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Perez APS, Biancardi MF, Góes RM, dos Santos FA, Taboga SR. Exposure to ethinylestradiol during prenatal development and postnatal supplementation with testosterone causes morphophysiological alterations in the prostate of male and female adult gerbils. Int J Exp Pathol 2011; 92:121-30. [PMID: 21314741 PMCID: PMC3081515 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2010.00756.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Steroids perform significant functions in prostatic development and growth, so that interferences of this equilibrium may predispose the gland to the development of diseases during the life. Embryonic and neonatal exposure to xenoestrogens, many of them with endocrine-disrupting potential, has been related to the induction of disturbances in reproductive system organs. Thus, this study aimed to analyse morphological and immunocytochemical aspects of prostate in both male and female adult gerbils either exposed to ethinylestradiol during the prenatal phase (pregnant females received 10 μg/kg, by gavage) (EE group) or exposed to testosterone (1 mg/kg) during the postnatal period (EE/T group). Serological analysis revealed a rise in estradiol levels in adult males and females of the EE group. A higher incidence of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) was observed in the male and female prostate of the treated groups, besides an increase in collagen and reticular fibres. Immunocytochemistry showed an increase in prostatic epithelial cells immunoreactive to AR and a presence of a smooth muscle layer, evidenced by α actin, in injured regions this way absent in prostatic epithelial buds. These pieces of evidence suggest that the alterations verified in the prostate in adulthood of both sexes may be due to the high oestrogen levels. Either males or females of the EE/T group showed normalized estradiol levels, although prostatic lesions could be observed. While the prostatic gland of male gerbils was more affected than the female prostate, this study showed that the exposure to EE during this critical period of development disrupts the prostate of both sexes in terms of prostatic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Silva Perez
- Graduate Program in Cell and Structural Biology, Institute of Biology, Campinas State UniversityUNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Manoel Francisco Biancardi
- Graduate Program in Cell and Structural Biology, Institute of Biology, Campinas State UniversityUNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Rejane Maira Góes
- Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Biology, UNESP, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, IBILCE, São Paulo State UniversitySão José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Sebastião Roberto Taboga
- Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Biology, UNESP, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, IBILCE, São Paulo State UniversitySão José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
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102
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Winans B, Humble MC, Lawrence BP. Environmental toxicants and the developing immune system: a missing link in the global battle against infectious disease? Reprod Toxicol 2011; 31:327-36. [PMID: 20851760 PMCID: PMC3033466 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2010.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2010] [Revised: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
There is now compelling evidence that developmental exposure to chemicals from our environment contributes to disease later in life, with animal models supporting this concept in reproductive, metabolic, and neurodegenerative diseases. In contrast, data regarding how developmental exposures impact the susceptibility of the immune system to functional alterations later in life are surprisingly scant. Given that the immune system forms an integrated network that detects and destroys invading pathogens and cancer cells, it provides the body's first line of defense. Thus, the consequences of early life exposures that reduce immune function are profound. This review summarizes available data for pollutants such as cigarette smoke and dioxin-like compounds, which consistently support the idea that developmental exposures critically impact the immune system. These findings suggest that exposure to common chemicals from our daily environment represent overlooked contributors to the fact that infectious diseases remain among the top five causes of death worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Winans
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Toxicology Training Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Michael C. Humble
- Cellular, Organs and Systems Pathobiology Branch, Division of Extramural Research and Training, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27560
| | - B. Paige Lawrence
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Toxicology Training Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642
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103
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Wolstenholme JT, Rissman EF, Connelly JJ. The role of Bisphenol A in shaping the brain, epigenome and behavior. Horm Behav 2011; 59:296-305. [PMID: 21029734 PMCID: PMC3725332 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2010.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Revised: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a xenoestrogen that was first synthesized in 1891. Its estrogenic properties were discovered in 1930, and shortly after that chemists identified its usefulness in the production of epoxy resins. Since the 1950s BPA has been used as a synthetic monomer in the manufacturing of polycarbonate plastic, polystyrene resins, and dental sealants. Roughly 6.5 billion pounds of BPA are produced each year and it is the major estrogenic compound that leaches into nearby water and food supplies (vom Saal et al., 2007). BPA has been detected in 95% of human urine samples, which indicates that environmental exposure is widespread (Calafat et al., 2005). Moreover, BPA affects reproductive tissues and the brain. Thus many studies have focused on the effects of BPA during embryonic development. The most recent FDA update (Administration January 2010) points to "some concern about the potential effects of Bisphenol A on the brain, behavior, and prostate gland in fetuses, infants, and young children." In light of this concern, we present an updated review of BPA's action on the brain and behavior. We begin with a discussion of BPA's role as both an endocrine active compound and an agent that alters DNA methylation. Next, we review publications that have reported effects of BPA on brain and behavior. We end with our interpretation of these data and suggestions for future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer T. Wolstenholme
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Emilie F. Rissman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jessica J. Connelly
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Corresponding author. Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Virginia Medical School, 409 Lane Road, PO Box 801394, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA. Fax: +1 434 983 0636. (J.J. Connelly)
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104
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Fiet J, Giton F. Circulating steroid hormones in prostate carcinogenesis. Part 2: Estrogens. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2011; 6:175-83. [DOI: 10.1515/hmbci.2010.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe aim of this review is to describe the associations between circulating plasma estrogens and prostate cancer (PCa). We recall the origins of estrogens, which derive from the aromatization of androgens, but also by sulfatase hydrolysis of estrone sulfate (E1-S), the main circulating plasma estrogen. We evoke that the carcinogenic effects of estrogens were demonstrated in the rat and murine prostate when estrogens and androgens were simultaneously administered to them. We also describe estrogen proliferative activity and the genotoxicity of estrogen-hydroxylated metabolites with the formation of DNA adducts. We report published aromatase and CYP1B1 polymorphisms found in men with PCa. We published a bibliography on the relation between PCa and prostate inflammation, as well as the possible role of obesity in the aggressiveness of PCa. In this review, we provide an exhaustive list of assays carried out in subjects at high risk for PCa compared with Caucasians, showing that higher estrogen levels were found in the plasma of these subjects at high risk for PCa. Plasma estrone was the estrogen for which plasma concentration was highest in subjects of African descent. We recall the links observed between plasma estrogens, particularly E1-S, and PCa aggressiveness. Finally, we describe assays for determining hydroxylated estrogens and DNA adducts in the urine of men with PCa. We insist on the importance of the technology employed in estrogen measurement and propose the use of mass spectrometry methods to carry out estrogen assays, in order to decrease variability in the results of plasma estrogen assays.
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105
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Skinner MK, Manikkam M, Guerrero-Bosagna C. Epigenetic transgenerational actions of endocrine disruptors. Reprod Toxicol 2010; 31:337-43. [PMID: 21055462 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2010.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Revised: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Environmental factors have a significant impact on biology. Therefore, environmental toxicants through similar mechanisms can modulate biological systems to influence physiology and promote disease states. The majority of environmental toxicants do not have the capacity to modulate DNA sequence, but can alter the epigenome. In the event an environmental toxicant such as an endocrine disruptor modifies the epigenome of a somatic cell, this may promote disease in the individual exposed, but not be transmitted to the next generation. In the event a toxicant modifies the epigenome of the germ line permanently, then the disease promoted can become transgenerationaly transmitted to subsequent progeny. The current review focuses on the ability of environmental factors such as endocrine disruptors to promote transgenerational phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Skinner
- Center for Reproductive Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, United States.
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106
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Salian S, Doshi T, Vanage G. Perinatal exposure of rats to Bisphenol A affects fertility of male offspring--an overview. Reprod Toxicol 2010; 31:359-62. [PMID: 20965246 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2010.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine disruptors (ED) induce both functional and behavioral reproductive abnormalities. Bisphenol A (BPA) is a known ED that leaches from polycarbonate plastics, as such human exposure is common. Maternal BPA exposure has been shown to have negative effects on the fertility of male offspring. Pregnant rats exposed perinatally to environmentally relevant doses of BPA gave birth to offspring with significantly impaired spermatogenesis and fertility. Perinatal exposure had deleterious effects on the male germ line which manifested as impairments in the fertility of F(1) male offspring and subsequent F(2) and F(3) generations. This overview is an attempt to summarize the currently available data in the literature with regards to perinatal BPA exposure and male fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita Salian
- National Center for Preclinical Reproductive and Genetic Toxicology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (ICMR), Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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107
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Bernal AJ, Jirtle RL. Epigenomic disruption: the effects of early developmental exposures. BIRTH DEFECTS RESEARCH. PART A, CLINICAL AND MOLECULAR TERATOLOGY 2010; 88:938-44. [PMID: 20568270 PMCID: PMC2945443 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Through DNA methylation, histone modifications, and small regulatory RNAs the epigenome systematically controls gene expression during development, both in utero and throughout life. The epigenome is also a very reactive system; its labile nature allows it to sense and respond to environmental perturbations to ensure survival during fetal growth. This pliability can lead to aberrant epigenetic modifications that persist into later life and induce numerous disease states. Endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) are ubiquitous chemicals that interfere with growth and development. Several EDCs also interfere with epigenetic programming. The investigation of the epigenotoxic effects of bisphenol A (BPA), an EDC used in the production of plastics and resins, has further raised concern over the impact of EDCs on the epigenome. Using the Agouti viable yellow (A(vy)) mouse model, dietary BPA exposure was shown to hypomethylate both the A(vy) and the Cabp(IAP) metastable epialleles. This hypomethylating effect was counteracted with dietary supplementation of methyl donors or genistein. These results are consistent with reports of BPA and other EDCs causing epigenetic effects. Epigenotoxicity could lead to numerous developmental, metabolic, and behavioral disorders in exposed populations. The heritable nature of epigenetic changes also increases the risk for transgenerational inheritance of phenotypes. Thus, epigenotoxicity must be considered when assessing these compounds for safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Autumn J. Bernal
- Department of Radiation Oncology Duke University Medical Center Durham, North Carolina, 27710 USA
| | - Randy L. Jirtle
- Department of Radiation Oncology Duke University Medical Center Durham, North Carolina, 27710 USA
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108
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Scientific Opinion on Bisphenol A: evaluation of a study investigating its neurodevelopmental toxicity, review of recent scientific literature on its toxicity and advice on the Danish risk assessment of Bisphenol A. EFSA J 2010. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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109
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Galliker P, Hommes G, Schlosser D, Corvini PFX, Shahgaldian P. Laccase-modified silica nanoparticles efficiently catalyze the transformation of phenolic compounds. J Colloid Interface Sci 2010; 349:98-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2010.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Revised: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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110
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Abstract
Hormonal imprinting takes place at the first encounter between the developing receptor and the target hormone, perinatally, causing life-long changes in the binding capacity of the receptor and the indexes influenced by it. Perinatal hormonal imprinting is absolutely needed for the maturation of receptor, however, at the same time, molecules similar to the target hormone (related hormones, synthetic drugs acting at receptor level, chemicals, environmental pollutants etc.) can cause faulty imprinting, also with (morphological, biochemical, receptorial, behavioral) consequences for life. Although imprinting is characteristic and inevitable perinatally, it can be provoked in any period of life in developing cells, especially at the weanling and adolescent age (late imprinting). There is no gene mutation during imprinting, however, the methylation pattern of the genes changes and that inherits epigenetically the imprinting, which is manifested in disposition to diseases or in diseases (e.g. tumor formation, metabolic syndrome). Imprinting is inherited between generations that could cause--in the present chemical world--evolutionary consequences. Thus, medicaments or preventive drugs, e.g. pregnancy protecting drugs or oral contraceptive pills should be given cautiously, especially in the critical periods, considering that consequences are manifested always after a long period (sometimes decades) or in the next generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- György Csaba
- Semmelweis Egyetem, Altalános Orvostudományi Kar Genetikai, Sejt- és Immunbiológiai Intézet, Budapest, Pf. 370 1445.
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111
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Hofkamp LE, Bradley S, Geliebter J, Timms BG. Atypical fetal prostate development is associated with ipsilateral hypoplasia of the wolffian ducts in the ACI rat. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2010; 293:747-53. [PMID: 20091891 DOI: 10.1002/ar.21073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
For over a half century, the ACI (August x Copenhagen) rat has been a primary model for studying renal agenesis and ipsilateral hypoplasia (IHP) of the Wolffian-derived structures (WDS). Because the ACI rat is also used as a model for prostate research, it is important to examine the relationship of IHP and urogenital sinus (UGS) development. The prostate is dependent on androgens for proper growth and differentiation. Alteration in androgen production and/or delivery to the UGS has the potential to perturbate normal development. In this study, we investigate whether the ipsilateral loss of the WDS is associated with altered prostate development. Digital images of serial-sectioned fetal ACI rat UGS were used to create three-dimensional (3-D) surface-rendered models of the developing prostate, seminal vesicle, vas deferens, and utricle on gestational day 21. The number and volume of prostate ducts developing from the UGS were calculated from the 3-D model data. Animals exhibiting IHP had a significant decrease in total fetal prostate volume (40%; P < 0.005) with significant regional specific differences when compared with normal male ACI rats. Anatomical and histological differences in the utricle, abnormal histology of the ipsilateral testes, and a truncation of the ipsilateral Wolffian ductal mesenchyme were also seen in the animals with IHP. Additional research is needed to further understand the mechanisms and consequences of IHP on prostate growth and development. Alterations to normal prenatal development of the male accessory sex organs can have important consequences for the growth and morphology of the adult gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke E Hofkamp
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, Lee Medical Building, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota, USA
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112
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La Merrill M, Harper R, Birnbaum LS, Cardiff RD, Threadgill DW. Maternal dioxin exposure combined with a diet high in fat increases mammary cancer incidence in mice. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2010; 118:596-601. [PMID: 20435547 PMCID: PMC2866672 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0901047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND RESULTS from previous studies have suggested that breast cancer risk correlates with total lifetime exposure to estrogens and that early-life 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) exposure or diets high in fat can also increase cancer risk. OBJECTIVES Because both TCDD and diet affect the estrogen pathway, we examined how TCDD and a high-fat diet (HFD) interact to alter breast cancer susceptibility. METHODS We exposed pregnant female FVB/NJ mice (12.5 days postcoitus) to 1 microg/kg TCDD or vehicle; at parturition, the dams were randomly assigned to a low-fat diet (LFD) or a high-fat diet (HFD). Female offspring were maintained on the same diets after weaning and were exposed to 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene on postnatal days (PNDs) 35, 49, and 63 to initiate mammary tumors. A second cohort of females was treated identically until PND35 or PND49, when mammary gland morphology was examined, or PND50, when mammary gland mRNA was analyzed. RESULTS We found that maternal TCDD exposure doubled mammary tumor incidence only in mice fed the HFD. Among HFD-fed mice, maternal TCDD exposure caused rapid mammary development with increased Cyp1b1 (cytochrome P450 1B1) expression and decreased Comt (catechol-O-methyltransferase) expression in mammary tissue. Maternal TCDD exposure also increased mammary tumor Cyp1b1 expression. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that the HFD increases sensitivity to maternal TCDD exposure, resulting in increased breast cancer incidence, by changing metabolism capability. These results provide a mechanism to explain epidemiological data linking early-life TCDD exposure and diets high in fat to increased risk for breast cancer in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele La Merrill
- Curriculum in Toxicology, Department of Genetics, Center for Environmental and Health Susceptibility, Lineberger Cancer Center, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rachel Harper
- Curriculum in Toxicology, Department of Genetics, Center for Environmental and Health Susceptibility, Lineberger Cancer Center, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Linda S. Birnbaum
- Experimental Toxicology Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development/National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Robert D. Cardiff
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California–Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - David W. Threadgill
- Curriculum in Toxicology, Department of Genetics, Center for Environmental and Health Susceptibility, Lineberger Cancer Center, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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113
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Skinner MK, Manikkam M, Guerrero-Bosagna C. Epigenetic transgenerational actions of environmental factors in disease etiology. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2010; 21:214-22. [PMID: 20074974 PMCID: PMC2848884 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2009.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 464] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Revised: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The ability of environmental factors to promote a phenotype or disease state not only in the individual exposed but also in subsequent progeny for successive generations is termed transgenerational inheritance. The majority of environmental factors such as nutrition or toxicants such as endocrine disruptors do not promote genetic mutations or alterations in DNA sequence. However, these factors do have the capacity to alter the epigenome. Epimutations in the germline that become permanently programmed can allow transmission of epigenetic transgenerational phenotypes. This review provides an overview of the epigenetics and biology of how environmental factors can promote transgenerational phenotypes and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Skinner
- Center for Reproductive Biology, School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA.
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114
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Houslay MD. Underpinning compartmentalised cAMP signalling through targeted cAMP breakdown. Trends Biochem Sci 2010; 35:91-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2009.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Revised: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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115
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Mathers JC, Strathdee G, Relton CL. Induction of epigenetic alterations by dietary and other environmental factors. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2010; 71:3-39. [PMID: 20933124 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-380864-6.00001-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dietary and other environmental factors induce epigenetic alterations which may have important consequences for cancer development. This chapter summarizes current knowledge of the impact of dietary, lifestyle, and environmental determinants of cancer risk and proposes that effects of these exposures might be mediated, at least in part, via epigenetic mechanisms. Evidence is presented to support the hypothesis that all recognized epigenetic marks (including DNA methylation, histone modification, and microRNA (miRNA) expression) are influenced by environmental exposures, including diet, tobacco, alcohol, physical activity, stress, environmental carcinogens, genetic factors, and infectious agents which play important roles in the etiology of cancer. Some of these epigenetic modifications change the expression of tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes and, therefore, may be causal for tumorigenesis. Further work is required to understand the mechanisms through which specific environmental factors produce epigenetic changes and to identify those changes which are likely to be causal in the pathogenesis of cancer and those which are secondary, or bystander, effects. Given the plasticity of epigenetic marks in response to cancer-related exposures, such epigenetic marks are attractive candidates for the development of surrogate endpoints which could be used in dietary or lifestyle intervention studies for cancer prevention. Future research should focus on identifying epigenetic marks which are (i) validated as biomarkers for the cancer under study; (ii) readily measured in easily accessible tissues, for example, blood, buccal cells, or stool; and (iii) altered in response to dietary or lifestyle interventions for which there is convincing evidence for a relationship with cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Mathers
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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116
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Bondesson M, Jönsson J, Pongratz I, Olea N, Cravedi JP, Zalko D, Håkansson H, Halldin K, Di Lorenzo D, Behl C, Manthey D, Balaguer P, Demeneix B, Fini JB, Laudet V, Gustafsson JA. A CASCADE of effects of bisphenol A. Reprod Toxicol 2009; 28:563-7. [PMID: 19577634 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2009.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Revised: 05/14/2009] [Accepted: 06/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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117
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McGrath KG. Apocrine sweat gland obstruction by antiperspirants allowing transdermal absorption of cutaneous generated hormones and pheromones as a link to the observed incidence rates of breast and prostate cancer in the 20th century. Med Hypotheses 2009; 72:665-74. [PMID: 19307063 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2009.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2009] [Revised: 01/27/2009] [Accepted: 01/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Breast and prostate cancer share similarities and likely represent homologous cancers in females and males, respectively. The role of hormones such as testosterone and estrogen in carcinogenesis is well established. Despite worldwide research efforts, the pathogenesis of these diseases is largely not well understood. Personal care products containing estrogens or xenoestrogens have raised concern as a breast cancer risk, especially in young African-American women. In the United States (US) there is a parallel rise in the incidence in breast and prostate cancer compared to selected non-hormone dependent tumors. Observed US and global breast and prostate cancer incidence increases were occurring before exogenous hormone replacement and xenoestrogen exposure were commonplace. An unintentional, inadvertent, and long term hormone exposure may occur from transdermal absorption of sex hormones and pheromones (androgens) from axillary apocrine sweat gland obstruction by aluminum-based antiperspirants. The global rise in antiperspirant use parallels rises in breast and prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates. A multi-disciplinary literature based set of evidence is presented on how such a link is possible, to prompt confirmatory investigations in the pursuit of unmet needs in breast and prostate cancer etiology and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris G McGrath
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, 676 North St. Clair Street, Suite 14018, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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118
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Landau-Ossondo M, Rabia N, Jos-Pelage J, Marquet LM, Isidore Y, Saint-Aimé C, Martin M, Irigaray P, Belpomme D. Why pesticides could be a common cause of prostate and breast cancers in the French Caribbean Island, Martinique. An overview on key mechanisms of pesticide-induced cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2009; 63:383-95. [PMID: 19570649 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2009.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate and breast cancers have become very frequent in Martinique. We previously conducted a multifactorial analysis in the French Caribbean Island, Martinique, in order to elucidate the aetiology of prostate cancer. Using a linear regression analysis, we found that the growth curves of incidence rates for Martinique and metropolitan France have been significantly diverging since 1983. Although a Caribbean genetic susceptibility factor may be involved in prostate carcinogenesis: this factor, because it could not have changed during the observation period, cannot per se account for the growing incidence of this cancer in the island. We therefore suggested that among possible environmental factors, the intensive and prolonged exposure to Carcinogenic, Mutagenic and/or Reprotoxic (CMR) or presumed CMR pesticides may account for the observed growing incidence of prostate cancer and thus may be involved in prostate carcinogenesis. In this study, we further attempt to show that due to their carcinogenic properties, pesticides and especially organochlorine pesticides may in fact be causally implicated in the growing incidence of prostate cancer in Martinique. Also, we suggest that CMR or presumed CMR pesticides may be causally involved in the growing incidence of breast cancer through a common endocrine disruption mechanism. We therefore propose that protective medical recommendations should be immediately set up and carried out by general practitioners, paediatricians, obstetricians, gynaecologists and urologists; and that public health measures of primary precaution and prevention should be urgently taken in close collaboration with health professionals in order to protect population, more especially pregnant women and children, with the final objective perhaps that these medical recommendations and public health measures will stop Martinique's cancer epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Landau-Ossondo
- Anatomopathology Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Fort de France, French West Indies, Fort de France, Martinique
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119
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Estrogen signaling is not required for prostatic bud patterning or for its disruption by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009; 239:80-6. [PMID: 19523480 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2009] [Revised: 05/30/2009] [Accepted: 06/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Estrogens play an important role in prostatic development, health, and disease. While estrogen signaling is essential for normal postnatal prostate development, little is known about its prenatal role in control animals. We tested the hypothesis that estrogen signaling is needed for normal male prostatic bud patterning. Budding patterns were examined by scanning electron microscopy of urogenital sinus epithelium from wild-type mice, mice lacking estrogen receptor (ER)alpha, ERbeta, or both, and wild-type mice exposed to the antiestrogen ICI 182,780. Budding phenotypes did not detectably differ among any of these groups, strongly suggesting that estrogen signaling is not needed to establish the prototypical prostatic budding pattern seen in control males. This finding contributes to our understanding of the effects of low-level estrogen exposure on early prostate development. In utero exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) can greatly alter the pattern in which prostatic buds form and reduce their number. For several reasons, including a prior observation that inhibitory effects of TCDD on prostatic budding in rats depend heavily on the sex of adjacent fetuses, we tested the hypothesis that estrogen signaling is needed for TCDD to disrupt prostatic budding. However, budding did not detectably differ among wild-type mice, or mice lacking ERalpha, ERbeta, or both, that were exposed prenatally to TCDD (5 microg/kg on embryonic day 13.5). Nor did ICI 182,780 detectably affect the response to TCDD. These results strongly suggest that estrogen signaling is not needed for TCDD to inhibit prostatic epithelial budding.
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120
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Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Bourguignon JP, Giudice LC, Hauser R, Prins GS, Soto AM, Zoeller RT, Gore AC. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: an Endocrine Society scientific statement. Endocr Rev 2009; 30:293-342. [PMID: 19502515 PMCID: PMC2726844 DOI: 10.1210/er.2009-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2744] [Impact Index Per Article: 182.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There is growing interest in the possible health threat posed by endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), which are substances in our environment, food, and consumer products that interfere with hormone biosynthesis, metabolism, or action resulting in a deviation from normal homeostatic control or reproduction. In this first Scientific Statement of The Endocrine Society, we present the evidence that endocrine disruptors have effects on male and female reproduction, breast development and cancer, prostate cancer, neuroendocrinology, thyroid, metabolism and obesity, and cardiovascular endocrinology. Results from animal models, human clinical observations, and epidemiological studies converge to implicate EDCs as a significant concern to public health. The mechanisms of EDCs involve divergent pathways including (but not limited to) estrogenic, antiandrogenic, thyroid, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, retinoid, and actions through other nuclear receptors; steroidogenic enzymes; neurotransmitter receptors and systems; and many other pathways that are highly conserved in wildlife and humans, and which can be modeled in laboratory in vitro and in vivo models. Furthermore, EDCs represent a broad class of molecules such as organochlorinated pesticides and industrial chemicals, plastics and plasticizers, fuels, and many other chemicals that are present in the environment or are in widespread use. We make a number of recommendations to increase understanding of effects of EDCs, including enhancing increased basic and clinical research, invoking the precautionary principle, and advocating involvement of individual and scientific society stakeholders in communicating and implementing changes in public policy and awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evanthia Diamanti-Kandarakis
- Endocrine Section of First Department of Medicine, Laiko Hospital, Medical School University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
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121
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Hunt PA, Susiarjo M, Rubio C, Hassold TJ. The bisphenol A experience: a primer for the analysis of environmental effects on mammalian reproduction. Biol Reprod 2009; 81:807-13. [PMID: 19458313 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.109.077008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It is increasingly evident that environmental factors are a veritable Pandora's box from which new concerns and complications continue to emerge. Although previously considered the domain of toxicologists, it is now clear that an understanding of the effects of the environment on reproduction requires a far broader range of expertise and that, at least for endocrine-disrupting chemicals, many of the tenets of classical toxicology need to be revisited. Indeed, because of the wide range of reproductive effects induced by these chemicals, interest among reproductive biologists has grown rapidly: in 2000, the program for the annual Society for the Study of Reproduction meeting included a single minisymposium on the fetal origins of adult disease, one platform session on endocrine disruption, and 23 toxicology poster presentations. In contrast, environmental factors featured prominently at the 2009 meeting, with strong representation in the plenary, minisymposia, platform, and poster sessions. Clearly, a lot has happened in a decade, and environmental issues have become an increasingly important research focus for reproductive biologists. In this review, we summarize some of the inherent difficulties in assessing environmental effects on reproductive performance, focusing on the endocrine disruptor bisphenol A (BPA) to illustrate important emerging concerns. In addition, because the BPA experience serves as a prototype for scientific activism, public education, and advocacy, these issues are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Hunt
- School of Molecular Biosciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4660, USA.
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122
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Hess-Wilson JK. Bisphenol A may reduce the efficacy of androgen deprivation therapy in prostate cancer. Cancer Causes Control 2009; 20:1029-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s10552-009-9337-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2008] [Accepted: 04/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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123
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Castro DJ, Löhr CV, Fischer KA, Pereira CB, Williams DE. Lymphoma and lung cancer in offspring born to pregnant mice dosed with dibenzo[a,l]pyrene: the importance of in utero vs. lactational exposure. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2008; 233:454-8. [PMID: 18848954 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2008.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Revised: 08/29/2008] [Accepted: 09/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The fetus and neonate cannot be viewed as "little adults"; they are highly sensitive to toxicity from environmental chemicals. This phenomenon contributes to the fetal basis of adult disease. One example is transplacental carcinogenesis. Animal models demonstrate that environmental chemicals, to which pregnant women are daily exposed, can increase susceptibility of the offspring to cancer. It is uncertain to what degree in utero vs. lactational exposure contributes to cancer, especially for hydrophobic chemicals such as polyhalogenated biphenyls, ethers, dioxins, furans, etc., which can partition into breast milk. We developed a pregnant mouse model in which exposure to the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), dibenzo[a,l]pyrene (DBP), during late gestation, produces an aggressive T-cell lymphoma in offspring between 3 and 6 months of age. Survivors exhibit multiple lung and liver (males) tumors. Here, we adopt a cross-foster design with litters born to dams treated with DBP exchanged with those born to dams treated with vehicle. Exposure to DBP in utero (about 2 days) produced significantly greater mortality than residual DBP exposure only through breast milk (3 weeks of lactation). As previously observed pups in all groups with an ahr(b-1/d) ("responsive") genotype were more susceptible to lymphoma mortality than ahr(d/d) ("non-responsive") siblings. At termination of the study at 10 months, mice exposed in utero also had greater lung tumor multiplicity than mice exposed only during lactation. Our results demonstrate that short exposure to DBP during late gestation presents a greater risk to offspring than exposure to this very hydrophobic PAH following 3 weeks of nursing.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Castro
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-7301, USA
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124
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Abstract
There is increasing evidence both from epidemiology studies and animal models that specific endocrine-disrupting compounds may influence the development or progression of prostate cancer. In large part, these effects appear to be linked to interference with estrogen signaling, either through interacting with ERs or by influencing steroid metabolism and altering estrogen levels within the body. In humans, epidemiologic evidence links specific pesticides, PCBs and inorganic arsenic exposures to elevated prostate cancer risk. Studies in animal models also show augmentation of prostate carcinogenesis with several other environmental estrogenic compounds including cadmium, UV filters and BPA. Importantly, there appears to be heightened sensitivity of the prostate to these endocrine disruptors during the critical developmental windows including in utero and neonatal time points as well as during puberty. Thus infants and children may be considered a highly susceptible population for ED exposures and increased risk of prostate cancers with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail S Prins
- Department of Urology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
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125
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Multigner L, Ndong JR, Oliva A, Blanchet P. [Environmental pollutants and prostate cancer: epidemiological data]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 36:848-56. [PMID: 18693059 DOI: 10.1016/j.gyobfe.2008.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2008] [Accepted: 07/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most frequent cancer affecting men in most Western countries. Certain risk factors have been identified (age, family history, ethnic origin), but the aetiology of this cancer remains largely unknown. However, a role for environmental factors is strongly suspected. Questions have been raised concerning the role of the chemical substances generated by human activities in the occurrence of this disease. Diverse studies have consistently demonstrated a higher risk of prostate cancer in agricultural populations than in the general population. The hypothesis that this higher risk is linked to the use of pesticides has been tested in a number of studies, mostly in North America and Europe. However, to date, with a few possible exceptions, it has been impossible to demonstrate a significant association between exposure to pesticides or a chemical family of pesticides and prostate cancer. Studies have also been carried out on the role of exposure to trace metals, such as cadmium, or to pollutants from industry, such as polychlorobiphenyls. However, no firm conclusions have been drawn. Finally, the effect of chemical substances with endocrine disruptor activity on the occurrence of prostate cancer remains largely unexplored in epidemiological studies. In the face of these uncertainties, rigorous studies are required, with objective measurements of exposure, taking into account confounding factors and individual risk factors, making it possible to assess gene-environment interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Multigner
- Inserm U625, université Rennes-1, avenue Général-Leclerc, 35042 Rennes cedex, France.
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126
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Abstract
The regional anatomy of the human prostate has been debated periodically over the last century with various levels of controversy and agreement, beginning with the concept of lobes and replaced by the current model of zones. During this period a variety of classifications have been proposed, based upon the studies of glandular morphogenesis, responses to hormones or histopathology. The current paradigm suggests that the regional differences seen in the prostate of both animal models and the human are a consequence of specific epithelial-mesenchymal interactions along the cranial-caudal axis of the urogenital sinus. The distinctive regional patterns seen in the rodent prostate and the histological heterogeneity of the human adult gland all point to the modification of the distal portion of the ducts, while the proximal segments retain their spatial relationship to the urethra that was formed during fetal development. This suggests that the early epithelial budding that occurs in utero represents a common, fairly symmetrical pattern of growth in many species, while the regional differences in branching morphogenesis and cytodifferentiation are controlled by the instructional influences of mesenchyme and temporal expression of growth factors. Perturbation of the normal processes involved during critical periods of fetal development during reproductive organ development may also play a role in the susceptibility of the prostate to disease in adulthood. Past descriptions of detailed anatomical studies, which span over a century, have provided much insight into the architecture and processes that form a complex tubulo-alveolar gland. New insights into the ductal detail and the advent of sophisticated analyses of cell-cell interactions and molecular mechanisms controlling pathways of cellular growth, differentiation, and apoptosis will likely lead to new approaches for prevention and therapy of prostatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry G Timms
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, 414 E. Clark St., Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
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