101
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Abstract
Alcohol is one of the oldest pharmacological agents used for its sedative/hypnotic effects, and alcohol abuse and alcohol use disorder (AUD) continues to be major public health issue. AUD is strongly indicated to be a brain disorder, and the molecular and cellular mechanism/s by which alcohol produces its effects in the brain are only now beginning to be understood. In the brain, synaptic plasticity or strengthening or weakening of synapses, can be enhanced or reduced by a variety of stimulation paradigms. Synaptic plasticity is thought to be responsible for important processes involved in the cellular mechanisms of learning and memory. Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a form of synaptic plasticity, and occurs via N-methyl-D-aspartate type glutamate receptor (NMDAR or GluN) dependent and independent mechanisms. In particular, NMDARs are a major target of alcohol, and are implicated in different types of learning and memory. Therefore, understanding the effect of alcohol on synaptic plasticity and transmission mediated by glutamatergic signaling is becoming important, and this will help us understand the significant contribution of the glutamatergic system in AUD. In the first part of this review, we will briefly discuss the mechanisms underlying long term synaptic plasticity in the dorsal striatum, neocortex and the hippocampus. In the second part we will discuss how alcohol (ethanol, EtOH) can modulate long term synaptic plasticity in these three brain regions, mainly from neurophysiological and electrophysiological studies. Taken together, understanding the mechanism(s) underlying alcohol induced changes in brain function may lead to the development of more effective therapeutic agents to reduce AUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chitra D Mandyam
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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102
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Avchalumov Y, Piña-Crespo JC, Woodward JJ, Mandyam CD. Acute Ethanol Exposure Enhances Synaptic Plasticity in the Dorsal Striatum in Adult Male and Female Rats. Brain Plast 2020; 6:113-122. [PMID: 33680850 PMCID: PMC7903017 DOI: 10.3233/bpl-190097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Acute (ex vivo) and chronic (in vivo) alcohol exposure induces neuroplastic changes in the dorsal striatum, a
critical region implicated in instrumental learning. Objective: Sex differences are evident in alcohol reward and reinforcement, with
female rats consuming higher amount of alcohol in operant paradigms compared to male rats. However, sex differences in
the neuroplastic changes produced by acute alcohol in the dorsal striatum have been unexplored. Methods: Using electrophysiological
recordings from dorsal striatal slices obtained from adult male and female rats, we investigated the effects of ex vivo ethanol
exposure on synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity. Ethanol (44 mM) enhanced basal synaptic transmission in both
sexes. Ethanol also enhanced long-term potentiation in both sexes. Other measures of synaptic plasticity including paired-pulse
ratio were unaltered by ethanol in both sexes. Results: The results suggest that alterations in synaptic plasticity induced by acute
ethanol, at a concentration associated with intoxication, could play an important role in alcohol-induced experience-dependent
modification of corticostriatal circuits underlying the learning of goal-directed instrumental actions and formation of habits
mediating alcohol seeking and taking. Conclusions: Taken together, understanding the mechanism(s) underlying alcohol induced changes
in corticostriatal function may lead to the development of more effective therapeutic agents to reduce habitual drinking and
seeking associated with alcohol use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan C Piña-Crespo
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - John J Woodward
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Chitra D Mandyam
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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103
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Abstract
The dorsal striatum is important for motor control. Yet whether that control encompasses procedural memories, kinematic refinement, or both is still debated. A recent study has shed new light on the role of the dorsal striatum in learned movement sequences and the effort required to refine them.
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104
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Augustin SM, Loewinger GC, O'Neal TJ, Kravitz AV, Lovinger DM. Dopamine D2 receptor signaling on iMSNs is required for initiation and vigor of learned actions. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:2087-2097. [PMID: 32811899 PMCID: PMC7547091 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-00799-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Striatal dopamine D2 receptors (D2Rs) are important for motor output. Selective deletion of D2Rs from indirect pathway-projecting medium spiny neurons (iMSNs) impairs locomotor activities in a task-specific manner. However, the role of D2Rs in the initiation of motor actions in reward seeking and taking is not fully understood, and there is little information about how receptors contribute under different task demands and with different outcome types. The iMSN-D2Rs modulate neuronal activity and synaptic transmission, exerting control on circuit functions that may play distinct roles in action learning and performance. Selective deletion of D2Rs on iMSNs resulted in slower action initiation and response rate in an instrumental conditioning task, but only when performance demand was increased. The iMSN-Drd2KO mice were also slower to initiate swimming in a T-maze procedural learning task but were unimpaired in cognitive function and behavioral flexibility. In contrast, in a Pavlovian discrimination learning task, iMSN-Drd2KO mice exhibited normal acquisition and extinction of rewarded responding. The iMSN-Drd2KO mice showed performance deficits at all phases of rotarod skill learning. These findings reveal that dopamine modulation through iMSN-D2Rs influences the ability to self-initiate actions, as well as the willingness and/or vigor with which these responses are performed. However, these receptors seem to have little influence on simple associative learning or on stimulus-driven responding. The loss of normal D2R roles may contribute to disorders in which impaired dopamine signaling leads to hypokinesia or impaired initiation of specific voluntary actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shana M Augustin
- Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Gabriel C Loewinger
- Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Timothy J O'Neal
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience and Center for Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Alexxai V Kravitz
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Departments of Psychiatry, Anesthesiology, and Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, USA
| | - David M Lovinger
- Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA.
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105
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Hadjas LC, Schartner MM, Cand J, Creed MC, Pascoli V, Lüscher C, Simmler LD. Projection-specific deficits in synaptic transmission in adult Sapap3-knockout mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:2020-2029. [PMID: 32585679 PMCID: PMC7547074 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-0747-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a circuit disorder involving corticostriatal projections, which play a role in motor control. The Sapap3-knockout (KO) mouse is a mouse model to study OCD and recapitulates OCD-like compulsion through excessive grooming behavior, with skin lesions appearing at advanced age. Deficits in corticostriatal control provide a link to the pathophysiology of OCD. However, there remain significant gaps in the characterization of the Sapap3-KO mouse, with respect to age, specificity of synaptic dysfunction, and locomotor phenotype. We therefore investigated the corticostriatal synaptic phenotype of Sapap3-KO mice using patch-clamp slice electrophysiology, in adult mice and with projection specificity. We also analyzed grooming across age and locomotor phenotype with a novel, unsupervised machine learning technique (MoSeq). Increased grooming in Sapap3-KO mice without skin lesions was age independent. Synaptic deficits persisted in adulthood and involved the projections from the motor cortices and cingulate cortex to the dorsolateral and dorsomedial striatum. Decreased synaptic strength was evident at the input from the primary motor cortex by reduction in AMPA receptor function. Hypolocomotion, i.e., slowness of movement, was consistently observed in Sapap3-KO mice. Our findings emphasize the utility of young adult Sapap3-KO mice to investigate corticostriatal synaptic dysfunction in motor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotfi C. Hadjas
- grid.8591.50000 0001 2322 4988Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michael M. Schartner
- grid.8591.50000 0001 2322 4988Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer Cand
- grid.8591.50000 0001 2322 4988Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Meaghan C. Creed
- grid.8591.50000 0001 2322 4988Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Pascoli
- grid.8591.50000 0001 2322 4988Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christian Lüscher
- grid.8591.50000 0001 2322 4988Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland ,grid.150338.c0000 0001 0721 9812Service de Neurologie, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospital, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Linda D. Simmler
- grid.8591.50000 0001 2322 4988Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
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106
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Johansson Y, Silberberg G. The Functional Organization of Cortical and Thalamic Inputs onto Five Types of Striatal Neurons Is Determined by Source and Target Cell Identities. Cell Rep 2020; 30:1178-1194.e3. [PMID: 31995757 PMCID: PMC6990404 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.12.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand striatal function, it is essential to know the functional organization of the numerous inputs targeting the diverse population of striatal neurons. Using optogenetics, we activated terminals from ipsi- or contralateral primary somatosensory cortex (S1) or primary motor cortex (M1), or thalamus while obtaining simultaneous whole-cell recordings from pairs or triplets of striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs) and adjacent interneurons. Ipsilateral corticostriatal projections provided stronger excitation to fast-spiking interneurons (FSIs) than to MSNs and only sparse and weak excitation to low threshold-spiking interneurons (LTSIs) and cholinergic interneurons (ChINs). Projections from contralateral M1 evoked the strongest responses in LTSIs but none in ChINs, whereas thalamus provided the strongest excitation to ChINs but none to LTSIs. In addition, inputs varied in their glutamate receptor composition and their short-term plasticity. Our data revealed a highly selective organization of excitatory striatal afferents, which is determined by both pre- and postsynaptic neuronal identity. Whole-cell recordings are obtained from neighboring striatal neurons of different types FSIs receive the strongest inputs from S1, M1, and thalamic PF LTSIs are primarily excited by contralateral M1 ChINs are primarily excited by PF and receive no input from contralateral M1 and S1
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Johansson
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Gilad Silberberg
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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107
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Dorst MC, Tokarska A, Zhou M, Lee K, Stagkourakis S, Broberger C, Masmanidis S, Silberberg G. Polysynaptic inhibition between striatal cholinergic interneurons shapes their network activity patterns in a dopamine-dependent manner. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5113. [PMID: 33037215 PMCID: PMC7547109 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18882-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Striatal activity is dynamically modulated by acetylcholine and dopamine, both of which are essential for basal ganglia function. Synchronized pauses in the activity of striatal cholinergic interneurons (ChINs) are correlated with elevated activity of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, whereas synchronous firing of ChINs induces local release of dopamine. The mechanisms underlying ChIN synchronization and its interplay with dopamine release are not fully understood. Here we show that polysynaptic inhibition between ChINs is a robust network motif and instrumental in shaping the network activity of ChINs. Action potentials in ChINs evoke large inhibitory responses in multiple neighboring ChINs, strong enough to suppress their tonic activity. Using a combination of optogenetics and chemogenetics we show the involvement of striatal tyrosine hydroxylase-expressing interneurons in mediating this inhibition. Inhibition between ChINs is attenuated by dopaminergic midbrain afferents acting presynaptically on D2 receptors. Our results present a novel form of interaction between striatal dopamine and acetylcholine dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthijs C Dorst
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Tokarska
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ming Zhou
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kwang Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Stefanos Stagkourakis
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering 156-29, Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Neuroscience, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Christian Broberger
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 106 91, Sweden
| | - Sotiris Masmanidis
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Gilad Silberberg
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden.
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108
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Schwab BC, Kase D, Zimnik A, Rosenbaum R, Codianni MG, Rubin JE, Turner RS. Neural activity during a simple reaching task in macaques is counter to gating and rebound in basal ganglia-thalamic communication. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000829. [PMID: 33048920 PMCID: PMC7584254 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Task-related activity in the ventral thalamus, a major target of basal ganglia output, is often assumed to be permitted or triggered by changes in basal ganglia activity through gating- or rebound-like mechanisms. To test those hypotheses, we sampled single-unit activity from connected basal ganglia output and thalamic nuclei (globus pallidus-internus [GPi] and ventrolateral anterior nucleus [VLa]) in monkeys performing a reaching task. Rate increases were the most common peri-movement change in both nuclei. Moreover, peri-movement changes generally began earlier in VLa than in GPi. Simultaneously recorded GPi-VLa pairs rarely showed short-time-scale spike-to-spike correlations or slow across-trials covariations, and both were equally positive and negative. Finally, spontaneous GPi bursts and pauses were both followed by small, slow reductions in VLa rate. These results appear incompatible with standard gating and rebound models. Still, gating or rebound may be possible in other physiological situations: simulations show how GPi-VLa communication can scale with GPi synchrony and GPi-to-VLa convergence, illuminating how synchrony of basal ganglia output during motor learning or in pathological conditions may render this pathway effective. Thus, in the healthy state, basal ganglia-thalamic communication during learned movement is more subtle than expected, with changes in firing rates possibly being dominated by a common external source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina C. Schwab
- Department of Neurophysiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Technical Medical Center, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Daisuke Kase
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Andrew Zimnik
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Robert Rosenbaum
- Department of Applied and Computational Mathematics and Statistics, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Marcello G. Codianni
- Department of Mathematics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jonathan E. Rubin
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Mathematics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Robert S. Turner
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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109
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Watanabe N, Bhanji JP, Ohira H, Delgado MR. Reward-Driven Arousal Impacts Preparation to Perform a Task via Amygdala-Caudate Mechanisms. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:3010-3022. [PMID: 30060122 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Preparing for a challenging task can increase physiological arousal, in particular when potential incentives are large (e.g., a solo musical performance in front of an audience). Here, we examine how potential reward and its influence on arousal, measured by pupil dynamics, are represented in the brain while preparing for a challenging task. We further ask how neural representations during preparation relate to actual performance. Trials resulting in performance failure were characterized by increased pupil dilation as a function of increasing reward magnitude during preparation. Such failure trials were also associated with activation of the right amygdala representing pupil dilation, and the left caudate representing reward magnitude. Notably, increases in functional connectivity between amygdala and caudate preceded performance failure. These findings highlight increased connectivity between neural regions representing reward and arousal in circumstances where reward-driven arousal impairs performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriya Watanabe
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, 101 Warren Street, Newark, NJ, USA.,Japan Society for Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Center for Information and Neural Networks, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jamil P Bhanji
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, 101 Warren Street, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Hideki Ohira
- Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mauricio R Delgado
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, 101 Warren Street, Newark, NJ, USA
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110
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Zhou Y, Liu Y, Zhang M. Neuronal Correlates of Many-To-One Sensorimotor Mapping in Lateral Intraparietal Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:5583-5596. [PMID: 32488241 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficiently mapping sensory stimuli onto motor programs is crucial for rapidly choosing appropriate behavioral responses. While neuronal mechanisms underlying simple, one-to-one sensorimotor mapping have been extensively studied, how the brain achieves complex, many-to-one sensorimotor mapping remains unclear. Here, we recorded single neuron activity from the lateral intraparietal (LIP) cortex of monkeys trained to map multiple spatial positions of visual cue onto two opposite saccades. We found that LIP neurons' activity was consistent with directly mapping multiple cue positions to the associated saccadic direction (SDir) regardless of whether the visual cue appeared in or outside neurons' receptive fields. Unlike the explicit encoding of the visual categories, such cue-target mapping (CTM)-related activity covaried with the associated SDirs. Furthermore, the CTM was preferentially mediated by visual neurons identified by memory-guided saccade. These results indicate that LIP plays a crucial role in the early stage of many-to-one sensorimotor transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning; IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research at BNU; Division of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yining Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan 450052, China
| | - Mingsha Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning; IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research at BNU; Division of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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111
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Mamaligas AA, Barcomb K, Ford CP. Cholinergic Transmission at Muscarinic Synapses in the Striatum Is Driven Equally by Cortical and Thalamic Inputs. Cell Rep 2020; 28:1003-1014.e3. [PMID: 31340139 PMCID: PMC6830446 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.06.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The release of acetylcholine from cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) directly modulates striatal output via muscarinic receptors on medium spiny neurons (MSNs). While thalamic inputs provide strong excitatory input to ChIs, cortical inputs primarily regulate MSN firing. Here, we found that, while thalamic inputs do drive ChI firing, a subset of ChIs responds robustly to stimulation of cortical inputs as well. To examine how input-evoked changes in ChI firing patterns drive acetylcholine release at cholinergic synapses onto MSNs, muscarinic M4-receptor-mediated synaptic events were measured in MSNs overexpressing G-protein gated potassium channels (GlRK2). Stimulation of both cortical and thalamic inputs was sufficient to equally drive muscarinic synaptic events in MSNs, resulting from the broad synaptic innervation of the stimulus-activated ChI population across many MSNs. Taken together, this indicates an underappreciated role for the extensive cholinergic network, in which small populations of ChIs can drive substantial changes in post-synaptic receptor activity across the striatum. Mamaligas et al. find that, while cortical inputs were previously thought to provide weak input to striatal cholinergic interneurons, they can drive firing in a subset of cells. As a result of the broad connectivity of cholinergic cells, cortical and thalamic inputs equally drive synaptic acetylcholine release onto MSNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aphroditi A Mamaligas
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Departments of Physiology and Biophysics and Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Kelsey Barcomb
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Christopher P Ford
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Departments of Physiology and Biophysics and Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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112
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Han S, Márquez-Gómez R, Woodman M, Ellender T. Histaminergic Control of Corticostriatal Synaptic Plasticity during Early Postnatal Development. J Neurosci 2020; 40:6557-6571. [PMID: 32709692 PMCID: PMC7486653 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0740-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A reduction in the synthesis of the neuromodulator histamine has been associated with Tourette's syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Symptoms of these disorders are thought to arise from a dysfunction or aberrant development ofcorticostriatal circuits. Here, we investigated how histamine affects developing corticostriatal circuits, both acutely and longer-term, during the first postnatal weeks, using patch-clamp and field recordings in mouse brain slices (C57Bl/6, male and female). Immunohistochemistry for histamine-containing axons reveals striatal histaminergic innervation by the second postnatal week, and qRT-PCR shows transcripts for H1, H2, and H3 histamine receptors in striatum from the first postnatal week onwards, with pronounced developmental increases in H3 receptor expression. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings of striatal spiny projection neurons and histamine superfusion demonstrates expression of functional histamine receptors from the first postnatal week onwards, with histamine having diverse effects on their electrical properties, including depolarization of the membrane potential while simultaneously decreasing action potential output. Striatal field recordings and electrical stimulation of corticostriatal afferents revealed that histamine, acting at H3 receptors, negatively modulates corticostriatal synaptic transmission from the first postnatal week onwards. Last, we investigated effects of histamine on longer-term changes at developing corticostriatal synapses and show that histamine facilitates NMDA receptor-dependent LTP via H3 receptors during the second postnatal week, but inhibits synaptic plasticity at later developmental stages. Together, these results show that histamine acutely modulates developing striatal neurons and synapses and controls longer-term changes in developing corticostriatal circuits, thus providing insight into the possible etiology underlying neurodevelopmental disorders resulting from histamine dysregulation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Monogenic causes of neurologic disorders, although rare, can provide opportunities to both study and understand the brain. For example, a nonsense mutation in the coding gene for the histamine-synthesizing enzyme has been associated with Tourette's syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder, and dysfunction of corticostriatal circuits. Nevertheless, the etiology of these neurodevelopmental disorders and histamine's role in the development of corticostriatal circuits have remained understudied. Here we show that histamine is an active neuromodulator during the earliest periods of postnatal life and acts at developing striatal neurons and synapses. Crucially, we show that histamine permits NMDA receptor-dependent corticostriatal synaptic plasticity during an early critical period of postnatal development, which suggests that genetic or environmental perturbations of histamine levels can impact striatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungwon Han
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, OX1 3QT, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Myles Woodman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, OX1 3QT, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tommas Ellender
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, OX1 3QT, Oxford, United Kingdom
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113
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Shi ER, Zhang Q. A domain-general perspective on the role of the basal ganglia in language and music: Benefits of music therapy for the treatment of aphasia. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2020; 206:104811. [PMID: 32442810 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2020.104811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In addition to cortical lesions, mounting evidence on the links between language and the subcortical regions suggests that subcortical lesions may also lead to the emergence of aphasic symptoms. In this paper, by emphasizing the domain-general function of the basal ganglia in both language and music, we highlight that rhythm processing, the function of temporal prediction, motor programming and execution, is an important shared mechanism underlying the treatment of non-fluent aphasia with music therapy. In support of this, we conduct a literature review on the music therapy treating aphasia. The results show that rhythm processing plays a key role in Melodic Intonation Therapy in the rehabilitation of non-fluent aphasia patients with lesions on the basal ganglia. This paper strengthens the correlation between the basal ganglia lesions and language deficits, and provides support to the direction of taking advantage of rhythm as an important point in music therapy in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Ruoyang Shi
- Department of Catalan Philology and General Linguistics, University of Barcelona, Gran Via de Les Corts Catalanes, 585, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-Sen Universtiy, Waihuan East Road, No. 132, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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A basal ganglia-like cortical-amygdalar-hypothalamic network mediates feeding behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:15967-15976. [PMID: 32571909 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2004914117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The insular cortex (INS) is extensively connected to the central nucleus of the amygdala (CEA), and both regions send convergent projections into the caudal lateral hypothalamus (LHA) encompassing the parasubthalamic nucleus (PSTN). However, the organization of the network between these structures has not been clearly delineated in the literature, although there has been an upsurge in functional studies related to these structures, especially with regard to the cognitive and psychopathological control of feeding. We conducted tract-tracing experiments from the INS and observed a pathway to the PSTN region that runs parallel to the canonical hyperdirect pathway from the isocortex to the subthalamic nucleus (STN) adjacent to the PSTN. In addition, an indirect pathway with a relay in the central amygdala was also observed that is similar in its structure to the classic indirect pathway of the basal ganglia that also targets the STN. C-Fos experiments showed that the PSTN complex reacts to neophobia and sickness induced by lipopolysaccharide or cisplatin. Chemogenetic (designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs [DREADD]) inhibition of tachykininergic neurons (Tac1) in the PSTN revealed that this nucleus gates a stop "no-eat" signal to refrain from feeding when the animal is subjected to sickness or exposed to a previously unknown source of food. Therefore, our anatomical findings in rats and mice indicate that the INS-PSTN network is organized in a similar manner as the hyperdirect and indirect basal ganglia circuitry. Functionally, the PSTN is involved in gating feeding behavior, which is conceptually homologous to the motor no-go response of the adjacent STN.
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Boccella S, Marabese I, Guida F, Luongo L, Maione S, Palazzo E. The Modulation of Pain by Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors 7 and 8 in the Dorsal Striatum. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 18:34-50. [PMID: 31210112 PMCID: PMC7327935 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x17666190618121859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The dorsal striatum, apart from controlling voluntary movement, displays a recently demonstrated pain inhibition. It is connected to the descending pain modulatory system and in particular to the rostral ventromedial medulla through the medullary dorsal reticular nucleus. Diseases of the basal ganglia, such as Parkinson's disease, in addition to being characterized by motor disorders, are associated with pain and hyperactivation of the excitatory transmission. A way to counteract glutamatergic hyperactivation is through the activation of group III metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), which are located on presynaptic terminals inhibiting neurotransmitter release. So far the mGluRs of group III have been the least investigated, owing to a lack of selective tools. More recently, selective ligands for each mGluR of group III, in particular positive and negative allosteric modulators, have been developed and the role of each subtype is starting to emerge. The neuroprotective potential of group III mGluRs in pathological conditions, such as those characterized by elevate glutamate, has been recently shown. In the dorsal striatum, mGluR7 and mGluR8 are located at glutamatergic corticostriatal terminals and their stimulation inhibits pain in pathological conditions such as neuropathic pain. The two receptors in the dorsal striatum have instead a different role in pain control in normal conditions. This review will discuss recent results focusing on the contribution of mGluR7 and mGluR8 in the dorsal striatal control of pain. The role of mGluR4, whose antiparkinsonian activity is widely reported, will also be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Boccella
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Division, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Ida Marabese
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Division, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Guida
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Division, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Livio Luongo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Division, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Sabatino Maione
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Division, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Enza Palazzo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Division, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Naples, Italy
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Targeting the cholinergic system in Parkinson's disease. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2020; 41:453-463. [PMID: 32132659 PMCID: PMC7468250 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-0380-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor control in the striatum is an orchestra played by various neuronal populations. Loss of harmony due to dopamine deficiency is considered the primary pathological cause of the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Recent progress in experimental approaches has enabled us to examine the striatal circuitry in a much more comprehensive manner, not only reshaping our understanding of striatal functions in movement regulation but also leading to new opportunities for the development of therapeutic strategies for treating PD. In addition to dopaminergic innervation, giant aspiny cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) within the striatum have long been recognized as a critical node for balancing dopamine signaling and regulating movement. With the roles of ChIs in motor control further uncovered and more specific manipulations available, striatal ChIs and their corresponding receptors are emerging as new promising therapeutic targets for PD. This review summarizes recent progress in functional studies of striatal circuitry and discusses the translational implications of these new findings for the treatment of PD.
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Kaplan A, Mizrahi-Kliger AD, Israel Z, Adler A, Bergman H. Dissociable roles of ventral pallidum neurons in the basal ganglia reinforcement learning network. Nat Neurosci 2020; 23:556-564. [PMID: 32231338 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-020-0605-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Reinforcement learning models treat the basal ganglia (BG) as an actor-critic network. The ventral pallidum (VP) is a major component of the BG limbic system. However, its precise functional roles within the BG circuitry, particularly in comparison to the adjacent external segment of the globus pallidus (GPe), remain unexplored. We recorded the spiking activity of VP neurons, GPe cells (actor) and striatal cholinergic interneurons (critic) while monkeys performed a classical conditioning task. Here, we report that VP neurons can be classified into two distinct populations. The persistent population displayed sustained activation following visual cue presentation, was correlated with monkeys' behavior and showed uncorrelated spiking activity. The transient population displayed phasic synchronized responses that were correlated with the rate of learning and the reinforcement learning model's prediction error. Our results suggest that the VP is physiologically different from the GPe and identify the transient VP neurons as a BG critic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kaplan
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel. .,Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Aviv D Mizrahi-Kliger
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Zvi Israel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Avital Adler
- Skirball Institute, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Anesthesiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hagai Bergman
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.,Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel.,Department of Neurosurgery, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
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Mendes A, Vignoud G, Perez S, Perrin E, Touboul J, Venance L. Concurrent Thalamostriatal and Corticostriatal Spike-Timing-Dependent Plasticity and Heterosynaptic Interactions Shape Striatal Plasticity Map. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:4381-4401. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The striatum integrates inputs from the cortex and thalamus, which display concomitant or sequential activity. The striatum assists in forming memory, with acquisition of the behavioral repertoire being associated with corticostriatal (CS) plasticity. The literature has mainly focused on that CS plasticity, and little remains known about thalamostriatal (TS) plasticity rules or CS and TS plasticity interactions. We undertook here the study of these plasticity rules. We found bidirectional Hebbian and anti-Hebbian spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) at the thalamic and cortical inputs, respectively, which were driving concurrent changes at the striatal synapses. Moreover, TS- and CS-STDP induced heterosynaptic plasticity. We developed a calcium-based mathematical model of the coupled TS and CS plasticity, and simulations predict complex changes in the CS and TS plasticity maps depending on the precise cortex–thalamus–striatum engram. These predictions were experimentally validated using triplet-based STDP stimulations, which revealed the significant remodeling of the CS-STDP map upon TS activity, which is notably the induction of the LTD areas in the CS-STDP for specific timing regimes. TS-STDP exerts a greater influence on CS plasticity than CS-STDP on TS plasticity. These findings highlight the major impact of precise timing in cortical and thalamic activity for the memory engram of striatal synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Mendes
- Dynamics and Pathophysiology of Neuronal Networks Team, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS UMR7241, INSERM U1050, PSL Research University, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Gaetan Vignoud
- Dynamics and Pathophysiology of Neuronal Networks Team, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS UMR7241, INSERM U1050, PSL Research University, Paris, 75005, France
- Department of Mathematics, Volen National Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 2454-9110, USA
| | - Sylvie Perez
- Dynamics and Pathophysiology of Neuronal Networks Team, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS UMR7241, INSERM U1050, PSL Research University, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Elodie Perrin
- Dynamics and Pathophysiology of Neuronal Networks Team, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS UMR7241, INSERM U1050, PSL Research University, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Jonathan Touboul
- Department of Mathematics, Volen National Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 2454-9110, USA
| | - Laurent Venance
- Dynamics and Pathophysiology of Neuronal Networks Team, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS UMR7241, INSERM U1050, PSL Research University, Paris, 75005, France
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Gazan A, Rial D, Schiffmann SN. Ablation of striatal somatostatin interneurons affects MSN morphology and electrophysiological properties, and increases cocaine‐induced hyperlocomotion in mice. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 51:1388-1402. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Gazan
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology ULB Neuroscience Institute Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Brussels Belgium
| | - Daniel Rial
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology ULB Neuroscience Institute Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Brussels Belgium
| | - Serge N. Schiffmann
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology ULB Neuroscience Institute Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Brussels Belgium
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120
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Intracranial iron distribution and quantification in aceruloplasminemia: A case study. Magn Reson Imaging 2020; 70:29-35. [PMID: 32114188 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2020.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Aceruloplasminemia (ACP) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by intracranial and visceral iron overload. With R2*-based imaging or quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM), it is feasible to measure iron in the brain quantitatively, although to date this has not yet been done for patients with ACP. The aim of this study was to provide quantitative iron measurements for each affected brain region in an ACP patient with the potential to do so in all future ACP patients. This may shed light on the link between brain iron metabolism and the territories affected by ceruloplasmin function. METHODS We imaged a patient with ACP using a 3T magnetic resonance imaging scanner with a fifteen-channel head coil. We manually demarcated gray matter and white matter on the Strategically Acquired Gradient Echo (STAGE) images, and calculated values for susceptibility and R2* in these regions. Correlation analysis was performed between the R2* values and the susceptibility values. RESULTS Besides the usual territories affected in ACP, we also discovered that the mammillary bodies and the lateral habenulae had significant increases in iron, and the hippocampus was severely affected both in terms of iron content and abnormal tissue signal. We also noted that the iron in the cortical gray matter appeared to be deposited in the inner layers. Moreover, several pathways between the superior colliculus and the pulvinar thalamus, between the caudate and putamen anteriorly and between the caudate and pulvinar thalamus posteriorly were also evident. Finally, R2* correlated strongly with the QSM data (R2 = 0.67, t = 6.78, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION QSM and R2* have proven to be sensitive and quantitative means by which to measure iron content in the brain. Our findings included several newly noted affected brain regions of iron overload and provided some new aspects of iron metabolism in ACP that may be further applicable to other pathologic conditions. Furthermore, our study may pave the way for assessing efficacy of iron chelation therapy in these patients and for other common iron related neurodegenerative disorders.
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Zhang Y, Vakhtin AA, Jennings JS, Massaband P, Wintermark M, Craig PL, Ashford JW, Clark JD, Furst AJ. Diffusion tensor tractography of brainstem fibers and its application in pain. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0213952. [PMID: 32069284 PMCID: PMC7028272 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluation of brainstem pathways with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and tractography may provide insights into pathophysiologies associated with dysfunction of key brainstem circuits. However, identification of these tracts has been elusive, with relatively few in vivo human studies to date. In this paper we proposed an automated approach for reconstructing nine brainstem fiber trajectories of pathways that might be involved in pain modulation. We first performed native-space manual tractography of these fiber tracts in a small normative cohort of participants and confirmed the anatomical precision of the results using existing anatomical literature. Second, region-of-interest pairs were manually defined at each extracted fiber's termini and nonlinearly warped to a standard anatomical brain template to create an atlas of the region-of-interest pairs. The resulting atlas was then transformed non-linearly into the native space of 17 veteran patients' brains for automated brainstem tractography. Lastly, we assessed the relationships between the integrity levels of the obtained fiber bundles and pain severity levels. Fractional anisotropy (FA) measures derived using automated tractography reflected the respective tracts' FA levels obtained via manual tractography. A significant inverse relationship between FA and pain levels was detected within the automatically derived dorsal and medial longitudinal fasciculi of the brainstem. This study demonstrates the feasibility of DTI in exploring brainstem circuitries involved in pain processing. In this context, the described automated approach is a viable alternative to the time-consuming manual tractography. The physiological and functional relevance of the measures derived from automated tractography is evidenced by their relationships with individual pain severities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center (WRIISC), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Andrei A. Vakhtin
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center (WRIISC), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Jennifer S. Jennings
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center (WRIISC), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Payam Massaband
- Radiology, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Max Wintermark
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Neuroradiology at Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Patricia L. Craig
- Radiology, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - J. Wesson Ashford
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center (WRIISC), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - J. David Clark
- Pain Clinic, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
- Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Ansgar J. Furst
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center (WRIISC), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
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Pazen M, Uhlmann L, van Kemenade BM, Steinsträter O, Straube B, Kircher T. Predictive perception of self-generated movements: Commonalities and differences in the neural processing of tool and hand actions. Neuroimage 2020; 206:116309. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Wu CS, Jew CP, Sun H, Ballester Rosado CJ, Lu HC. mGlu5 in GABAergic neurons modulates spontaneous and psychostimulant-induced locomotor activity. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:345-361. [PMID: 31646346 PMCID: PMC7024012 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05367-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE A role of group I metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGlu5) in regulating spontaneous locomotion and psychostimulant-induced hyperactivity has been proposed. OBJECTIVES This study aims to determine if mGlu5 in GABAergic neurons regulates spontaneous or psychostimulant-induced locomotion. METHODS We generated mice specifically lacking mGlu5 in forebrain GABAergic neuron by crossing DLX-Cre mice with mGlu5flox/flox mice to generate DLX-mGlu5 KO mice. The locomotion of adult mice was examined in the open-field assay (OFA) and home cage setting. The effects of the mGlu5 antagonist 6-methyl-2-(phenylethynyl)pyridine (MPEP), cocaine, and methylphenidate on acute motor behaviors in DLX-mGlu5 KO and littermate control mice were assessed in OFA. Striatal synaptic plasticity of these mice was examined with field potential electrophysiological recordings. RESULTS Deleting mGlu5 from forebrain GABAergic neurons results in failure to induce long-term depression (LTD) in the dorsal striatum and absence of habituated locomotion in both novel and familiar settings. In a familiar environment (home cage), DLX-mGlu5 KO mice were hyperactive. In the OFA, DLX-mGlu5 KO mice exhibited initial hypo-activity, and then gradually increased their locomotion with time, resulting in no habituation response. DLX-mGlu5 KO mice exhibited almost no locomotor response to MPEP (40 mg/kg), while the same dose elicited hyperlocomotion in control mice. The DLX-mGlu5 KO mice also showed reduced hyperactivity response to cocaine, while they retained normal hyperactivity response to methylphenidate, albeit with delayed onset. CONCLUSION mGlu5 in forebrain GABAergic neurons is critical to trigger habituation upon the initiation of locomotion as well as to mediate MPEP-induced hyperlocomotion and modulate psychostimulant-induced hyperactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Shan Wu
- The Cain Foundation Laboratories, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, 77030, TX, USA.
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, 77030, TX, USA.
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, 123 Cater-Mattil, 2253 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| | - Christopher P Jew
- The Cain Foundation Laboratories, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, 77030, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, 77030, TX, USA
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Hao Sun
- The Cain Foundation Laboratories, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, 77030, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, 77030, TX, USA
| | - Carlos J Ballester Rosado
- The Cain Foundation Laboratories, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, 77030, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, 77030, TX, USA
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Hui-Chen Lu
- The Cain Foundation Laboratories, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, 77030, TX, USA.
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, 77030, TX, USA.
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Linda and Jack Gill Center, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E. 10th Street, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
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Large-Scale Neuronal Network Dysfunction in Diabetic Retinopathy. Neural Plast 2020; 2020:6872508. [PMID: 32399026 PMCID: PMC7204201 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6872508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) patients are at an increased risk of cognitive decline and dementia. There is accumulating evidence that specific functional and structural architecture changes in the brain are related to cognitive impairment in DR patients. However, little is known regarding whether the functional architecture of resting-state networks (RSNs) changes in DR patients. The purpose of this study was to investigate the intranetwork functional connectivity (FC) and functional network connectivity (FNC) of RSN changes in DR patients using independent component analysis (ICA). Thirty-four DR patients (18 men and 16 women; mean age, 53.53 ± 8.67 years) and 38 nondiabetic healthy controls (HCs) (15 men and 23 women; mean age, 48.63 ± 11.83 years), closely matched for age, sex, and education, underwent resting-state magnetic resonance imaging scans. ICA was applied to extract the nine RSNs. Then, two-sample t-tests were conducted to investigate different intranetwork FCs within nine RSNs between the two groups. The FNC toolbox was used to assess interactions among RSNs. Pearson correlation analysis was conducted to explore the relationship between intranetwork FCs and clinical variables in the DR group. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was conducted to assess the ability of the intranetwork FCs of RSNs in discriminating between the two groups. Compared to the HC group, DR patients showed significant decreased intranetwork FCs within the basal ganglia network (BGN), visual network (VN), ventral default mode network (vDMN), right executive control network (rECN), salience network (SN), left executive control network (lECN), auditory network (AN), and dorsal default mode network (dDMN). In addition, FNC analysis showed increased VN-BGN, VN-vDMN, VN-dDMN, vDMN-lECN, SN-BGN, lECN-dDMN, and AN-BGN FNCs in the DR group, relative to the HC group. Furthermore, altered intranetwork FCs of RSNs were significantly correlated with the glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level in DR patients. A ROC curve showed that these specific intranetwork FCs of RSNs discriminated between the two groups with a high degree of sensitivity and specificity. Our study highlighted that DR patients had widespread deficits in both low-level perceptual and higher-order cognitive networks. Our results offer important insights into the neural mechanisms of visual loss and cognitive decline in DR patients.
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Sampedro-Piquero P, J. Santín L, Castilla-Ortega E. Aberrant Brain Neuroplasticity and Function in Drug Addiction: A Focus on Learning-Related Brain Regions. Behav Neurosci 2019. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.85280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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126
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Cai Y, Ford CP. Dopamine Cells Differentially Regulate Striatal Cholinergic Transmission across Regions through Corelease of Dopamine and Glutamate. Cell Rep 2019; 25:3148-3157.e3. [PMID: 30540946 PMCID: PMC6658127 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The balance of dopamine and acetylcholine in the dorsal striatum is critical for motor and learning functions. Midbrain dopamine cells and local cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) densely innervate the striatum and have strong reciprocal actions on each other. Although dopamine inputs regulate ChIs, the functional consequences of dopamine neuron activity across dorsal striatal regions is poorly understood. Here, we find that midbrain dopamine neurons drive pauses in the firing of dorsomedial ChIs but robust bursts in dorsolateral ChIs. Pauses are mediated by dopamine D2 receptors, while bursts are driven by glutamate corelease and activation of a mGluR-mediated excitatory conductance. We find the frequency of muscarinic cholinergic transmission to medium spiny neurons is greater in the dorsomedial striatum. This regional variation in transmission is moderated by the different actions of dopamine and glutamate corelease. These results delineate a mechanism by which dopamine inputs maintain consistent levels of cholinergic activity across the dorsal striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Cai
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Christopher P Ford
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Vigo MB, Pérez MJ, De Fino F, Gómez G, Martínez SA, Bisagno V, Di Carlo MB, Scazziota A, Manautou JE, Ghanem CI. Acute acetaminophen intoxication induces direct neurotoxicity in rats manifested as astrogliosis and decreased dopaminergic markers in brain areas associated with locomotor regulation. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 170:113662. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Lee K, Masmanidis SC. Aberrant features of in vivo striatal dynamics in Parkinson's disease. J Neurosci Res 2019; 97:1678-1688. [PMID: 31502290 PMCID: PMC6801089 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The striatum plays an important role in learning, selecting, and executing actions. As a major input hub of the basal ganglia, it receives and processes a diverse array of signals related to sensory, motor, and cognitive information. Aberrant neural activity in this area is implicated in a wide variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders. It is therefore important to understand the hallmarks of disrupted striatal signal processing. This review surveys literature examining how in vivo striatal microcircuit dynamics are impacted in animal models of one of the most widely studied movement disorders, Parkinson's disease. The review identifies four major features of aberrant striatal dynamics: altered relative levels of direct and indirect pathway activity, impaired information processing by projection neurons, altered information processing by interneurons, and increased synchrony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Lee
- Department of Neurobiology and California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Sotiris C. Masmanidis
- Department of Neurobiology and California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
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129
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Lee K, Bakhurin KI, Claar LD, Holley SM, Chong NC, Cepeda C, Levine MS, Masmanidis SC. Gain Modulation by Corticostriatal and Thalamostriatal Input Signals during Reward-Conditioned Behavior. Cell Rep 2019; 29:2438-2449.e4. [PMID: 31747611 PMCID: PMC6907740 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The cortex and thalamus send excitatory projections to the striatum, but little is known about how these inputs, either individually or collectively, regulate striatal dynamics during behavior. The lateral striatum receives overlapping input from the secondary motor cortex (M2), an area involved in licking, and the parafascicular thalamic nucleus (PF). Using neural recordings, together with optogenetic terminal inhibition, we examine the contribution of M2 and PF projections on medium spiny projection neuron (MSN) activity as mice performed an anticipatory licking task. Each input has a similar contribution to striatal activity. By comparing how suppressing single or multiple projections altered striatal activity, we find that cortical and thalamic input signals modulate MSN gain and that this effect is more pronounced in a temporally specific period of the task following the cue presentation. These results demonstrate that cortical and thalamic inputs synergistically regulate striatal output during reward-conditioned behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Konstantin I Bakhurin
- Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Leslie D Claar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sandra M Holley
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Brain Research Institute, Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Natalie C Chong
- Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Carlos Cepeda
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Brain Research Institute, Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Michael S Levine
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Brain Research Institute, Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sotiris C Masmanidis
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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130
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Tanaka KF, Hamaguchi T. Translational approach to apathy-like behavior in mice: From the practical point of view. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2019; 73:685-689. [PMID: 31304614 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Apathy is a pervasive clinical phenomenon that deserves more attention at the translational and pre-clinical levels. To study apathy-like behavior in mice, we relied on an operational definition of apathy: the quantitative reduction of voluntary, goal-directed behaviors. We recently found that the chronic loss of function of a specific cell type (striatal dopamine receptor type 2-expressing medium spiny neurons, D2-MSN) in a restricted region (the ventrolateral striatum, VLS) was sufficient to induce apathy-like behavior in a food-seeking operant task. We further showed that VLS D2-MSN are activated at the preparatory period, and that optogenetic inhibition of VLS D2-MSN during that period resulted in transient decreases in instrumental motivation, strengthening the hypothesis that VLS D2-MSN mediate apathy-like behavior in mice. Mice bearing VLS D2-MSN dysfunction can thus be regarded as an apathy model for future translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji F Tanaka
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Hamaguchi
- Center for Kampo Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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131
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Krajeski RN, Macey-Dare A, van Heusden F, Ebrahimjee F, Ellender TJ. Dynamic postnatal development of the cellular and circuit properties of striatal D1 and D2 spiny projection neurons. J Physiol 2019; 597:5265-5293. [PMID: 31531863 PMCID: PMC6900874 DOI: 10.1113/jp278416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Imbalances in the activity of the D1-expressing direct pathway and D2-expressing indirect pathway striatal projection neurons (SPNs) are thought to contribute to many basal ganglia disorders, including early-onset neurodevelopmental disorders such as obsessive-compulsive disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and Tourette's syndrome. This study provides the first detailed quantitative investigation of development of D1 and D2 SPNs, including their cellular properties and connectivity within neural circuits, during the first postnatal weeks. This period is highly dynamic with many properties changing, but it is possible to make three main observations: many aspects of D1 and D2 SPNs progressively mature in parallel; there are notable exceptions when they diverge; and many of the defining properties of mature striatal SPNs and circuits are already established by the first and second postnatal weeks, suggesting guidance through intrinsic developmental programmes. These findings provide an experimental framework for future studies of striatal development in both health and disease. ABSTRACT Many basal ganglia neurodevelopmental disorders are thought to result from imbalances in the activity of the D1-expressing direct pathway and D2-expressing indirect pathway striatal projection neurons (SPNs). Insight into these disorders is reliant on our understanding of normal D1 and D2 SPN development. Here we provide the first detailed study and quantification of the striatal cellular and circuit changes occurring for both D1 and D2 SPNs in the first postnatal weeks using in vitro whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology. Characterization of their intrinsic electrophysiological and morphological properties, the excitatory long-range inputs coming from cortex and thalamus, as well their local gap junction and inhibitory synaptic connections reveals this period to be highly dynamic with numerous properties changing. However it is possible to make three main observations. Firstly, many aspects of SPNs mature in parallel, including intrinsic membrane properties, increases in dendritic arbours and spine densities, general synaptic inputs and expression of specific glutamate receptors. Secondly, there are notable exceptions, including a transient stronger thalamic innervation of D2 SPNs and stronger cortical NMDA receptor-mediated inputs to D1 SPNs, both in the second postnatal week. Thirdly, many of the defining properties of mature D1 and D2 SPNs and striatal circuits are already established by the first and second postnatal weeks, including different electrophysiological properties as well as biased local inhibitory connections between SPNs, suggesting this is guided through intrinsic developmental programmes. Together these findings provide an experimental framework for future studies of D1 and D2 SPN development in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan N Krajeski
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Anežka Macey-Dare
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Fran van Heusden
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Farid Ebrahimjee
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Tommas J Ellender
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
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132
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Rodrigues S, Ferreira TL. Muscimol injection into the substantia nigra but not globus pallidus affects prepulse inhibition and startle reflex. Neuropharmacology 2019; 162:107796. [PMID: 31563465 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral arrest is an essential feature of an animal's survival. Acoustic startle reflex (ASR) is an involuntary whole-body contraction of the skeletal musculature to an unexpected auditory stimulus. This strong reaction can be decreased by prepulse inhibition (PPI) phenomenon; which, for example, is important in reducing distraction during the processing of sensory input. Several brainstem regions are involved in the PPI and startle reflex, but a previous study from our laboratory showed that the main input structure of Basal Ganglia (BG) - the striatum - modulates PPI. The pallidum and nigra are connected with striatum and these brainstem structures. Here, we investigated the role of these striatum outputs in the brain regions on startle amplitude, PPI regulation, and exploratory behavior in Wistar rats. The temporary bilateral inhibition of the globus pallidus (GP) by muscimol lead to motor impairment, without disturbing startle amplitude or PPI. Similarly, inhibition of the entopeduncular nucleus (EPN) specifically disrupted the exploratory behavior. On the other hand, the substantia nigra reticulata (SNr) inhibition interfered in all measured behaviors: decreased the PPI percentage, increased ASR and impaired the locomotor activity. The nigra is a key BG output structure which projects to the thalamus and brainstem. These findings extend our previous study showing that the striatum neurons expressing D1 receptors involvement in PPI occurs via the direct pathway to SNr, but not to the pallidum which more likely occurs by its connection with the caudal pontine nucleus, superior colliculus and/or pedunculopontine nucleus pivotal structures for startle reflex modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samanta Rodrigues
- Centro de Matemática, Computação e Cognição, Universidade Federal do ABC, Brazil
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133
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Aoki S, Smith JB, Li H, Yan X, Igarashi M, Coulon P, Wickens JR, Ruigrok TJH, Jin X. An open cortico-basal ganglia loop allows limbic control over motor output via the nigrothalamic pathway. eLife 2019; 8:e49995. [PMID: 31490123 PMCID: PMC6731092 DOI: 10.7554/elife.49995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical loops are largely conceived as parallel circuits that process limbic, associative, and sensorimotor information separately. Whether and how these functionally distinct loops interact remains unclear. Combining genetic and viral approaches, we systemically mapped the limbic and motor cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical loops in rodents. Despite largely closed loops within each functional domain, we discovered a unidirectional influence of the limbic over the motor loop via ventral striatum-substantia nigra (SNr)-motor thalamus circuitry. Slice electrophysiology verifies that the projection from ventral striatum functionally inhibits nigro-thalamic SNr neurons. In vivo optogenetic stimulation of ventral or dorsolateral striatum to SNr pathway modulates activity in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and motor cortex (M1), respectively. However, whereas the dorsolateral striatum-SNr pathway exerts little impact on mPFC, activation of the ventral striatum-SNr pathway effectively alters M1 activity. These results demonstrate an open cortico-basal ganglia loop whereby limbic information could modulate motor output through ventral striatum control of M1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Aoki
- Molecular Neurobiology LaboratorySalk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaUnited States
- Neurobiology Research UnitOkinawa Institute of Science and TechnologyOkinawaJapan
- Department of NeuroscienceErasmus Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamNetherlands
- Japan Society for the Promotion of SciencesTokyoJapan
| | - Jared B Smith
- Molecular Neurobiology LaboratorySalk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaUnited States
| | - Hao Li
- Molecular Neurobiology LaboratorySalk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaUnited States
| | - Xunyi Yan
- Molecular Neurobiology LaboratorySalk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaUnited States
| | - Masakazu Igarashi
- Neurobiology Research UnitOkinawa Institute of Science and TechnologyOkinawaJapan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of SciencesTokyoJapan
| | - Patrice Coulon
- Institut des Neurosciences de la TimoneCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aix-Marseille UniversitéMarseilleFrance
| | - Jeffery R Wickens
- Neurobiology Research UnitOkinawa Institute of Science and TechnologyOkinawaJapan
| | - Tom JH Ruigrok
- Department of NeuroscienceErasmus Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamNetherlands
| | - Xin Jin
- Molecular Neurobiology LaboratorySalk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaUnited States
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134
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Sidtis JJ, Mubeen MA, Asaei A, Ardekani B, Van Lancker Sidtis D. Performance and Function Meet Structure: A White Matter Connection Tuned for Vocal Production. Brain Connect 2019; 8:628-636. [PMID: 30430846 PMCID: PMC6308290 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2018.0627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Contemporary imaging techniques have increased the potential for establishing how brain regions interact during spoken language. Some imaging methods report bilateral changes in brain activity during speech, whereas another approach finds that the relationship between individual variability in speech measures and individual variability in brain activity more closely resembles clinical observations. This approach has repeatedly demonstrated that speaking rate for phonological and lexical items can be predicted by an inverse relationship between cerebral blood flow in the left inferior frontal region and the right caudate nucleus. To determine whether morphology contributes to this relationship, we examined ipsilateral and contralateral white matter connections between these structures using diffusion tensor imaging, and we further assessed possible relationships between morphology and selected acoustic measures of participants' vocal productions. The ipsilateral connections between the inferior frontal regions and the caudate nuclei had higher average fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity values than the contralateral connections. Neither contralateral connection between inferior frontal and caudate regions showed a significant advantage on any of the average morphology measures. However, individual differences in white matter morphology were significantly correlated with individual differences in vocal amplitude and frequency stability in the left frontal–right caudate connection. This cortical–striatal connection may be “tuned” for a role in the coordination of cortical and subcortical activity during speech. The structure–function relationship in this cortical-subcortical pathway supports the previous observation of a predictive pattern of cerebral blood flow during speech and may reflect a mechanism that ensures left-hemisphere control of the vocal expression of propositional language.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Sidtis
- 1 Brain and Behavior Laboratory, Geriatrics Department, The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York.,2 Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Muhammad Asim Mubeen
- 1 Brain and Behavior Laboratory, Geriatrics Department, The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York
| | - Ali Asaei
- 1 Brain and Behavior Laboratory, Geriatrics Department, The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York
| | - Babak Ardekani
- 3 Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York
| | - Diana Van Lancker Sidtis
- 1 Brain and Behavior Laboratory, Geriatrics Department, The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York.,4 Department of Communicative Sciences and Disorders, New York University Steinhardt School, New York, New York
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135
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Dopamine D 2L Receptor Deficiency Causes Stress Vulnerability through 5-HT 1A Receptor Dysfunction in Serotonergic Neurons. J Neurosci 2019; 39:7551-7563. [PMID: 31371425 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0079-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mental disorders are caused by genetic and environmental factors. We here show that deficiency of an isoform of dopamine D2 receptor (D2R), D2LR, causes stress vulnerability in mouse. This occurs through dysfunction of serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] 1A receptor (5-HT1AR) on serotonergic neurons in the mouse brain. Exposure to forced swim stress significantly increased anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors in D2LR knock-out (KO) male mice compared with wild-type mice. Treatment with 8-OH-DPAT, a 5-HT1AR agonist, failed to alleviate the stress-induced behaviors in D2LR-KO mice. In forced swim-stressed D2LR-KO mice, 5-HT efflux in the medial prefrontal cortex was elevated and the expression of genes related to 5-HT levels was upregulated by the transcription factor PET1 in the dorsal raphe nucleus. Notably, D2LR formed a heteromer with 5-HT1AR in serotonergic neurons, thereby suppressing 5-HT1AR-activated G-protein-activated inwardly rectifying potassium conductance in D2LR-KO serotonergic neurons. Finally, D2LR overexpression in serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus alleviated stress vulnerability observed in D2LR-KO mice. Together, we conclude that disruption of the negative feedback regulation by the D2LR/5-HT1A heteromer causes stress vulnerability.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Etiologies of mental disorders are multifactorial, e.g., interactions between genetic and environmental factors. In this study, using a mouse model, we showed that genetic depletion of an isoform of dopamine D2 receptor, D2LR, causes stress vulnerability associated with dysfunction of serotonin 1A receptor, 5-HT1AR in serotonergic neurons. The D2LR/5-HT1AR inhibitory G-protein-coupled heteromer may function as a negative feedback regulator to suppress psychosocial stress.
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136
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Abstract
The striatum is essential for learning which actions lead to reward and for implementing those actions. Decades of experimental and theoretical work have led to several influential theories and hypotheses about how the striatal circuit mediates these functions. However, owing to technical limitations, testing these hypotheses rigorously has been difficult. In this Review, we briefly describe some of the classic ideas of striatal function. We then review recent studies in rodents that take advantage of optical and genetic methods to test these classic ideas by recording and manipulating identified cell types within the circuit. This new body of work has provided experimental support of some longstanding ideas about the striatal circuit and has uncovered critical aspects of the classic view that are incorrect or incomplete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Cox
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Ilana B Witten
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
- Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
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137
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Temporal Coding of Reward Value in Monkey Ventral Striatal Tonically Active Neurons. J Neurosci 2019; 39:7539-7550. [PMID: 31363063 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0869-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The rostromedioventral striatum is critical for behavior dependent on evaluating rewards. We asked what contribution tonically active neurons (TANs), the putative striatal cholinergic interneurons, make in coding reward value in this part of the striatum. Two female monkeys were given the option to accept or reject an offered reward in each trial, the value of which was signaled by a visual cue. Forty-five percent of the TANs use temporally modulated activity to encode information about discounted value. These responses were significantly better represented using principal component analysis than by just counting spikes. The temporal coding is straightforward: the spikes are distributed according to a sinusoidal envelope of activity that changes gain, ranging from positive to negative according to discounted value. Our results show that the information about the relative value of an offered reward is temporally encoded in neural spike trains of TANs. This temporal coding may allow well tuned, coordinated behavior to emerge.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Ever since the discovery that neurons use trains of pulses to transmit information, it seemed self-evident that information would be encoded into the pattern of the spikes. However, there is not much evidence that spike patterns encode cognitive information. We find that a set of interneurons, the tonically active neurons (TANs) in monkeys' striatum, use temporal patterns of response to encode information about the discounted value of offered rewards. The code seems straightforward: a sinusoidal envelope that changes gain according to the discounted value of the offer, describes the rate of spiking across time. This temporal modulation may provide a means to synchronize these interneurons and the activity of other neural elements including principal output neurons.
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138
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Ramirez Pasos UE, Steigerwald F, Reich MM, Matthies C, Volkmann J, Reese R. Levodopa Modulates Functional Connectivity in the Upper Beta Band Between Subthalamic Nucleus and Muscle Activity in Tonic and Phasic Motor Activity Patterns in Parkinson's Disease. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:223. [PMID: 31312129 PMCID: PMC6614179 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Striatal dopamine depletion disrupts basal ganglia function and causes Parkinson's disease (PD). The pathophysiology of the dopamine-dependent relationship between basal ganglia signaling and motor control, however, is not fully understood. We obtained simultaneous recordings of local field potentials (LFPs) from the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and electromyograms (EMGs) in patients with PD to investigate the impact of dopaminergic state and movement on long-range beta functional connectivity between basal ganglia and lower motor neurons. Methods: Eight PD patients were investigated 3 months after implantation of a deep brain stimulation (DBS)-system capable of recording LFPs via chronically-implanted leads (Medtronic, ACTIVA PC+S®). We analyzed STN spectral power and its coherence with EMG in the context of two different movement paradigms (tonic wrist extension vs. alternating wrist extension and flexion) and the effect of levodopa (L-Dopa) intake using an unbiased data-driven approach to determine regions of interest (ROI). Results: Two ROIs capturing prominent coherence within a grand average coherogram were identified. A trend of a dopamine effect was observed for the first ROI (50-150 ms after movement start) with higher STN-EMG coherence in medicated patients. Concerning the second ROI (300-500 ms after movement start), an interaction effect of L-Dopa medication and movement task was observed with higher coherence in the isometric contraction task compared to alternating movements in the medication ON state, a pattern which was reversed in L-Dopa OFF. Discussion: L-Dopa medication may normalize functional connectivity between remote structures of the motor system with increased upper beta coherence reflecting a physiological restriction of the amount of information conveyed between remote structures. This may be necessary to maintain simple movements like isometric contraction. Our study adds dynamic properties to the complex interplay between STN spectral beta power and the nucleus' functional connectivity to remote structures of the motor system as a function of movement and dopaminergic state. This may help to identify markers of neuronal activity relevant for more individualized programming of DBS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frank Steigerwald
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin M Reich
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Cordula Matthies
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jens Volkmann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - René Reese
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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139
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McKinley JW, Shi Z, Kawikova I, Hur M, Bamford IJ, Sudarsana Devi SP, Vahedipour A, Darvas M, Bamford NS. Dopamine Deficiency Reduces Striatal Cholinergic Interneuron Function in Models of Parkinson's Disease. Neuron 2019; 103:1056-1072.e6. [PMID: 31324539 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Motor and cognitive functions depend on the coordinated interactions between dopamine (DA) and acetylcholine (ACh) at striatal synapses. Increased ACh availability was assumed to accompany DA deficiency based on the outcome of pharmacological treatments and measurements in animals that were critically depleted of DA. Using Slc6a3DTR/+ diphtheria-toxin-sensitive mice, we demonstrate that a progressive and L-dopa-responsive DA deficiency reduces ACh availability and the transcription of hyperpolarization-activated cation (HCN) channels that encode the spike timing of ACh-releasing tonically active striatal interneurons (ChIs). Although the production and release of ACh and DA are reduced, the preponderance of ACh over DA contributes to the motor deficit. The increase in striatal ACh relative to DA is heightened via D1-type DA receptors that activate ChIs in response to DA release from residual axons. These results suggest that stabilizing the expression of HCN channels may improve ACh-DA reciprocity and motor function in Parkinson's disease (PD). VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ziqing Shi
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Ivana Kawikova
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Matthew Hur
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Ian J Bamford
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | | | - Annie Vahedipour
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Martin Darvas
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Nigel S Bamford
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Neurology and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
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140
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Zhou H, Niu L, Meng L, Lin Z, Zou J, Xia X, Huang X, Zhou W, Bian T, Zheng H. Noninvasive Ultrasound Deep Brain Stimulation for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease Model Mouse. RESEARCH 2019; 2019:1748489. [PMID: 31549045 PMCID: PMC6750068 DOI: 10.34133/2019/1748489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Modulating basal ganglia circuitry is of great significance in the improvement of motor function in Parkinson's disease (PD). Here, for the first time, we demonstrate that noninvasive ultrasound deep brain stimulation (UDBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) or the globus pallidus (GP) improves motor behavior in a subacute mouse model of PD induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Immunohistochemical c-Fos protein expression confirms that there is a relatively high level of c-Fos expression in the STN-UDBS and GP-UDBS group compared with sham group (both p < 0.05). Furthermore, STN-UDBS or GP-UDBS significantly increases the latency to fall in the rotarod test on day 9 (p < 0.05) and decreases the time spent climbing down a vertical rod in the pole test on day 12 (p < 0.05). Moreover, our results reveal that STN-UDBS or GP-UDBS protects the dopamine (DA) neurons from MPTP neurotoxicity by downregulating Bax (p < 0.001), upregulating Bcl-2 (p < 0.01), blocking cytochrome c (Cyt C) release from mitochondria (p < 0.05), and reducing cleaved-caspase 3 activity (p < 0.01) in the ipsilateral substantia nigra (SN). Additionally, the safety of ultrasound stimulation is characterized by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and Nissl staining; no hemorrhage or tissue damage is detected. These data demonstrate that UDBS enables modulation of STN or GP neural activity and leads to neuroprotection in PD mice, potentially serving as a noninvasive strategy for the clinical treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhou
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.,Shenzhen College of Advanced Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Lili Niu
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Long Meng
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Zhengrong Lin
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Junjie Zou
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Xiangxiang Xia
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Xiaowei Huang
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.,Shenzhen College of Advanced Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Tianyuan Bian
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Hairong Zheng
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
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141
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Kato S, Fukabori R, Nishizawa K, Okada K, Yoshioka N, Sugawara M, Maejima Y, Shimomura K, Okamoto M, Eifuku S, Kobayashi K. Action Selection and Flexible Switching Controlled by the Intralaminar Thalamic Neurons. Cell Rep 2019; 22:2370-2382. [PMID: 29490273 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Learning processes contributing to appropriate selection and flexible switching of behaviors are mediated through the dorsal striatum, a key structure of the basal ganglia circuit. The major inputs to striatal subdivisions are provided from the intralaminar thalamic nuclei, including the central lateral nucleus (CL) and parafascicular nucleus (PF). Thalamostriatal neurons in the PF modulate the acquisition and performance of stimulus-response learning. Here, we address the roles of the CL thalamostriatal neurons in learning processes by using a selective neural pathway targeting technique. We show that the CL neurons are essential for the performance of stimulus-response learning and for behavioral flexibility, including reversal and attentional set-shifting of learned responses. In addition, chemogenetic suppression of neural activity supports the requirements of these neurons for behavioral flexibility. Our results suggest that the main contribution of the CL thalamostriatal neurons is functional control of the basal ganglia circuit linked to the prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Kato
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Ryoji Fukabori
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Kayo Nishizawa
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Kana Okada
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Nozomu Yoshioka
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Masateru Sugawara
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Yuko Maejima
- Department of Pharmacology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Kenju Shimomura
- Department of Pharmacology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Masahiro Okamoto
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Satoshi Eifuku
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Kazuto Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan.
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142
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The neural and cognitive architecture for learning from a small sample. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2019; 55:133-141. [PMID: 30953964 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Artificial intelligence algorithms are capable of fantastic exploits, yet they are still grossly inefficient compared with the brain's ability to learn from few exemplars or solve problems that have not been explicitly defined. What is the secret that the evolution of human intelligence has unlocked? Generalization is one answer, but there is more to it. The brain does not directly solve difficult problems, it is able to recast them into new and more tractable problems. Here, we propose a model whereby higher cognitive functions profoundly interact with reinforcement learning to drastically reduce the degrees of freedom of the search space, simplifying complex problems, and fostering more efficient learning.
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143
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Ryan JP, Aizenstein HJ, Orchard TJ, Nunley KA, Karim H, Rosano C. Basal ganglia cerebral blood flow associates with psychomotor speed in adults with type 1 diabetes. Brain Imaging Behav 2019; 12:1271-1278. [PMID: 29164504 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-017-9783-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is associated with slower psychomotor speed, but the neural basis of this relationship is not yet understood. The basal ganglia are a set of structures that are vulnerable to small vessel disease, particularly in individuals with type 1 diabetes. Thus, we examined the relationship between psychomotor speed and resting state resting cerebral blood flow in a sample of adults with diabetes onset during childhood (≤ 17 years of age). The sample included 77 patients (39 M, 38 F) with a mean age of 47.43 ± 5.72 years, age of onset at 8.50 ± 4.26 years, and duration of disease of 38.92 ± 4.18 years. Resting cerebral blood flow was quantified using arterial spin labeling. After covarying for sex, years of education and normalized gray matter volume, slower psychomotor speed was associated with lower cerebral blood flow in bilateral caudate nucleus-thalamus and a region in the superior frontal gyrus. These results suggest that the basal ganglia and frontal cortex may underlie slower psychomotor speed in individuals with type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Ryan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O'Hara St., Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Howard J Aizenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O'Hara St., Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Trevor J Orchard
- Department of Epidemiology, Diabetes and Lipid Research Building, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Karen A Nunley
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Helmet Karim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh Swanson School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Caterina Rosano
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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144
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Radulescu A, Niv Y, Ballard I. Holistic Reinforcement Learning: The Role of Structure and Attention. Trends Cogn Sci 2019; 23:278-292. [PMID: 30824227 PMCID: PMC6472955 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Compact representations of the environment allow humans to behave efficiently in a complex world. Reinforcement learning models capture many behavioral and neural effects but do not explain recent findings showing that structure in the environment influences learning. In parallel, Bayesian cognitive models predict how humans learn structured knowledge but do not have a clear neurobiological implementation. We propose an integration of these two model classes in which structured knowledge learned via approximate Bayesian inference acts as a source of selective attention. In turn, selective attention biases reinforcement learning towards relevant dimensions of the environment. An understanding of structure learning will help to resolve the fundamental challenge in decision science: explaining why people make the decisions they do.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Radulescu
- Psychology Department, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA; Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Yael Niv
- Psychology Department, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA; Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Ian Ballard
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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145
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Hsu Y, Chang Y, Liu Y, Wang K, Chen H, Lee D, Yang S, Tsai C, Lien C, Chern Y. Enhanced Na
+
‐K
+
‐2Cl
‐
cotransporter 1 underlies motor dysfunction in huntington's disease. Mov Disord 2019; 34:845-857. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.27651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yi‐Ting Hsu
- PhD Program for Translational MedicineChina Medical University and Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan
- Department of NeurologyChina Medical University Hospital Taichung Taiwan
| | - Ya‐Gin Chang
- Institute of NeuroscienceNational Yang‐Ming University Taipei Taiwan
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Interdisciplinary NeuroscienceNational Yang‐Ming University and Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan
| | - Yu‐Chao Liu
- Institute of NeuroscienceNational Yang‐Ming University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Kai‐Yi Wang
- Institute of NeuroscienceNational Yang‐Ming University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Hui‐Mei Chen
- Institute of Biomedical SciencesAcademia Sinica Taipei Taiwan
| | - Ding‐Jin Lee
- PhD Program for Translational MedicineChina Medical University and Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan
| | - Sung‐Sen Yang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tri‐Service General HospitalNational Defense Medical Center Taipei Taiwan
| | - Chon‐Haw Tsai
- PhD Program for Translational MedicineChina Medical University and Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan
- Department of NeurologyChina Medical University Hospital Taichung Taiwan
| | - Cheng‐Chang Lien
- Institute of NeuroscienceNational Yang‐Ming University Taipei Taiwan
- Brain Research CenterNational Yang‐Ming University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Yijuang Chern
- PhD Program for Translational MedicineChina Medical University and Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan
- Institute of NeuroscienceNational Yang‐Ming University Taipei Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical SciencesAcademia Sinica Taipei Taiwan
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146
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Dopaminergic regulation of vocal-motor plasticity and performance. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2019; 54:127-133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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147
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Morató X, Gonçalves FQ, Lopes JP, Jauregui O, Soler C, Fernández-Dueñas V, Cunha RA, Ciruela F. Chronic adenosine A 2A receptor blockade induces locomotor sensitization and potentiates striatal LTD IN GPR37-deficient mice. J Neurochem 2019; 148:796-809. [PMID: 30578680 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine A2A receptors (A2A R) play a key role in modulating dopamine-dependent locomotor activity, as heralded by the sensitization of locomotor activity upon chronic A2A R blockade, which is associated with elevated dopamine levels and altered corticostriatal synaptic plasticity. Since the orphan receptor GPR37 has been shown to modulate A2A R function in vivo, we aimed to test whether the A2A R-mediated sensitization of locomotor activity is GPR37-dependent and involves adaptations of synaptic plasticity. To this end, we administered a selective A2A R antagonist, SCH58261 (1 mg/kg, i.p.), daily for 14 days, and the locomotor sensitization, striatum-dependent cued learning, and corticostriatal synaptic plasticity (i.e., long-term depression) were compared in wild-type and GPR37-/- mice. Notably, GPR37 deletion promoted A2A R-associated locomotor sensitization but not striatum-dependent cued learning revealed upon chronic SCH58261 treatment of mice. Furthermore, chronic A2A R blockade potentiated striatal long-term depression in corticostriatal synapses of GPR37-/- but not of wild-type mice, thus correlating well with neurochemical alterations of the adenosinergic system. Overall, these results revealed the importance of GPR37 regulating A2A R-dependent locomotor sensitization and synaptic plasticity in the basal ganglia circuitry. OPEN SCIENCE BADGES: This article has received a badge for *Open Materials* because it provided all relevant information to reproduce the study in the manuscript. The complete Open Science Disclosure form for this article can be found at the end of the article. More information about the Open Practices badges can be found at https://cos.io/our-services/open-science-badges/. Open Science: This manuscript was awarded with the Open Materials Badge. For more information see: https://cos.io/our-services/open-science-badges/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Morató
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Departament Patologia i Terapèutica Experimental, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, IDIBELL, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Q Gonçalves
- CNC-Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João P Lopes
- CNC-Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Olga Jauregui
- Scientific and Technological Centers of University of Barcelona (CCiTUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Concepció Soler
- Unitat d'Immunologia, Departament Patologia i Terapèutica Experimental, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, IDIBELL, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Víctor Fernández-Dueñas
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Departament Patologia i Terapèutica Experimental, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, IDIBELL, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rodrigo A Cunha
- CNC-Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Francisco Ciruela
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Departament Patologia i Terapèutica Experimental, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, IDIBELL, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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148
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Activity Patterns in the Neuropil of Striatal Cholinergic Interneurons in Freely Moving Mice Represent Their Collective Spiking Dynamics. eNeuro 2019; 6:eN-NWR-0351-18. [PMID: 30671536 PMCID: PMC6338468 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0351-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholinergic interneurons (CINs) are believed to form synchronous cell assemblies that modulate the striatal microcircuitry and possibly orchestrate local dopamine release. We expressed GCaMP6s, a genetically encoded calcium indicator (GECIs), selectively in CINs, and used microendoscopes to visualize the putative CIN assemblies in the dorsal striatum of freely moving mice. The GECI fluorescence signal from the dorsal striatum was composed of signals from individual CIN somata that were engulfed by a widespread fluorescent neuropil. Bouts of synchronous activation of the cholinergic neuropil revealed patterns of activity that preceded the signal from individual somata. To investigate the nature of the neuropil signal and why it precedes the somatic signal, we target-patched GECI-expressing CINs in acute striatal slices in conjunction with multiphoton imaging or wide-field imaging that emulates the microendoscopes' specifications. The ability to detect fluorescent transients associated with individual action potential was constrained by the long decay constant of GECIs (relative to common inorganic dyes) to slowly firing (<2 spikes/s) CINs. The microendoscopes' resolving power and sampling rate further diminished this ability. Additionally, we found that only back-propagating action potentials but not synchronous optogenetic activation of thalamic inputs elicited observable calcium transients in CIN dendrites. Our data suggest that only bursts of CIN activity (but not their tonic firing) are visible using endoscopic imaging, and that the neuropil patterns are a physiological measure of the collective recurrent CIN network spiking activity.
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149
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Chockanathan U, DSouza AM, Abidin AZ, Schifitto G, Wismüller A. Automated diagnosis of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders using large-scale Granger causality analysis of resting-state functional MRI. Comput Biol Med 2019; 106:24-30. [PMID: 30665138 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) represent an important source of neurologic complications in individuals with HIV. The dynamic, often subclinical, course of HAND has rendered diagnosis, which currently depends on neuropsychometric (NP) evaluation, a challenge for clinicians. Here, we present evidence that functional brain connectivity, derived by large-scale Granger causality (lsGC) analysis of resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) time-series, represents a potential biomarker to address this critical diagnostic need. Brain graph properties were used as features in machine learning tasks to 1) classify individuals as HIV+ or HIV- and 2) to predict overall cognitive performance, as assessed by NP scores, in a 22-subject (13 HIV-, 9 HIV+) cohort. Over nearly all seven brain parcellation templates considered, support vector machine (SVM) classifiers based on lsGC-derived brain graph features significantly outperformed those based on conventional Pearson correlation (PC)-derived features (p<0.05, Bonferroni-corrected). In a second task for which the objective was to predict the overall NP score of each subject, the lsGC-based SVM regressors consistently outperformed the PC-based regressors (p<0.05, Bonferroni-corrected) on nearly all templates. With the widely used Automated Anatomical Labeling (AAL90) template, it was determined that the brain regions that figured most strongly in the SVM classifiers included those of the default mode network (posterior cingulate cortex, angular gyrus) and basal ganglia (caudate nucleus), dysfunction in both of which have been observed in previous structural and functional analyses of HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udaysankar Chockanathan
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
| | - Adora M DSouza
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, 500 Joseph C. Wilson Blvd, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Anas Z Abidin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, 500 Joseph C. Wilson Blvd, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Giovanni Schifitto
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Axel Wismüller
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, 500 Joseph C. Wilson Blvd, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, 500 Joseph C. Wilson Blvd, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA; Department of Imaging Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
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150
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A Computational Model of Dual Competition between the Basal Ganglia and the Cortex. eNeuro 2019; 5:eN-TNC-0339-17. [PMID: 30627653 PMCID: PMC6325557 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0339-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
We propose a model that includes interactions between the cortex, the basal ganglia (BG), and the thalamus based on a dual competition. We hypothesize that the striatum, the subthalamic nucleus (STN), the internal globus pallidus (GPi), the thalamus, and the cortex are involved in closed feedback loops through the hyperdirect and direct pathways. These loops support a competition process that results in the ability of BG to make a cognitive decision followed by a motor one. Considering lateral cortical interactions, another competition takes place inside the cortex allowing the latter to make a cognitive and a motor decision. We show how this dual competition endows the model with two regimes. One is driven by reinforcement learning and the other by Hebbian learning. The final decision is made according to a combination of these two mechanisms with a gradual transfer from the former to the latter. We confirmed these theoretical results on primates (Macaca mulatta) using a novel paradigm predicted by the model.
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