101
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Losey DJ, Ott EJE, Freedman MA. Effects of High Acidity on Phase Transitions of an Organic Aerosol. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:3819-3828. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Delanie J. Losey
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Emily-Jean E. Ott
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Miriam Arak Freedman
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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102
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Nakayama T, Sato K, Imamura T, Matsumi Y. Effect of Oxidation Process on Complex Refractive Index of Secondary Organic Aerosol Generated from Isoprene. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:2566-2574. [PMID: 29385329 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxidation of isoprene by hydroxyl radical (OH), ozone (O3), or nitrate radical (NO3) leads to the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in the atmosphere. This SOA contributes to the radiation balance by scattering and absorbing solar radiation. In this study, the effect of oxidation processes on the wavelength-dependent complex refractive index (RI) of SOA generated from isoprene was examined. Oxidation conditions did not have a large effect on magnitude and wavelength dependence of the real part of the RI. In the case of SOA generated in the presence of sulfur dioxide (SO2), significant light absorption at short visible and ultraviolet wavelengths with the imaginary part of the RI, up to 0.011 at 375 nm, was observed during oxidation with OH. However, smaller and negligible values were observed during oxidation with O3 and NO3, respectively. Moreover, in the absence of SO2, light absorption was not observed regardless of the oxidation process. There was an empirical correlation between the imaginary part of the RI and the average degree of unsaturation of organic molecules. The results obtained herein demonstrate that oxidation processes should be considered for estimating the radiative effect of isoprene-derived SOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Nakayama
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research , Nagoya University , Furo-cho , Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601 , Japan
| | - Kei Sato
- National Institute for Environmental Studies , 16-2, Onogawa , Tsukuba 305-8506 , Japan
| | - Takashi Imamura
- National Institute for Environmental Studies , 16-2, Onogawa , Tsukuba 305-8506 , Japan
| | - Yutaka Matsumi
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research , Nagoya University , Furo-cho , Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601 , Japan
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103
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Yang B, Ma P, Shu J, Zhang P, Huang J, Zhang H. Formation mechanism of secondary organic aerosol from ozonolysis of gasoline vehicle exhaust. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 234:960-968. [PMID: 29665636 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Gasoline vehicles are a major source of anthropogenic secondary organic aerosols (SOAs). However, current models based on known precursors fail to explain the substantial SOAs from vehicle emissions due to the inadequate understanding of the formation mechanism. To provide more information on this issue, the formation of SOAs from ozonolysis of four light-duty gasoline vehicle exhaust systems was investigated with a vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometer (VUV-PIMS). Remarkable SOAs formation was observed and the SOAs were primarily aliphatic alkenes. PI mass spectra of the SOAs from all vehicles exhibited similar spectral patterns (a regular mass group with m/z at 98, 112, 126 …). Interestingly, most carbonyl products of aliphatic alkenes observed as major gaseous products have specific molecular weights, and the main formation pathway of SOAs can be explained well using aldol condensation reactions of these carbonyls. This is a direct observation of the aldol condensation as a dominated pathway for SOAs formation, and the first report on the composition and formation mechanism of the SOAs from the ozonolysis of gasoline vehicle exhaust is given. The study reveals that low molecular weight alkenes may play a more significant role in vehicle-induced SOAs formation than previously believed. More importantly, the PI mass spectra of SOAs from vehicles show similarities to the field aerosol sample mass spectra, suggesting the possible significance of the aldol condensation reactions in ambient aerosol formation. Since carbonyls are a major degradation product of biogenic and anthropogenic VOCs through atmospheric oxidation processes, the mechanism proposed in this study can be applied more generally to explain aerosol formation from the oxidation of atmospheric hydrocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Pengkun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinian Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingyun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haixu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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104
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High levels of ammonia do not raise fine particle pH sufficiently to yield nitrogen oxide-dominated sulfate production. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12109. [PMID: 28935864 PMCID: PMC5608889 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11704-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
High levels of ammonia (NH3) have been suggested to elevate ambient particle pH levels to near neutral acidity (pH = 7), a condition that promotes rapid SO2 oxidation by NO2 to form aerosol sulfate concentration consistent with "London fog" levels. This postulation is tested using aerosol data from representative sites around the world to conduct a thorough thermodynamic analysis of aerosol pH and its sensitivity to NH3 levels. We find that particle pH, regardless of ammonia levels, is always acidic even for the unusually high NH3 levels found in Beijing (pH = 4.5) and Xi'an (pH = 5), locations where sulfate production from NO x is proposed. Therefore, major sulfate oxidation through a NO2-mediated pathway is not likely in China, or any other region of the world (e.g., US, Mediterranean) where the aerosol is consistently more acidic. The limited alkalinity from the carbonate buffer in dust and seasalt can provide the only likely set of conditions where NO2-mediated oxidation of SO2 outcompetes with other well-established pathways. The mildly acidic levels associated with excessive amounts of ammonia can promote high rates of SO2 oxidation through transition metal chemistry, this may be an alternative important aerosol chemical contributor to the extreme pollution events.
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105
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Niu H, Li K, Chu B, Su W, Li J. Heterogeneous Reactions between Toluene and NO 2 on Mineral Particles under Simulated Atmospheric Conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:9596-9604. [PMID: 28728409 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous reactions between organic and inorganic gases with aerosols are important for the study of smog occurrence and development. In this study, heterogeneous reactions between toluene and NO2 with three atmospheric mineral particles in the presence or absence of UV light were investigated. The three mineral particles were SiO2, α-Fe2O3, and BS (butlerite and szmolnokite). In a dark environment, benzaldehyde was produced on α-Fe2O3. For BS, nitrotoluene and benzaldehyde were obtained. No aromatic products were produced in the absence of NO2 in the system. In the presence of UV irradiation, benzaldehyde was detected on the SiO2 surface. Identical products were produced in the presence and absence of UV light over α-Fe2O3 and BS. UV light promoted nitrite to nitrate on mineral particles surface. On the basisi of the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results, a portion of BS was reduced from Fe3+ to Fe2+ with the adsorption of toluene or the reaction with toluene and NO2. Sulfate may play a key role in the generation of nitrotoluene on BS particles. From this research, the heterogeneous reactions between organic and inorganic gases with aerosols that occur during smog events will be better understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hejingying Niu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kezhi Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Biwu Chu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
| | - Wenkang Su
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Junhua Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
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106
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Craig RL, Nandy L, Axson JL, Dutcher CS, Ault AP. Spectroscopic Determination of Aerosol pH from Acid–Base Equilibria in Inorganic, Organic, and Mixed Systems. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:5690-5699. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b05261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucy Nandy
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | | | - Cari S. Dutcher
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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107
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Yu Z, Elliott EM. Novel Method for Nitrogen Isotopic Analysis of Soil-Emitted Nitric Oxide. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:6268-6278. [PMID: 28467082 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The global inventory of NOx (NOx = NO + NO2) emissions is poorly constrained, with a large portion of the uncertainty attributed to soil NO emissions that result from soil abiotic and microbial processes. While natural abundance stable N isotopes (δ15N) in various soil N-containing compounds have proven to be a robust tracer of soil N cycling, soil δ15N-NO is rarely quantified due to the measurement difficulties. Here, we present a new method that collects soil-emitted NO through NO conversion to NO2 in excess ozone (O3) and subsequent NO2 collection in a 20% triethanolamine (TEA) solution as nitrite and nitrate for δ15N analysis using the denitrifier method. The precision and accuracy of the method were quantified through repeated collection of an analytical NO tank and intercalibration with a modified EPA NOx collection method. The results show that the efficiency of NO conversion to NO2 and subsequent NO2 collection in the TEA solution is >98% under a variety of controlled conditions. The method precision (1σ) and accuracy across the entire analytical procedure are ±1.1‰. We report the first analyses of soil δ15N-NO (-59.8‰ to -23.4‰) from wetting-induced NO pulses at both laboratory and field scales that have important implications for understanding soil NO dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjie Yu
- Department of Geology and Environmental Science, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Emily M Elliott
- Department of Geology and Environmental Science, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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108
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Wang Y, Hu M, Lin P, Guo Q, Wu Z, Li M, Zeng L, Song Y, Zeng L, Wu Y, Guo S, Huang X, He L. Molecular Characterization of Nitrogen-Containing Organic Compounds in Humic-like Substances Emitted from Straw Residue Burning. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:5951-5961. [PMID: 28489352 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The molecular composition of humic-like substances (HULIS) in different aerosol samples was analyzed using an ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometer to investigate the influence of biomass burning on ambient aerosol composition. HULIS in background aerosols were characterized with numerous molecular formulas similar to biogenic secondary organic aerosols. The abundance of nitrogen-containing organic compounds (NOC), including nitrogen-containing bases (N-bases) and nitroaromatics, increased dramatically in ambient aerosols affected by crop residue burning in the farm field. The molecular distribution of N-bases in these samples exhibited similar patterns to those observed in smoke particles freshly emitted from lab-controlled burning of straw residues but were significantly different with those observed from wood burning. Signal intensity of the major N-bases correlated well with the atmospheric concentrations of potassium and levoglucosan. These N-bases can serve as molecular markers distinguishing HULIS from crop residue burning with from wood burning. More nitroaromatics were detected in ambient aerosols affected by straw burning than in fresh smoke aerosols, indicating that many of them are formed in secondary oxidation processes as smoke plumes evolve in the atmosphere. This study highlights the significant contribution of crop residue burning to atmospheric NOC. Further study is warranted to evaluate the roles of NOC on climate and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Liwu Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School , Shenzhen 518055, China
| | | | | | - Xiaofeng Huang
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School , Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lingyan He
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School , Shenzhen 518055, China
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109
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110
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Shang J, Xu WW, Ye CX, George C, Zhu T. Synergistic effect of nitrate-doped TiO 2 aerosols on the fast photochemical oxidation of formaldehyde. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1161. [PMID: 28442768 PMCID: PMC5430731 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01396-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The uptake of formaldehyde (HCHO) on mineral dust affects its budget as well as particle properties, yet the process has not yet been fully investigate. Here, TiO2 and nitrate-doped TiO2 aerosols were used as proxies for mineral dust, and the uptake of HCHO was explored in a chamber under both dark and illuminated conditions. The uptake loss of HCHO on UV-illuminated aerosols is 2–9 times faster than its gaseous photolysis in our experimental system. The uptake coefficient in the range of 0.43–1.68 × 10−7 is 1–2 orders of magnitude higher than previous reports on model mineral dust particles. The reaction rate exhibits a Langmuir-Hinshelwood-type dependence on nitrate content and relative humidity, suggesting the competitive role of nitrate salts, water vapor and HCHO on the TiO2 surface. The reaction produces carbon dioxide as the main product and gaseous formic acid as an important intermediate. The hydroxyl radical produced on illuminated TiO2 primarily drives the fast oxidation of HCHO. The nitrate radical arising from the TiO2-catalyzed photoreaction of nitrate synergistically promotes the oxidation process. This study suggests a novel oxidation route for HCHO in the atmosphere, taking into account high abundance of both mineral dust and anthropogenic TiO2 aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Shang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Wei Xu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Xiang Ye
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Christian George
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5256, IRCELYON, Institut de recherches sur la catalyse et l'environnement de Lyon, 2 avenue Albert Einstein, F-69626, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Tong Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China
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111
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Fang T, Guo H, Zeng L, Verma V, Nenes A, Weber RJ. Highly Acidic Ambient Particles, Soluble Metals, and Oxidative Potential: A Link between Sulfate and Aerosol Toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:2611-2620. [PMID: 28141928 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b06151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Soluble transition metals in particulate matter (PM) can generate reactive oxygen species in vivo by redox cycling, leading to oxidative stress and adverse health effects. Most metals, such as those from roadway traffic, are emitted in an insoluble form, but must be soluble for redox cycling. Here we present the mechanism of metals dissolution by highly acidic sulfate aerosol and the effect on particle oxidative potential (OP) through analysis of size distributions. Size-segregated ambient PM were collected from a road-side and representative urban site in Atlanta, GA. Elemental and organic carbon, ions, total and water-soluble metals, and water-soluble OP were measured. Particle pH was determined with a thermodynamic model using measured ionic species. Sulfate was spatially uniform and found mainly in the fine mode, whereas total metals and mineral dust cations were highest at the road-side site and in the coarse mode, resulting in a fine mode pH < 2 and near neutral coarse mode. Soluble metals and OP peaked at the intersection of these modes demonstrating that sulfate plays a key role in producing highly acidic fine aerosols capable of dissolving primary transition metals that contribute to aerosol OP. Sulfate-driven metals dissolution may account for sulfate-health associations reported in past studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Fang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Hongyu Guo
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Linghan Zeng
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Vishal Verma
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign , Champaign, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Athanasios Nenes
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology , GR-26504, Patras, Greece
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens , GR-15236, Palea Penteli, Greece
| | - Rodney J Weber
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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112
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Burkholder JB, Abbatt JPD, Barnes I, Roberts JM, Melamed ML, Ammann M, Bertram AK, Cappa CD, Carlton AG, Carpenter LJ, Crowley JN, Dubowski Y, George C, Heard DE, Herrmann H, Keutsch FN, Kroll JH, McNeill VF, Ng NL, Nizkorodov SA, Orlando JJ, Percival CJ, Picquet-Varrault B, Rudich Y, Seakins PW, Surratt JD, Tanimoto H, Thornton JA, Tong Z, Tyndall GS, Wahner A, Weschler CJ, Wilson KR, Ziemann PJ. The Essential Role for Laboratory Studies in Atmospheric Chemistry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:2519-2528. [PMID: 28169528 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory studies of atmospheric chemistry characterize the nature of atmospherically relevant processes down to the molecular level, providing fundamental information used to assess how human activities drive environmental phenomena such as climate change, urban air pollution, ecosystem health, indoor air quality, and stratospheric ozone depletion. Laboratory studies have a central role in addressing the incomplete fundamental knowledge of atmospheric chemistry. This article highlights the evolving science needs for this community and emphasizes how our knowledge is far from complete, hindering our ability to predict the future state of our atmosphere and to respond to emerging global environmental change issues. Laboratory studies provide rich opportunities to expand our understanding of the atmosphere via collaborative research with the modeling and field measurement communities, and with neighboring disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Burkholder
- Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Ian Barnes
- University of Wuppertal , School of Mathematics and Natural Science, Institute of Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Gauss Strasse 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - James M Roberts
- Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Megan L Melamed
- IGAC Executive Officer, University of Colorado/CIRES , Boulder, Colorado 80309-0216 United States
| | - Markus Ammann
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute , Villigen, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Allan K Bertram
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Christopher D Cappa
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California , Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Annmarie G Carlton
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92617, United States
| | - Lucy J Carpenter
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York , York, United Kingdom , YO10 5DD
| | | | - Yael Dubowski
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering Technion, Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Christian George
- Université Lyon 1CNRS, UMR5256, IRCELYON, Institut de recherches sur la catalyse et l'environnement de Lyon , Villeurbanne F-69626, France
| | - Dwayne E Heard
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds , Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Leibniz-Institut für Troposphärenforschung (TROPOS), D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Frank N Keutsch
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02128, United States
| | - Jesse H Kroll
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - V Faye McNeill
- Chemical Engineering, Columbia University , New York, New York, United States
| | - Nga Lee Ng
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering and School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Sergey A Nizkorodov
- Department of Chemistry University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - John J Orlando
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory , Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Carl J Percival
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester , Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Bénédicte Picquet-Varrault
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA), UMR 7583 CNRS, Universités Paris-Est Créteil et Paris Diderot, Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace , Créteil Cedex, France
| | - Yinon Rudich
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Paul W Seakins
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds , Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Jason D Surratt
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Hiroshi Tanimoto
- National Institute for Environmental Studies , Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan
| | - Joel A Thornton
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Zhu Tong
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University , Beijing, China
| | - Geoffrey S Tyndall
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory , Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Andreas Wahner
- Institue of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-8: Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Charles J Weschler
- Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University , Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Kevin R Wilson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Paul J Ziemann
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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113
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Meng W, Zhong Q, Yun X, Zhu X, Huang T, Shen H, Chen Y, Chen H, Zhou F, Liu J, Wang X, Zeng EY, Tao S. Improvement of a Global High-Resolution Ammonia Emission Inventory for Combustion and Industrial Sources with New Data from the Residential and Transportation Sectors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:2821-2829. [PMID: 28121429 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence indicating the critical role of ammonia (NH3) in the formation of secondary aerosols. Therefore, high quality NH3 emission inventory is important for modeling particulate matter in the atmosphere. Unfortunately, without directly measured emission factors (EFs) in developing countries, using data from developed countries could result in an underestimation of these emissions. A series of newly reported EFs for China provide an opportunity to update the NH3 emission inventory. In addition, a recently released fuel consumption data product has allowed for a multisource, high-resolution inventory to be assembled. In this study, an improved global NH3 emission inventory for combustion and industrial sources with high sectorial (70 sources), spatial (0.1° × 0.1°), and temporal (monthly) resolutions was compiled for the years 1960 to 2013. The estimated emissions from transportation (1.59 Tg) sectors in 2010 was 2.2 times higher than those of previous reports. The spatial variation of the emissions was associated with population, gross domestic production, and temperature. Unlike other major air pollutants, NH3 emissions continue to increase, even in developed countries, which is likely caused by an increased use of biomass fuel in the residential sector. The emissions density of NH3 in urban areas is an order of magnitude higher than in rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Meng
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qirui Zhong
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiao Yun
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xi Zhu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tianbo Huang
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Huizhong Shen
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yilin Chen
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Han Chen
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Junfeng Liu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou, 51064, China
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Shu Tao
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
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114
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Faust JA, Wong JPS, Lee AKY, Abbatt JPD. Role of Aerosol Liquid Water in Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation from Volatile Organic Compounds. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:1405-1413. [PMID: 28124902 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A key mechanism for atmospheric secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation occurs when oxidation products of volatile organic compounds condense onto pre-existing particles. Here, we examine effects of aerosol liquid water (ALW) on relative SOA yield and composition from α-pinene ozonolysis and the photooxidation of toluene and acetylene by OH. Reactions were conducted in a room-temperature flow tube under low-NOx conditions in the presence of equivalent loadings of deliquesced (∼20 μg m-3 ALW) or effloresced (∼0.2 μg m-3 ALW) ammonium sulfate seeds at exactly the same relative humidity (RH = 70%) and state of wall conditioning. We found 13% and 19% enhancements in relative SOA yield for the α-pinene and toluene systems, respectively, when seeds were deliquesced rather than effloresced. The relative yield doubled in the acetylene system, and this enhancement was partially reversible upon drying the prepared SOA, which reduced the yield by 40% within a time scale of seconds. We attribute the high relative yield of acetylene SOA on deliquesced seeds to aqueous partitioning and particle-phase reactions of the photooxidation product glyoxal. The observed range of relative yields for α-pinene, toluene, and acetylene SOA on deliquesced and effloresced seeds suggests that ALW plays a complicated, system-dependent role in SOA formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Faust
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Jenny P S Wong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Alex K Y Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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115
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Kari E, Hao L, Yli-Pirilä P, Leskinen A, Kortelainen M, Grigonyte J, Worsnop DR, Jokiniemi J, Sippula O, Faiola CL, Virtanen A. Effect of Pellet Boiler Exhaust on Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation from α-Pinene. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:1423-1432. [PMID: 28009165 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between anthropogenic and biogenic emissions, and implications for aerosol production, have raised particular scientific interest. Despite active research in this area, real anthropogenic emission sources have not been exploited for anthropogenic-biogenic interaction studies until now. This work examines these interactions using α-pinene and pellet boiler emissions as a model test system. The impact of pellet boiler emissions on secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from α-pinene photo-oxidation was studied under atmospherically relevant conditions in an environmental chamber. The aim of this study was to identify which of the major pellet exhaust components (including high nitrogen oxide (NOx), primary particles, or a combination of the two) affected SOA formation from α-pinene. Results demonstrated that high NOx concentrations emitted by the pellet boiler reduced SOA yields from α-pinene, whereas the chemical properties of the primary particles emitted by the pellet boiler had no effect on observed SOA yields. The maximum SOA yield of α-pinene in the presence of pellet boiler exhaust (under high-NOx conditions) was 18.7% and in the absence of pellet boiler exhaust (under low-NOx conditions) was 34.1%. The reduced SOA yield under high-NOx conditions was caused by changes in gas-phase chemistry that led to the formation of organonitrate compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eetu Kari
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland , P.O. Box 1626, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Liqing Hao
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland , P.O. Box 1626, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pasi Yli-Pirilä
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland , P.O. Box 1626, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ari Leskinen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland , P.O. Box 1626, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Kuopio Unit, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Miika Kortelainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland , P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Julija Grigonyte
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland , P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Douglas R Worsnop
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland , P.O. Box 1626, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts 08121-3976, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 64, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jorma Jokiniemi
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland , P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Olli Sippula
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland , P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Celia L Faiola
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland , P.O. Box 1626, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Annele Virtanen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland , P.O. Box 1626, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
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116
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Jia L, Ma J, Shi Q, Long C. Prediction of Adsorption Equilibrium of VOCs onto Hyper-Cross-Linked Polymeric Resin at Environmentally Relevant Temperatures and Concentrations Using Inverse Gas Chromatography. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:522-530. [PMID: 27936649 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Hyper-cross-linked polymeric resin (HPR) represents a class of predominantly microporous adsorbents and has good adsorption performance toward VOCs. However, adsorption equilibrium of VOCs onto HPR are limited. In this research, a novel method for predicting adsorption capacities of VOCs on HPR at environmentally relevant temperatures and concentrations using inverse gas chromatography data was proposed. Adsorption equilibrium of six VOCs (n-pentane, n-hexane, dichloromethane, acetone, benzene, 1, 2-dichloroethane) onto HPR in the temperature range of 403-443 K were measured by inverse gas chromatography (IGC). Adsorption capacities at environmentally relevant temperatures (293-328 K) and concentrations (P/Ps = 0.1-0.7) were predicted using Dubinin-Radushkevich (DR) equation based on Polany's theory. Taking consideration of the swelling properties of HPR, the volume swelling ratio (r) was introduced and r·Vmicro was used instead of Vmicro determined by N2 adsorption data at 77 K as the parameter q0 (limiting micropore volume) of the DR equation. The results showed that the adsorption capacities of VOCs at environmentally relevant temperatures and concentrations can be predicted effectively using IGC data, the root-mean-square errors between the predicted and experimental data was below 9.63%. The results are meaningful because they allow accurate prediction of adsorption capacities of adsorbents more quickly and conveniently using IGC data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jiakai Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qiuyi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chao Long
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
- Nanjing University Yancheng Environmental Protection Technology and Engineering Research Institute , 888 Yingbin Road, Yancheng 22400, China
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117
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Sakamoto Y, Yajima R, Inomata S, Hirokawa J. Water vapour effects on secondary organic aerosol formation in isoprene ozonolysis. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:3165-3175. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp04521a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A portion of stabilized Criegee intermediates formed in isoprene ozonolysis can be involved in SOA formation even under humid conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto
- Japan
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies
| | - Ryoji Yajima
- Graduate School of Environmental Science
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo
- Japan
| | - Satoshi Inomata
- Center for Global Environmental Research
- National Institute for Environmental Studies
- Tsukuba
- Japan
| | - Jun Hirokawa
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo
- Japan
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118
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Murphy JG, Gregoire PK, Tevlin AG, Wentworth GR, Ellis RA, Markovic MZ, VandenBoer TC. Observational constraints on particle acidity using measurements and modelling of particles and gases. Faraday Discuss 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fd00086c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In many parts of the world, the implementation of air quality regulations has led to significant decreases in SO2 emissions with minimal impact on NH3 emissions. In Canada and the United States, the molar ratio of NH3 : SO2 emissions has increased dramatically between 1990 and 2014. In many regions of North America, this will lead the molar ratio of NHx : SO4, where NHx is the sum of particle phase NH4+ and gas phase NH3, and SO4 is the sum of particle phase HSO4− and SO42−, to exceed 2. A thermodynamic model (E-AIM model II) is used to investigate the sensitivity of particle pH, and the gas-particle partitioning of NHx and inorganic nitrate, to the atmospheric NHx : SO4 ratio. Steep increases in pH and the gas fraction of NHx are found as NHx : SO4 varies from below 1 to above 2. The sensitivity of the gas fraction of nitrate also depends strongly on temperature. The results show that if NHx : SO4 exceeds 2, and the gas and particle phase NHx are in equilibrium, the particle pH will be above 2. Observations of the composition of particulate matter and gas phase NH3 from two field campaigns in southern Canada in 2007 and 2012 have median NHx : SO4 ratios of 3.8 and 25, respectively. These campaigns exhibited similar amounts of NH3, but very different particle phase loadings. Under these conditions, the pH values calculated using the observations as input to the E-AIM model were in the range of 1–4. The pH values were typically higher at night because the higher relative humidity increased the particle water content, diluting the acidity. The assumption of equilibration between the gas and particle phase NHx was evaluated by comparing the observed and modelled gas fraction of NHx. In general, E-AIM was able to reproduce the partitioning well, suggesting that the dominant constituents contributing to particle acidity were measured, and that the estimated pH values were realistic. These results suggest that regions of the world where the ratio of NH3 : SO2 emissions is beginning to exceed 2 on a molar basis may be experiencing rapid increases in aerosol pH of 1–3 pH units. This could have important consequences for the rates of condensed phase reactions that are acid-catalyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. G. Murphy
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Toronto
- Canada
| | | | - A. G. Tevlin
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Toronto
- Canada
| | | | - R. A. Ellis
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Toronto
- Canada
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119
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Guo H, Ling ZH, Cheng HR, Simpson IJ, Lyu XP, Wang XM, Shao M, Lu HX, Ayoko G, Zhang YL, Saunders SM, Lam SHM, Wang JL, Blake DR. Tropospheric volatile organic compounds in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 574:1021-1043. [PMID: 27668854 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Photochemical smog, characterized by high concentrations of ozone (O3) and fine particles (PM2.5) in the atmosphere, has become one of the top environmental concerns in China. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), one of the key precursors of O3 and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) (an important component of PM2.5), have a critical influence on atmospheric chemistry and subsequently affect regional and global climate. Thus, VOCs have been extensively studied in many cities and regions in China, especially in the North China Plain, the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta regions where photochemical smog pollution has become increasingly worse over recent decades. This paper reviews the main studies conducted in China on the characteristics and sources of VOCs, their relationship with O3 and SOA, and their removal technology. This paper also provides an integrated literature review on the formulation and implementation of effective control strategies of VOCs and photochemical smog, as well as suggestions for future directions of VOCs study in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Guo
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Z H Ling
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - H R Cheng
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - I J Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - X P Lyu
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - X M Wang
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - M Shao
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - H X Lu
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - G Ayoko
- Discipline of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Queensland University of Technology, Australia
| | - Y L Zhang
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - S M Saunders
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - S H M Lam
- Pacific Environment Limited, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - J L Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Taiwan
| | - D R Blake
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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120
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Dergunov SA, Khabiyev AT, Shmakov SN, Kim MD, Ehterami N, Weiss MC, Birman VB, Pinkhassik E. Encapsulation of Homogeneous Catalysts in Porous Polymer Nanocapsules Produces Fast-Acting Selective Nanoreactors. ACS NANO 2016; 10:11397-11406. [PMID: 28024370 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b06735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanoreactors were created by entrapping homogeneous catalysts in hollow nanocapsules with 200 nm diameter and semipermeable nanometer-thin shells. The capsules were produced by the polymerization of hydrophobic monomers in the hydrophobic interior of the bilayers of self-assembled surfactant vesicles. Controlled nanopores in the shells of nanocapsules ensured long-term retention of the catalysts coupled with the rapid flow of substrates and products in and out of nanocapsules. The study evaluated the effect of encapsulation on the catalytic activity and stability of five different catalysts. Comparison of kinetics of five diverse reactions performed in five different solvents revealed the same reaction rates for free and encapsulated catalysts. Identical reaction kinetics confirmed that placement of catalysts in the homogeneous interior of polymer nanocapsules did not compromise catalytic efficiency. Encapsulated organometallic catalysts showed no loss of metal ions from nanocapsules suggesting stabilization of the complexes was provided by nanocapsules. Controlled permeability of the shells of nanocapsules enabled size-selective catalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey A Dergunov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut , 55 North Eagleville Rd, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Alibek T Khabiyev
- Kazakh National Research Technical University , 22 Satpayev St., Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan
| | - Sergey N Shmakov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut , 55 North Eagleville Rd, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Mariya D Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut , 55 North Eagleville Rd, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Nasim Ehterami
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University , 3501 Laclede Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63103, United States
| | - Mary Clare Weiss
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University , 3501 Laclede Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63103, United States
| | - Vladimir B Birman
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis , One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Eugene Pinkhassik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut , 55 North Eagleville Rd, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
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121
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Lederer MR, Staniec AR, Coates Fuentes ZL, Van Ry DA, Hinrichs RZ. Heterogeneous Reactions of Limonene on Mineral Dust: Impacts of Adsorbed Water and Nitric Acid. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:9545-9556. [PMID: 27933906 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b09865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), including the monoterpene limonene, are a major source of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). While gas-phase oxidation initiates the dominant pathway for BVOC conversion to SOA, recent studies have demonstrated that biogenic hydrocarbons can also directly react with acidic droplets. To investigate whether mineral dust may facilitate similar reactive uptake of biogenic hydrocarbons, we studied the heterogeneous reaction of limonene with mineral substrates using condensed-phase infrared spectroscopy and identified the formation of irreversibly adsorbed organic products. For kaolinite, Arizona Test Dust, and silica at 30% relative humidity, GC-MS identified limonene-1,2-diol as the dominant product with total organic surface concentrations on the order of (3-5) × 1018 molecules m-2. Experiments with 18O-labeled water support a mechanism initiated by oxidation of limonene by surface redox sites forming limonene oxide followed by water addition to the epoxide to form limonenediol. Limonene uptake on α-alumina, γ-alumina, and montmorillonite formed additional products in high yield, including carveol, carvone, limonene oxide, and α-terpineol. To model tropospheric processing of mineral aerosol, we also exposed each mineral substrate to gaseous nitric acid prior to limonene uptake and identified similar surface adsorbed products that were formed at rates 2 to 5 times faster than without nitrate coatings. The initial rate of reaction was linearly dependent on gaseous limonene concentration between 5 × 1012 and 5 × 1014 molecules cm-3 (0.22-20.5 ppm) consistent with an Eley-Rideal-type mechanism in which gaseous limonene reacts directly with reactive surface sites. Increasing relative humidity decreased the amount of surface adsorbed products indicating competitive adsorption of surface adsorbed water. Using a laminar flow tube reactor we measured the uptake coefficient for limonene on kaolinite at 25% RH to range from γ = 5.1 × 10-6 to 9.7 × 10-7. After adjusting for reactive surface areas, we estimate uptake coefficients for limonene on HNO3-processed mineral aerosol on the order of (1-6) × 10-6. Although this heterogeneous reaction will not impact the atmospheric lifetime of gaseous limonene, it does provide a new pathway for mineral aerosol to acquire secondary organic matter from biogenic hydrocarbons, which in turn will alter the physical properties of mineral dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline R Lederer
- Department of Chemistry, Drew University , Madison, New Jersey 07940, United States
| | - Allison R Staniec
- Department of Chemistry, Drew University , Madison, New Jersey 07940, United States
| | - Zoe L Coates Fuentes
- Department of Chemistry, Drew University , Madison, New Jersey 07940, United States
| | - Daryl A Van Ry
- Department of Chemistry, Drew University , Madison, New Jersey 07940, United States
| | - Ryan Z Hinrichs
- Department of Chemistry, Drew University , Madison, New Jersey 07940, United States
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122
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Thomas DA, Coggon MM, Lignell H, Schilling KA, Zhang X, Schwantes RH, Flagan RC, Seinfeld JH, Beauchamp JL. Real-Time Studies of Iron Oxalate-Mediated Oxidation of Glycolaldehyde as a Model for Photochemical Aging of Aqueous Tropospheric Aerosols. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:12241-12249. [PMID: 27731989 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The complexation of iron(III) with oxalic acid in aqueous solution yields a strongly absorbing chromophore that undergoes efficient photodissociation to give iron(II) and the carbon dioxide anion radical. Importantly, iron(III) oxalate complexes absorb near-UV radiation (λ > 350 nm), providing a potentially powerful source of oxidants in aqueous tropospheric chemistry. Although this photochemical system has been studied extensively, the mechanistic details associated with its role in the oxidation of dissolved organic matter within aqueous aerosol remain largely unknown. This study utilizes glycolaldehyde as a model organic species to examine the oxidation pathways and evolution of organic aerosol initiated by the photodissociation of aqueous iron(III) oxalate complexes. Hanging droplets (radius 1 mm) containing iron(III), oxalic acid, glycolaldehyde, and ammonium sulfate (pH ∼3) are exposed to irradiation at 365 nm and sampled at discrete time points utilizing field-induced droplet ionization mass spectrometry (FIDI-MS). Glycolaldehyde is found to undergo rapid oxidation to form glyoxal, glycolic acid, and glyoxylic acid, but the formation of high molecular weight oligomers is not observed. For comparison, particle-phase experiments conducted in a laboratory chamber explore the reactive uptake of gas-phase glycolaldehyde onto aqueous seed aerosol containing iron and oxalic acid. The presence of iron oxalate in seed aerosol is found to inhibit aerosol growth. These results suggest that photodissociation of iron(III) oxalate can lead to the formation of volatile oxidation products in tropospheric aqueous aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Thomas
- Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Matthew M Coggon
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Hanna Lignell
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California 91125, United States
- Environmental Science and Engineering, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Katherine A Schilling
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Environmental Science and Engineering, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Rebecca H Schwantes
- Environmental Science and Engineering, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Richard C Flagan
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California 91125, United States
- Environmental Science and Engineering, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - John H Seinfeld
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California 91125, United States
- Environmental Science and Engineering, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - J L Beauchamp
- Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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123
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Duan FK, He KB, Ma YL, Ihozaki T, Kawasaki H, Arakawa R, Kitayama S, Tujimoto K, Huang T, Kimoto T, Furutani H, Toyoda M. High molecular weight organic compounds (HMW-OCs) in severe winter haze: Direct observation and insights on the formation mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 218:289-296. [PMID: 27423501 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
High molecular weight organic compounds (HMW-OCs), formed as secondary organic aerosols (SOA), have been reported in many laboratory studies. However, little evidence of HMW-OCs formation, in particular during winter season in the real atmosphere, has been reported. In January 2013, Beijing faced historically severe haze pollution, in which the hourly PM2.5 concentration reached as high as 974 μg m-3. Four typical haze events (HE1 to HE4) were identified, and HE2 (Jan. 9-16) was the most serious of these. Based on the hourly observed chemical composition of PM2.5 and the daily organic composition analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS), we found that abundant ion peaks in m/z 200-850 appeared on heavy haze days, whereas these were negligible on a clear day, indicating the existence of HMW-OCs in the wintertime haze. A negative nonlinear correlation between HMW-OCs and O3 suggested that gas oxidation was not likely to be the dominant mechanism for HMW-OCs formation. During the heavy haze events, the relative humidity and mass ratio of H2O/PM2.5 reached as high as 80% and 0.2, respectively. The high water content and its good positive correlation with HMW-OCs indicated that an aqueous-phase process may be a significant pathway in wintertime. The evidence that acidity was much higher during HE2 (0.37 μg m-3) than on other days, as well as its strong correlation with HMW-OCs, indicated that acid-catalyzed reactions likely resulted in HMW-OCs formation during the heavy winter haze in Beijing.
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Affiliation(s)
- F K Duan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - K B He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Y L Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - T Ihozaki
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Kansai University, Suita, 564-8680, Japan
| | - H Kawasaki
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Kansai University, Suita, 564-8680, Japan
| | - R Arakawa
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Kansai University, Suita, 564-8680, Japan
| | - S Kitayama
- Kimoto Electric Co. Ltd, Funahashi-Cho, Tennouji-Ku, Osaka, 543-0024, Japan
| | - K Tujimoto
- Kimoto Electric Co. Ltd, Funahashi-Cho, Tennouji-Ku, Osaka, 543-0024, Japan
| | - T Huang
- Kimoto Electric Co. Ltd, Funahashi-Cho, Tennouji-Ku, Osaka, 543-0024, Japan
| | - T Kimoto
- Kimoto Electric Co. Ltd, Funahashi-Cho, Tennouji-Ku, Osaka, 543-0024, Japan
| | - H Furutani
- Project Research Center for Fundamental Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan; Center for Scientific Instrument Renovation and Manufacturing Support, Osaka University, 1-2 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - M Toyoda
- Project Research Center for Fundamental Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
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124
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Leviss DH, Van Ry DA, Hinrichs RZ. Multiphase Ozonolysis of Aqueous α-Terpineol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:11698-11705. [PMID: 27680201 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Multiphase ozonolysis of aqueous organics presents a potential pathway for the formation of aqueous secondary organic aerosol (aqSOA). We investigated the multiphase ozonolysis of α-terpineol, an oxygenated derivative of limonene, and found that the reaction products and kinetics differ from the gas-phase ozonolysis of α-terpineol. One- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopies along with GC-MS identified the aqueous ozonolysis reaction products as trans- and cis-lactols [4-(5-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyltetrahydrofuran-3-yl)butan-2-one] and a lactone [4-hydroxy-4-methyl-3-(3-oxobutyl)-valeric acid gamma-lactone], which accounted for 46%, 27%, and 20% of the observed products, respectively. Hydrogen peroxide was also formed in 10% yield consistent with a mechanism involving decomposition of hydroxyl hydroperoxide intermediates followed by hemiacetal ring closure. Multiphase reaction kinetics at gaseous ozone concentrations of 131, 480, and 965 parts-per-billion were analyzed using a resistance model of net ozone uptake and found the second-order rate coefficient for the aqueous reaction of α-terpineol + O3 to be 9.9(±3.3) × 106 M-1 s-1. Multiphase ozonolysis will therefore be competitive with multiphase oxidation by hydroxyl radicals (OH) and ozonolysis of gaseous α-terpineol. We also measured product yields for the heterogeneous ozonolysis of α-terpineol adsorbed on glass, NaCl, and kaolinite, and identified the same three major products but with an increasing lactone yield of 33, 49, and 55% on these substrates, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dani H Leviss
- Department of Chemistry, Drew University , Madison, New Jersey 07940, United States
| | - Daryl A Van Ry
- Department of Chemistry, Drew University , Madison, New Jersey 07940, United States
| | - Ryan Z Hinrichs
- Department of Chemistry, Drew University , Madison, New Jersey 07940, United States
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125
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Losey DJ, Parker RG, Freedman MA. pH Dependence of Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation in Organic Aerosol. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:3861-3865. [PMID: 27636827 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b01621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric aerosol particles influence climate through their direct and indirect effects. These impacts depend in part on the morphology of the particles, which is determined by their composition. The effect of pH on morphology was investigated using particles composed of 3-methylglutaric acid and ammonium sulfate by manipulating the starting pH of the bulk solution through the addition of aqueous sodium hydroxide. Efflorescence, deliquescence, phase separation, and mixing transitions were observed with optical microscopy. Due to changes in its protonation states, the solubility of the organic component increases with increasing pH, which shifts the location of the separation relative humidity (SRH) from 78.7% for the fully protonated acid to 63.9% for the fully deprotonated acid. Surprisingly, this shift in the SRH leads to hysteresis between the SRH and the mixing relative humidity (MRH). Particle pH has the greatest effect on phase transitions that require nucleus formation, that is, efflorescence and SRH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delanie J Losey
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Robert G Parker
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Miriam Arak Freedman
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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126
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Riva M, Budisulistiorini SH, Chen Y, Zhang Z, D'Ambro EL, Zhang X, Gold A, Turpin BJ, Thornton JA, Canagaratna MR, Surratt JD. Chemical Characterization of Secondary Organic Aerosol from Oxidation of Isoprene Hydroxyhydroperoxides. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:9889-99. [PMID: 27466979 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric oxidation of isoprene under low-NOx conditions leads to the formation of isoprene hydroxyhydroperoxides (ISOPOOH). Subsequent oxidation of ISOPOOH largely produces isoprene epoxydiols (IEPOX), which are known secondary organic aerosol (SOA) precursors. Although SOA from IEPOX has been previously examined, systematic studies of SOA characterization through a non-IEPOX route from 1,2-ISOPOOH oxidation are lacking. In the present work, SOA formation from the oxidation of authentic 1,2-ISOPOOH under low-NOx conditions was systematically examined with varying aerosol compositions and relative humidity. High yields of highly oxidized compounds, including multifunctional organosulfates (OSs) and hydroperoxides, were chemically characterized in both laboratory-generated SOA and fine aerosol samples collected from the southeastern U.S. IEPOX-derived SOA constituents were observed in all experiments, but their concentrations were only enhanced in the presence of acidified sulfate aerosol, consistent with prior work. High-resolution aerosol mass spectrometry (HR-AMS) reveals that 1,2-ISOPOOH-derived SOA formed through non-IEPOX routes exhibits a notable mass spectrum with a characteristic fragment ion at m/z 91. This laboratory-generated mass spectrum is strongly correlated with a factor recently resolved by positive matrix factorization (PMF) of aerosol mass spectrometer data collected in areas dominated by isoprene emissions, suggesting that the non-IEPOX pathway could contribute to ambient SOA measured in the Southeastern United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Riva
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Sri H Budisulistiorini
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Yuzhi Chen
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Zhenfa Zhang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Emma L D'Ambro
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195 United States
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Center for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne Research , Billerica, Massachusetts 01821 United States
| | - Avram Gold
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Barbara J Turpin
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Joel A Thornton
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195 United States
| | - Manjula R Canagaratna
- Center for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne Research , Billerica, Massachusetts 01821 United States
| | - Jason D Surratt
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
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127
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Huang M, Zhang J, Cai S, Liao Y, Zhao W, Hu C, Gu X, Fang L, Zhang W. Characterization of particulate products for aging of ethylbenzene secondary organic aerosol in the presence of ammonium sulfate seed aerosol. J Environ Sci (China) 2016; 47:219-229. [PMID: 27593289 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2015.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Aging of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) particles formed from OH- initiated oxidation of ethylbenzene in the presence of high mass (100-300μg/m(3)) concentrations of (NH4)2SO4 seed aerosol was investigated in a home-made smog chamber in this study. The chemical composition of aged ethylbenzene SOA particles was measured using an aerosol laser time-of-flight mass spectrometer (ALTOFMS) coupled with a Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) clustering algorithm. Experimental results showed that nitrophenol, ethyl-nitrophenol, 2,4-dinitrophenol, methyl glyoxylic acid, 5-ethyl-6-oxo-2,4-hexadienoic acid, 2-ethyl-2,4-hexadiendioic acid, 2,3-dihydroxy-5-ethyl-6-oxo-4-hexenoic acid, 1H-imidazole, hydrated N-glyoxal substituted 1H-imidazole, hydrated glyoxal dimer substituted imidazole, 1H-imidazole-2-carbaldehyde, N-glyoxal substituted hydrated 1H-imidazole-2-carbaldehyde and high-molecular-weight (HMW) components were the predominant products in the aged particles. Compared to the previous aromatic SOA aging studies, imidazole compounds, which can absorb solar radiation effectively, were newly detected in aged ethylbenzene SOA in the presence of high concentrations of (NH4)2SO4 seed aerosol. These findings provide new information for discussing aromatic SOA aging mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingqiang Huang
- College of Chemistry & Environment, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, China; Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology, Zhangzhou 363000, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, Tan Kah Kee College, Zhangzhou 363105, China.
| | - Jiahui Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Environment, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, China
| | - Shunyou Cai
- College of Chemistry & Environment, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, China; Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology, Zhangzhou 363000, China
| | - Yingmin Liao
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, Tan Kah Kee College, Zhangzhou 363105, China
| | - Weixiong Zhao
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Changjin Hu
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Xuejun Gu
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Li Fang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Weijun Zhang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China.
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128
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Li J, Mao J, Min KE, Washenfelder RA, Brown SS, Kaiser J, Keutsch FN, Volkamer R, Wolfe GM, Hanisco TF, Pollack IB, Ryerson TB, Graus M, Gilman JB, Lerner BM, Warneke C, de Gouw JA, Middlebrook AM, Liao J, Welti A, Henderson BH, McNeill VF, Hall SR, Ullmann K, Donner LJ, Paulot F, Horowitz LW. Observational constraints on glyoxal production from isoprene oxidation and its contribution to organic aerosol over the Southeast United States. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2016; 121:9849-9861. [PMID: 29619286 PMCID: PMC5880315 DOI: 10.1002/2016jd025331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We use a 0-D photochemical box model and a 3-D global chemistry-climate model, combined with observations from the NOAA Southeast Nexus (SENEX) aircraft campaign, to understand the sources and sinks of glyoxal over the Southeast United States. Box model simulations suggest a large difference in glyoxal production among three isoprene oxidation mechanisms (AM3ST, AM3B, and MCM v3.3.1). These mechanisms are then implemented into a 3-D global chemistry-climate model. Comparison with field observations shows that the average vertical profile of glyoxal is best reproduced by AM3ST with an effective reactive uptake coefficient γglyx of 2 × 10-3, and AM3B without heterogeneous loss of glyoxal. The two mechanisms lead to 0-0.8 μg m-3 secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from glyoxal in the boundary layer of the Southeast U.S. in summer. We consider this to be the lower limit for the contribution of glyoxal to SOA, as other sources of glyoxal other than isoprene are not included in our model. In addition, we find that AM3B shows better agreement on both formaldehyde and the correlation between glyoxal and formaldehyde (RGF = [GLYX]/[HCHO]), resulting from the suppression of δ-isoprene peroxy radicals (δ-ISOPO2). We also find that MCM v3.3.1 may underestimate glyoxal production from isoprene oxidation, in part due to an underestimated yield from the reaction of IEPOX peroxy radicals (IEPOXOO) with HO2. Our work highlights that the gas-phase production of glyoxal represents a large uncertainty in quantifying its contribution to SOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Li
- Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jingqiu Mao
- Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
- Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Kyung-Eun Min
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Rebecca A. Washenfelder
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Steven S. Brown
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Jennifer Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Frank N. Keutsch
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rainer Volkamer
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Glenn M. Wolfe
- Joint Center for Earth System Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Lab, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas F. Hanisco
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Lab, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - Ilana B. Pollack
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Thomas B. Ryerson
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Martin Graus
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Jessica B. Gilman
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Brian M. Lerner
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Carsten Warneke
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Joost A. de Gouw
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Ann M. Middlebrook
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Jin Liao
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - André Welti
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Barron H. Henderson
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - V. Faye McNeill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Samuel R. Hall
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observation and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Kirk Ullmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observation and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Leo J. Donner
- Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Fabien Paulot
- Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
- Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Larry W. Horowitz
- Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
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129
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Foreman ES, Kapnas KM, Murray C. Reactions between Criegee Intermediates and the Inorganic Acids HCl and HNO3: Kinetics and Atmospheric Implications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201604662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kara M. Kapnas
- Department of Chemistry; University of California, Irvine; Irvine CA 92697 USA
| | - Craig Murray
- Department of Chemistry; University of California, Irvine; Irvine CA 92697 USA
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130
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Foreman ES, Kapnas KM, Murray C. Reactions between Criegee Intermediates and the Inorganic Acids HCl and HNO3: Kinetics and Atmospheric Implications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:10419-22. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201604662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kara M. Kapnas
- Department of Chemistry; University of California, Irvine; Irvine CA 92697 USA
| | - Craig Murray
- Department of Chemistry; University of California, Irvine; Irvine CA 92697 USA
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131
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Huang MQ, Cai SY, Liao YM, Zhao WX, Hu CJ, Wang ZY, Zhang WJ. Theoretical Studies on Mechanism and Rate Constant of Gas Phase Hydrolysis of Glyoxal Catalyzed by Sulfuric Acid. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2016. [DOI: 10.1063/1674-0068/29/cjcp1509193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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132
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Li L, Tang P, Nakao S, Kacarab M, Cocker DR. Novel Approach for Evaluating Secondary Organic Aerosol from Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Unified Method for Predicting Aerosol Composition and Formation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:6249-6256. [PMID: 27177154 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Innovative secondary organic aerosol (SOA) composition analysis methods normalizing aerosol yield and chemical composition on an aromatic ring basis are developed and utilized to explore aerosol formation from oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons. SOA yield and chemical composition are revisited using 15 years of University of California, Riverside/CE-CERT environmental chamber data on 17 aromatic hydrocarbons with HC:NO ranging from 11.1 to 171 ppbC:ppb. SOA yield is redefined in this work by normalizing the molecular weight of all aromatic precursors to the molecular weight of the aromatic ring [Formula: see text], where i is the aromatic hydrocarbon precursor. The yield normalization process demonstrates that the amount of aromatic rings present is a more significant driver of aerosol formation than the vapor pressure of the precursor aromatic. Yield normalization also provided a basis to evaluate isomer impacts on SOA formation. Further, SOA elemental composition is explored relative to the aromatic ring rather than on a classical mole basis. Generally, four oxygens per aromatic ring are observed in SOA, regardless of the alkyl substitutes attached to the ring. Besides the observed SOA oxygen to ring ratio (O/R ∼ 4), a hydrogen to ring ratio (H/R) of 6 + 2n is observed, where n is the number of nonaromatic carbons. Normalization of yield and composition to the aromatic ring clearly demonstrates the greater significance of aromatic ring carbons compared with alkyl carbon substituents in determining SOA formation and composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Li
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside , Riverside, California 92521, United States
- College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), University of California, Riverside , Riverside, California 92507, United States
| | - Ping Tang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside , Riverside, California 92521, United States
- College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), University of California, Riverside , Riverside, California 92507, United States
| | - Shunsuke Nakao
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside , Riverside, California 92521, United States
- College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), University of California, Riverside , Riverside, California 92507, United States
| | - Mary Kacarab
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside , Riverside, California 92521, United States
- College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), University of California, Riverside , Riverside, California 92507, United States
| | - David R Cocker
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside , Riverside, California 92521, United States
- College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), University of California, Riverside , Riverside, California 92507, United States
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133
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Wang M, Yao L, Zheng J, Wang X, Chen J, Yang X, Worsnop DR, Donahue NM, Wang L. Reactions of Atmospheric Particulate Stabilized Criegee Intermediates Lead to High-Molecular-Weight Aerosol Components. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:5702-5710. [PMID: 27186797 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Aging of organic aerosol particles is one of the most poorly understood topics in atmospheric aerosol research. Here, we used an aerosol flow tube together with an iodide-adduct high-resolution time-of-flight chemical-ionization mass spectrometer equipped with a Filter Inlet for Gases and AEROsols (FIGAERO-HRToF-CIMS) to investigate heterogeneous ozonolysis of oleic acid (OL), developing a comprehensive oxidation mechanism with observed products. In addition to the well-known first-generation C9 products including nonanal, nonanoic acid, azelaic acid, and 9-oxononanoic acid, the iodide-adduct chemical ionization permitted unambiguous determination of a large number of high-molecular-weight particulate products up to 670 Da with minimum amounts of fragmentation. These high-molecular-weight products are characterized by a fairly uniform carbon oxidation state but stepwise addition of a carbon backbone moiety, and hence continuous decrease in the volatility. Our results demonstrate that heterogeneous oxidation of organic aerosols has a significant effect on the physiochemical properties of organic aerosols and that reactions of particulate SCIs from ozonolysis of an unsaturated particulate species represent a previously underappreciated mechanism that lead to formation of high-molecular-weight particulate products that are stable under typical atmospheric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- MingYi Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lei Yao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jun Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology , Nanjing 210044, China
| | - XinKe Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, China
| | - JianMin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, China
| | | | - Neil M Donahue
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University , 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Lin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, China
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134
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Rindelaub JD, Craig RL, Nandy L, Bondy AL, Dutcher CS, Shepson PB, Ault AP. Direct Measurement of pH in Individual Particles via Raman Microspectroscopy and Variation in Acidity with Relative Humidity. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:911-7. [PMID: 26745214 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b12699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric aerosol acidity is an important characteristic of aqueous particles, which has been linked to the formation of secondary organic aerosol by catalyzing reactions of oxidized organic compounds that have partitioned to the particle phase. However, aerosol acidity is difficult to measure and traditionally estimated using indirect methods or assumptions based on composition. Ongoing disagreements between experiments and thermodynamic models of particle acidity necessitate improved fundamental understanding of pH and ion behavior in high ionic strength atmospheric particles. Herein, Raman microspectroscopy was used to determine the pH of individual particles (H2SO4+MgSO4) based on sulfate and bisulfate concentrations determined from νs(SO4(2-)) and νs(HSO4(-)), the acid dissociation constant, and activity coefficients from extended Debye-Hückel calculations. Shifts in pH and peak positions of νs(SO4(2-)) and νs(HSO4(-)) were observed as a function of relative humidity. These results indicate the potential for direct spectroscopic determination of pH in individual particles and the need to improve fundamental understanding of ion behavior in atmospheric particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel D Rindelaub
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Rebecca L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Lucy Nandy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Amy L Bondy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Cari S Dutcher
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Paul B Shepson
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.,Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.,Purdue Climate Change Research Center , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Andrew P Ault
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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135
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Liu Y, Kuwata M, McKinney KA, Martin ST. Uptake and release of gaseous species accompanying the reactions of isoprene photo-oxidation products with sulfate particles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:1595-600. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp04551g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Uptake and release of gaseous species was observed for the reactions of isoprene photo-oxidation products and sulfate particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjun Liu
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences
- Harvard University
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Mikinori Kuwata
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences
- Harvard University
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Karena A. McKinney
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences
- Harvard University
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Scot T. Martin
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences
- Harvard University
- Cambridge
- USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences
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136
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Behera SN, Cheng J, Balasubramanian R. In situ acidity and pH of size-fractionated aerosols during a recent smoke-haze episode in Southeast Asia. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2015; 37:843-859. [PMID: 25432456 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-014-9660-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The characterization of aerosol acidity has received increased attention in recent years due to its influence on atmospheric visibility, climate change and human health. Distribution of water soluble inorganic (WSI) ions in 12 different size fractions of aerosols was investigated under two different atmospheric conditions (smoke-haze and non-haze periods) in 2012 using the Micro-Orifice Uniform Deposit Impactor (MOUDI) and nano-MOUDI for the first time in Singapore. To estimate the in situ acidity ([H(+)]Ins) and in situ aerosol pH (pHIS), the Aerosol Inorganic Model version-IV under deliquescent mode of airborne particles was used at prevailing ambient temperature and relative humidity. The study revealed an increase in the levels of airborne particulate matter (PM) mass and concentrations of WSI ions for all size fractions during the smoke-haze period, which was caused by the trans-boundary transport of biomass burning-impacted air masses from Indonesia. A bimodal distribution was observed for concentrations of SO4(2-), NO3(-), Cl(-), K(+) and Na(+), whereas concentrations of NH4(+), Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) showed a single mode distribution. The concentration of WSI ions in PM1.8 during the smoke-haze period increased by 3.8 (for SO4(2-)) to 10.5 (for K(+)) times more than those observed during the non-haze period. The pHIS were observed to be lower during the smoke-haze period than that during the non-haze period for all size fractions of PM, indicating that atmospheric aerosols were more acidic due to the influence of biomass burning emissions. The particles in the accumulation mode were more acidic than those in the coarse mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sailesh N Behera
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jinping Cheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Rajasekhar Balasubramanian
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576, Republic of Singapore.
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137
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Li XD, Yang Z, Fu P, Yu J, Lang YC, Liu D, Ono K, Kawamura K. High abundances of dicarboxylic acids, oxocarboxylic acids, and α-dicarbonyls in fine aerosols (PM2.5) in Chengdu, China during wintertime haze pollution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:12902-12918. [PMID: 25913314 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4548-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Daytime and nighttime fine aerosol (PM2.5) samples were collected during a haze episode in January 2013 within the urban area of Chengdu, southwest China. Aerosol samples were analyzed for low-molecular-weight homologous dicarboxylic acids, oxocarboxylic acids and α-dicarbonyls, as well as organic carbon and elemental carbon. Concentration ranges of diacids, oxoacids, and α-dicarbonyls were 1,400-5,250, 272-1,380, and 88-220 ng m(-3), respectively. Molecular distributions of diacids (mean 3,388 ± 943 ng m(-3)) were characterized by a predominance of oxalic acid (C2; 1,373 ± 427 ng m(-3)), followed by succinic (C4), terephthalic (tPh), and phthalic (Ph) acids. Such high levels of tPh and Ph were different from those in other Asian cities where malonic acid (C3) is the second or third highest species, mostly owing to significant emissions from coal combustion and uncontrolled waste incineration. High contents of diacids, oxoacids, and α-dicarbonyls were detected on hazy days, suggesting an enhanced emission and/or formation of these organics during such a weather condition. Concentrations of unsaturated aliphatic diacids (e.g., maleic acid) and phthalic acids were higher in nighttime than in daytime. Good positive correlations of C2 with C3, C4, ketomalonic (kC3), pyruvic (Pyr), and glyoxylic (ɷC2) acids in daytime suggest secondary production of C2 via the photooxidation of longer chain diacids and ɷC2. This study demonstrated that both primary emissions and secondary production are important sources of dicarboxylic acids and related compounds in atmospheric aerosols in the Sichuan Basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550002, China
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138
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Chu B, Liu T, Zhang X, Liu Y, Ma Q, Ma J, He H, Wang X, Li J, Hao J. Secondary aerosol formation and oxidation capacity in photooxidation in the presence of Al2O3 seed particles and SO2. Sci China Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-015-5456-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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139
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Lai C, Liu Y, Ma J, Ma Q, Chu B, He H. Heterogeneous Kinetics of cis-Pinonic Acid with Hydroxyl Radical under Different Environmental Conditions. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:6583-93. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b01321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chengyue Lai
- State Key Joint Laboratory
of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Yongchun Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory
of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Jinzhu Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory
of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Qingxin Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory
of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Biwu Chu
- State Key Joint Laboratory
of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Hong He
- State Key Joint Laboratory
of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
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140
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Wren SN, Gordon BP, Valley NA, McWilliams LE, Richmond GL. Hydration, Orientation, and Conformation of Methylglyoxal at the Air–Water Interface. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:6391-403. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b03555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sumi N. Wren
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Brittany P. Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Nicholas A. Valley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Laura E. McWilliams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
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141
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George C, Ammann M, D’Anna B, Donaldson DJ, Nizkorodov S. Heterogeneous photochemistry in the atmosphere. Chem Rev 2015; 115:4218-58. [PMID: 25775235 PMCID: PMC4772778 DOI: 10.1021/cr500648z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian George
- Université
de Lyon 1, Lyon F-69626, France
- CNRS, UMR5256,
IRCELYON, Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et
l’Environnement de Lyon, Villeurbanne F-69626, France
| | - Markus Ammann
- Laboratory
of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Barbara D’Anna
- Université
de Lyon 1, Lyon F-69626, France
- CNRS, UMR5256,
IRCELYON, Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et
l’Environnement de Lyon, Villeurbanne F-69626, France
| | - D. J. Donaldson
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Physical & Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Sergey
A. Nizkorodov
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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142
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Herrmann H, Schaefer T, Tilgner A, Styler SA, Weller C, Teich M, Otto T. Tropospheric aqueous-phase chemistry: kinetics, mechanisms, and its coupling to a changing gas phase. Chem Rev 2015; 115:4259-334. [PMID: 25950643 DOI: 10.1021/cr500447k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Schaefer
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Tilgner
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sarah A Styler
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Weller
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Monique Teich
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tobias Otto
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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143
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Zhang R, Wang G, Guo S, Zamora ML, Ying Q, Lin Y, Wang W, Hu M, Wang Y. Formation of urban fine particulate matter. Chem Rev 2015; 115:3803-55. [PMID: 25942499 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 472] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Renyi Zhang
- §State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Song Guo
- §State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | - Min Hu
- §State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Wang
- #Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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144
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Bilde M, Barsanti K, Booth M, Cappa CD, Donahue NM, Emanuelsson EU, McFiggans G, Krieger UK, Marcolli C, Topping D, Ziemann P, Barley M, Clegg S, Dennis-Smither B, Hallquist M, Hallquist ÅM, Khlystov A, Kulmala M, Mogensen D, Percival CJ, Pope F, Reid JP, Ribeiro da Silva MAV, Rosenoern T, Salo K, Soonsin VP, Yli-Juuti T, Prisle NL, Pagels J, Rarey J, Zardini AA, Riipinen I. Saturation Vapor Pressures and Transition Enthalpies of Low-Volatility Organic Molecules of Atmospheric Relevance: From Dicarboxylic Acids to Complex Mixtures. Chem Rev 2015; 115:4115-56. [DOI: 10.1021/cr5005502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Merete Bilde
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kelley Barsanti
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97207, United States
| | | | | | - Neil M. Donahue
- Centre
for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | | | | | - Ulrich K. Krieger
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Marcolli
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- Marcolli Chemistry and Physics Consulting GmbH, 8047 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Paul Ziemann
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research
in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | | | - Simon Clegg
- School
of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mattias Hallquist
- Atmospheric
Science, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Åsa M. Hallquist
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, SE-411 33 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrey Khlystov
- Division
of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, Nevada 89512, United States
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Department
of Physics, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ditte Mogensen
- Department
of Physics, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Francis Pope
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental
Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan P. Reid
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, United Kingdom
| | - M. A. V. Ribeiro da Silva
- Centro
de Investigação em Química, Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
| | - Thomas Rosenoern
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, DK-1165 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kent Salo
- Maritime
Environment, Shipping and Marine Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Vacharaporn Pia Soonsin
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- Center
of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Taina Yli-Juuti
- Department
of Physics, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Department
of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Nønne L. Prisle
- Department
of Physics, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joakim Pagels
- Ergonomics & Aerosol Technology, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Juergen Rarey
- School
of Chemical Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
- DDBST GmbH, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany
- Industrial
Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Alessandro A. Zardini
- European
Commission Joint Research Centre (JRC), Institute for Energy and Transport, Sustainable Transport Unit, I-21027 Ispra, Italy
| | - Ilona Riipinen
- Department
of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES) and Bolin
Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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145
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Han T, Liu X, Zhang Y, Qu Y, Zeng L, Hu M, Zhu T. Role of secondary aerosols in haze formation in summer in the Megacity Beijing. J Environ Sci (China) 2015; 31:51-60. [PMID: 25968258 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2014.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A field experiment from 18 August to 8 September 2006 in Beijing, China, was carried out. A hazy day was defined as visibility<l0 km and RH (relative humidity)<90%. Four haze episodes, which accounted for ~60% of the time during the whole campaign, were characterized by increases of SNA (sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium) and SOA (secondary organic aerosol) concentrations. The average values with standard deviation of SO4(2-), NO3-, NH4+ and SOA were 49.8 (±31.6), 31.4 (±22.3), 25.8 (±16.6) and 8.9 (±4.1)μg/m3, respectively, during the haze episodes, which were 4.3, 3.4, 4.1, and 1.7 times those in the non-haze days. The SO4(2-), NO3-, NH4+, and SOA accounted for 15.8%, 8.8%, 7.3%, and 6.0% of the total mass concentration of PM10 during the non-haze days. The respective contributions of SNA species to PM10 rose to about 27.2%, 15.9%, and 13.9% during the haze days, while the contributions of SOA maintained the same level with a slight decrease to about 4.9%. The observed mass concentrations of SNA and SOA increased with the increase of PM10 mass concentration, however, the rate of increase of SNA was much faster than that of the SOA. The SOR (sulfur oxidation ratio) and NOR (nitrogen oxidation ratio) increased from non-haze days to hazy days, and increased with the increase of RH. High concentrations of aerosols and water vapor favored the conversion of SO2 to SO4(2-) and NO2 to NO3-, which accelerated the accumulation of the aerosols and resulted in the formation of haze in Beijing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Han
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xingang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Yuanhang Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Yu Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Limin Zeng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tong Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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146
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Sun W, Zhang P, Yang B, Shu J, Wang Y, Li Y. Products and mechanisms of the heterogeneous reaction of three suspended herbicide particles with NO₃ radicals. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 514:185-191. [PMID: 25659317 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Over 60% of herbicides are capable of disrupting the endocrine and/or reproductive systems of animals. These herbicides may be released into the atmosphere in both gas and particulate phases, but most of their degradation processes in the atmosphere are not well known. In this study, the heterogeneous reactions of suspended isopropalin, trifluralin, and alachlor particles with NO₃ radicals were investigated using an online vacuum ultraviolet photoionization aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The reaction products for the three herbicides were determined by the assistance of the gas chromatography-mass spectrometer analysis. Mono-dealkylated derivatives were detected as the main reaction products of isopropalin and trifluralin. In addition, an α-amino alcohol product was detected for isopropalin. The carbonylation derivative and the nitro-substituted derivative were the main reaction products observed for alachlor. The reaction mechanism of NO₃ radical-induced N-dealkylation for isopropalin was clarified by density functional theory calculations. It began with the H-abstraction from the N-propyl group, followed by the formation of the α-peroxypropyl radical, α-propyloxy radical, and α-amino alcohol, as well as by the collapse of the α-amino alcohol. The oxidation mechanism for trifluralin is similar to that of isopropalin, whereas the mechanism for alachlor involves carbonylation and nitro-substitution. These results provided insights on the chemical transformation of these herbicides in the atmosphere. The data generated from this study can be used as fundamental information for future studies on their toxic effects to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanqi Sun
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10085, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10085, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10085, China
| | - Jinian Shu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10085, China.
| | - Youfeng Wang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10085, China
| | - Yueyan Li
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10085, China
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147
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Liu Q, Wang W, Ge M. Acid-catalyzed heterogeneous reaction of 3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol with hydrogen peroxide. J Environ Sci (China) 2015; 31:89-97. [PMID: 25968263 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2014.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Acid-catalyzed heterogeneous oxidation with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) has been suggested to be a potential pathway for secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from isoprene and its oxidation products. However, knowledge of the chemical mechanism and kinetics for this process is still incomplete. 3-Methyl-2-buten-1-ol (MBO321), an aliphatic alcohol structurally similar to isoprene, is emitted by pine forests and widely used in the manufacturing industries. Herein the uptake of MBO321 into H2SO4-H2O2 mixed solution was investigated using a flow-tube reactor coupled to a mass spectrometer. The reactive uptake coefficients (γ) were acquired for the first time and were found to increase rapidly with increasing acid concentration. Corresponding aqueous-phase reactions were performed to further study the mechanism of this acid-catalyzed reaction. MBO321 could convert to 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol (MBO232) and yield isoprene in acidic media. Organic hydroperoxides (ROOHs) were found to be generated through the acid-catalyzed route, which could undergo a rearrangement reaction and result in the formation of acetone and acetaldehyde. Organosulfates, which have been proposed to be SOA tracer compounds in the atmosphere, were also produced during the oxidation process. These results suggest that the heterogeneous acid-catalyzed reaction of MBO321 with H2O2 may contribute to SOA mass under certain atmospheric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifan Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Weigang Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Maofa Ge
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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148
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Pöschl U, Shiraiwa M. Multiphase chemistry at the atmosphere-biosphere interface influencing climate and public health in the anthropocene. Chem Rev 2015; 115:4440-75. [PMID: 25856774 DOI: 10.1021/cr500487s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Pöschl
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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149
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Fu X, Guo H, Wang X, Ding X, He Q, Liu T, Zhang Z. PM2.5 acidity at a background site in the Pearl River Delta region in fall-winter of 2007-2012. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 286:484-492. [PMID: 25603297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Based on field observations and thermodynamic model simulation, the annual trend of PM2.5 acidity and its characteristics on non-hazy and hazy days in fall-winter of 2007-2012 in the Pearl River Delta region were investigated. Total acidity ([H(+)](total)) and in-situ acidity ([H(+)](in-situ)) of PM2.5 significantly decreased (F-test, p < 0.05) at a rate of -32 ± 1.5 nmol m(-3)year(-1) and -9 ± 1.7 nmol m(-3) year(-1), respectively. The variation of acidity was mainly caused by the change of the PM2.5 component, i.e., the decreasing rates of [H(+)](total) and [H(+)](in-situ) due to the decrease of sulfate (SO4(2-)) exceeded the increasing rate caused by the growth of nitrate (NO3(-)). [H(+)](total), [H(+)](in-situ) and liquid water content on hazy days were 0.9-2.2, 1.2-3.5 and 2.0-3.0 times those on non-hazy days, respectively. On hazy days, the concentration of organic matter (OM) showed significant enhancement when [H(+)](in-situ) increased (t-test, p < 0.05), while this was not observed on non-hazy days. Moreover, when the acidity was low (i.e., R = [NH4(+)]/(2 × [SO4(2-)]+[NO3(-)])>0.6), NH4NO3 was most likely formed via homogenous reaction. When the acidity was high (R ≤ 0.6), the gas-phase formation of NH4NO3 was inhibited, and the proportion of NO3(-) produced via heterogeneous reaction of N2O5 became significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxin Fu
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China
| | - Hai Guo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China.
| | - Xinming Wang
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.
| | - Xiang Ding
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Quanfu He
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Tengyu Liu
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Zhou Zhang
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
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150
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Farmer DK, Cappa CD, Kreidenweis SM. Atmospheric Processes and Their Controlling Influence on Cloud Condensation Nuclei Activity. Chem Rev 2015; 115:4199-217. [DOI: 10.1021/cr5006292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher D. Cappa
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
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