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Gacasan SB, Baker DL, Parrill AL. G protein-coupled receptors: the evolution of structural insight. AIMS BIOPHYSICS 2017; 4:491-527. [PMID: 29951585 DOI: 10.3934/biophy.2017.3.491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) comprise a diverse superfamily of over 800 proteins that have gained relevance as biological targets for pharmaceutical drug design. Although these receptors have been investigated for decades, three-dimensional structures of GPCR have only recently become available. In this review, we focus on the technological advancements that have facilitated efforts to gain insights into GPCR structure. Progress in these efforts began with the initial crystal structure determination of rhodopsin (PDB: 1F88) in 2000 and has continued to the most recently published structure of the A1AR (PDB: 5UEN) in 2017. Numerous experimental developments over the past two decades have opened the door for widespread GPCR structural characterization. These efforts have resulted in the determination of three-dimensional structures for over 40 individual GPCR family members. Herein we present a comprehensive list and comparative analysis of over 180 individual GPCR structures. This includes a summary of different GPCR functional states crystallized with agonists, dual agonists, partial agonists, inverse agonists, antagonists, and allosteric modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha B Gacasan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Memphis, 3744 Walker Ave, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - Daniel L Baker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Memphis, 3744 Walker Ave, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - Abby L Parrill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Memphis, 3744 Walker Ave, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
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102
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Wu Y, Fortin DA, Cochrane VA, Chen PC, Shyng SL. NMDA receptors mediate leptin signaling and regulate potassium channel trafficking in pancreatic β-cells. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:15512-15524. [PMID: 28768770 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.802249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
NMDA receptors (NMDARs) are Ca2+-permeant, ligand-gated ion channels activated by the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate and have well-characterized roles in the nervous system. The expression and function of NMDARs in pancreatic β-cells, by contrast, are poorly understood. Here, we report a novel function of NMDARs in β-cells. Using a combination of biochemistry, electrophysiology, and imaging techniques, we now show that NMDARs have a key role in mediating the effect of leptin to modulate β-cell electrical activity by promoting AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-dependent trafficking of KATP and Kv2.1 channels to the plasma membrane. Blocking NMDAR activity inhibited the ability of leptin to activate AMPK, induce KATP and Kv2.1 channel trafficking, and promote membrane hyperpolarization. Conversely, activation of NMDARs mimicked the effect of leptin, causing Ca2+ influx, AMPK activation, and increased trafficking of KATP and Kv2.1 channels to the plasma membrane, and triggered membrane hyperpolarization. Moreover, leptin potentiated NMDAR currents and triggered NMDAR-dependent Ca2+ influx. Importantly, NMDAR-mediated signaling was observed in rat insulinoma 832/13 cells and in human β-cells, indicating that this pathway is conserved across species. The ability of NMDARs to regulate potassium channel surface expression and thus, β-cell excitability provides mechanistic insight into the recently reported insulinotropic effects of NMDAR antagonists and therefore highlights the therapeutic potential of these drugs in managing type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wu
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239 and
| | - Dale A Fortin
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239 and
| | - Veronica A Cochrane
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239 and
| | - Pei-Chun Chen
- the Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Show-Ling Shyng
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239 and
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Kumata K, Yamasaki T, Hatori A, Zhang Y, Mori W, Fujinaga M, Xie L, Okubo T, Nengaki N, Zhang MR. Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of three novel radiotracers for imaging of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 2 in rat brain. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:3139-3143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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H 2O 2 attenuates IGF-1R tyrosine phosphorylation and its survival signaling properties in neuronal cells via NR2B containing NMDA receptor. Oncotarget 2017; 8:65313-65328. [PMID: 29029433 PMCID: PMC5630333 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Impairment of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) signaling plays an important role in the development of neurodegeneration. In the present study, we investigated the effect of H2O2 on the survival signaling of IGF-1 and its underlying mechanisms in human neuronal cells SH-SY5Y. Our results showed that IGF-1 promoted cell survival and stimulated phosphorylation of IGF-1R as well as its downstream targets like AKT and ERK1/2 in these cells. Meanwhile, these effects of IGF-1 were abolished by H2O2 at 200μM concentration which did not cause any significant toxicity to cells itself in our experiments. Moreover, studies using various glutamate receptor subtype antagonists displayed that N-methyl-D -aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist dizocilpine maleate (MK-801) blocked the effects of H2O2, whereas other glutamate receptor subtype antagonists, such as non-NMDA receptor antagonist 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (DNQX), metabolic glutamate receptor antagonists LY341495 and CPCCOEt, had no effect. Further studies revealed that NR2B-containing NMDARs are responsible for these effects as its effects were blocked by pharmacological inhibitor Ro25-698 or specific siRNA for NR2B, but not NR2A. Finally, our data also showed that Ca2+ influx contributes to the effects of H2O2. Similar results were obtained in primary cultured cortical neurons. Taken together, the results from the present study suggested that H2O2 attenuated IGF-1R tyrosine phosphorylation and its survival signaling properties via NR2B containing NMDA receptors and Ca2+ influx in SH-SY5Y cells. Therefore, NMDAR antagonists, especially NR2B-selective ones, combined with IGF-1 may serve as an alternative therapeutic agent for oxidative stress related neurodegenerative disease.
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105
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Gong B, Li Y, Cheng Z, Wang P, Luo L, Huang H, Duan S, Liu F. GRIK3: A novel oncogenic protein related to tumor TNM stage, lymph node metastasis, and poor prognosis of GC. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317704364. [PMID: 28631555 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317704364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamate receptor, ionotropic, kainate 3 (GRIK3), as a member of the glutamate kainate receptor family, mainly participated in neuroactive ligand receptor interaction pathway. Other members of GRIK family were previously reported to regulate cellular migration, transformation, and proliferation in tumor. However, the mechanism of GRIK3 in tumor is still unclear. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to reveal the expression and clinical significance of GRIK3 in gastric cancer (GC). First, we performed the expression analysis and survival analysis of GRIK3 using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, and the results showed that the GRIK3 expressed differentially between gastric cancer tissues and the adjacent normal tissues and that higher expression of GRIK3 was associated with poor survival outcomes. And the gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis suggested that GRIK3 mainly took part in cancer-related process. Subsequently, the validated immunohistochemistry showed that GRIK3 expressed higher in the GC tissues than in the matched normal tissues and the patients with overexpressed GRIK3 had worse survival outcomes. The univariate and multivariate analyses suggested that the expression of GRIK3 was an independent prognostic factor to predict GC prognosis. Furthermore, additional experiment showed that the lymph node metastasis tissues had higher GRIK3 expression than their matched primary GC tissues. These findings suggested that elevated GRIK3 expression could serve as an independent prognostic biomarker and a novel potential treatment target for patients with GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baocheng Gong
- 1 Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuan Li
- 1 Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhenguo Cheng
- 2 Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Pengliang Wang
- 1 Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lei Luo
- 1 Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hanwei Huang
- 1 Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shijie Duan
- 1 Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Funan Liu
- 1 Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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106
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Galambos J, Bielik A, Wágner G, Domány G, Kóti J, Béni Z, Szigetvári Á, Sánta Z, Orgován Z, Bobok A, Kiss B, Mikó-Bakk ML, Vastag M, Sághy K, Krasavin M, Gál K, Greiner I, Szombathelyi Z, Keserű GM. Discovery of 4-amino-3-arylsulfoquinolines, a novel non-acetylenic chemotype of metabotropic glutamate 5 (mGlu 5 ) receptor negative allosteric modulators. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 133:240-254. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.03.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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107
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Isherwood SN, Robbins TW, Nicholson JR, Dalley JW, Pekcec A. Selective and interactive effects of D 2 receptor antagonism and positive allosteric mGluR4 modulation on waiting impulsivity. Neuropharmacology 2017; 123:249-260. [PMID: 28487067 PMCID: PMC5522528 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 (mGluR4) and dopamine D2 receptors are specifically expressed within the indirect pathway neurons of the striato-pallidal-subthalamic pathway. This unique expression profile suggests that mGluR4 and D2 receptors may play a cooperative role in the regulation and inhibitory control of behaviour. We investigated this possibility by testing the effects of a functionally-characterised positive allosteric mGluR4 modulator, 4-((E)-styryl)-pyrimidin-2-ylamine (Cpd11), both alone and in combination with the D2 receptor antagonist eticlopride, on two distinct forms of impulsivity. Methods Rats were trained on the five-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT) of sustained visual attention and segregated according to low, mid, and high levels of motor impulsivity (LI, MI and HI, respectively), with unscreened rats used as an additional control group. A separate group of rats was trained on a delay discounting task (DDT) to assess choice impulsivity. Results Systemic administration of Cpd11 dose-dependently increased motor impulsivity and impaired attentional accuracy on the 5-CSRTT in all groups tested. Eticlopride selectively attenuated the increase in impulsivity induced by Cpd11, but not the accompanying attentional impairment, at doses that had no significant effect on behavioural performance when administered alone. Cpd11 also decreased choice impulsivity on the DDT (i.e. increased preference for the large, delayed reward) and decreased locomotor activity. Conclusions These findings demonstrate that mGluR4s, in conjunction with D2 receptors, affect motor- and choice-based measures of impulsivity, and therefore may be novel targets to modulate impulsive behaviour associated with a number of neuropsychiatric syndromes. Positive allosteric mGluR4 modulation increases motor impulsivity and impairs aspects of visual attention. Positive allosteric mGluR4 modulation decreases choice impulsivity as well as indices of motor function. Blocking D2 receptors selectively attenuates the effect of positive allosteric mGluR4 modulation on motor impulsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N Isherwood
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Div. Research Germany, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany; Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK; Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK; Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Janet R Nicholson
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Div. Research Germany, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Jeffrey W Dalley
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK; Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK; Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Anton Pekcec
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Div. Research Germany, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany.
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108
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Adenosine A1 and A2A Receptors in the Brain: Current Research and Their Role in Neurodegeneration. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22040676. [PMID: 28441750 PMCID: PMC6154612 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22040676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibitory adenosine A1 receptor (A1R) and excitatory A2A receptor (A2AR) are predominantly expressed in the brain. Whereas the A2AR has been implicated in normal aging and enhancing neurotoxicity in multiple neurodegenerative diseases, the inhibitory A1R has traditionally been ascribed to have a neuroprotective function in various brain insults. This review provides a summary of the emerging role of prolonged A1R signaling and its potential cross-talk with A2AR in the cellular basis for increased neurotoxicity in neurodegenerative disorders. This A1R signaling enhances A2AR-mediated neurodegeneration, and provides a platform for future development of neuroprotective agents in stroke, Parkinson’s disease and epilepsy.
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109
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Abstract
Recently, it has been found that the gut microbiota influences functions of the host brain by affecting monoamine metabolism. The present study focused on the relationship between the gut microbiota and the brain amino acids. Specific pathogen-free (SPF) and germ-free (GF) mice were used as experimental models. Plasma and brain regions were sampled from mice at 7 and 16 weeks of age, and analysed for free d- and l-amino acids, which are believed to affect many physiological functions. At 7 weeks of age, plasma concentrations of d-aspartic acid (d-Asp), l-alanine (l-Ala), l-glutamine (l-Gln) and taurine were higher in SPF mice than in GF mice, but no differences were found at 16 weeks of age. Similar patterns were observed for the concentrations of l-Asp in striatum, cerebral cortex and hippocampus, and l-arginine (l-Arg), l-Ala and l-valine (l-Val) in striatum. In addition, the concentrations of l-Asp, d-Ala, l-histidine, l-isoleucine (l-Ile), l-leucine (l-Leu), l-phenylalanine and l-Val were significantly higher in plasma of SPF mice when compared with those of GF mice. The concentrations of l-Arg, l-Gln, l-Ile and l-Leu were significantly higher in SPF than in GF mice, but those of d-Asp, d-serine and l-serine were higher in some brain regions of GF mice than in those of SPF mice. In conclusion, the concentration of amino acids in the host brain seems to be dependent on presence of the gut microbiota. Amino acid metabolism in the host brain may be modified by manipulating microbiota communities.
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110
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Mikics E, Toth M, Biro L, Bruzsik B, Nagy B, Haller J. The role of GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors in short- and long-term fear recall. Physiol Behav 2017; 177:44-48. [PMID: 28400283 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are crucial synaptic elements in long-term memory formation, including the associative learning of fearful events. Although NMDA blockers were consistently shown to inhibit fear memory acquisition and recall, the clinical use of general NMDA blockers is hampered by their side effects. Recent studies revealed significant heterogeneity in the distribution and neurophysiological characteristics of NMDA receptors with different GluN2 (NR2) subunit composition, which may have differential role in fear learning and recall. To investigate the specific role of NMDA receptor subpopulations with different GluN2 subunit compositions in the formation of lasting traumatic memories, we contrasted the effects of general NMDA receptor blockade with GluN2A-, GluN2B-, and GluN2C/D subunit selective antagonists (MK-801, PEAQX, Ro25-6981, PPDA, respectively). To investigate acute and lasting consequences, behavioral responses were investigated 1 and 28days after fear conditioning. We found that MK-801 (0.05 and 0.1mg/kg) decreased fear recall at both time points. GluN2B receptor subunit blockade produced highly similar effects, albeit efficacy was somewhat smaller 28days after fear conditioning. Unlike MK-801, Ro25-6981 (3 and 10mg/kg) did not affect locomotor activity in the open-field. In contrast, GluN2A and GluN2C/D blockers (6 and 20mg/kg PEAQX; 3 and 10mg/kg PPDA, respectively) had no effect on conditioned fear recall at any time point and dose. This sharp contrast between GluN2B- and other subunit-containing NMDA receptor function indicates that GluN2B receptor subunits are intimately involved in fear memory formation, and may provide a novel pharmacological target in post-traumatic stress disorder or other fear-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Mikics
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, P.O. Box 67, H-1450 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Mate Toth
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, P.O. Box 67, H-1450 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Laszlo Biro
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, P.O. Box 67, H-1450 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Biborka Bruzsik
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, P.O. Box 67, H-1450 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Boglarka Nagy
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, P.O. Box 67, H-1450 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jozsef Haller
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, P.O. Box 67, H-1450 Budapest, Hungary
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111
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Monosodium glutamate-associated alterations in open field, anxiety-related and conditioned place preference behaviours in mice. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 390:677-689. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-017-1371-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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112
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Sakata M, Toyohara J, Ishibashi K, Wagatsuma K, Ishii K, Zhang MR, Ishiwata K. Age and gender effects of 11C-ITMM binding to metabotropic glutamate receptor type 1 in healthy human participants. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 55:72-77. [PMID: 28431287 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We examined possible age- and gender-related changes in binding of the selective antagonist N-[4-[6-(isopropylamino)pyrimidin-4-yl]-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]-4-11C-methoxy-N-methylbenzamide (11C-ITMM) to metabotropic glutamate receptor type 1 in healthy human brains. Dynamic 11C-ITMM positron emission tomography scans (90 min) with serial arterial blood sampling were performed in 15 young and 24 older healthy adult volunteers. The total distribution volume (VT) of several brain regions was estimated with 2-tissue compartment model analysis. The VTs of the cerebellar cortex, parietal cortex, putamen, amygdala, and hippocampus in older adult participants were significantly higher than in young participants. The age-related VT increase was only observed in male participants. Our data suggest that an age-dependent increase in metabotropic glutamate receptor type 1 availability in several brain regions may exist predominantly in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneyuki Sakata
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Toyohara
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kenji Ishibashi
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Wagatsuma
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Ishii
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ming-Rong Zhang
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kiichi Ishiwata
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan; Institute of Cyclotron and Drug Discovery Research, Southern Tohoku Research Institute for Neuroscience, Koriyama, Japan; Department of Biofunctional Imaging, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
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113
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Arnold AJ, Razavieh A, Nasr JR, Schulman DS, Eichfeld CM, Das S. Mimicking Neurotransmitter Release in Chemical Synapses via Hysteresis Engineering in MoS 2 Transistors. ACS NANO 2017; 11:3110-3118. [PMID: 28260370 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Neurotransmitter release in chemical synapses is fundamental to diverse brain functions such as motor action, learning, cognition, emotion, perception, and consciousness. Moreover, improper functioning or abnormal release of neurotransmitter is associated with numerous neurological disorders such as epilepsy, sclerosis, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. We have utilized hysteresis engineering in a back-gated MoS2 field effect transistor (FET) in order to mimic such neurotransmitter release dynamics in chemical synapses. All three essential features, i.e., quantal, stochastic, and excitatory or inhibitory nature of neurotransmitter release, were accurately captured in our experimental demonstration. We also mimicked an important phenomenon called long-term potentiation (LTP), which forms the basis of human memory. Finally, we demonstrated how to engineer the LTP time by operating the MoS2 FET in different regimes. Our findings could provide a critical component toward the design of next-generation smart and intelligent human-like machines and human-machine interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Razavieh
- GLOBALFOUNDRIES , Albany NanoTech Complex, Albany, New York 12203, United States
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114
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Galambos J, Bielik A, Krasavin M, Orgován Z, Domány G, Nógrádi K, Wágner G, Balogh GT, Béni Z, Kóti J, Szakács Z, Bobok A, Kolok S, Mikó-Bakk ML, Vastag M, Sághy K, Laszy J, Halász AS, Balázs O, Gál K, Greiner I, Szombathelyi Z, Keserű GM. Discovery and Preclinical Characterization of 3-((4-(4-Chlorophenyl)-7-fluoroquinoline-3-yl)sulfonyl)benzonitrile, a Novel Non-acetylenic Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 5 (mGluR5) Negative Allosteric Modulator for Psychiatric Indications. J Med Chem 2017; 60:2470-2484. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- János Galambos
- Gedeon Richter Plc, 19-21 Gyömrői
út, Budapest, 1103 Hungary
| | - Attila Bielik
- Gedeon Richter Plc, 19-21 Gyömrői
út, Budapest, 1103 Hungary
| | - Mikhail Krasavin
- Institute
of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 26 Universitetskii Prospekt, Peterhof, 198504 Russia
| | - Zoltán Orgován
- Medicinal
Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Magyar tudósok körútja, Budapest, 1117 Hungary
| | - György Domány
- Gedeon Richter Plc, 19-21 Gyömrői
út, Budapest, 1103 Hungary
| | - Katalin Nógrádi
- Gedeon Richter Plc, 19-21 Gyömrői
út, Budapest, 1103 Hungary
| | - Gábor Wágner
- Gedeon Richter Plc, 19-21 Gyömrői
út, Budapest, 1103 Hungary
| | | | - Zoltán Béni
- Gedeon Richter Plc, 19-21 Gyömrői
út, Budapest, 1103 Hungary
| | - János Kóti
- Gedeon Richter Plc, 19-21 Gyömrői
út, Budapest, 1103 Hungary
| | - Zoltán Szakács
- Gedeon Richter Plc, 19-21 Gyömrői
út, Budapest, 1103 Hungary
| | - Amrita Bobok
- Gedeon Richter Plc, 19-21 Gyömrői
út, Budapest, 1103 Hungary
| | - Sándor Kolok
- Gedeon Richter Plc, 19-21 Gyömrői
út, Budapest, 1103 Hungary
| | | | - Mónika Vastag
- Gedeon Richter Plc, 19-21 Gyömrői
út, Budapest, 1103 Hungary
| | - Katalin Sághy
- Gedeon Richter Plc, 19-21 Gyömrői
út, Budapest, 1103 Hungary
| | - Judit Laszy
- Gedeon Richter Plc, 19-21 Gyömrői
út, Budapest, 1103 Hungary
| | | | - Ottilia Balázs
- Gedeon Richter Plc, 19-21 Gyömrői
út, Budapest, 1103 Hungary
| | - Krisztina Gál
- Gedeon Richter Plc, 19-21 Gyömrői
út, Budapest, 1103 Hungary
| | - István Greiner
- Gedeon Richter Plc, 19-21 Gyömrői
út, Budapest, 1103 Hungary
| | | | - György M. Keserű
- Medicinal
Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Magyar tudósok körútja, Budapest, 1117 Hungary
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115
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Differential effect of chronic stress on mouse hippocampal memory and affective behavior: Role of major ovarian hormones. Behav Brain Res 2017; 318:36-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Ma Y, Kumata K, Yui J, Zhang Y, Yamasaki T, Hatori A, Fujinaga M, Nengaki N, Xie L, Wang H, Zhang MR. Synthesis and evaluation of 1-(cyclopropylmethyl)-4-(4-[ 11 C]methoxyphenyl)-piperidin-1-yl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridine-3-carbonitrile ([ 11 C]CMDC) for PET imaging of metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 in the rat brain. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:1014-1021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Badin AS, Fermani F, Greenfield SA. The Features and Functions of Neuronal Assemblies: Possible Dependency on Mechanisms beyond Synaptic Transmission. Front Neural Circuits 2017; 10:114. [PMID: 28119576 PMCID: PMC5223595 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2016.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
"Neuronal assemblies" are defined here as coalitions within the brain of millions of neurons extending in space up to 1-2 mm, and lasting for hundreds of milliseconds: as such they could potentially link bottom-up, micro-scale with top-down, macro-scale events. The perspective first compares the features in vitro versus in vivo of this underappreciated "meso-scale" level of brain processing, secondly considers the various diverse functions in which assemblies may play a pivotal part, and thirdly analyses whether the surprisingly spatially extensive and prolonged temporal properties of assemblies can be described exclusively in terms of classic synaptic transmission or whether additional, different types of signaling systems are likely to operate. Based on our own voltage-sensitive dye imaging (VSDI) data acquired in vitro we show how restriction to only one signaling process, i.e., synaptic transmission, is unlikely to be adequate for modeling the full profile of assemblies. Based on observations from VSDI with its protracted spatio-temporal scales, we suggest that two other, distinct processes are likely to play a significant role in assembly dynamics: "volume" transmission (the passive diffusion of diverse bioactive transmitters, hormones, and modulators), as well as electrotonic spread via gap junctions. We hypothesize that a combination of all three processes has the greatest potential for deriving a realistic model of assemblies and hence elucidating the various complex brain functions that they may mediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine-Scott Badin
- Neuro-Bio Ltd., Culham Science CentreAbingdon, UK; Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Mann Group, University of OxfordOxford, UK
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Abstract
Mitochondria lie at the crossroads of neuronal survival and cell death. They play important roles in cellular bioenergetics, control intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis, and participate in key metabolic pathways. Mutations in genes involved in mitochondrial quality control cause a myriad of neurodegenerative diseases. Mitochondria have evolved strategies to kill cells when they are not able to continue their vital functions. This review provides an overview of the role of mitochondria in neurologic disease and the cell death pathways that are mediated through mitochondria, including their role in accidental cell death, the regulated cell death pathways of apoptosis and parthanatos, and programmed cell death. It details the current state of parthanatic cell death and discusses potential therapeutic strategies targeting initiators and effectors of mitochondrial-mediated cell death in neurologic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted M Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205; ,
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana 70130
| | - Valina L Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205; ,
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana 70130
- Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana 70130
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120
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Bodmer D, Perkovic A, Sekulic-Jablanovic M, Wright MB, Petkovic V. Pasireotide prevents nuclear factor of activated T cells nuclear translocation and acts as a protective agent in aminoglycoside-induced auditory hair cell loss. J Neurochem 2016; 139:1113-1123. [PMID: 27787949 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hearing impairment is a global health problem with a high socioeconomic impact. Damage to auditory hair cells (HCs) in the inner ear as a result of aging, disease, trauma, or toxicity, underlies the majority of cases of sensorineural hearing loss. Previously we demonstrated that the Ca2+ -sensitive neuropeptide, somatostatin (SST), and an analog, octreotide, protect HCs from gentamicin-induced cell death in vitro. Aminoglycosides such as gentamicin trigger a calcium ion influx (Ca2+ ) that activates pro-apoptotic signaling cascades in HCs. SST binding to the G-protein-coupled receptors (SSTR1-SSTR5) that are directly linked to voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels inhibits Ca2+ channel activity and associated downstream events. Here, we report that the SST analog pasireotide, a high affinity ligand to SSTRs 1-3, and 5, with a longer half-life than octreotide, prevents gentamicin-induced HC death in the mouse organ of Corti (OC). Explant experiments using OCs derived from SSTR1 and SSTR1and 2 knockout mice, revealed that SSTR2 mediates pasireotide's anti-apoptotic effects. Mechanistically, pasireotide prevented a nuclear translocation of the Ca2+ -sensitive transcription factor, nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), which is ordinarily provoked by gentamicin in OC explants. Direct inhibition of NFAT with 11R-VIVIT also prevented the gentamicin-dependent nuclear translocation of NFAT and apoptosis. Both pasireotide and 11R-VIVIT partially reversed the effects of gentamicin on the expression of downstream survival targets (NMDA receptor and the regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase, PI3K). These data suggest that SST analogs antagonize aminoglycoside-induced cell death in an NFAT-dependent fashion. SST analogs and NFAT inhibitors may therefore offer new therapeutic possibilities for the treatment of hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bodmer
- Department of Biomedicine and the Clinic for Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Adrijana Perkovic
- Department of Biomedicine and the Clinic for Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marijana Sekulic-Jablanovic
- Department of Biomedicine and the Clinic for Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Vesna Petkovic
- Department of Biomedicine and the Clinic for Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Li Y, Dharkar P, Han TH, Serpe M, Lee CH, Mayer ML. Novel Functional Properties of Drosophila CNS Glutamate Receptors. Neuron 2016; 92:1036-1048. [PMID: 27889096 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Phylogenetic analysis reveals AMPA, kainate, and NMDA receptor families in insect genomes, suggesting conserved functional properties corresponding to their vertebrate counterparts. However, heterologous expression of the Drosophila kainate receptor DKaiR1D and the AMPA receptor DGluR1A revealed novel ligand selectivity at odds with the classification used for vertebrate glutamate receptor ion channels (iGluRs). DKaiR1D forms a rapidly activating and desensitizing receptor that is inhibited by both NMDA and the NMDA receptor antagonist AP5; crystallization of the KaiR1D ligand-binding domain reveals that these ligands stabilize open cleft conformations, explaining their action as antagonists. Surprisingly, the AMPA receptor DGluR1A shows weak activation by its namesake agonist AMPA and also by quisqualate. Crystallization of the DGluR1A ligand-binding domain reveals amino acid exchanges that interfere with binding of these ligands. The unexpected ligand-binding profiles of insect iGluRs allows classical tools to be used in novel approaches for the study of synaptic regulation. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Program in Cellular Regulation and Metabolism, NICHD, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Poorva Dharkar
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurophysiology, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, NICHD, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tae-Hee Han
- Program in Cellular Regulation and Metabolism, NICHD, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mihaela Serpe
- Program in Cellular Regulation and Metabolism, NICHD, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Chi-Hon Lee
- Program in Cellular Regulation and Metabolism, NICHD, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Mark L Mayer
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurophysiology, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, NICHD, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Wang Y, Yue S, Luo Z, Cao C, Yu X, Liao Z, Wang M. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activation mediates lung fibroblast proliferation and differentiation in hyperoxia-induced chronic lung disease in newborn rats. Respir Res 2016; 17:136. [PMID: 27769245 PMCID: PMC5075180 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-016-0453-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have suggested that endogenous glutamate and its N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) play important roles in hyperoxia-induced acute lung injury in newborn rats. We hypothesized that NMDAR activation also participates in the development of chronic lung injury after withdrawal of hyperoxic conditions. Methods In order to rule out the anti-inflammatory effects of NMDAR inhibitor on acute lung injury, the efficacy of MK-801 was evaluated in vivo using newborn Sprague-Dawley rats treated starting 4 days after cessation of hyperoxia exposure (on postnatal day 8). The role of NMDAR activation in hyperoxia-induced lung fibroblast proliferation and differentiation was examined in vitro using primary cells derived from the lungs of 8-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to hyperoxic conditions. Results Hyperoxia for 3 days induced acute lung injury in newborn rats. The acute injury almost completely disappeared 4 days after cessation of hyperoxia exposure. However, pulmonary fibrosis, impaired alveolarization, and decreased pulmonary compliance were observed on postnatal days 15 and 22. MK-801 treatment during the recovery period was found to alleviate the chronic damage induced by hyperoxia. Four NMDAR 2 s were found to be upregulated in the lung fibroblasts of newborn rats exposed to hyperoxia. In addition, the proliferation and upregulation of alpha-smooth muscle actin and (pro) collagen I in lung fibroblasts were detected in hyperoxia-exposed rats. MK-801 inhibited these changes. Conclusions NMDAR activation mediated lung fibroblast proliferation and differentiation and played a role in the development of hyperoxia-induced chronic lung damage in newborn rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- YanRui Wang
- Department of Neonatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87, Changsha, 410008, China.,Department of Neonatology, Heze Municipal Hospital, Heze, 274000, China
| | - ShaoJie Yue
- Department of Neonatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - ZiQiang Luo
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - ChuanDing Cao
- Department of Neonatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - XiaoHe Yu
- Department of Neonatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - ZhengChang Liao
- Department of Neonatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - MingJie Wang
- Department of Neonatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87, Changsha, 410008, China.
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Role of glutamate receptors and glial cells in the pathophysiology of treatment-resistant depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2016; 70:117-26. [PMID: 27046518 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) causes substantial socioeconomic burden. Although a consensus on the definition of TRD has not yet been reached, it is certain that classic monoaminergic antidepressants are ineffective for TRD. One decade ago, many researchers found ketamine, an N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist, to be an alternative to classic monoaminergic antidepressants. The major mechanisms of action of ketamine rapidly induce synaptogenesis in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) pathway. Although excessive glutamatergic neurotransmission and consequent excitotoxicity were considered a major cause of TRD, recent evidence suggests that the extrasynaptic glutamatergic receptor signal pathway mainly contributes to the detrimental effects of TRD. Glial cells such as microglia and astrocytes, early life adversity, and glucocorticoid receptor dysfunction participate in complex cross-talk. An appropriate reuptake of glutamate at the astrocyte is crucial for preventing 'spill-over' of synaptic glutamate and binding to the extrasynaptic NMDA receptor. Excessive microglial activation and the inflammatory process cause astrocyte glutamatergic dysfunction, which in turn activates microglial function. Early life adversity and glucocorticoid receptor dysfunction result in vulnerability to stress in adulthood. A maladaptive response to stress leads to increased glutamatergic release and pro-inflammatory cytokines, which then activate microglia. However, since the role of inflammatory mediators such as pro-inflammatory cytokines is not specific for depression, more disease-specific mechanisms should be identified. Last, although much research has focused on ketamine as an alternative antidepressant for TRD, its long-lasting effectiveness and adverse events have not been rigorously demonstrated. Additionally, evidence suggests that substantial brain abnormalities develop in ketamine abusers. Thus, more investigations for ketamine and other novel glutamatergic agents are needed.
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A potent and selective small molecule inhibitor of sirtuin 1 promotes differentiation of pluripotent P19 cells into functional neurons. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34324. [PMID: 27680533 PMCID: PMC5041152 DOI: 10.1038/srep34324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) is known to suppress differentiation of pluripotent/multipotent cells and neural progenitor cells into neurons by blocking activation of transcription factors critical for neurogenesis. EX-527 is a highly selective and potent inhibitor against SIRT1 and has been used as a chemical probe that modulates SIRT1-associated biological processes. However, the effect of EX-527 on neuronal differentiation in pluripotent cells has not been well elucidated. Here, we report an examination of EX-527 effects on neurogenesis of pluripotent P19 cells. The results showed that EX-527 greatly accelerated differentiation of P19 cells into neurons without generation of cardiac cells and astrocytes. Importantly, neurons derived from P19 cells treated with EX-527 generated voltage-dependent sodium currents and depolarization-induced action potentials. The findings indicate that the differentiated cells have electrophysiological properties. The present study suggests that the selective SIRT1 inhibitor could have the potential of being employed as a chemical inducer to generate functionally active neurons.
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125
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Collingridge GL, Lodge D, Mayer M, Turrigiano G, Frenguelli BG. Ionotropic glutamate receptors: Still exciting after all these years. Neuropharmacology 2016; 112:1-3. [PMID: 27659748 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Graham L Collingridge
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS1 3NY, UK; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S1A8, Canada; Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - David Lodge
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS1 3NY, UK
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Ha D, Bing SJ, Ahn G, Kim J, Cho J, Kim A, Herath KHINM, Yu HS, Jo SA, Cho IH, Jee Y. Blocking glutamate carboxypeptidase II inhibits glutamate excitotoxicity and regulates immune responses in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. FEBS J 2016; 283:3438-56. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.13816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danbee Ha
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Jeju National University; South Korea
| | - So Jin Bing
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Jeju National University; South Korea
| | - Ginnae Ahn
- Department of Marine Bio-Food Sciences; Chonnam National University; Yeosu South Korea
| | - Jinhee Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Jeju National University; South Korea
| | - Jinhee Cho
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Jeju National University; South Korea
| | - Areum Kim
- Department of Advanced Convergence Technology & Science; Jeju National University; South Korea
| | | | - Hak Sun Yu
- Department of Parasitology; School of Medicine; Pusan National University; Yangsan South Korea
| | - Sangmee Ahn Jo
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine; Dankook University; Cheonan South Korea
- Department of Pharmacology; College of Pharmacy; Dankook University; Cheonan South Korea
| | - Ik-Hyun Cho
- Department of Convergence Medical Science; Brain Korea 21 Plus Program, and Institute of Korean Medicine; College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University; Seoul South Korea
| | - Youngheun Jee
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Jeju National University; South Korea
- Department of Advanced Convergence Technology & Science; Jeju National University; South Korea
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute; Jeju National University; South Korea
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Role of postsynaptic inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate receptors in depotentiation in guinea pig hippocampal CA1 neurons. Brain Res 2016; 1642:154-162. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Morrison JH, Siegel SJ, Gazzaley AH, Huntley GW. ■ REVIEW : Glutamate Receptors: Emerging Links Between Subunit Proteins and Specific Excitatory Circuits in Primate Hippocampus and Neocortex. Neuroscientist 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/107385849600200513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate receptors (GluRs) are the primary mediators of excitatory neurotransmission in the CNS and play an indispensable role in brain function. Recent molecular advances have revealed an increasingly elaborate panel of GluR subunits that combine to form a variety of heteromeric GluR complexes with distinct functional characteristics determined by the stoichiometry of the subunit composition. Excitatory circuits in hippocampus and neocortex exhibit a complex and highly ordered array of termination patterns that reflect both segregation and convergence at specific target sites. We hypothesize that the molecular diversity of the GluRs will be manifested as circuit-specific profiles that will generate extensive functional diversity in cortical excitatory circuits. To elucidate the link between GluR diversity and neuroanatomical circuitry, immunocytochemical techniques employing subunit-specific antibodies have been used to localize various subunit proteins at the cellular and synaptic level. Such studies have revealed differential subunit parcellation between neocortical neuronal populations, as well as within defined dendritic compartments of hippocampal pyramidal cells. Additionally, the intradendritic parcellation of a specific GluR subunit is modifiable in an age-related and circuit-specific manner. NEUROSCIENTIST 2:272-283, 1996
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Affiliation(s)
- John H. Morrison
- Fishberg Research Center for Neurobiology, Department of Geriatrics and Adult Development, Mount
Sinai School of Medicine New York, New York
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129
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Halder D, Kim GH, Shin I. Synthetic small molecules that induce neuronal differentiation in neuroblastoma and fibroblast cells. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 11:2727-37. [PMID: 25872738 DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00161g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
An investigation was conducted to demonstrate that neurodazine (Nz) and neurodazole (Nzl), two imidazole-based small molecules, promote neuronal differentiation in both neuroblastoma and fibroblast cells. The results show that differentiated cells generated by treatment with Nz and Nzl express neuron-specific markers. The ability of Nz and Nzl to induce neurogenesis of neuroblastoma and fibroblast cells was found to be comparable to those of the known neurogenic factors, retinoic acid and trichostatin A. In addition, the cells differentiated by Nz and Nzl are observed to express different isoforms of glutamate receptors. The results of signaling pathway studies reveal that two substances enhance neurogenesis in neuroblastoma cells by activating Wnt and Shh signaling pathways and neurogenesis in fibroblast cells by mainly activating the Wnt signaling pathway. Observations made in the present study suggest that Nz and Nzl will serve as chemical tools to generate specific populations of neuronal cells from readily available and simply manageable cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasish Halder
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Biofunctional Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea.
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130
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Olmo IG, Ferreira-Vieira TH, Ribeiro FM. Dissecting the Signaling Pathways Involved in the Crosstalk between Metabotropic Glutamate 5 and Cannabinoid Type 1 Receptors. Mol Pharmacol 2016; 90:609-619. [PMID: 27338080 DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.104372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The metabotropic glutamate 5 receptor and the cannabinoid type 1 receptor are G protein-coupled receptors that are widely expressed in the central nervous system. Metabotropic glutamate 5 receptors, present at the postsynaptic site, are coupled to Gαq/11 proteins and display an excitatory response upon activation, whereas the cannabinoid type 1 receptor, mainly present at presynaptic terminals, is coupled to the Gi/o protein and triggers an inhibitory response. Recent studies suggest that the glutamatergic and endocannabinoid systems exhibit a functional interaction to modulate several neural processes. In this review, we discuss possible mechanisms involved in this crosstalk and its relationship with physiologic and pathologic conditions, including nociception, addiction, and fragile X syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella G Olmo
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Talita H Ferreira-Vieira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fabiola M Ribeiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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131
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Muguruza C, Meana JJ, Callado LF. Group II Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors as Targets for Novel Antipsychotic Drugs. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:130. [PMID: 27242534 PMCID: PMC4873505 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a chronic psychiatric disorder which substantially impairs patients' quality of life. Despite the extensive research in this field, the pathophysiology and etiology of schizophrenia remain unknown. Different neurotransmitter systems and functional networks have been found to be affected in the brain of patients with schizophrenia. In this context, postmortem brain studies as well as genetic assays have suggested alterations in Group II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in schizophrenia. Despite many years of drug research, several needs in the treatment of schizophrenia have not been addressed sufficiently. In fact, only 5-10% of patients with schizophrenia successfully achieve a full recovery after treatment. In recent years mGluRs have turned up as novel targets for the design of new antipsychotic medications for schizophrenia. Concretely, Group II mGluRs are of particular interest due to their regulatory role in neurotransmission modulating glutamatergic activity in brain synapses. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that orthosteric Group II mGluR agonists exhibit antipsychotic-like properties in animal models of schizophrenia. However, when these compounds have been tested in human clinical studies with schizophrenic patients results have been inconclusive. Nevertheless, it has been recently suggested that this apparent lack of efficacy in schizophrenic patients may be related to previous exposure to atypical antipsychotics. Moreover, the role of the functional heterocomplex formed by 5-HT2A and mGlu2 receptors in the clinical response to Group II mGluR agonists is currently under study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Muguruza
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHULeioa, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud MentalMadrid, Spain
| | - J. Javier Meana
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHULeioa, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud MentalMadrid, Spain
| | - Luis F. Callado
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHULeioa, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud MentalMadrid, Spain
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Fujii S, Yamazaki Y, Goto JI, Fujiwara H, Mikoshiba K. Prior activation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors suppresses the subsequent induction of long-term potentiation in hippocampal CA1 neurons. Learn Mem 2016; 23:208-20. [PMID: 27084928 PMCID: PMC4836634 DOI: 10.1101/lm.041053.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the role of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) activated by preconditioning low-frequency afferent stimulation (LFS) in the subsequent induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) in CA1 neurons in hippocampal slices from mature guinea pigs. Induction of LTP in the field excitatory postsynaptic potential or the population spike by the delivery of high-frequency stimulation (HFS, a tetanus of 100 pulses at 100 Hz) to the Schaffer collateral-commissural pathway to CA1 neuron synapses was suppressed when group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) were activated prior to the delivery of HFS. LTP induction was also suppressed when CA1 synapses were preconditioned 60 min before HFS by LFS of 1000 pulses at 1 Hz and this effect was inhibited when the test stimulation delivered at 0.05 Hz was either halted or applied in the presence of an antagonist ofN-methyl-d-aspartate receptors, group I mGluRs, or IP3Rs during a 20-min period from 20 to 40 min after the end of LFS. Furthermore, blockade of group I mGluRs or IP3Rs immediately before the delivery of HFS overcame the effects of the preconditioning LFS on LTP induction. These results suggest that, in CA1 neurons, after a preconditioning LFS, activation of group I mGluRs caused by the test stimulation results in IP3Rs activation that leads to a failure of LTP induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Fujii
- Department of Physiology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan Laboratory for Developmental Neurobiology, Riken Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Yamazaki
- Department of Physiology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Goto
- Department of Physiology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan Laboratory for Developmental Neurobiology, Riken Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroki Fujiwara
- Department of Physiology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Mikoshiba
- Laboratory for Developmental Neurobiology, Riken Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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Wang C, Liu F, Patterson TA, Paule MG, Slikker W. Relationship between ketamine-induced developmental neurotoxicity and NMDA receptor-mediated calcium influx in neural stem cell-derived neurons. Neurotoxicology 2016; 60:254-259. [PMID: 27132109 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ketamine, a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, is used as a general anesthetic and recent data suggest that general anesthetics can cause neuronal damage when exposure occurs during early brain development. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms associated with ketamine-induced neurotoxicity, stem cell-derived models, such as rodent neural stem cells harvested from rat fetuses and/or neural stem cells derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) can be utilized. Prolonged exposure of rodent neural stem cells to clinically-relevant concentrations of ketamine resulted in elevated NMDA receptor levels as indicated by NR1subunit over-expression in neurons. This was associated with enhanced damage in neurons. In contrast, the viability and proliferation rate of undifferentiated neural stem cells were not significantly affected after ketamine exposure. Calcium imaging data indicated that 50μM NMDA did not cause a significant influx of calcium in typical undifferentiated neural stem cells; however, it did produce an immediate elevation of intracellular free Ca2+ [Ca2+]i in differentiated neurons derived from the same neural stem cells. This paper reviews the literature on this subject and previous findings suggest that prolonged exposure of developing neurons to ketamine produces an increase in NMDA receptor expression (compensatory up-regulation) which allows for a higher/toxic influx of calcium into neurons once ketamine is removed from the system, leading to neuronal cell death likely due to elevated reactive oxygen species generation. The absence of functional NMDA receptors in cultured neural stem cells likely explains why clinically-relevant concentrations of ketamine did not affect undifferentiated neural stem cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
| | - Fang Liu
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Tucker A Patterson
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Merle G Paule
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - William Slikker
- Office of the Director, National Center for Toxicological Research/Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
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Isola AL, Chen S. Exosomes: The Link between GPCR Activation and Metastatic Potential? Front Genet 2016; 7:56. [PMID: 27092178 PMCID: PMC4824768 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2016.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of G-Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) by their respective ligands initiates a cascade of multiple signaling processes within the cell, regulating growth, metabolism and other essential cellular functions. Dysregulation and aberrant expression of these GPCRs and their subsequent signaling cascades are associated with many different types of pathologies, including cancer. The main life threatening complication in patients diagnosed with cancer is the dissemination of cells from the primary tumor to distant vital organs within the body, metastasis. Communication between the primary tumor, immune system, and the site of future metastasis are some of the key events in the early stages of metastasis. It has been postulated that the communication is mediated by nanovesicles that, under non-pathological conditions, are released by normal cells to relay signals to other cells in the body. These nanovesicles are called exosomes, and are utilized by the tumor cell to influence changes within the recipient cell, such as bone marrow progenitor cells, and cells within the site of future metastatic growth, in order to prepare the site for colonization. Tumor cells have been shown to release an increased number of exosomes when compared to their normal cell counterpart. Exosome production and release are regulated by proteins involved in localization, degradation and size of the multivesicular body, whose function may be altered within cancer cells, resulting in the release of an increased number of these vesicles. This review investigates the possibility of GPCR signaling cascades acting as the upstream activator of proteins involved in exosome production and release, linking a commonly targeted trans-membrane protein class with cellular communication utilized by tumor cells in early stages of metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L Isola
- Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers the State UniversityPiscataway, NJ, USA; Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers the State UniversityPiscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Suzie Chen
- Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers the State UniversityPiscataway, NJ, USA; Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers the State UniversityPiscataway, NJ, USA; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New JerseyNew Brunswick, NJ, USA
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Abstract
Cerebellar disorders trigger the symptoms of movement problems, imbalance, incoordination, and frequent fall. Cerebellar disorders are shown in various CNS illnesses including a drinking disorder called alcoholism. Alcoholism is manifested as an inability to control drinking in spite of adverse consequences. Human and animal studies have shown that cerebellar symptoms persist even after complete abstinence from drinking. In particular, the abrupt termination (ethanol withdrawal) of long-term excessive ethanol consumption has shown to provoke a variety of neuronal and mitochondrial damage to the cerebellum. Upon ethanol withdrawal, excitatory neurotransmitter molecules such as glutamate are overly released in brain areas including cerebellum. This is particularly relevant to the cerebellar neuronal network as glutamate signals are projected to Purkinje neurons through granular cells that are the most populated neuronal type in CNS. This excitatory neuronal signal may be elevated by ethanol withdrawal stress, which promotes an increase in intracellular Ca(2+) level and a decrease in a Ca(2+)-binding protein, both of which result in the excessive entry of Ca(2+) to the mitochondria. Subsequently, mitochondria undergo a prolonged opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore and the overproduction of harmful free radicals, impeding adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-generating function. This in turn provokes the leakage of mitochondrial molecule cytochrome c to the cytosol, which triggers a cascade of adverse cytosol reactions. Upstream to this pathway, cerebellum under the condition of ethanol withdrawal has shown aberrant gene modifications through altered DNA methylation, histone acetylation, or microRNA expression. Interplay between these events and molecules may result in functional damage to cerebellar mitochondria and consequent neuronal degeneration, thereby contributing to motoric deficit. Mitochondria-targeting research may help develop a powerful new therapy to manage cerebellar disorders associated with hyperexcitatory CNS disorders like ethanol withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna E Jung
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX, 76107-2699, USA,
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136
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Martinez-Lozada Z, Guillem AM, Robinson MB. Transcriptional Regulation of Glutamate Transporters: From Extracellular Signals to Transcription Factors. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2016; 76:103-45. [PMID: 27288076 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate is the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian CNS. It mediates essentially all rapid excitatory signaling. Dysfunction of glutamatergic signaling contributes to developmental, neurologic, and psychiatric diseases. Extracellular glutamate is cleared by a family of five Na(+)-dependent glutamate transporters. Two of these transporters (GLAST and GLT-1) are relatively selectively expressed in astrocytes. Other of these transporters (EAAC1) is expressed by neurons throughout the nervous system. Expression of the last two members of this family (EAAT4 and EAAT5) is almost exclusively restricted to specific populations of neurons in cerebellum and retina, respectively. In this review, we will discuss our current understanding of the mechanisms that control transcriptional regulation of the different members of this family. Over the last two decades, our understanding of the mechanisms that regulate expression of GLT-1 and GLAST has advanced considerably; several specific transcription factors, cis-elements, and epigenetic mechanisms have been identified. For the other members of the family, little or nothing is known about the mechanisms that control their transcription. It is assumed that by defining the mechanisms involved, we will advance our understanding of the events that result in cell-specific expression of these transporters and perhaps begin to define the mechanisms by which neurologic diseases are changing the biology of the cells that express these transporters. This approach might provide a pathway for developing new therapies for a wide range of essentially untreatable and devastating diseases that kill neurons by an excitotoxic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Martinez-Lozada
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - A M Guillem
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - M B Robinson
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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Wu PC, Kao LS. Calcium regulation in mouse mesencephalic neurons-Differential roles of Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. Cell Calcium 2016; 59:299-311. [PMID: 27020658 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neurons are the key to finely tune the voluntary movement, habit and motivation. The progressive and selective degeneration of these neurons is a pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD). The susceptibility of DA neurons in the SNpc may result from differences in how Ca(2+) is handled. However, very little information is available about the mechanisms involved in the regulation of intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)]i) in DA neurons. In this study, the relative contributions of various Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchangers and their interplay with internal Ca(2+) stores, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the mitochondria, in the regulation of the [Ca(2+)]i of mouse mesencephalic neurons were characterized. Both the K(+)-dependent Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger (NCKX) and the K(+)-independent Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger (NCX) can be detected and are functional in DA and non-DA neurons. NCX accounts for the larger component of Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchange activity. Single-cell RT-PCR analysis showed each individual neuron expressed a distinct set of the Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchangers. Furthermore, the Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchangers play prominent roles in removing [Ca(2+)]i induced by glutamate but not [Ca(2+)]i induced by depolarization. The mitochondria serve as a major Ca(2+) sink and are functionally located close to NCX. In contrast, the ER is functionally located close to NCKX and acts primarily as a Ca(2+) source with marginal effects. This study reveals that the Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchangers, the ER and the mitochondria, which cooperate interactively, act similarly when regulating [Ca(2+)]i in mesencephalic DA and non-DA neurons. The heterogeneous expression of multiple types of Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchangers and the quantitative differences found in [Ca(2+)]i regulation, together with other risk factors specific to DA neurons such as dopamine oxidation resulting in oxidative stress, may drive these cells to undergo selective degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Chun Wu
- Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Lung-Sen Kao
- Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
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Zhang W, Tian F, Zheng J, Li S, Qiang M. Chronic Administration of Benzo(a)pyrene Induces Memory Impairment and Anxiety-Like Behavior and Increases of NR2B DNA Methylation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149574. [PMID: 26901155 PMCID: PMC4768874 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, an increasing number of human and animal studies have reported that exposure to benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) induces neurological abnormalities and is also associated with adverse effects, such as tumor formation, immunosuppression, teratogenicity, and hormonal disorders. However, the exact mechanisms underlying BaP-induced impairment of neurological function remain unclear. The aim of this study was to examine the regulating mechanisms underlying the impact of chronic BaP exposure on neurobehavioral performance. Methods C57BL mice received either BaP in different doses (1.0, 2.5, 6.25 mg/kg) or olive oil twice a week for 90 days. Memory and emotional behaviors were evaluated using Y-maze and open-field tests, respectively. Furthermore, levels of mRNA expression were measured by using qPCR, and DNA methylation of NMDA receptor 2B subunit (NR2B) was examined using bisulfate pyrosequencing in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Results Compared to controls, mice that received BaP (2.5, 6.25 mg/kg) showed deficits in short-term memory and an anxiety-like behavior. These behavioral alterations were associated with a down-regulation of the NR2B gene and a concomitant increase in the level of DNA methylation in the NR2B promoter in the two brain regions. Conclusions Chronic BaP exposure induces an increase in DNA methylation in the NR2B gene promoter and down-regulates NR2B expression, which may contribute to its neurotoxic effects on behavioral performance. The results suggest that NR2B vulnerability represents a target for environmental toxicants in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenping Zhang
- Department of Neurotoxicology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Fengjie Tian
- Department of Neurotoxicology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Jinping Zheng
- Department of Neurotoxicology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Senlin Li
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, United States of America
| | - Mei Qiang
- Department of Children and Adolescences, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, Taiyuan, 030001, China
- * E-mail:
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139
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Zakir Hossain S. Enzyme-luminescence method: Tool for real-time monitoring of natural neurotoxins in vitro and l-glutamate release from primary cortical neurons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 9:57-65. [PMID: 28352593 PMCID: PMC5360985 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We describe the applicability of our previously developed novel enzyme-luminescence method for rapid and sensitive detection of natural neurotoxins (e.g., shellfish and mushroom toxins) using brain model cells (C6 glioma cells) in vitro. A racemic mixtures of the gonyautoxins (GTX), including GTX2,3 and GTX1,4 were used for evaluating the inhibition effects of these toxins on glutamate release from the C6 glioma cells. The potency was compared based on IC50 values. The activation effect of ibotenic acid (a mushroom toxin) on glutamate release from C6 cells was also evaluated. The potency was compared based on EC50 values. We also tested the applicability of our system for real-time detection of glutamate release from primary rat cortical neurons instead of model cells. This novel detection technique may be also applicable in determining neuronal differentiation ratio as well finding glutamatergic neurons without immunostaining in situ. This sensing tool may also has a great potential for the investigation of the effects of various growth factors and chemicals on neuronal differentiation, neurotransmitter dynamics, neurodegeneration, and synaptogenesis.
Novel enzyme-luminescence method is used for the rapid and sensitive in vitro detection of natural neurotoxins (e.g., shellfish and mushroom toxins) using model brain cells. Paralytic shellfish poisons gonyautoxins (e.g., GTX2,3 and GTX1,4) were detected at 1 nM level by their inhibition of glutamate release from C6 glioma cells upon drug stimulation (IC50: GTX2,3 = 30 nM and GTX1,4 = 8 nM). Activation of glutamate release from C6 cells by ibotenic acid (a mushroom toxin) was also evaluated (EC50 = 10 nM). The method was tested for real-time detection of glutamate release from primary rat cortical neurons. Dose-dependent effects of KCl (0–200 mM) and NMDA on glutamate release from primary cortical neurons were studied. The effects of different culture conditions on K+-depolarization-induced glutamate release were also investigated. The method may be applicable to screening of drugs and toxins, and finding glutamatergic neurons in brain slices without in situ staining.
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140
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Peterlik D, Flor PJ, Uschold-Schmidt N. The Emerging Role of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors in the Pathophysiology of Chronic Stress-Related Disorders. Curr Neuropharmacol 2016; 14:514-39. [PMID: 27296643 PMCID: PMC4983752 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13666150515234920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress-related psychiatric conditions such as anxiety, depression, and alcohol abuse are an enormous public health concern. The etiology of these pathologies is complex, with psychosocial stressors being among the most frequently discussed risk factors. The brain glutamatergic neurotransmitter system has often been found involved in behaviors and pathophysiologies resulting from acute stress and fear. Despite this, relatively little is known about the role of glutamatergic system components in chronic psychosocial stress, neither in rodents nor in humans. Recently, drug discovery efforts at the metabotropic receptor subtypes of the glutamatergic system (mGlu1-8 receptors) led to the identification of pharmacological tools with emerging potential in psychiatric conditions. But again, the contribution of individual mGlu subtypes to the manifestation of physiological, molecular, and behavioral consequences of chronic psychosocial stress remains still largely unaddressed. The current review will describe animal models typically used to analyze acute and particularly chronic stress conditions, including models of psychosocial stress, and there we will discuss the emerging roles for mGlu receptor subtypes. Indeed, accumulating evidence indicates relevance and potential therapeutic usefulness of mGlu2/3 ligands and mGlu5 receptor antagonists in chronic stress-related disorders. In addition, a role for further mechanisms, e.g. mGlu7-selective compounds, is beginning to emerge. These mechanisms are important to be analyzed in chronic psychosocial stress paradigms, e.g. in the chronic subordinate colony housing (CSC) model. We summarize the early results and discuss necessary future investigations, especially for mGlu5 and mGlu7 receptor blockers, which might serve to suggest improved therapeutic strategies to treat stress-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter J Flor
- Faculty of Biology and Preclinical Medicine, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Nicole Uschold-Schmidt
- Faculty of Biology and Preclinical Medicine, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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141
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Metabotropic glutamate receptors are involved in the detection of IMP and L-amino acids by mouse taste sensory cells. Neuroscience 2015; 316:94-108. [PMID: 26701297 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors are thought to be involved in the detection of umami and L-amino acid taste. These include the heterodimer taste receptor type 1 member 1 (T1r1)+taste receptor type 1 member 3 (T1r3), taste and brain variants of mGluR4 and mGluR1, and calcium sensors. While several studies suggest T1r1+T1r3 is a broadly tuned lLamino acid receptor, little is known about the function of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in L-amino acid taste transduction. Calcium imaging of isolated taste sensory cells (TSCs) of T1r3-GFP and T1r3 knock-out (T1r3 KO) mice was performed using the ratiometric dye Fura 2 AM to investigate the role of different mGluRs in detecting various L-amino acids and inosine 5' monophosphate (IMP). Using agonists selective for various mGluRs such as (RS)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG) (an mGluR1 agonist) and L-(+)-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (l-AP4) (an mGluR4 agonist), we evaluated TSCs to determine if they might respond to these agonists, IMP, and three L-amino acids (monopotassium L-glutamate, L-serine and L-arginine). Additionally, we used selective antagonists against different mGluRs such as (RS)-L-aminoindan-1,5-dicarboxylic acid (AIDA) (an mGluR1 antagonist), and (RS)-α-methylserine-O-phosphate (MSOP) (an mGluR4 antagonist) to determine if they can block responses elicited by these L-amino acids and IMP. We found that L-amino acid- and IMP-responsive cells also responded to each agonist. Antagonists for mGluR4 and mGluR1 significantly blocked the responses elicited by IMP and each of the L-amino acids. Collectively, these data provide evidence for the involvement of taste and brain variants of mGluR1 and mGluR4 in L-amino acid and IMP taste responses in mice, and support the concept that multiple receptors contribute to IMP and L-amino acid taste.
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142
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Hong J, Lu S, Xu R, Liow JS, Woock AE, Jenko KJ, Gladding RL, Zoghbi SS, Innis RB, Pike VW. [carbonyl-11C]4-Fluoro-N-methyl-N-(4-(6-(methylamino)pyrimidin-4-yl)thiazol-2-yl)benzamide ([11C]FIMX) is an effective radioligand for PET imaging of metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGluR1) in monkey brain. Nucl Med Biol 2015; 42:967-74. [PMID: 26320813 PMCID: PMC4658304 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Metabotropic glutamate subtype receptor 1 (mGluR1) is implicated in several neuropsychiatric disorders and is a target for drug development. [(18)F]FIMX ([(18)F]4-fluoro--N-methyl-N--(4-(6-(methylamino)pyrimidin-4-yl)thiazol-2-yl)benzamide) is an effective radioligand for imaging brain mGluR1 with PET. A similarly effective radioligand with a shorter half-life would usefully allow PET studies of mGluR1 at baseline and after pharmacological or other challenge on the same day. Here we describe the preparation of [(11)C]FIMX for evaluation in monkey with PET. METHODS [(11)C]FIMX was prepared via Pd-promoted carbonylation of 1-fluoro-4-iodobenzene with [(11)C]carbon monoxide, aminolysis of the [(11)C]acyl-palladium complex with the requisite Boc-protected amine, and deprotection with HCl in THF. PET scans of [(11)C]FIMX injected into a monkey were performed at baseline and after preblock of mGluR1 with measurement of the arterial input function. RESULTS The radiosynthesis required 42 min and gave [(11)C]FIMX in about 5% overall decay-corrected radiochemical yield and with a specific activity of about 100 GBq/μmol. PET in rhesus monkey at baseline showed that radioactivity peaked high in receptor-rich cerebellum and much lower in receptor-poor occipital cortex. Radioactivity in cerebellum declined to 32% of peak at 85 min. VT at baseline appeared stable in all brain regions after 60 min. Under mGluR1 pre-blocked condition, radioactivity uptake in all regions declined more rapidly to a low level. Receptor pre-block reduced VT from 13.0 to 1.5 in cerebellum and from 2.9 to 1.4 in occipital cortex. CONCLUSION [(11)C]FIMX is an effective radioligand for imaging mGluR1 in monkey with PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsoo Hong
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room B3 C346A, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1003, United States
| | - Shuiyu Lu
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room B3 C346A, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1003, United States
| | - Rong Xu
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room B3 C346A, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1003, United States
| | - Jeih-San Liow
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room B3 C346A, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1003, United States
| | - Alicia E Woock
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room B3 C346A, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1003, United States
| | - Kimberly J Jenko
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room B3 C346A, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1003, United States
| | - Robert L Gladding
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room B3 C346A, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1003, United States
| | - Sami S Zoghbi
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room B3 C346A, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1003, United States
| | - Robert B Innis
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room B3 C346A, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1003, United States
| | - Victor W Pike
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room B3 C346A, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1003, United States.
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Kirischuk S, Héja L, Kardos J, Billups B. Astrocyte sodium signaling and the regulation of neurotransmission. Glia 2015; 64:1655-66. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergei Kirischuk
- University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Institute of Physiology; Mainz Germany
| | - László Héja
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Budapest Hungary
| | - Julianna Kardos
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Budapest Hungary
| | - Brian Billups
- Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University; Acton ACT Australia
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144
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Agonist binding to the NMDA receptor drives movement of its cytoplasmic domain without ion flow. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:14705-10. [PMID: 26553997 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1520023112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The NMDA receptor (R) plays important roles in brain physiology and pathology as an ion channel. Here we examine the ion flow-independent coupling of agonist to the NMDAR cytoplasmic domain (cd). We measure FRET between fluorescently tagged cytoplasmic domains of GluN1 subunits of NMDARs expressed in neurons. Different neuronal compartments display varying levels of FRET, consistent with different NMDARcd conformations. Agonist binding drives a rapid and transient ion flow-independent reduction in FRET between GluN1 subunits within individual NMDARs. Intracellular infusion of an antibody targeting the GluN1 cytoplasmic domain blocks agonist-driven FRET changes in the absence of ion flow, supporting agonist-driven movement of the NMDARcd. These studies indicate that extracellular ligand binding to the NMDAR can transmit conformational information into the cell in the absence of ion flow.
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145
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Tian Y, Tang FL, Sun X, Wen L, Mei L, Tang BS, Xiong WC. VPS35-deficiency results in an impaired AMPA receptor trafficking and decreased dendritic spine maturation. Mol Brain 2015; 8:70. [PMID: 26521016 PMCID: PMC4628247 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-015-0156-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vacuolar protein sorting 35 (VPS35), a key component of retromer, plays an important role in endosome-to-Golgi retrieval of membrane proteins. Dysfunction of VPS35/retromer is a risk factor for neurodegenerative disorders, including AD (Alzheimer’s disease) and PD (Parkinson’s disease). However, exactly how VPS35-deficiency contributes to AD or PD pathogenesis remains poorly understood. Results We found that VPS35-deficiency impaired dendritic spine maturation and decreased glutamatergic transmission. AMPA receptors, GluA1 and GluA2, are significantly reduced in purified synaptosomal and PSD fractions from VPS35-deficient brain. The surface levels of AMPA receptors are also decreased in VPS35-deficient neurons. Additionally, VPS35 interacted with AMPA-type receptors, GluA1 and GluA2. Overexpression of GluA2, but not GluA1, could partially restore the spine maturation deficit in VPS35-deficient neurons. Conclusions These results provide evidence for VPS35’s function in promoting spine maturation, which is likely through increasing AMPA receptor targeting to the postsynaptic membrane. Perturbation of such a VPS35/retromer function may contribute to the impaired glutamatergic transmission and pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders, such as AD and PD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13041-015-0156-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Tian
- Department of Geriatrics and Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, ChangSha, 410008, China.,Department of Neuroscience & Regenerative Medicine and Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Fu-Lei Tang
- Department of Neuroscience & Regenerative Medicine and Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.,Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - XiangDong Sun
- Department of Neuroscience & Regenerative Medicine and Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Lei Wen
- Department of Neuroscience & Regenerative Medicine and Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.,Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xia-Men University, Xia-Men, China
| | - Lin Mei
- Department of Neuroscience & Regenerative Medicine and Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.,Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Bei-Sha Tang
- Department of Geriatrics and Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, ChangSha, 410008, China.
| | - Wen-Cheng Xiong
- Department of Neuroscience & Regenerative Medicine and Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA. .,Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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146
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Yamazaki Y, Fujii S, Goto JI, Fujiwara H, Mikoshiba K. Activation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors during preconditioning low-frequency stimulation suppresses subsequent induction of long-term potentiation in hippocampal CA1 neurons. Neuroscience 2015; 311:195-206. [PMID: 26500182 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the role of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) activated during preconditioning low-frequency stimulation (LFS) in the subsequent high-frequency stimulation (HFS)-induced induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) in CA1 neurons in hippocampal slices from mature guinea pigs. Induction of LTP in the field excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) or the population spike (PS) by delivery of HFS (a tetanus of 100 pulses at 100 Hz) to the Schaffer collateral-commissural pathway to CA1 neuron synapses was suppressed when the CA1 synapses were preconditioned by LFS of 1000 pulses at 1 Hz. This effect was inhibited when the preconditioning LFS was applied in the presence of an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) antagonist, a metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) antagonist, IP3R antagonist, a calmodulin-dependent kinase II inhibitor or a calcineurin inhibitor. Furthermore, blockade of group I mGluRs immediately before the delivery of HFS blocked the inhibitory effect of the preconditioning LFS on subsequent induction of LTP by HFS. These results suggest that, in hippocampal CA1 neuron synapses, co-activation of NMDARs and IP3Rs during a preconditioning LFS results in both phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events that lead to prolonged activation of group I mGluRs that is responsible for the failure of LTP induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yamazaki
- Department of Physiology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - S Fujii
- Department of Physiology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan; Laboratory for Developmental Neurobiology, Riken Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
| | - J-I Goto
- Department of Physiology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan; Laboratory for Developmental Neurobiology, Riken Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - H Fujiwara
- Department of Physiology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - K Mikoshiba
- Laboratory for Developmental Neurobiology, Riken Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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147
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Isherwood SN, Pekcec A, Nicholson JR, Robbins TW, Dalley JW. Dissociable effects of mGluR5 allosteric modulation on distinct forms of impulsivity in rats: interaction with NMDA receptor antagonism. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:3327-44. [PMID: 26063678 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-3984-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Impaired N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor signalling underlies several psychiatric disorders that express high levels of impulsivity. Although synergistic interactions exist between NMDA receptors and metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5), the significance of this interaction for impulsivity is unknown. OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate the effects of negative and positive allosteric mGluR5 modulation (NAM/PAM) on trait impulsivity and impulsivity evoked by NMDA receptor antagonism in rats. METHODS Motor and choice impulsivity were assessed using the five-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT) and delayed-discounting task (DDT), respectively. The effects of RO4917523 and 3-[(2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)ethynyl]pyridine (MTEP) (NAMs) and ADX47273 (PAM) were investigated in non-impulsive rats and in trait high- and low-impulsive rats. The effects of these compounds on impulsivity induced by NMDA receptor antagonism (MK801) in the 5-CSRTT were also investigated. RESULTS RO4917523 (0.1-1 mg/kg) decreased premature responding and increased omissions but had no effect on locomotor activity up to 0.1 mg/kg. MTEP significantly increased omissions, decreased accuracy and slowed responding but had no effect on premature responding. ADX47273 decreased premature responding at doses that had no effect on locomotor activity. MK801 increased premature responding and impaired attentional accuracy; these deficits were dose dependently rescued by ADX47273 pre-treatment. Allosteric modulation of mGluR5 had no significant effect on choice impulsivity, nor did it modulate general task performance. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that mGluR5 allosteric modulation selectively dissociates motor and choice impulsivity. We further show that mGluR5 PAMs may have therapeutic utility in selectively targeting specific aspects of impulsivity and executive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N Isherwood
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Div. Research Germany, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
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Christopher JA, Aves SJ, Bennett KA, Doré AS, Errey JC, Jazayeri A, Marshall FH, Okrasa K, Serrano-Vega MJ, Tehan BG, Wiggin GR, Congreve M. Fragment and Structure-Based Drug Discovery for a Class C GPCR: Discovery of the mGlu5 Negative Allosteric Modulator HTL14242 (3-Chloro-5-[6-(5-fluoropyridin-2-yl)pyrimidin-4-yl]benzonitrile). J Med Chem 2015. [PMID: 26225459 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fragment screening of a thermostabilized mGlu5 receptor using a high-concentration radioligand binding assay enabled the identification of moderate affinity, high ligand efficiency (LE) pyrimidine hit 5. Subsequent optimization using structure-based drug discovery methods led to the selection of 25, HTL14242, as an advanced lead compound for further development. Structures of the stabilized mGlu5 receptor complexed with 25 and another molecule in the series, 14, were determined at resolutions of 2.6 and 3.1 Å, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Christopher
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd. , BioPark, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AX, U.K
| | - Sarah J Aves
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd. , BioPark, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AX, U.K
| | - Kirstie A Bennett
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd. , BioPark, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AX, U.K
| | - Andrew S Doré
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd. , BioPark, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AX, U.K
| | - James C Errey
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd. , BioPark, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AX, U.K
| | - Ali Jazayeri
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd. , BioPark, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AX, U.K
| | - Fiona H Marshall
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd. , BioPark, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AX, U.K
| | - Krzysztof Okrasa
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd. , BioPark, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AX, U.K
| | - Maria J Serrano-Vega
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd. , BioPark, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AX, U.K
| | - Benjamin G Tehan
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd. , BioPark, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AX, U.K
| | - Giselle R Wiggin
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd. , BioPark, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AX, U.K
| | - Miles Congreve
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd. , BioPark, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AX, U.K
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149
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Gilman TL, DaMert JP, Meduri JD, Jasnow AM. Grin1 deletion in CRF neurons sex-dependently enhances fear, sociability, and social stress responsivity. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2015; 58:33-45. [PMID: 25938741 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) system plays a critical role in responses to stressful stimuli, and is expressed in many areas of the brain involved in processing fear, anxiety, and social behaviors. To better understand the mechanisms by which the CRF system modulates responses to stressful events and social stimuli, we employed a mouse model that selectively disrupts NMDA receptor function via NMDA receptor subunit NR1 (Grin1) knockout specifically in Cre-expressing CRF neurons. These animals (Cre+/(fGrin1+)) were compared with littermates lacking Cre expression (Cre-/(fGrin1+)). Following cue discrimination fear conditioning, male Cre+/(fGrin1+) mice showed increased fear expression to the tone paired with a foot shock (CS+) while still discriminating the CS+ from a tone never paired with a foot shock (CS-). In contrast to males, female mice learned and discriminated fear cues equivalently across the genotypes. Similarly, no genotype differences in sociability or social novelty were observed in female mice, but Cre+/(fGrin1+) males displayed greater naive sociability and preference for social novelty than Cre-/(fGrin1+) littermates. Furthermore, the level of social withdrawal exhibited by male Cre+/(fGrin1+) mice susceptible to social defeat stress relative to same genotype controls was significantly more pronounced than that displayed by susceptible Cre-/(fGrin1+) mice compared to control Cre-/(fGrin1+) mice. Together, these results demonstrate increased fear, social, and stress responsiveness specifically in male Cre+/(fGrin1+) mice. Our findings indicate that NMDA-mediated glutamatergic regulation of CRF neurons is important for appropriately regulating fear and social responses, likely functioning to promote survival under aversive circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lee Gilman
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, 44242, OH, USA.
| | - Jeffrey P DaMert
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, 44242, OH, USA.
| | - Jeremy D Meduri
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, 44242, OH, USA.
| | - Aaron M Jasnow
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, 44242, OH, USA.
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Ellaithy A, Younkin J, González-Maeso J, Logothetis DE. Positive allosteric modulators of metabotropic glutamate 2 receptors in schizophrenia treatment. Trends Neurosci 2015; 38:506-16. [PMID: 26148747 PMCID: PMC4530036 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The past two decades have witnessed a rise in the 'NMDA receptor hypofunction' hypothesis for schizophrenia, a devastating disorder that affects around 1% of the population worldwide. A variety of presynaptic, postsynaptic, and regulatory proteins involved in glutamatergic signaling have thus been proposed as potential therapeutic targets. This review focuses on positive allosteric modulation of metabotropic glutamate 2 receptors (mGlu2Rs) and discusses how recent preclinical epigenetic data may provide a molecular explanation for the discrepant results of clinical studies, further stimulating the field to exploit the promise of mGlu2R as a target for schizophrenia treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr Ellaithy
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Jason Younkin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Javier González-Maeso
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, and The Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Diomedes E Logothetis
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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