosis using the podocyte-specific injury model of NEP25/LMB2 mice. NEP25/LMB2 mice showed proteinuria and local podocyte loss accompanied by thrombotic microangiopathy on day 8. Mice showed an increase of glomerular plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) mRNA and aberrant endothelial PAI-1 protein already on day 1, before thrombosis and proteinuria. A PAI-1-specific inhibitor reduced proteinuria and thrombosis and preserved podocyte numbers in NEP25/LMB2 mice by stabilization of β1-integrin translocation. Heparin loading significantly reduced thrombotic formation, whereas proteinuria and podocyte numbers were unchanged. Immortalized podocytes treated with PAI-1 and the urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) complex caused significant cell detachment, whereas podocytes treated with PAI-1 or uPA alone or with the PAI-1/uPA complex pretreated with an anti-uPA receptor (uPAR) antibody failed to cause detachment. Confocal microscopy and cell surface biotinylation experiments showed that internalized β1-integrin was found together with uPAR in endocytotic vesicles. The administration of PAI-1 inhibitor or uPAR-blocking antibody protected cultured podocytes from cell detachment. In conclusion, PAI-1/uPA complex-mediated uPAR-dependent podocyte β1-integrin endocytosis represents a novel mechanism of glomerular injury leading to progressive podocytopenia. This aberrant cross-talk between podocytes and endothelial cells represents a feedforward injury response driving podocyte loss and progressive glomerulosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namiko Kobayashi
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Ueno
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kumi Ohashi
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hanako Yamashita
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yukina Takahashi
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kazuo Sakamoto
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shun Manabe
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hara
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yasutoshi Takashima
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takashi Dan
- Center for Translational and Advanced Research, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Ira Pastan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Toshio Miyata
- Center for Translational and Advanced Research, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hidetake Kurihara
- Department of Anatomy, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taiji Matsusaka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan; and
| | - Jochen Reiser
- Department of Medicine, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Michio Nagata
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan;
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Paltseva EM, Semenova TS, Zhigalova SB, Pestin IS, Shertsinger AG. [Expression of plasminogen activator system components in the gastric mucosa in portal hypertensive gastropathy]. Arkh Patol 2015; 77:16-21. [PMID: 26027394 DOI: 10.17116/patol201577216-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE to study the expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in the gastric mucosal (GM) vascular endothelium and epithelial cells of patients with portal hypertensive gastropathy (PHG) and those with portal hypertension (PH) without signs of PHG as compared to a control group. MATERIAL AND METHODS GM biopsy specimens from patients with PHG, those with PH without signs of PHG, and controls with the normal gastric mucosa were immunohistochemically examined. RESULTS Comparison of the expression of uPA in the GM vascular endothelium and epithelial vessels revealed no significant differences in the patient groups. The level of PAI-1 in the GM vessels was statistically significantly higher in the control group than in the groups of patients with PHG and PH without PHG. PAI-1 expression in the GM epithelial cells was significantly more commonly absent in the PHG group than in the control group. An analysis of an uPA and PAI-1 expression ratio showed a statistically significant predominance of the expression of uPA over its inhibitor in the GM vascular endothelium of the patients with PHG and those with PH without PHG as compared to the controls. CONCLUSION The predominance of uPA over PAI-1 in the GM vessels and epithelial cells can play a role in the development of GM bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Paltseva
- B.V. Petrovsky Russian Surgery Research Center, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - T S Semenova
- B.V. Petrovsky Russian Surgery Research Center, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - S B Zhigalova
- B.V. Petrovsky Russian Surgery Research Center, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - I S Pestin
- B.V. Petrovsky Russian Surgery Research Center, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - A G Shertsinger
- B.V. Petrovsky Russian Surgery Research Center, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Crosslinking decreases the hemocompatibility of decellularized, porcine small intestinal submucosa. Acta Biomater 2015; 14:96-103. [PMID: 25463505 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Decellularized tissues have been widely used as scaffolds for biomedical applications due to their presentation of adhesion peptide sequences and growth factors, which facilitate integration with surrounding tissue. One of the most commonly used decellularized tissues is derived from porcine small intestinal submucosa (SIS). In some applications, SIS is crosslinked to modulate the mechanical properties or degradation rate of the scaffold. Despite the widespread use of SIS, there has been no mechanistic characterization of blood reactions with SIS, or how crosslinking affects these reactions. Therefore, we characterized the effect of SIS and carbodiimide-crosslinked SIS (cSIS) on plasma coagulation, including targeted assessments of the intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation pathways, and thrombus formation using flowing whole blood. SIS inhibited plasma coagulation initiated by recalcification, as well as low concentrations of thrombin or tissue factor. SIS prolonged the activated partial thromboplastin time by 14.3 ± 1.54s, indicating inhibition of the intrinsic coagulation pathway. Carbodiimide crosslinking abrogated all anticoagulant effects of SIS, as did heparinase I and III treatment, suggesting that heparin and heparan sulfate are predominantly responsible for SIS anticoagulant effects. Inhibiting contact activation of the intrinsic pathway prevented cSIS-mediated coagulation. When tubular SIS devices were connected to a nonhuman primate arteriovenous shunt loop, which enables whole blood to flow across devices without the use of anticoagulants, SIS demonstrated remarkably limited platelet accumulation and fibrinogen incorporation, while cSIS initiated significantly higher platelet and fibrinogen accumulation. These results demonstrate that SIS is a thromboresistant material and crosslinking markedly reduces the hemocompatibility of SIS.
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African adders: partial characterization of snake venoms from three Bitis species of medical importance and their neutralization by experimental equine antivenoms. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003419. [PMID: 25643358 PMCID: PMC4340965 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An alarming number of fatal accidents involving snakes are annually reported in Africa and most of the victims suffer from permanent local tissue damage and chronic disabilities. Envenomation by snakes belonging to the genus Bitis, Viperidae family, are common in Sub-Saharan Africa. The accidents are severe and the victims often have a poor prognosis due to the lack of effective specific therapies. In this study we have biochemically characterized venoms from three different species of Bitis, i.e., Bitis arietans, Bitis gabonica rhinoceros and Bitis nasicornis, involved in the majority of the human accidents in Africa, and analyzed the in vitro neutralizing ability of two experimental antivenoms. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The data indicate that all venoms presented phospholipase, hyaluronidase and fibrinogenolytic activities and cleaved efficiently the FRET substrate Abz-RPPGFSPFRQ-EDDnp and angiotensin I, generating angiotensin 1-7. Gelatinolytic activity was only observed in the venoms of B. arietans and B. nasicornis. The treatment of the venoms with protease inhibitors indicated that Bitis venoms possess metallo and serinoproteases enzymes, which may be involved in the different biological activities here evaluated. Experimental antivenoms produced against B. arietans venom or Bitis g. rhinoceros plus B. nasicornis venoms cross-reacted with the venoms from the three species and blocked, in different degrees, all the enzymatic activities in which they were tested. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the venoms of the three Bitis species, involved in accidents with humans in the Sub-Saharan Africa, contain a mixture of various enzymes that may act in the generation and development of some of the clinical manifestations of the envenomations. We also demonstrated that horse antivenoms produced against B. arietans or B. g. rhinoceros plus B. nasicornis venoms can blocked some of the toxic activities of these venoms.
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136
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Tóth L, Fekete A, Balogh G, Bereczky Z, Komáromi I. Dynamic properties of the native free antithrombin from molecular dynamics simulations: computational evidence for solvent- exposed Arg393 side chain. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2014; 33:2023-36. [PMID: 25483839 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2014.986525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
While antithrombin (AT) has small basal inhibitory activity, it reaches its full inhibitory potential against activated blood coagulation factors, FXa, FIXa, and FIIa (thrombin), via an allosteric and/or template (bridging) mechanism by the action of heparin, heparan sulfate, or heparin-mimetic pentasaccharides (PS). From the numerous X-ray structures available for different conformational states of AT, only indirect and incomplete conclusions can be drawn on the inherently dynamic properties of AT. As a typical example, the basal inhibitory activity of AT cannot be interpreted on the basis of "non-activated" free antithrombin X-ray structures since the Arg393 side chain, playing crucial role in antithrombin-proteinase interaction, is not exposed. In order to reveal the intrinsic dynamic properties and the reason of basal inhibitory activity of antithrombin, 2 μs molecular dynamics simulations were carried out on its native free-forms. It was shown from the simulation trajectories that the reactive center loop which is functioning as "bait" for proteases, even without any biasing potential can populate conformational state in which the Arg393 side chain is solvent exposed. It is revealed from the trajectory analysis that the peptide sequences correspond to the helix D extension, and new helix P formation can be featured with especially large root-mean-square fluctuations. Mutual information analyses of the trajectory showed remarkable (generalized) correlation between those regions of antithrombin which changed their conformations as the consequence of AT-PS complex formation. This suggests that allosteric information propagation pathways are present even in the non-activated native form of AT.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Tóth
- a Faculty of Medicine, Division of Clinical Laboratory Science, Department of Laboratory Medicine , University of Debrecen , Debrecen , Hungary
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137
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Weiss A, Joerss H, Brockmeyer J. Structural and functional characterization of cleavage and inactivation of human serine protease inhibitors by the bacterial SPATE protease EspPα from enterohemorrhagic E. coli. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111363. [PMID: 25347319 PMCID: PMC4210187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
EspPα and EspI are serine protease autotransporters found in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. They both belong to the SPATE autotransporter family and are believed to contribute to pathogenicity via proteolytic cleavage and inactivation of different key host proteins during infection. Here, we describe the specific cleavage and functional inactivation of serine protease inhibitors (serpins) by EspPα and compare this activity with the related SPATE EspI. Serpins are structurally related proteins that regulate vital protease cascades, such as blood coagulation and inflammatory host response. For the rapid determination of serpin cleavage sites, we applied direct MALDI-TOF-MS or ESI-FTMS analysis of coincubations of serpins and SPATE proteases and confirmed observed cleavage positions using in-gel-digest of SDS-PAGE-separated degradation products. Activities of both serpin and SPATE protease were assessed in a newly developed photometrical assay using chromogenic peptide substrates. EspPα cleaved the serpins α1-protease inhibitor (α1-PI), α1-antichymotrypsin, angiotensinogen, and α2-antiplasmin. Serpin cleavage led to loss of inhibitory function as demonstrated for α1-PI while EspPα activity was not affected. Notably, EspPα showed pronounced specificity and cleaved procoagulatory serpins such as α2-antiplasmin while the anticoagulatory antithrombin III was not affected. Together with recently published research, this underlines the interference of EspPα with hemostasis or inflammatory responses during infection, while the observed interaction of EspI with serpins is likely to be not physiologically relevant. EspPα-mediated serpin cleavage occurred always in flexible loops, indicating that this structural motif might be required for substrate recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Weiss
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Hanna Joerss
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jens Brockmeyer
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
- * E-mail:
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138
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Papareddy P, Kalle M, Bhongir RKV, Mörgelin M, Malmsten M, Schmidtchen A. Antimicrobial effects of helix D-derived peptides of human antithrombin III. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:29790-800. [PMID: 25202017 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.570465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Antithrombin III (ATIII) is a key antiproteinase involved in blood coagulation. Previous investigations have shown that ATIII is degraded by Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease, leading to release of heparin binding fragments derived from its D helix. As heparin binding and antimicrobial activity of peptides frequently overlap, we here set out to explore possible antibacterial effects of intact and degraded ATIII. In contrast to intact ATIII, the results showed that extensive degradation of the molecule yielded fragments with antimicrobial activity. Correspondingly, the heparin-binding, helix D-derived, peptide FFFAKLNCRLYRKANKSSKLV (FFF21) of human ATIII, was found to be antimicrobial against particularly the Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Fluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy studies demonstrated that FFF21 binds to and permeabilizes bacterial membranes. Analogously, FFF21 was found to induce membrane leakage of model anionic liposomes. In vivo, FFF21 significantly reduced P. aeruginosa infection in mice. Additionally, FFF21 displayed anti-endotoxic effects in vitro. Taken together, our results suggest novel roles for ATIII-derived peptide fragments in host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Papareddy
- From the Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Biomedical Center, Tornavägen 10, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden, the Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Biomedical Center, Tornavägen 10, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden,
| | - Martina Kalle
- From the Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Biomedical Center, Tornavägen 10, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ravi K V Bhongir
- the Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Biomedical Center, Tornavägen 10, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Matthias Mörgelin
- the Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Biomedical Center, Tornavägen 10, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin Malmsten
- the Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden, and
| | - Artur Schmidtchen
- From the Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Biomedical Center, Tornavägen 10, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden, the LKCMedicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore, 308232
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Tamayo D, Hernández O, Muñoz-Cadavid C, Cano LE, González A. Interaction between Paracoccidioides brasiliensis conidia and the coagulation system: involvement of fibrinogen. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2014; 108:488-93. [PMID: 23827999 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-0276108042013015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The infectious process starts with an initial contact between pathogen and host. We have previously demonstrated that Paracoccidioides brasiliensis conidia interact with plasma proteins including fibrinogen, which is considered the major component of the coagulation system. In this study, we evaluated the in vitro capacity of P. brasiliensis conidia to aggregate with plasma proteins and compounds involved in the coagulation system. We assessed the aggregation of P. brasiliensis conidia after incubation with human serum or plasma in the presence or absence of anticoagulants, extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, metabolic and protein inhibitors, monosaccharides and other compounds. Additionally, prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times were determined after the interaction of P. brasiliensis conidia with human plasma. ECM proteins, monosaccharides and human plasma significantly induced P. brasiliensis conidial aggregation; however, anticoagulants and metabolic and protein inhibitors diminished the aggregation process. The extrinsic coagulation pathway was not affected by the interaction between P. brasiliensis conidia and plasma proteins, while the intrinsic pathway was markedly altered. These results indicate that P. brasiliensis conidia interact with proteins involved in the coagulation system. This interaction may play an important role in the initial inflammatory response, as well as fungal disease progression caused by P. brasiliensis dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Tamayo
- Molecular and Cell Biology Unit, Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas, Medellín, Colombia
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140
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Liu C, Han Y, Chen X, Zhang W. Structure-function relationship of SW-AT-1, a serpin-type protease inhibitor in silkworm. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99013. [PMID: 24901510 PMCID: PMC4047069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Although SW-AT-1, a serpin-type trypsin inhibitor from silkworm (Bombyx mori), was identified in previous study, its structure-function relationship has not been studied. In this study, SW-AT-1 was cloned from the body wall of silkworm and expressed in E. coli. rSW-AT-1 inhibited both trypsin and chymotrypsin in a concentration-dependent manner. The association rate constant for rSW-AT-1 and trypsin is 1.31×10-5 M-1s-1, for rSW-AT-1 and chymotrpsin is 2.85×10-6 M-1s-1. Circular dichroism (CD) assay showed 33% α-helices, 16% β-sheets, 17% turns, and 31% random coils in the secondary structure of the protein. Enzymatic and CD analysis indicated that rSW-AT-1 was stable at wide pH range between 4-10, and exhibited the highest activity at weakly acidic or alkaline condition. The predicted three-dimensional structure of SW-AT-1 by PyMOL (v1.4) revealed a deductive reactive centre loop (RCL) near the C-terminus, which was extended from the body of the molecule. In addition to trypsin cleavage site in RCL, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry indicated that the chymotrypsin cleavage site of SW-AT-1 was between F336 and T337 in RCL. Directed mutagenesis indicated that both the N- and C-terminal sides of RCL have effects on the activity, and G327 and E329 played an important role in the proper folding of RCL. The physiological role of SW-AT-1 in the defense responses of silkworm were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yue Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail:
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141
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Kumar A, Bhandari A, Sarde SJ, Goswami C. Genetic variants and evolutionary analyses of heparin cofactor II. Immunobiology 2014; 219:713-28. [PMID: 24950623 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Heparin cofactor II (HCII) belongs to serpin superfamily and it acts as a thrombin inhibitor in the coagulation cascade, in a glycosaminoglycan-dependent pathway using the release of a sequestered hirudin-like N-terminal tail for interaction with thrombin. This serpin belongs to multiple member group V2 of vertebrate serpin classification. However, there is no comprehensive study illustrating the exact phylogenetic history of HCII, to date. Herein, we explored phylogenetic traits of HCII genes. Structures of HCII gene from selected ray-finned fishes and lamprey varied in exon I and II with insertions of novel introns of which one in core domain for ray-finned fishes in exon II at the position 241c. We found HCII remain nested in the largest intron of phosphatidylinositol (PI) 4-kinase (PIK4CA) gene (genetic variants of this gene cause schizophrenia) at the origin of vertebrates, dated about 500MY old. We found that sequence features such as two acidic repeats (AR1-II), GAG-binding helix-D, three serpin motifs and inhibitory reactive center loop (RCL) of HCII protein are highly conserved in 55 vertebrates analyzed. We identified 985 HCII variants by analysis of 1092 human genomes with top three variation classes belongs to SNPs (84.3%), insertion (7.1%) and deletion (5.0%). We identified 37 deleterious mutations in the human HCII protein and we have described these mutations in relation to HCII sequence-structure-function relationships. These understandings may have clinical and medical importance as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kumar
- Department of Genetics & Molecular Biology in Botany, Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University at Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Anita Bhandari
- Molecular Physiology, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University at Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sandeep J Sarde
- Department of Genetics & Molecular Biology in Botany, Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University at Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Master Program Agrigenomics, Christian-Albrechts-University at Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Chandan Goswami
- National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India
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Tirloni L, Reck J, Terra RMS, Martins JR, Mulenga A, Sherman NE, Fox JW, Yates JR, Termignoni C, Pinto AFM, da Silva Vaz I. Proteomic analysis of cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus saliva: a comparison between partially and fully engorged females. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94831. [PMID: 24762651 PMCID: PMC3998978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is one of the most harmful parasites affecting bovines. Similarly to other hematophagous ectoparasites, R. microplus saliva contains a collection of bioactive compounds that inhibit host defenses against tick feeding activity. Thus, the study of tick salivary components offers opportunities for the development of immunological based tick control methods and medicinal applications. So far, only a few proteins have been identified in cattle tick saliva. The aim of this work was to identify proteins present in R. microplus female tick saliva at different feeding stages. Proteomic analysis of R. microplus saliva allowed identifying peptides corresponding to 187 and 68 tick and bovine proteins, respectively. Our data confirm that (i) R. microplus saliva is complex, and (ii) that there are remarkable differences in saliva composition between partially engorged and fully engorged female ticks. R. microplus saliva is rich mainly in (i) hemelipoproteins and other transporter proteins, (ii) secreted cross-tick species conserved proteins, (iii) lipocalins, (iv) peptidase inhibitors, (v) antimicrobial peptides, (vii) glycine-rich proteins, (viii) housekeeping proteins and (ix) host proteins. This investigation represents the first proteomic study about R. microplus saliva, and reports the most comprehensive Ixodidae tick saliva proteome published to date. Our results improve the understanding of tick salivary modulators of host defense to tick feeding, and provide novel information on the tick-host relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Tirloni
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - José Reck
- Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor, Fundação Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Renata Maria Soares Terra
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- CAPES, Ministério da Educação do Brasil, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - João Ricardo Martins
- Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor, Fundação Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Albert Mulenga
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nicholas E. Sherman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jay W. Fox
- Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - John R. Yates
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Carlos Termignoni
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Antônio F. M. Pinto
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- CAPES, Ministério da Educação do Brasil, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - Itabajara da Silva Vaz
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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143
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Jorge I, Burillo E, Mesa R, Baila-Rueda L, Moreno M, Trevisan-Herraz M, Silla-Castro JC, Camafeita E, Ortega-Muñoz M, Bonzon-Kulichenko E, Calvo I, Cenarro A, Civeira F, Vázquez J. The human HDL proteome displays high inter-individual variability and is altered dynamically in response to angioplasty-induced atheroma plaque rupture. J Proteomics 2014; 106:61-73. [PMID: 24747125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent findings support potential roles for HDL in cardiovascular pathophysiology not related to lipid metabolism. We address whether HDL proteome is dynamically altered in atheroma plaque rupture. We used immunoaffinity purification of HDL samples from coronary artery disease patients before and after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), a model of atheroma plaque disruption. Samples were analyzed by quantitative proteomics using stable isotope labeling and results were subjected to statistical analysis of protein variance using a novel algorithm. We observed high protein variability in HDL composition between individuals, indicating that HDL protein composition is highly patient-specific. However, intra-individual protein variances remained at low levels, confirming the reproducibility of the method used for HDL isolation and protein quantification. A systems biology analysis of HDL protein alterations induced by PTCA revealed an increase in two protein clusters that included several apolipoproteins, fibrinogen-like protein 1 and other intracellular proteins, and a decrease in antithrombin-III, annexin A1 and several immunoglobulins. Our results support the concept of HDL as dynamic platforms that donate and receive a variety of molecules and provide an improved methodology to use HDL proteome for the systematic analysis of differences among individuals and the search for cardiovascular biomarkers. Biological significance The HDL proteome is an interesting model of clinical relevance and has been previously described to be dynamically altered in response to pathophysiological conditions and cardiovascular diseases. Our study suggests that interindividual variability of HDL proteome is higher than previously thought and provided the detection of a set of proteins that changed their abundance in response to plaque rupture, supporting the concept of HDL as dynamic platforms that donate and receive a variety of molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Jorge
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Burillo
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, I+CS, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Raquel Mesa
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucía Baila-Rueda
- Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, I+CS, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Margoth Moreno
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marco Trevisan-Herraz
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Silla-Castro
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilio Camafeita
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Elena Bonzon-Kulichenko
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Calvo
- Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Servicio de Cardiología, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana Cenarro
- Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, I+CS, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Fernando Civeira
- Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, I+CS, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jesús Vázquez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain.
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Abstract
Numerous proteins, including cytokines and chemokines, enzymes and enzyme inhibitors, extracellular matrix proteins, and membrane receptors, bind heparin. Although they are traditionally classified as heparin-binding proteins, under normal physiological conditions these proteins actually interact with the heparan sulfate chains of one or more membrane or extracellular proteoglycans. Thus, they are more appropriately classified as heparan sulfate-binding proteins (HSBPs). This review provides an overview of the various modes of interaction between heparan sulfate and HSBPs, emphasizing biochemical and structural insights that improve our understanding of the many biological functions of heparan sulfate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Xu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; ,
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145
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Ibelli AMG, Kim TK, Hill CC, Lewis LA, Bakshi M, Miller S, Porter L, Mulenga A. A blood meal-induced Ixodes scapularis tick saliva serpin inhibits trypsin and thrombin, and interferes with platelet aggregation and blood clotting. Int J Parasitol 2014; 44:369-79. [PMID: 24583183 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 12/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Ixodes scapularis is a medically important tick species that transmits causative agents of important human tick-borne diseases including borreliosis, anaplasmosis and babesiosis. An understanding of how this tick feeds is needed prior to the development of novel methods to protect the human population against tick-borne disease infections. This study characterizes a blood meal-induced I. scapularis (Ixsc) tick saliva serine protease inhibitor (serpin (S)), in-house referred to as IxscS-1E1. The hypothesis that ticks use serpins to evade the host's defense response to tick feeding is based on the assumption that tick serpins inhibit functions of protease mediators of the host's anti-tick defense response. Thus, it is significant that consistent with hallmark characteristics of inhibitory serpins, Pichia pastoris-expressed recombinant IxscS-1E1 (rIxscS-1E1) can trap thrombin and trypsin in SDS- and heat-stable complexes, and reduce the activity of the two proteases in a dose-responsive manner. Additionally, rIxscS-1E1 also inhibited, but did not apparently form detectable complexes with, cathepsin G and factor Xa. Our data also show that rIxscS-1E1 may not inhibit chymotrypsin, kallikrein, chymase, plasmin, elastase and papain even at a much higher rIxscS-1E1 concentration. Native IxscS-1E1 potentially plays a role(s) in facilitating I. scapularis tick evasion of the host's hemostatic defense as revealed by the ability of rIxscS-1E1 to inhibit adenosine diphosphate- and thrombin-activated platelet aggregation, and delay activated partial prothrombin time and thrombin time plasma clotting in a dose-responsive manner. We conclude that native IxscS-1E1 is part of the tick saliva protein complex that mediates its anti-hemostatic, and potentially inflammatory, functions by inhibiting the actions of thrombin, trypsin and other yet unknown trypsin-like proteases at the tick-host interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana M G Ibelli
- Texas A & M University AgriLife Research, Department of Entomology, 2475 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Federal University of São Carlos, Graduate Program in Genetics and Evolution, Brazil
| | - Tae K Kim
- Texas A & M University AgriLife Research, Department of Entomology, 2475 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Creston C Hill
- Texas A & M University AgriLife Research, Department of Entomology, 2475 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Lauren A Lewis
- Texas A & M University AgriLife Research, Department of Entomology, 2475 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Mariam Bakshi
- Texas A & M University AgriLife Research, Department of Entomology, 2475 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Stephanie Miller
- Texas A & M University AgriLife Research, Department of Entomology, 2475 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA; College Station High School, Science Department-Biology, 4002 Victoria Ave, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Lindsay Porter
- Texas A & M University AgriLife Research, Department of Entomology, 2475 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Albert Mulenga
- Texas A & M University AgriLife Research, Department of Entomology, 2475 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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146
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Huntington JA. Natural inhibitors of thrombin. Thromb Haemost 2014; 111:583-9. [PMID: 24477356 DOI: 10.1160/th13-10-0811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The serine protease thrombin is the effector enzyme of blood coagulation. It has many activities critical for the formation of stable clots, including cleavage of fibrinogen to fibrin, activation of platelets and conversion of procofactors to active cofactors. Thrombin carries-out its multiple functions by utilising three special features: a deep active site cleft and two anion binding exosites (exosite I and II). Similarly, thrombin inhibitors have evolved to exploit the unique features of thrombin to achieve rapid and specific inactivation of thrombin. Exogenous thrombin inhibitors come from several different protein families and are generally found in the saliva of haematophagous animals (blood suckers) as part of an anticoagulant cocktail that allows them to feed. Crystal structures of several of these inhibitors reveal how peptides and proteins can be targeted to thrombin in different and interesting ways. Thrombin activity must also be regulated by endogenous inhibitors so that thrombi do not occlude blood flow and cause thrombosis. A single protein family, the serpins, provides all four of the endogenous thrombin inhibitors found in man. The crystal structures of these serpins bound to thrombin have been solved, revealing a similar exosite-dependence on complex formation. In addition to forming the recognition complex, serpins destroy the structure of thrombin, allowing them to be released from cofactors and substrates for clearance. This review examines how the special features of thrombin have been exploited by evolution to achieve inhibition of the ultimate coagulation protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Huntington
- James A. Huntington, Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK, Tel.: +44 1223 763230, Fax: +44 1223 336827, E-mail:
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147
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Gasanov SE, Dagda RK, Rael ED. Snake Venom Cytotoxins, Phospholipase A 2s, and Zn 2+-dependent Metalloproteinases: Mechanisms of Action and Pharmacological Relevance. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY 2014; 4:1000181. [PMID: 24949227 PMCID: PMC4060629 DOI: 10.4172/2161-0495.1000181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Snake venom toxins are responsible for causing severe pathology and toxicity following envenomation including necrosis, apoptosis, neurotoxicity, myotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, profuse hemorrhage, and disruption of blood homeostasis. Clinically, snake venom toxins therefore represent a significant hazard to snakebite victims which underscores the need to produce more efficient anti-venom. Some snake venom toxins, however, have great potential as drugs for treating human diseases. In this review, we discuss the biochemistry, structure/function, and pathology induced by snake venom toxins on human tissue. We provide a broad overview of cobra venom cytotoxins, catalytically active and inactive phospholipase A2s (PLA2s), and Zn2+-dependent metalloproteinases. We also propose biomedical applications whereby snake venom toxins can be employed for treating human diseases. Cobra venom cytotoxins, for example, may be utilized as anti-cancer agents since they are efficient at destroying certain types of cancer cells including leukemia. Additionally, increasing our understanding of the molecular mechanism(s) by which snake venom PLA2s promote hydrolysis of cell membrane phospholipids can give insight into the underlying biomedical implications for treating autoimmune disorders that are caused by dysregulated endogenous PLA2 activity. Lastly, we provide an exhaustive overview of snake venom Zn2+-dependent metalloproteinases and suggest ways by which these enzymes can be engineered for treating deep vein thrombosis and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sardar E Gasanov
- Applied Mathematics and Informatics Department, Moscow State University Branch, 22 A. Timur Avenue, Tashkent 100060, Uzbekistan
- Science Department, Tashkent Ulugbek International School, 5-A J. Shoshiy Street, Tashkent 100100, Uzbekistan
| | - Ruben K Dagda
- Pharmacology Department, University of Nevada School of Medicine, 1664 North Virginia St., Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Eppie D Rael
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
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148
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Tirloni L, Seixas A, Mulenga A, Vaz IDS, Termignoni C. A family of serine protease inhibitors (serpins) in the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Exp Parasitol 2013; 137:25-34. [PMID: 24333790 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Proteins belonging to the serine protease inhibitor (serpin) superfamily play essential roles in many organisms. In arthropods these proteins are involved in innate immune system, morphogenesis and development. In mammals serpins regulate pathways that are essential to life such as blood coagulation, fibrinolysis, inflammation and complement activation, some of which are considered the host's first line of defense to hematophagous and/or blood dueling parasites. Thus, it is hypothesized that ticks use serpins to evade host defense, facilitating parasitism. This study describes eighteen full-length cDNA sequences encoding serpins identified in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, here named RmS 1-18 (R. microplus serpin). Spatial and temporal transcriptional profiling demonstrated that R. microplus serpins are transcribed during feeding, suggesting their participation in tick physiology regulation. We speculate that the majority of R. microplus serpins are conserved in other ticks, as indicated by phylogeny analysis. Over half of the 18 RmSs are putatively functional in the extracellular environment, as indicated by putative signal peptides on 11 of 18 serpins. Comparative modeling and structural-based alignment revealed that R. microplus serpins in this study retain the consensus secondary of typical serpins. This descriptive study enlarges the knowledge on the molecular biology of R. microplus, an important tick species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Tirloni
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves 9500, Prédio 43421, Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS, Brazil
| | - Adriana Seixas
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves 9500, Prédio 43421, Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Rua Sarmento Leite 245, Porto Alegre 90050-170, RS, Brazil
| | - Albert Mulenga
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, Minnie Heep Center, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Itabajara da Silva Vaz
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves 9500, Prédio 43421, Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS, Brazil; Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves 9090, Porto Alegre 91540-000, RS, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Termignoni
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves 9500, Prédio 43421, Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600, Porto Alegre 90035-000, RS, Brazil
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149
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Roddick LA, Bhakta V, Sheffield WP. Fusion of the C-terminal triskaidecapeptide of hirudin variant 3 to alpha1-proteinase inhibitor M358R increases the serpin-mediated rate of thrombin inhibition. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2013; 14:31. [PMID: 24215622 PMCID: PMC3830444 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2091-14-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alpha-1 proteinase inhibitor (API) is a plasma serpin superfamily member that inhibits neutrophil elastase; variant API M358R inhibits thrombin and activated protein C (APC). Fusing residues 1-75 of another serpin, heparin cofactor II (HCII), to API M358R (in HAPI M358R) was previously shown to accelerate thrombin inhibition over API M358R by conferring thrombin exosite 1 binding properties. We hypothesized that replacing HCII 1-75 region with the 13 C-terminal residues (triskaidecapeptide) of hirudin variant 3 (HV354-66) would further enhance the inhibitory potency of API M358R fusion proteins. We therefore expressed HV3API M358R (HV354-66 fused to API M358R) and HV3API RCL5 (HV354-66 fused to API F352A/L353V/E354V/A355I/I356A/I460L/M358R) API M358R) as N-terminally hexahistidine-tagged polypeptides in E. coli. RESULTS HV3API M358R inhibited thrombin 3.3-fold more rapidly than API M358R; for HV3API RCL5 the rate enhancement was 1.9-fold versus API RCL5; neither protein inhibited thrombin as rapidly as HAPI M358R. While the thrombin/Activated Protein C rate constant ratio was 77-fold higher for HV3API RCL5 than for HV3API M358R, most of the increased specificity derived from the API F352A/L353V/E354V/A355I/I356A/I460L API RCL 5 mutations, since API RCL5 remained 3-fold more specific than HV3API RCL5. An HV3 54-66 peptide doubled the Thrombin Clotting Time (TCT) and halved the binding of thrombin to immobilized HCII 1-75 at lower concentrations than free HCII 1-75. HV3API RCL5 bound active site-inhibited FPR-chloromethyl ketone-thrombin more effectively than HAPI RCL5. Transferring the position of the fused HV3 triskaidecapeptide to the C-terminus of API M358R decreased the rate of thrombin inhibition relative to that mediated by HV3API M358R by 11-to 14-fold. CONCLUSIONS Fusing the C-terminal triskaidecapeptide of HV3 to API M358R-containing serpins significantly increased their effectiveness as thrombin inhibitors, but the enhancement was less than that seen in HCII 1-75-API M358R fusion proteins. HCII 1-75 was a superior fusion partner, in spite of the greater affinity of the HV3 triskaidecapeptide, manifested both in isolated and API-fused form, for thrombin exosite 1. Our results suggest that HCII 1-75 binds thrombin exosite 1 and orients the attached serpin scaffold for more efficient interaction with the active site of thrombin than the HV3 triskaidecapeptide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - William P Sheffield
- Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4 K1, Canada.
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150
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Pol-Fachin L, Verli H. Structural glycobiology of heparin dynamics on the exosite 2 of coagulation cascade proteases: Implications for glycosaminoglycans antithrombotic activity. Glycobiology 2013; 24:97-105. [PMID: 24201825 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwt095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
fIIa and fXa are two of the main targets of antithrombin, a serine proteases inhibitor that plays a major role in the regulation of blood clotting. The formation of ternary complexes between such molecules and glycosaminoglycans, as heparin, is the main path for inhibiting those enzymes, which may occur through two distinct mechanisms of action. While these serine proteases present distinct susceptibilities to these paths, in which fIIa demands an interaction with heparin, neither the molecular basis of this differential inhibition nor the role of fIIa glycosylation on this process is fully understood. Thus, the present work evaluated through molecular dynamics simulations the effects of glycosylation on fIIa and the consequences of heparin binding to both proteases function and dynamics. Based on the obtained data, fIIa N-linked glycan promoted an increase in the active site pocket size by stabilizing regions that encircle it, while heparin binding was observed to reverse such an effect. Additionally, heparin orientation observed on the surface of fIIa, but not fXa, allows a linear long-chain heparin binding to antithrombin in ternary complexes. Finally, the enzymes catalytic triad organization was disrupted due to a strong glycosaminoglycan binding to the proteases exosite 2. Such data support an atomic-level explanation for the higher inhibition constant of the antithrombin-heparin complex over fIIa than fXa, as well as for the different susceptibilities of those enzymes for antithrombin mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laercio Pol-Fachin
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av Bento Gonçalves 9500, CP 15005, Porto Alegre 91500-970, RS, Brazil
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