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Durán E, Montes MÁ, Jemal I, Satterfield R, Young S, Álvarez de Toledo G. Synaptotagmin-7 controls the size of the reserve and resting pools of synaptic vesicles in hippocampal neurons. Cell Calcium 2018; 74:53-60. [PMID: 29957297 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Continuous neurotransmitter release is subjected to synaptic vesicle availability, which in turn depends on vesicle recycling and the traffic of vesicles between pools. We studied the role of Synaptotagmin-7 (Syt-7) in synaptic vesicle accessibility for release in hippocampal neurons in culture. Synaptic boutons from Syt-7 knockout (KO) mice displayed normal basal secretion with no alteration in the RRP size or the probability of release. However, stronger stimuli revealed an increase in the size of the reserve and resting vesicle pools in Syt-7 KO boutons compared with WT. These data suggest that Syt-7 plays a significant role in the vesicle pool homeostasis and, consequently, in the availability of vesicles for synaptic transmission during strong stimulation, probably, by facilitating advancing synaptic vesicles to the readily releasable pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Durán
- Dpto. Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Sevilla, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Montes
- Dpto. Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Imane Jemal
- Dpto. Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Rachel Satterfield
- Research Group Molecular Mechanisms of Synaptic Function, Max Planck Florida Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458. USA
| | - Samuel Young
- Research Group Molecular Mechanisms of Synaptic Function, Max Planck Florida Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458. USA
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Quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis of the molecular substrates of sleep need. Nature 2018; 558:435-439. [PMID: 29899451 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0218-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sleep and wake have global effects on brain physiology, from molecular changes1-4 and neuronal activities to synaptic plasticity3-7. Sleep-wake homeostasis is maintained by the generation of a sleep need that accumulates during waking and dissipates during sleep8-11. Here we investigate the molecular basis of sleep need using quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis of the sleep-deprived and Sleepy mouse models of increased sleep need. Sleep deprivation induces cumulative phosphorylation of the brain proteome, which dissipates during sleep. Sleepy mice, owing to a gain-of-function mutation in the Sik3 gene 12 , have a constitutively high sleep need despite increased sleep amount. The brain proteome of these mice exhibits hyperphosphorylation, similar to that seen in the brain of sleep-deprived mice. Comparison of the two models identifies 80 mostly synaptic sleep-need-index phosphoproteins (SNIPPs), in which phosphorylation states closely parallel changes of sleep need. SLEEPY, the mutant SIK3 protein, preferentially associates with and phosphorylates SNIPPs. Inhibition of SIK3 activity reduces phosphorylation of SNIPPs and slow wave activity during non-rapid-eye-movement sleep, the best known measurable index of sleep need, in both Sleepy mice and sleep-deprived wild-type mice. Our results suggest that phosphorylation of SNIPPs accumulates and dissipates in relation to sleep need, and therefore SNIPP phosphorylation is a molecular signature of sleep need. Whereas waking encodes memories by potentiating synapses, sleep consolidates memories and restores synaptic homeostasis by globally downscaling excitatory synapses4-6. Thus, the phosphorylation-dephosphorylation cycle of SNIPPs may represent a major regulatory mechanism that underlies both synaptic homeostasis and sleep-wake homeostasis.
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Liu Y, Zhang Y, Zheng X, Fang T, Yang X, Luo X, Guo A, Newell KA, Huang XF, Yu Y. Galantamine improves cognition, hippocampal inflammation, and synaptic plasticity impairments induced by lipopolysaccharide in mice. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:112. [PMID: 29669582 PMCID: PMC5907415 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1141-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation plays an important role in the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin) levels are higher in the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients and are associated with neuroinflammation and cognitive decline, while neural cholinergic signaling controls inflammation. This study aimed to examine the efficacy of galantamine, a clinically approved cholinergic agent, in alleviating LPS-induced neuroinflammation and cognitive decline as well as the associated mechanism. METHODS Mice were treated with galantamine (4 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection) for 14 days prior to LPS exposure (intracerebroventricular injection). Cognitive tests were performed, including the Morris water maze and step-through tests. mRNA expression of the microglial marker (CD11b), astrocytic marker (GFAP), and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) were examined in the hippocampus by quantitative RT-PCR. The inflammatory signaling molecule, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB p65), and synapse-associated proteins (synaptophysin, SYN, and postsynaptic density protein 95, PSD-95) were examined in the hippocampus by western blotting. Furthermore, NF-κB p65 levels in microglial cells and hippocampal neurons were examined in response to LPS and galantamine. RESULTS Galantamine treatment prevented LPS-induced deficits in spatial learning and memory as well as memory acquisition of the passive avoidance response. Galantamine decreased the expression of microglia and astrocyte markers (CD11b and GFAP), pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α), and NF-κB p65 in the hippocampus of LPS-exposed mice. Furthermore, galantamine ameliorated LPS-induced loss of synapse-associated proteins (SYN and PSD-95) in the hippocampus. In the in vitro study, LPS increased NF-κB p65 levels in microglia (BV-2 cells); the supernatant of LPS-stimulated microglia (Mi-sup), but not LPS, decreased the viability of hippocampal neuronal cells (HT-22 cells) and increased NF-κB p65 levels as well as expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6) in HT-22 cells. Importantly, galantamine reduced the inflammatory response not only in the BV-2 microglia cell line, but also in the HT-22 hippocampal neuronal cell line. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that galantamine could be a promising treatment to improve endotoxin-induced cognitive decline and neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China.
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.
| | - Yuyun Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xian Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tongyong Fang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xia Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuan Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Anlei Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kelly A Newell
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Xu-Feng Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Yinghua Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China.
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Zhang G, Zhang T, Li N, Wu L, Gu J, Li C, Zhao C, Liu W, Shan L, Yu P, Yang X, Tang Y, Yang G, Wang Y, Sun Y, Zhang Z. Tetramethylpyrazine nitrone activates the BDNF/Akt/CREB pathway to promote post-ischaemic neuroregeneration and recovery of neurological functions in rats. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:517-531. [PMID: 29161771 PMCID: PMC5773967 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Neuronal regeneration from endogenous precursors is an attractive strategy for the treatment of ischaemic stroke. However, most stroke-generated newborn neurons die over time. Therefore, a drug that is both neuroprotective and pro-neurogenic may be beneficial after stroke. Here, we assessed the neurogenic and oligodendrogenic effects of tetramethylpyrazine nitrone (TBN), a neuroprotective drug candidate for stroke, in a rat model of ischaemic stroke. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We used Sprague Dawley rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). TBN was administered by tail vein injection beginning at 3 h post ischaemia. Therapeutic effect of TBN was evaluated by neurological behaviour and cerebral infarction. Promotion of neurogenesis and oligodendrogenesis was determined by double immunofluorescent staining and Western blotting analyses. Primary cultures of cortical neurons were used to assess the effect of TBN on neuronal differentiation in vitro. KEY RESULTS TBN reduced cerebral infarction, preserved and/or restored neurological function and promoted neurogenesis and oligodendrogenesis in rats after MCAO. In addition, TBN stimulated neuronal differentiation on primary culture of cortical neurons in vitro. Pro-neurogenic effects of TBN were attributed to its activation of the AKT/cAMP responsive element-binding protein through increasing brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression, as shown by the abolition of the effects of TBN by a specific inhibitor of BDNF receptor ANA-12 and by the PI3K inhibitor LY294002. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS As TBN can simultaneously provide neuroprotection and pro-neurogenic effects, it may be a promising treatment for both acute phase neuroprotection and long-term functional recovery after ischaemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoxiao Zhang
- Institute of New Drug Research and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Innovative Chemical Drug Research in Cardio‐cerebrovascular DiseasesJinan University College of PharmacyGuangzhouChina
| | - Tao Zhang
- Institute of New Drug Research and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Innovative Chemical Drug Research in Cardio‐cerebrovascular DiseasesJinan University College of PharmacyGuangzhouChina
| | - Ning Li
- Institute of New Drug Research and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Innovative Chemical Drug Research in Cardio‐cerebrovascular DiseasesJinan University College of PharmacyGuangzhouChina
| | - Liangmiao Wu
- Institute of New Drug Research and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Innovative Chemical Drug Research in Cardio‐cerebrovascular DiseasesJinan University College of PharmacyGuangzhouChina
| | - Jianbo Gu
- Institute of New Drug Research and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Innovative Chemical Drug Research in Cardio‐cerebrovascular DiseasesJinan University College of PharmacyGuangzhouChina
- Guangzhou Magpie Pharmaceuticals Co., LTD.GuangzhouChina
| | - Cuimei Li
- Guangzhou Magpie Pharmaceuticals Co., LTD.GuangzhouChina
| | - Chen Zhao
- Institute of New Drug Research and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Innovative Chemical Drug Research in Cardio‐cerebrovascular DiseasesJinan University College of PharmacyGuangzhouChina
| | - Wei Liu
- Guangzhou Magpie Pharmaceuticals Co., LTD.GuangzhouChina
| | - Luchen Shan
- Institute of New Drug Research and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Innovative Chemical Drug Research in Cardio‐cerebrovascular DiseasesJinan University College of PharmacyGuangzhouChina
| | - Pei Yu
- Institute of New Drug Research and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Innovative Chemical Drug Research in Cardio‐cerebrovascular DiseasesJinan University College of PharmacyGuangzhouChina
| | - Xifei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Center for Disease Control and PreventionShenzhenChina
| | - Yaohui Tang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, Med‐X Research Institute and School of Biomedical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Guo‐Yuan Yang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, Med‐X Research Institute and School of Biomedical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yuqiang Wang
- Institute of New Drug Research and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Innovative Chemical Drug Research in Cardio‐cerebrovascular DiseasesJinan University College of PharmacyGuangzhouChina
| | - Yewei Sun
- Institute of New Drug Research and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Innovative Chemical Drug Research in Cardio‐cerebrovascular DiseasesJinan University College of PharmacyGuangzhouChina
| | - Zaijun Zhang
- Institute of New Drug Research and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Innovative Chemical Drug Research in Cardio‐cerebrovascular DiseasesJinan University College of PharmacyGuangzhouChina
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Rorsman P, Ashcroft FM. Pancreatic β-Cell Electrical Activity and Insulin Secretion: Of Mice and Men. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:117-214. [PMID: 29212789 PMCID: PMC5866358 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00008.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 446] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pancreatic β-cell plays a key role in glucose homeostasis by secreting insulin, the only hormone capable of lowering the blood glucose concentration. Impaired insulin secretion results in the chronic hyperglycemia that characterizes type 2 diabetes (T2DM), which currently afflicts >450 million people worldwide. The healthy β-cell acts as a glucose sensor matching its output to the circulating glucose concentration. It does so via metabolically induced changes in electrical activity, which culminate in an increase in the cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration and initiation of Ca2+-dependent exocytosis of insulin-containing secretory granules. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the β-cell transcriptome, electrical activity, and insulin exocytosis. We highlight salient differences between mouse and human β-cells, provide models of how the different ion channels contribute to their electrical activity and insulin secretion, and conclude by discussing how these processes become perturbed in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Rorsman
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Metabolic Research Unit, Göteborg, Sweden; and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Frances M Ashcroft
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Metabolic Research Unit, Göteborg, Sweden; and Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Regulated Alternative Splicing of Drosophila Dscam2 Is Necessary for Attaining the Appropriate Number of Photoreceptor Synapses. Genetics 2017; 208:717-728. [PMID: 29208630 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.117.300432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
How the brain makes trillions of synaptic connections using a genome of only 20,000 genes is a major question in modern neuroscience. Alternative splicing is one mechanism that can increase the number of proteins produced by each gene, but its role in regulating synapse formation is poorly understood. In Drosophila, photoreceptors form a synapse with multiple postsynaptic elements including lamina neurons L1 and L2. L1 and L2 express distinct isoforms of the homophilic repulsive protein Dscam2, and since these isoforms cannot bind to each other, cell-specific expression has been proposed to be necessary for preventing repulsive interactions that could disrupt the synapse. Here, we show that the number of synapses are reduced in flies that express only one isoform, and L1 and L2 dendritic morphology is perturbed. We propose that these defects result from inappropriate interactions between L1 and L2 dendrites. We conclude that regulated Dscam2 alternative splicing is necessary for the proper assembly of photoreceptor synapses.
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Dong J, Zhao J, Lin Y, Liang H, He X, Zheng X, Sui M, Zhuang Z, Yan T. Exercise improves recognition memory and synaptic plasticity in the prefrontal cortex for rats modelling vascular dementia. Neurol Res 2017; 40:68-77. [PMID: 29126372 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2017.1398389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juntao Dong
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingpu Zhao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yangyang Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huiying Liang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, People’s Hospital of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan, China
| | - Xiaokuo He
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Taihe Hospital, Shiyan, China
| | - Xiuyuan Zheng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minghong Sui
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanshan Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhuang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tiebin Yan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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108
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Collado-Alsina A, Hofmann F, Sánchez-Prieto J, Torres M. Altered Synaptic Membrane Retrieval after Strong Stimulation of Cerebellar Granule Neurons in Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinase II (cGKII) Knockout Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112281. [PMID: 29084181 PMCID: PMC5713251 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The nitric oxide (NO)/cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)/cGMP-dependent protein kinase (cGK) signaling pathway regulates the clustering and the recruitment of proteins and vesicles to the synapse, thereby adjusting the exoendocytic cycle to the intensity of activity. Accordingly, this pathway can accelerate endocytosis following large-scale exocytosis, and pre-synaptic cGK type II (cGKII) plays a major role in this process, controlling the homeostatic balance of vesicle exocytosis and endocytosis. We have studied synaptic vesicle recycling in cerebellar granule cells from mice lacking cGKII under strong and sustained stimulation, combining imaging techniques and ultrastructural analyses. The ultrastructure of synapses in the adult mouse cerebellar cortex was also examined in these animals. The lack of cGKII provokes structural changes to synapses in cultured cells and in the cerebellar cortex. Moreover, endocytosis is slowed down in a subset of boutons in these cells when they are stimulated strongly. In addition, from the results obtained with the selective inhibitor of cGKs, KT5823, it can be concluded that cGKI also regulates some aspects of vesicle cycling. Overall, these results confirm the importance of the cGMP pathway in the regulation of vesicle cycling following strong stimulation of cerebellar granule cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Collado-Alsina
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Franz Hofmann
- FOR 923, Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Technische Universität München, Biedersteiner Str. 29, 80802 Munich, Germany.
| | - José Sánchez-Prieto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Magdalena Torres
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Enriched environment combined with fluoxetine ameliorates depression-like behaviors and hippocampal SYP expression in a rat CUS model. Brain Res Bull 2017; 135:33-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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The LRRK2 G2385R variant is a partial loss-of-function mutation that affects synaptic vesicle trafficking through altered protein interactions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5377. [PMID: 28710481 PMCID: PMC5511190 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05760-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 gene (LRRK2) are associated with familial Parkinson's disease (PD). LRRK2 protein contains several functional domains, including protein-protein interaction domains at its N- and C-termini. In this study, we analyzed the functional features attributed to LRRK2 by its N- and C-terminal domains. We combined TIRF microscopy and synaptopHluorin assay to visualize synaptic vesicle trafficking. We found that N- and C-terminal domains have opposite impact on synaptic vesicle dynamics. Biochemical analysis demonstrated that different proteins are bound at the two extremities, namely β3-Cav2.1 at N-terminus part and β-Actin and Synapsin I at C-terminus domain. A sequence variant (G2385R) harboured within the C-terminal WD40 domain increases the risk for PD. Complementary biochemical and imaging approaches revealed that the G2385R variant alters strength and quality of LRRK2 interactions and increases fusion of synaptic vesicles. Our data suggest that the G2385R variant behaves like a loss-of-function mutation that mimics activity-driven events. Impaired scaffolding capabilities of mutant LRRK2 resulting in perturbed vesicular trafficking may arise as a common pathophysiological denominator through which different LRRK2 pathological mutations cause disease.
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111
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Synapsin Isoforms Regulating GABA Release from Hippocampal Interneurons. J Neurosci 2017; 36:6742-57. [PMID: 27335405 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0011-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Although synapsins regulate GABA release, it is unclear which synapsin isoforms are involved. We identified the synapsin isoforms that regulate GABA release via rescue experiments in cultured hippocampal neurons from synapsin I, II, and III triple knock-out (TKO) mice. In situ hybridization indicated that five different synapsin isoforms are expressed in hippocampal interneurons. Evoked IPSC amplitude was reduced in TKO neurons compared with triple wild-type neurons and was rescued by introducing any of the five synapsin isoforms. This contrasts with hippocampal glutamatergic terminals, where only synapsin IIa rescues the TKO phenotype. Deconvolution analysis indicated that the duration of GABA release was prolonged in TKO neurons and this defect in release kinetics was rescued by each synapsin isoform, aside from synapsin IIIa. Because release kinetics remained slow, whereas peak release rate was rescued, there was a 2-fold increase in GABA release in TKO neurons expressing synapsin IIIa. TKO neurons expressing individual synapsin isoforms showed normal depression kinetics aside from more rapid depression in neurons expressing synapsin IIIa. Measurements of the cumulative amount of GABA released during repetitive stimulation revealed that the rate of mobilization of vesicles from the reserve pool to the readily releasable pool and the size of the readily releasable pool of GABAergic vesicles were unaffected by synapsins. Instead, synapsins regulate release of GABA from the readily releasable pool, with all isoforms aside from synapsin IIIa controlling release synchrony. These results indicate that synapsins play fundamentally distinct roles at different types of presynaptic terminals. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Synapsins are a family of proteins that regulate synaptic vesicle (SV) trafficking within nerve terminals. Here, we demonstrate that release of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA is supported by many different synapsin types. This contrasts with the release of other neurotransmitters, which typically is supported by only one type of synapsin. We also found that synapsins serve to synchronize the release of GABA in response to presynaptic action potentials, which is different from the synapsin-dependent trafficking of SVs in other nerve terminals. Our results establish that different synapsins play fundamentally different roles at nerve terminals releasing different types of neurotransmitters. This is an important clue to understanding how neurons release their neurotransmitters, a process essential for normal brain function.
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112
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Granholm AC, Bergman H, Dudek E, Browning M. Synapsin I in Intraocular Hippocampal Transplants during Maturation and Aging: Effects of Brainstem Cografts. Cell Transplant 2017; 4:3-12. [PMID: 7728331 DOI: 10.1177/096368979500400104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of target innervation for maintenance of synaptic proteins in the hippocampal formation during aging was investigated. Fetal CA1 tissue and brainstem tissue containing the nucleus locus coeruleus was dissected from albino rats and grafted sequentially into the anterior chamber of the eye of adult rat recipients. Synapsin protein distribution and levels were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and quantitative immunolabeling in single hippocampal grafts or brainstem-hippocampal double grafts at 6,12, or 24 mo postgrafting. The synapsin levels in 6-mo-old single hippocampal transplants were significantly lower than those in situ, and remained at these lower levels at 12 and 24 mo. On the contrary, synapsin levels were close to normal in the hippocampal portion of double grafts in the 6- and the 12-mo-group. However, in the 24-mo-old double transplants the levels had declined significantly, approaching levels seen in single hippocampal grafts. The immunoblot results were supported by morphological observations with synapsin antibodies and immunohistochemistry. The present data demonstrate that hippocampal tissue maintained near normal synapsin levels when grafted together with brainstem tissue, as compared to the lower levels seen in single hippocampal grafts. This normalization of synapsin levels was, however, not seen in the aged hippocampal-brainstem double grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Granholm
- Department of Basic Science, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80262, USA
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Hao Y, Shabanpoor A, Metz GA. Stress and corticosterone alter synaptic plasticity in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett 2017; 651:79-87. [PMID: 28473257 PMCID: PMC5534221 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.04.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
As a major influence on neuronal function and plasticity, chronic stress can affect the progression and symptoms of neurodegenerative conditions, such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Here we investigated the influence of unilateral dopamine depletion and stress on dopamine-related hallmarks of stress response and neuronal plasticity in a rat model of PD. Animals received either restraint stress or a combination of adrenalectomy and corticosterone (CORT) supplementation to clamp circulating glucocorticoid levels for three weeks prior to unilateral nigrostriatal dopamine depletion. Rats were tested in skilled and non-skilled motor function up to three weeks post-lesion. Midbrain mRNA expression assessments included markers of dopamine function and neuroplasticity, such as tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), synaptophysin (SYN), calcyon, and glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Along with impaired motor performance, stress and clamped CORT partially preserved TH expression in both substantia nigra (SN) and ventral tegmental area (VTA), but differentially modulated the expression of SYN, calcyon, and GR mRNA in midbrain and cortical areas. Stress reduced synaptophysin mRNA expression in SN/VTA, and elevated calcyon mRNA optical density in both non-lesion and lesion hemispheres. Stress and CORT increased GR mRNA in the non-lesion SN/VTA, while in the lesion hemisphere GR mRNA was only elevated by CORT. In the motor cortex and striatum, however, GR was higher in both hemispheres under both experimental conditions. These findings suggest that stress and stress hormones differentially affect dopaminergic function and neuroplasticity in a rat model of PD. The findings suggest a role for stress in motor and non-motor symptoms of PD and stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- YongXin Hao
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, T1K3M4, Canada
| | - Aref Shabanpoor
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, T1K3M4, Canada
| | - Gerlinde A Metz
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, T1K3M4, Canada.
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Li T, Wang L, Hu Q, Liu S, Bai X, Xie Y, Zhang T, Bo S, Gao X, Wu S, Li G, Wang Z. Neuroprotective Roles of l-Cysteine in Attenuating Early Brain Injury and Improving Synaptic Density via the CBS/H 2S Pathway Following Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Rats. Front Neurol 2017; 8:176. [PMID: 28512446 PMCID: PMC5411453 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
l-Cysteine is a semi-essential amino acid and substrate for cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS) in the central nervous system. We previously reported that NaHS, an H2S donor, significantly alleviated brain damage after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in rats. However, the potential therapeutic value of l-cysteine and the molecular mechanism supporting these beneficial effects have not been determined. This study was designed to investigate whether l-cysteine could attenuate early brain injury following SAH and improve synaptic function by releasing endogenous H2S. Male Wistar rats were subjected to SAH induced by cisterna magna blood injection, and l-cysteine was intracerebroventricularly administered 30 min after SAH induction. Treatment with l-cysteine stimulated CBS activity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and H2S production. Moreover, l-cysteine treatment significantly ameliorated brain edema, improved neurobehavioral function, and attenuated neuronal cell death in the PFC; these effects were associated with a decrease in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and the suppression of caspase-3 activation 48 h after SAH. Furthermore, l-cysteine treatment activated the CREB-brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) pathway and intensified synaptic density by regulating synapse proteins 48 h after SAH. Importantly, all the beneficial effects of l-cysteine in SAH were abrogated by amino-oxyacetic acid, a CBS inhibitor. Based on these findings, l-cysteine may play a neuroprotective role in SAH by inhibiting cell apoptosis, upregulating CREB-BDNF expression, and promoting synaptic structure via the CBS/H2S pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Lingxiao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Quan Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Taian Central Hospital, Taian, China
| | - Song Liu
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xuemei Bai
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yunkai Xie
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Tiantian Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Shishi Bo
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiangqian Gao
- Department of Pathology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Shuhua Wu
- Department of Pathology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
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115
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Cho JH, Jung JY, Lee BJ, Lee K, Park JW, Bu Y. Epimedii Herba: A Promising Herbal Medicine for Neuroplasticity. Phytother Res 2017; 31:838-848. [PMID: 28382688 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Epimedii Herba (EH) is an herbal medicine originating from several plants of the genus Epimedium. It is a major therapeutic option for kidney yang deficiency syndrome, which is closely related to androgen hormones and also has been used to treat hemiplegia following a stroke in traditional medicine of Korea and PR China. To date, many clinical and basic researches of EH have shown the activities on functional recovery from brain diseases. Recently, neuroplasticity, which is the spontaneous reaction of the brain in response to diseases, has been shown to accelerate functional recovery. In addition, androgen hormones including testosterone are known to be the representative of neuroplasticity factors in the brain recovery processes. In this review, we described the neuro-pharmacological activities of EH, focusing on neuroplasticity. Thirty-three kinds of papers from MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, and CNKI were identified and analyzed. We categorized the results into five types based on neuroplasticity mechanisms and presented the definition of each category and briefly described the results of these papers. Altogether, we can suggest that neuroplasticity is a novel viewpoint for guiding future brain research of EH and provide the evidence for the development of new clinical applications using EH in the treatment of brain diseases. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Heung Cho
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Young Jung
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Beom-Joon Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyungjin Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Woo Park
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youngmin Bu
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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116
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Tyebji S, Hannan AJ. Synaptopathic mechanisms of neurodegeneration and dementia: Insights from Huntington's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 153:18-45. [PMID: 28377290 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dementia encapsulates a set of symptoms that include loss of mental abilities such as memory, problem solving or language, and reduces a person's ability to perform daily activities. Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia, however dementia can also occur in other neurological disorders such as Huntington's disease (HD). Many studies have demonstrated that loss of neuronal cell function manifests pre-symptomatically and thus is a relevant therapeutic target to alleviate symptoms. Synaptopathy, the physiological dysfunction of synapses, is now being approached as the target for many neurological and psychiatric disorders, including HD. HD is an autosomal dominant and progressive degenerative disorder, with clinical manifestations that encompass movement, cognition, mood and behaviour. HD is one of the most common tandem repeat disorders and is caused by a trinucleotide (CAG) repeat expansion, encoding an extended polyglutamine tract in the huntingtin protein. Animal models as well as human studies have provided detailed, although not exhaustive, evidence of synaptic dysfunction in HD. In this review, we discuss the neuropathology of HD and how the changes in synaptic signalling in the diseased brain lead to its symptoms, which include dementia. Here, we review and discuss the mechanisms by which the 'molecular orchestras' and their 'synaptic symphonies' are disrupted in neurodegeneration and dementia, focusing on HD as a model disease. We also explore the therapeutic strategies currently in pre-clinical and clinical testing that are targeted towards improving synaptic function in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiraz Tyebji
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anthony J Hannan
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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117
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Nelissen E, De Vry J, Antonides A, Paes D, Schepers M, van der Staay FJ, Prickaerts J, Vanmierlo T. Early-postnatal iron deficiency impacts plasticity in the dorsal and ventral hippocampus in piglets. Int J Dev Neurosci 2017; 59:47-51. [PMID: 28330828 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated whether alterations in plasticity markers such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) and tyrosine receptor kinase B (TrkB) are underlying iron deficiency (ID)-induced cognitive impairments in iron depleted piglets. Newborn piglets were either fed an iron-depleted diet (21mg Fe/kg) or an iron-sufficient diet (88mg Fe/kg) for four weeks. Subsequently, eight weeks after iron repletion (190-240mg Fe/kg) we found a significant decrease in mature BDNF (14kDa) and proBDNF (18kDa and 24kDa) protein levels in the ventral hippocampus, whereas we found increases in the dorsal hippocampus. The phosphorylation of cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) follows the mature BDNF protein level pattern. No effects were found on BDNF and CREB protein levels in the prefrontal cortex. The protein levels of the high affinity BDNF receptor, TrkB, was significantly decreased in both dorsal and ventral hippocampus of ID piglets, whereas it was increased in the prefrontal cortex. Together, our data suggest a disrupted hippocampal plasticity upon postnatal ID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellis Nelissen
- Dept. of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jochen De Vry
- Dept. of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandra Antonides
- Behavior & Welfare Group (formerly Emotion & Cognition Group), Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dean Paes
- Dept. of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Melissa Schepers
- Dept. of Neuroimmunology and Biochemistry, BIOMED, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Franz Josef van der Staay
- Behavior & Welfare Group (formerly Emotion & Cognition Group), Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Prickaerts
- Dept. of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Vanmierlo
- Dept. of Neuroimmunology and Biochemistry, BIOMED, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium.
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118
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Time-lapse imaging reveals highly dynamic structural maturation of postnatally born dentate granule cells in organotypic entorhino-hippocampal slice cultures. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43724. [PMID: 28256620 PMCID: PMC5335612 DOI: 10.1038/srep43724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis of hippocampal granule cells (GCs) persists throughout mammalian life and is important for learning and memory. How newborn GCs differentiate and mature into an existing circuit during this time period is not yet fully understood. We established a method to visualize postnatally generated GCs in organotypic entorhino-hippocampal slice cultures (OTCs) using retroviral (RV) GFP-labeling and performed time-lapse imaging to study their morphological development in vitro. Using anterograde tracing we could, furthermore, demonstrate that the postnatally generated GCs in OTCs, similar to adult born GCs, grow into an existing entorhino-dentate circuitry. RV-labeled GCs were identified and individual cells were followed for up to four weeks post injection. Postnatally born GCs exhibited highly dynamic structural changes, including dendritic growth spurts but also retraction of dendrites and phases of dendritic stabilization. In contrast, older, presumably prenatally born GCs labeled with an adeno-associated virus (AAV), were far less dynamic. We propose that the high degree of structural flexibility seen in our preparations is necessary for the integration of newborn granule cells into an already existing neuronal circuit of the dentate gyrus in which they have to compete for entorhinal input with cells generated and integrated earlier.
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119
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Shah SZA, Hussain T, Zhao D, Yang L. A central role for calcineurin in protein misfolding neurodegenerative diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:1061-1074. [PMID: 27682820 PMCID: PMC11107525 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2379-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of misfolded/unfolded aggregated proteins in the brain is a hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases affecting humans and animals. Dysregulation of calcium (Ca2+) and disruption of fast axonal transport (FAT) are early pathological events that lead to loss of synaptic integrity and axonal degeneration in early stages of neurodegenerative diseases. Dysregulated Ca2+ in the brain is triggered by accumulation of misfolded/unfolded aggregated proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), a major Ca2+ storing organelle, ultimately leading to neuronal dysfunction and apoptosis. Calcineurin (CaN), a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent serine/threonine phosphatase, has been implicated in T cells activation through the induction of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT). In addition to the involvement of several other signaling cascades, CaN has been shown to play a role in early synaptic dysfunction and neuronal death. Therefore, inhibiting hyperactivated CaN in early stages of disease might be a promising therapeutic strategy for treating patients with protein misfolding diseases. In this review, we briefly summarize the structure of CaN, inhibition mechanisms by which immunosuppressants inhibit CaN, role of CaN in maintaining neuronal and synaptic integrity and homeostasis and the role played by CaN in protein unfolding/misfolding neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Zahid Ali Shah
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Tariq Hussain
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Deming Zhao
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lifeng Yang
- National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Synapsin II Regulation of GABAergic Synaptic Transmission Is Dependent on Interneuron Subtype. J Neurosci 2017; 37:1757-1771. [PMID: 28087765 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0844-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Synapsins are epilepsy susceptibility genes that encode phosphoproteins reversibly associated with synaptic vesicles. Synapsin II (SynII) gene deletion produces a deficit in inhibitory synaptic transmission, and this defect is thought to cause epileptic activity. We systematically investigated how SynII affects synchronous and asynchronous release components of inhibitory transmission in the CA1 region of the mouse hippocampus. We found that the asynchronous GABAergic release component is diminished in SynII-deleted (SynII(-)) slices. To investigate this defect at different interneuron subtypes, we selectively blocked either N-type or P/Q-type Ca2+ channels. SynII deletion suppressed the asynchronous release component at synapses dependent on N-type Ca2+ channels but not at synapses dependent on P/Q-type Ca2+ channels. We then performed paired double-patch recordings from inhibitory basket interneurons connected to pyramidal neurons and used cluster analysis to classify interneurons according to their spiking and synaptic parameters. We identified two cell subtypes, presumably parvalbumin (PV) and cholecystokinin (CCK) expressing basket interneurons. To validate our interneuron classification, we took advantage of transgenic animals with fluorescently labeled PV interneurons and confirmed that their spiking and synaptic parameters matched the parameters of presumed PV cells identified by the cluster analysis. The analysis of the release time course at the two interneuron subtypes demonstrated that the asynchronous release component was selectively reduced at SynII(-) CCK interneurons. In contrast, the transmission was desynchronized at SynII(-) PV interneurons. Together, our results demonstrate that SynII regulates the time course of GABAergic release, and that this SynII function is dependent on the interneuron subtype.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Deletion of the neuronal protein synapsin II (SynII) leads to the development of epilepsy, probably due to impairments in inhibitory synaptic transmission. We systematically investigated SynII function at different subtypes of inhibitory neurons in the hippocampus. We discovered that SynII affects the time course of GABA release, and that this effect is interneuron subtype specific. Within one of the subtypes, SynII deficiency synchronizes the release and suppresses the asynchronous release component, while at the other subtype SynII deficiency suppresses the synchronous release component. These results reveal a new SynII function in the regulation of the time course of GABA release and demonstrate that this function is dependent on the interneuron subtype.
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121
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Kumar D, Thakur MK. Anxiety like behavior due to perinatal exposure to Bisphenol-A is associated with decrease in excitatory to inhibitory synaptic density of male mouse brain. Toxicology 2017; 378:107-113. [PMID: 28089772 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol-A (BPA) is a synthetic endocrine disruptor which causes anxiety like behavior in rodents, though the underlying mechanism is not clearly understood. As excitatory-inhibitory synaptic proteins are the key regulators of anxiety, we have examined the effect of perinatal exposure to BPA on this behavior and the expression of excitatory (PSD95), inhibitory (gephyrin) and presynaptic density marker (synaptophysin) proteins in cerebral cortex and hippocampus of 3 and 8 weeks postnatal male mice. In open field (OF) test, BPA exposure reduced the time spent, number of entries and distance travelled in the central zone as compared to control in 8 weeks mice. On the other hand, elevated plus maze (EPM) results showed decrease in time spent and number of entries to the open arms. Immunoblotting and immunofluorescence analysis showed significant downregulation of PSD95 and synaptophysin, but upregulation of gephyrin, leading to reduction in excitatory to inhibitory protein ratio and synaptic density in postnatal 3 and 8 weeks mice. Thus, our findings show that the anxiety like behavior due to perinatal exposure to BPA is associated with decrease in excitatory to inhibitory synaptic density in postnatal male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhiraj Kumar
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - M K Thakur
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
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Somalwar AR, Shelkar GP, Subhedar NK, Kokare DM. The role of neuropeptide CART in the lateral hypothalamic-ventral tegmental area (LH-VTA) circuit in motivation. Behav Brain Res 2017; 317:340-349. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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123
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Marco EM, Ballesta JA, Irala C, Hernández MD, Serrano ME, Mela V, López-Gallardo M, Viveros MP. Sex-dependent influence of chronic mild stress (CMS) on voluntary alcohol consumption; study of neurobiological consequences. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2017; 152:68-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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124
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Structural Remodeling of Sympathetic Innervation in Atherosclerotic Blood Vessels: Role of Atherosclerotic Disease Progression and Chronic Social Stress. Psychosom Med 2017; 79:59-70. [PMID: 27359178 PMCID: PMC5182089 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000000360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) can undergo dramatic structural plasticity in response to behavioral factors and/or the presence of disease, leading to SNS hyperinnervation of peripheral tissues. The SNS has been proposed as an important mediator between stressful behavior and the progression of atherosclerosis in the vasculature. The present study examined whether structural remodeling of the SNS occurs in the vasculature in a genetically hyperlipidemic animal model of atherosclerosis, the Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbit (WHHL; relative to normolipidemic New Zealand white rabbits [NZW]), and whether SNS plasticity is driven by the progression of disease and/or by stressful social behavior. METHODS WHHL and NZW rabbits were assigned to an unstable or stable social environment for 4 months. Aortic atherosclerosis was assessed and SNS aortic innervation quantified using immunofluorescent microscopy. RESULTS Numerous SNS varicosities were observed throughout the aorta in WHHLs and NZWs, extending into the vascular media and intima, an innervation pattern not previously reported. WHHLs exhibited significantly greater innervation than NZWs (F(1,41) = 55.3, p < .001), with extensive innervation of the atherosclerotic neointima. The innervation density was highly correlated with the extent of disease in the WHHLs (r(21) = 0.855, p < .001). Social environment did not influence innervation in NZWs (aortic arch: p = .078, thoracic aorta: p = .34) or WHHLs (arch: p = .97, thoracic: p = .61). CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that hyperinnervation is driven largely by the progression of disease rather than social environment. SNS innervation patterns observed in atherosclerotic human and mouse aortas were consistent with the rabbit, suggesting that SNS hyperinnervation of the diseased vessel wall is a general feature across mammalian species.
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125
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Fahrbach SE, Van Nest BN. Synapsin-based approaches to brain plasticity in adult social insects. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2016; 18:27-34. [PMID: 27939707 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Development of the mushroom bodies continues after adult eclosion in social insects. Synapsins, phosphoproteins abundant in presynaptic boutons, are not required for development of the nervous system but have as their primary function modulation of synaptic transmission. A monoclonal antibody against a conserved region of Drosophila synapsin labels synaptic structures called microglomeruli in the mushroom bodies of adult social insects, permitting studies of microglomerular volume, density, and number. The results point to multiple forms of brain plasticity in social insects: age-based and experience-based maturation that results in a decrease in density coupled with an increase in volume of individual microglomeruli in simultaneous operation with shorter term changes in density produced by specific life experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Fahrbach
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, United States.
| | - Byron N Van Nest
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, United States
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126
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Caruso JP, Susick LL, Charlton JL, Henson EL, Conti AC. Region-specific disruption of synapsin phosphorylation following ethanol administration in brain-injured mice. Brain Circ 2016; 2:183-188. [PMID: 30276296 PMCID: PMC6126228 DOI: 10.4103/2394-8108.195284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Civilians and military personnel develop a range of physical and psychosocial impairments following traumatic brain injury (TBI), including alcohol abuse. As a consequence, increased rates of alcohol misuse magnify TBI-induced pathologies and impede rehabilitation efforts. Therefore, a developed understanding of the mechanisms that foster susceptibility of the injured brain to alcohol sensitivity and the response of the injured brain to alcohol is imperative for the treatment of TBI patients. Alcohol sensitivity has been demonstrated to be increased following experimental TBI and, in additional studies, regulated by presynaptic vesicle release mechanisms, including synapsin phosphorylation. Materials and Methods: Mice were exposed to controlled midline impact of the intact skull and assessed for cortical, hippocampal, and striatal expression of phosphorylated synapsin I and II in response to high-dose ethanol exposure administered 14 days following injury, a time point at which injured mice demonstrate increased sedation after ethanol exposure. Results and Discussion: Immunoblot quantitation revealed that TBI alone, compared to sham controls, significantly increased phosphorylated synapsin I and II protein expression in the striatum. In sham controls, ethanol administration significantly increased phosphorylated synapsin I and II protein expression compared to saline-treated sham controls; however, no significant increase in ethanol-induced phosphorylated synapsin I and II protein expression was observed in the striatum of injured mice compared to saline-treated TBI controls. A similar expression pattern was observed in the cortex although restricted to increases in phosphorylated synapsin II. Conclusion: These data show that increased phosphorylated synapsin expression in the injured striatum may reflect a compensatory neuroplastic response to TBI which is proposed to occur as a result of a compromised presynaptic response of the injured brain to high-dose ethanol. These results offer a mechanistic basis for the altered ethanol sensitivity observed following experimental TBI and contribute to our understanding of alcohol action in the injured brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Caruso
- John D. Dingell VA Medical Center and Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Laura L Susick
- John D. Dingell VA Medical Center and Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Jennifer L Charlton
- John D. Dingell VA Medical Center and Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Emily L Henson
- John D. Dingell VA Medical Center and Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Alana C Conti
- John D. Dingell VA Medical Center and Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
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127
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Bodaleo FJ, Gonzalez-Billault C. The Presynaptic Microtubule Cytoskeleton in Physiological and Pathological Conditions: Lessons from Drosophila Fragile X Syndrome and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegias. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 9:60. [PMID: 27504085 PMCID: PMC4958632 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity of the nervous system to generate neuronal networks relies on the establishment and maintenance of synaptic contacts. Synapses are composed of functionally different presynaptic and postsynaptic compartments. An appropriate synaptic architecture is required to provide the structural basis that supports synaptic transmission, a process involving changes in cytoskeletal dynamics. Actin microfilaments are the main cytoskeletal components present at both presynaptic and postsynaptic terminals in glutamatergic synapses. However, in the last few years it has been demonstrated that microtubules (MTs) transiently invade dendritic spines, promoting their maturation. Nevertheless, the presence and functions of MTs at the presynaptic site are still a matter of debate. Early electron microscopy (EM) studies revealed that MTs are present in the presynaptic terminals of the central nervous system (CNS) where they interact with synaptic vesicles (SVs) and reach the active zone. These observations have been reproduced by several EM protocols; however, there is empirical heterogeneity in detecting presynaptic MTs, since they appear to be both labile and unstable. Moreover, increasing evidence derived from studies in the fruit fly neuromuscular junction proposes different roles for MTs in regulating presynaptic function in physiological and pathological conditions. In this review, we summarize the main findings that support the presence and roles of MTs at presynaptic terminals, integrating descriptive and biochemical analyses, and studies performed in invertebrate genetic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe J Bodaleo
- Laboratory of Cell and Neuronal Dynamics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de ChileSantiago, Chile; Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO)Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian Gonzalez-Billault
- Laboratory of Cell and Neuronal Dynamics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de ChileSantiago, Chile; Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO)Santiago, Chile; The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, NovatoCA, USA
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128
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Frye RE, Rossignol DA. Identification and Treatment of Pathophysiological Comorbidities of Autism Spectrum Disorder to Achieve Optimal Outcomes. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-PEDIATRICS 2016; 10:43-56. [PMID: 27330338 PMCID: PMC4910649 DOI: 10.4137/cmped.s38337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite the fact that the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) continues to rise, no effective medical treatments have become standard of care. In this paper we review some of the pathophysiological abnormalities associated with ASD and their potential associated treatments. Overall, there is evidence for some children with ASD being affected by seizure and epilepsy, neurotransmitter dysfunction, sleep disorders, metabolic abnormalities, including abnormalities in folate, cobalamin, tetrahydrobiopterin, carnitine, redox and mitochondrial metabolism, and immune and gastrointestinal disorders. Although evidence for an association between these pathophysiological abnormalities and ASD exists, the exact relationship to the etiology of ASD and its associated symptoms remains to be further defined in many cases. Despite these limitations, treatments targeting some of these pathophysiological abnormalities have been studied in some cases with high-quality studies, whereas treatments for other pathophysiological abnormalities have not been well studied in many cases. There are some areas of more promising treatments specific for ASD including neurotransmitter abnormalities, particularly imbalances in glutamate and acetylcholine, sleep onset disorder (with behavioral therapy and melatonin), and metabolic abnormalities in folate, cobalamin, tetrahydrobiopterin, carnitine, and redox pathways. There is some evidence for treatments of epilepsy and seizures, mitochondrial and immune disorders, and gastrointestinal abnormalities, particularly imbalances in the enteric microbiome, but further clinical studies are needed in these areas to better define treatments specific to children with ASD. Clearly, there are some promising areas of ASD research that could lead to novel treatments that could become standard of care in the future, but more research is needed to better define subgroups of children with ASD who are affected by specific pathophysiological abnormalities and the optimal treatments for these abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Frye
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, USA.; Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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129
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Abstract
Exocytosis at the inner hair cell ribbon synapse is achieved through the functional coupling between calcium channels and glutamate-filled synaptic vesicles. Using membrane capacitance measurements, we investigated whether the actin network regulates the exocytosis of synaptic vesicles at the mouse auditory hair cell. Our results suggest that actin network disruption increases exocytosis and that actin filaments may spatially organize a subfraction of synaptic vesicles with respect to the calcium channels. Significance statement: Inner hair cells (IHCs), the auditory sensory cells of the cochlea, release glutamate onto the afferent auditory nerve fibers to encode sound stimulation. To achieve this task, the IHC relies on the recruitment of glutamate-filled vesicles that can be located in close vicinity to the calcium channels or more remotely from them. The molecular determinants responsible for organizing these vesicle pools are not fully identified. Using pharmacological tools in combination with membrane capacitance measurements, we show that actin filament disruption increases exocytosis in IHCs and that actin filaments most likely position a fraction of vesicles away from the calcium channels.
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130
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Krasnova IN, Justinova Z, Cadet JL. Methamphetamine addiction: involvement of CREB and neuroinflammatory signaling pathways. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:1945-62. [PMID: 26873080 PMCID: PMC5627363 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4235-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Addiction to psychostimulant methamphetamine (METH) remains a major public health problem in the world. Animal models that use METH self-administration incorporate many features of human drug-taking behavior and are very helpful in elucidating mechanisms underlying METH addiction. These models are also helping to decipher the neurobiological substrates of associated neuropsychiatric complications. This review summarizes our work on the influence of METH self-administration on dopamine systems, transcription and immune responses in the brain. METHODS We used the rat model of METH self-administration with extended access (15 h/day for eight consecutive days) to investigate the effects of voluntary METH intake on the markers of dopamine system integrity and changes in gene expression observed in the brain at 2 h-1 month after cessation of drug exposure. RESULTS Extended access to METH self-administration caused changes in the rat brain that are consistent with clinical findings reported in neuroimaging and postmortem studies of human METH addicts. In addition, gene expression studies using striatal tissues from METH self-administering rats revealed increased expression of genes involved in cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) signaling pathway and in the activation of neuroinflammatory response in the brain. CONCLUSION These data show an association of METH exposure with activation of neuroplastic and neuroinflammatory cascades in the brain. The neuroplastic changes may be involved in promoting METH addiction. Neuroinflammatory processes in the striatum may underlie cognitive deficits, depression, and parkinsonism reported in METH addicts. Therapeutic approaches that include suppression of neuroinflammation may be beneficial to addicted patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina N. Krasnova
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIDA, NIH, DHHS, Baltimore, MD, USA,Corresponding authors: Irina N. Krasnova, Ph.D., Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, NIDA/NIH/DHHS, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD 21224, Tel. 443-74-2658, Fax 443-740-2856, , Jean Lud Cadet, M.D., Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, NIDA/NIH/DHHS, 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, MD 21224, Tel. 443-740-2656, Fax 443-740-2856,
| | - Zuzana Justinova
- Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIDA, NIH, DHHS Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Jean Lud Cadet
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIDA, NIH, DHHS, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
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131
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Cui GH, Shao SJ, Yang JJ, Liu JR, Guo HD. Designer Self-Assemble Peptides Maximize the Therapeutic Benefits of Neural Stem Cell Transplantation for Alzheimer's Disease via Enhancing Neuron Differentiation and Paracrine Action. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 53:1108-1123. [PMID: 25586060 PMCID: PMC4752586 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-9069-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) include the presence of extracellular amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) in the form of amyloid plaques and neuronal loss. Neural stem cell (NSC) is being scrutinized as a promising cell replacement therapy for various neurodegenerative diseases. However, the unfavorable niche at the site of degenerative disease is hostile to the survival and differentiation of transplanted cells. Here, we undertook in vitro and in vivo works to examine whether a designer self-assemble peptide (DSP), which contains one functional domain Tyr-Ile-Gly-Ser-Arg (YIGSR) derived from laminin, promotes the survival and neuronal differentiation of NSC and behavioral improvement. We found that DSP could undergo spontaneous assembly into well-ordered nanofibers, and it not only facilitated the cell viability in normal culture condition, but also decreased the number of apoptotic cells induced by Aβ in vitro. NSC seeded in DSP showed much more neuronal differentiation than that seeded in self-assemble peptide (SP) or alone. In the AD model, NSC transplantation in DSP-treated AD rats demonstrated much more obvious cognitive rescue with restoration of learning/memory function compared with NSC transplantation in SP, NSC alone, or DSP alone treated ones. Interestingly, DSP enhanced the survival and neuronal differentiation of transplanted NSC. Apoptosis levels in the CA1 region and Aβ level in the hippocampus were significantly decreased in the group of NSC transplantation in DSP. Moreover, synaptic function, indicated by the expression of pre-synaptic protein synapsin-1, was restored and the secretion of anti-inflammatory and neurotrophic factors were increased, such as IL-10, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), while the expression of pro-inflammatory factors were decreased, such as TNF-α and IL-1β. These data firstly unveiled that the biomaterial DSP can maximize the therapeutic benefits of NSC transplantation for AD through improving the survival and differentiation of transplanted stem cells and promoting the effects of neuroprotection, anti-neuroinflammatory and paracrine action. Our results may have important clinical implications for the design of future NSC-based strategies using the biomaterials for various neurodegenerative diseases including AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Hong Cui
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai No. 9 People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai No. 6 People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Shui-Jin Shao
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jia-Jun Yang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai No. 6 People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Jian-Ren Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai No. 9 People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Hai-Dong Guo
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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Wu J, Chen H, Li H, Tang Y, Yang L, Cao S, Qin D. Antidepressant Potential of Chlorogenic Acid-Enriched Extract from Eucommia ulmoides Oliver Bark with Neuron Protection and Promotion of Serotonin Release through Enhancing Synapsin I Expression. Molecules 2016; 21:260. [PMID: 26927040 PMCID: PMC6274286 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21030260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Eucommia ulmoides Oliver (E. ulmoides) is a traditional Chinese medicine with many beneficial effects, used as a tonic medicine in China and other countries. Chlorogenic acid (CGA) is an important compound in E. ulmoides with neuroprotective, cognition improvement and other pharmacological effects. However, it is unknown whether chlorogenic acid-enriched Eucommia ulmoides Oliver bark has antidepressant potential through neuron protection, serotonin release promotion and penetration of blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. In the present study, we demonstrated that CGA could stimulate axon and dendrite growth and promote serotonin release through enhancing synapsin I expression in the cells of fetal rat raphe neurons in vitro. More importantly, CGA-enriched extract of E. ulmoides (EUWE) at 200 and 400 mg/kg/day orally administered for 7 days showed antidepressant-like effects in the tail suspension test of KM mice. Furthermore, we also found CGA could be detected in the the cerebrospinal fluid of the rats orally treated with EUWE and reach the level of pharmacological effect for neuroprotection by UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS. The findings indicate CGA is able to cross the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier to exhibit its neuron protection and promotion of serotonin release through enhancing synapsin I expression. This is the first report of the effect of CGA on promoting 5-HT release through enhancing synapsin I expression and CGA-enriched EUWE has antidepressant-like effect in vivo. EUWE may be developed as the natural drugs for the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Sichuan Medical University, Luzhou 86646-000, Sichuan, China.
| | - Haixia Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Sichuan Medical University, Luzhou 86646-000, Sichuan, China.
| | - Hua Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Sichuan Medical University, Luzhou 86646-000, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yong Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Sichuan Medical University, Luzhou 86646-000, Sichuan, China.
| | - Le Yang
- Chengdu Analytical Applications Center, Shimadzu (China) Co. Ltd., Chengdu 86610-063, Sichuan, China.
| | - Shousong Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Sichuan Medical University, Luzhou 86646-000, Sichuan, China.
| | - Dalian Qin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Sichuan Medical University, Luzhou 86646-000, Sichuan, China.
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133
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Synaptic plasticity in the facial nucleus in rats following infraorbital nerve manipulation after facial nerve injury. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2016; 273:3135-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s00405-016-3939-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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134
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Nie J, Yang X. Modulation of Synaptic Plasticity by Exercise Training as a Basis for Ischemic Stroke Rehabilitation. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 37:5-16. [PMID: 26910247 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-016-0348-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, rehabilitation of ischemic stroke draws more and more attention in the world, and has been linked to changes of synaptic plasticity. Exercise training improves motor function of ischemia as well as cognition which is associated with formation of learning and memory. The molecular basis of learning and memory might be synaptic plasticity. Research has therefore been conducted in an attempt to relate effects of exercise training to neuroprotection and neurogenesis adjacent to the ischemic injury brain. The present paper reviews the current literature addressing this question and discusses the possible mechanisms involved in modulation of synaptic plasticity by exercise training. This review shows the pathological process of synaptic dysfunction in ischemic roughly and then discusses the effects of exercise training on scaffold proteins and regulatory protein expression. The expression of scaffold proteins generally increased after training, but the effects on regulatory proteins were mixed. Moreover, the compositions of postsynaptic receptors were changed and the strength of synaptic transmission was enhanced after training. Finally, the recovery of cognition is critically associated with synaptic remodeling in an injured brain, and the remodeling occurs through a number of local regulations including mRNA translation, remodeling of cytoskeleton, and receptor trafficking into and out of the synapse. We do provide a comprehensive knowledge of synaptic plasticity enhancement obtained by exercise training in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Nie
- Department of Neurology, Xiang Ya Hospital, Central South University, Xiang Ya Road 87, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaosu Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xiang Ya Hospital, Central South University, Xiang Ya Road 87, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
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135
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Time-Course Analysis of Brain Regional Expression Network Responses to Chronic Intermittent Ethanol and Withdrawal: Implications for Mechanisms Underlying Excessive Ethanol Consumption. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146257. [PMID: 26730594 PMCID: PMC4701666 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Long lasting abusive consumption, dependence, and withdrawal are characteristic features of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Mechanistically, persistent changes in gene expression are hypothesized to contribute to brain adaptations leading to ethanol toxicity and AUD. We employed repeated chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) exposure by vapor chamber as a mouse model to simulate the cycles of ethanol exposure and withdrawal commonly seen with AUD. This model has been shown to induce progressive ethanol consumption in rodents. Brain CIE-responsive expression networks were identified by microarray analysis across five regions of the mesolimbic dopamine system and extended amygdala with tissue harvested from 0-hours to 7-days following CIE. Weighted Gene Correlated Network Analysis (WGCNA) was used to identify gene networks over-represented for CIE-induced temporal expression changes across brain regions. Differential gene expression analysis showed that long-lasting gene regulation occurred 7-days after the final cycle of ethanol exposure only in prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus. Across all brain regions, however, ethanol-responsive expression changes occurred mainly within the first 8-hours after removal from ethanol. Bioinformatics analysis showed that neuroinflammatory responses were seen across multiple brain regions at early time-points, whereas co-expression modules related to neuroplasticity, chromatin remodeling, and neurodevelopment were seen at later time-points and in specific brain regions (PFC or HPC). In PFC a module containing Bdnf was identified as highly CIE responsive in a biphasic manner, with peak changes at 0 hours and 5 days following CIE, suggesting a possible role in mechanisms underlying long-term molecular and behavioral response to CIE. Bioinformatics analysis of this network and several other modules identified Let-7 family microRNAs as potential regulators of gene expression changes induced by CIE. Our results suggest a complex temporal and regional pattern of widespread gene network responses involving neuroinflammatory and neuroplasticity related genes as contributing to physiological and behavioral responses to chronic ethanol.
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136
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Neuroplasticity and Repair in Rodent Neurotoxic Models of Spinal Motoneuron Disease. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:2769735. [PMID: 26862439 PMCID: PMC4735933 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2769735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Retrogradely transported toxins are widely used to set up protocols for selective lesioning of the nervous system. These methods could be collectively named "molecular neurosurgery" because they are able to destroy specific types of neurons by using targeted neurotoxins. Lectins such as ricin, volkensin, or modeccin and neuropeptide- or antibody-conjugated saporin represent the most effective toxins used for neuronal lesioning. Some of these specific neurotoxins could be used to induce selective depletion of spinal motoneurons. In this review, we extensively describe two rodent models of motoneuron degeneration induced by volkensin or cholera toxin-B saporin. In particular, we focus on the possible experimental use of these models to mimic neurodegenerative diseases, to dissect the molecular mechanisms of neuroplastic changes underlying the spontaneous functional recovery after motoneuron death, and finally to test different strategies of neural repair. The potential clinical applications of these approaches are also discussed.
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137
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Kleber J, Chen YC, Michels B, Saumweber T, Schleyer M, Kähne T, Buchner E, Gerber B. Synapsin is required to "boost" memory strength for highly salient events. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 23:9-20. [PMID: 26670182 PMCID: PMC4749839 DOI: 10.1101/lm.039685.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Synapsin is an evolutionarily conserved presynaptic phosphoprotein. It is encoded by only one gene in the Drosophila genome and is expressed throughout the nervous system. It regulates the balance between reserve and releasable vesicles, is required to maintain transmission upon heavy demand, and is essential for proper memory function at the behavioral level. Task-relevant sensorimotor functions, however, remain intact in the absence of Synapsin. Using an odor–sugar reward associative learning paradigm in larval Drosophila, we show that memory scores in mutants lacking Synapsin (syn97) are lower than in wild-type animals only when more salient, higher concentrations of odor or of the sugar reward are used. Furthermore, we show that Synapsin is selectively required for larval short-term memory. Thus, without Synapsin Drosophila larvae can learn and remember, but Synapsin is required to form memories that match in strength to event salience—in particular to a high saliency of odors, of rewards, or the salient recency of an event. We further show that the residual memory scores upon a lack of Synapsin are not further decreased by an additional lack of the Sap47 protein. In combination with mass spectrometry data showing an up-regulated phosphorylation of Synapsin in the larval nervous system upon a lack of Sap47, this is suggestive of a functional interdependence of Synapsin and Sap47.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Kleber
- Leibniz Institut für Neurobiologie (LIN), Abteilung Genetik von Lernen und Gedächtnis, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Yi-Chun Chen
- Leibniz Institut für Neurobiologie (LIN), Abteilung Genetik von Lernen und Gedächtnis, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Birgit Michels
- Leibniz Institut für Neurobiologie (LIN), Abteilung Genetik von Lernen und Gedächtnis, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Timo Saumweber
- Leibniz Institut für Neurobiologie (LIN), Abteilung Genetik von Lernen und Gedächtnis, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Michael Schleyer
- Leibniz Institut für Neurobiologie (LIN), Abteilung Genetik von Lernen und Gedächtnis, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thilo Kähne
- Otto von Guericke Universität Magdeburg, Institut für Experimentelle Innere Medizin, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Erich Buchner
- Institut für Klinische Neurobiologie, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bertram Gerber
- Leibniz Institut für Neurobiologie (LIN), Abteilung Genetik von Lernen und Gedächtnis, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany Otto von Guericke Universität Magdeburg, Institut für Biologie, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
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138
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Yu H, Liao Y, Li T, Cui Y, Wang G, Zhao F, Jin Y. Alterations of Synaptic Proteins in the Hippocampus of Mouse Offspring Induced by Developmental Lead Exposure. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:6786-6798. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9597-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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139
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Wu F, Torre E, Cuellar-Giraldo D, Cheng L, Yi H, Bichler EK, García PS, Yepes M. Tissue-type plasminogen activator triggers the synaptic vesicle cycle in cerebral cortical neurons. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2015; 35:1966-76. [PMID: 26126868 PMCID: PMC4671117 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2015.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The active zone (AZ) is a thickening of the presynaptic membrane where exocytosis takes place. Chemical synapses contain neurotransmitter-loaded synaptic vesicles (SVs) that at rest are tethered away from the synaptic release site, but after the presynaptic inflow of Ca(+2) elicited by an action potential translocate to the AZ to release their neurotransmitter load. We report that tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) is stored outside the AZ of cerebral cortical neurons, either intermixed with small clear-core vesicles or in direct contact with the presynaptic membrane. We found that cerebral ischemia-induced release of neuronal tPA, or treatment with recombinant tPA, recruits the cytoskeletal protein βII-spectrin to the AZ and promotes the binding of SVs to βII-spectrin, enlarging the population of SVs in proximity to the synaptic release site. This effect does not require the generation of plasmin and is followed by the recruitment of voltage gated calcium channels (VGCC) to the presynaptic terminal that leads to Ca(+2)-dependent synapsin I phosphorylation, freeing SVs to translocate to the AZ to deliver their neurotransmitter load. Our studies indicate that tPA activates the SV cycle and induces the structural and functional changes in the synapse that are required for successful neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wu
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Enrique Torre
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - David Cuellar-Giraldo
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lihong Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Hong Yi
- Apkarian Integrated Electron Microscopy Core, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Edyta K Bichler
- Department of Anesthesiology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Paul S García
- Department of Anesthesiology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Manuel Yepes
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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140
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Winther ÅME, Vorontsova O, Rees KA, Näreoja T, Sopova E, Jiao W, Shupliakov O. An Endocytic Scaffolding Protein together with Synapsin Regulates Synaptic Vesicle Clustering in the Drosophila Neuromuscular Junction. J Neurosci 2015; 35:14756-70. [PMID: 26538647 PMCID: PMC6605226 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1675-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many endocytic proteins accumulate in the reserve pool of synaptic vesicles (SVs) in synapses and relocalize to the endocytic periactive zone during neurotransmitter release. Currently little is known about their functions outside the periactive zone. Here we show that in the Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ), the endocytic scaffolding protein Dap160 colocalizes during the SV cycle and forms a functional complex with the SV-associated phosphoprotein synapsin, previously implicated in SV clustering. This direct interaction is strongly enhanced under phosphorylation-promoting conditions and is essential for proper localization of synapsin at NMJs. In a dap160 rescue mutant lacking the interaction between Dap160 and synapsin, perturbed reclustering of SVs during synaptic activity is observed. Our data indicate that in addition to the function in endocytosis, Dap160 is a component of a network of protein-protein interactions that serves for clustering of SVs in conjunction with synapsin. During the SV cycle, Dap160 interacts with synapsin dispersed from SVs and helps direct synapsin back to vesicles. The proteins function in synergy to achieve efficient clustering of SVs in the reserve pool. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We provide the first evidence for the function of the SH3 domain interaction in synaptic vesicle (SV) organization at the synaptic active zone. Using Drosophila neuromuscular junction as a model synapse, we describe the molecular mechanism that enables the protein implicated in SV clustering, synapsin, to return to the pool of vesicles during neurotransmitter release. We also identify the endocytic scaffolding complex that includes Dap160 as a regulator of the events linking exocytosis and endocytosis in synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åsa M E Winther
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olga Vorontsova
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kathryn A Rees
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tuomas Näreoja
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elena Sopova
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wei Jiao
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oleg Shupliakov
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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141
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Molinaro L, Hui P, Tan M, Mishra RK. Role of presynaptic phosphoprotein synapsin II in schizophrenia. World J Psychiatry 2015; 5:260-272. [PMID: 26425441 PMCID: PMC4582303 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v5.i3.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Synapsin II is a member of the neuronal phosphoprotein family. These phosphoproteins are evolutionarily conserved across many organisms and are important in a variety of synaptic functions, including synaptogenesis and the regulation of neurotransmitter release. A number of genome-wide scans, meta-analyses, and genetic susceptibility studies have implicated the synapsin II gene (3p25) in the etiology of schizophrenia (SZ) and other psychiatric disorders. Further studies have found a reduction of synapsin II mRNA and protein in the prefrontal cortex in post-mortem samples from schizophrenic patients. Disruptions in the expression of this gene may cause synaptic dysfunction, which can result in neurotransmitter imbalances, likely contributing to the pathogenesis of SZ. SZ is a costly, debilitating psychiatric illness affecting approximately 1.1% of the world’s population, amounting to 51 million people today. The disorder is characterized by positive (hallucinations, paranoia), negative (social withdrawal, lack of motivation), and cognitive (memory impairments, attention deficits) symptoms. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the structure, function, and involvement of the synapsin family, specifically synapsin II, in the pathophysiology of SZ and possible target for therapeutic intervention/implications.
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142
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Wang S, Yu Y, Feng Y, Zou F, Zhang X, Huang J, Zhang Y, Zheng X, Huang XF, Zhu Y, Liu Y. Protective effect of the orientin on noise-induced cognitive impairments in mice. Behav Brain Res 2015; 296:290-300. [PMID: 26392065 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that chronic noise stress impairs cognition and induces oxidative stress in the brain. Recently, orientin, a phenolic compound abundant in some fruits, millet, and herbs, has been shown to have antioxidant properties. This study investigated the potential effects of orientin against chronic noise-induced cognitive decline and its underlying mechanisms. A moderate-intensity noise exposure model was used to investigate the effects of orientin on behavior and biochemical alterations in mice. After 3 weeks of the noise exposure, the mice were treated with orientin (20mg/kg and 40 mg/kg, oral gavage) for 3 weeks. The chronic noise exposure impaired the learning and memory in mice in the Morris water maze and step-through tests. The noise exposure also decreased exploration and interest in a novel environment in the open field test. The administration of orientin significantly reversed noise-induced alterations in these behavior tests. Moreover, the orientin treatment significantly improved the noise-induced alteration of serum corticosterone and catecholamine levels and oxidative stress in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Furthermore, the orientin treatment ameliorated the noise-induced decrease in brain-derived neurotrophic factor and synapse-associated proteins (synaptophysin and postsynaptic density protein 95) in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Thus, orientin exerts protective effects on noise-induced cognitive decline in mice, specifically by improving central oxidative stress, neurotransmission, and increases synapse-associated proteins. Therefore, supplementation with orientin-enriched food or fruit could be beneficial as a preventive strategy for chronic noise-induced cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yinghua Yu
- Schizophrenia Research Institute (SRI), 405 Liverpool St., Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Yan Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Fang Zou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuyun Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xian Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xu-Feng Huang
- Schizophrenia Research Institute (SRI), 405 Liverpool St., Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Yufu Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Yi Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
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143
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Yu Y, Wu Y, Szabo A, Wang S, Yu S, Wang Q, Huang XF. Teasaponin improves leptin sensitivity in the prefrontal cortex of obese mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 59:2371-82. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yinghua Yu
- School of Medicine; University of Wollongong and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute; NSW Australia
- Schizophrenia Research Institute (SRI); Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Yizhen Wu
- School of Medicine; University of Wollongong and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute; NSW Australia
| | - Alexander Szabo
- School of Medicine; University of Wollongong and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute; NSW Australia
- ANSTO Life Sciences; Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation; Sydney Australia
| | - Sen Wang
- School of Medicine; University of Wollongong and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute; NSW Australia
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism; Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Shenyang Liaoning China
| | - Shijia Yu
- School of Medicine; University of Wollongong and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute; NSW Australia
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism; Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Shenyang Liaoning China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Neurology; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou Guangdong P. R. China
| | - Xu-Feng Huang
- School of Medicine; University of Wollongong and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute; NSW Australia
- Schizophrenia Research Institute (SRI); Sydney NSW Australia
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144
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PKA Inhibitor H89 (N-[2-p-bromocinnamylamino-ethyl]-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide) Attenuates Synaptic Dysfunction and Neuronal Cell Death following Ischemic Injury. Neural Plast 2015; 2015:374520. [PMID: 26448879 PMCID: PMC4584069 DOI: 10.1155/2015/374520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), which activates prosurvival signaling proteins, has been implicated in the expression of long-term potentiation and hippocampal long-term memory. It has come to light that H89 commonly known as the PKA inhibitor have diverse roles in the nervous system that are unrelated to its role as a PKA inhibitor. We have investigated the role of H89 in ischemic and reperfusion injury. First, we examined the expression of postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95), microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2), and synaptophysin in mouse brain after middle cerebral artery occlusion injury. Next, we examined the role of H89 pretreatment on the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), PSD95, MAP2, and the apoptosis regulators Bcl2 and cleaved caspase-3 in cultured neuroblastoma cells exposed to hypoxia and reperfusion injury. In addition, we investigated the alteration of AKT activation in H89 pretreated neuroblastoma cells under hypoxia and reperfusion injury. The data suggest that H89 may contribute to brain recovery after ischemic stroke by regulating neuronal death and proteins related to synaptic plasticity.
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145
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Nikolaev M, Heggelund P. Functions of synapsins in corticothalamic facilitation: important roles of synapsin I. J Physiol 2015; 593:4499-510. [PMID: 26256545 DOI: 10.1113/jp270553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS The synaptic vesicle associated proteins synapsin I and synapsin II have important functions in synaptic short-term plasticity. We investigated their functions in cortical facilitatory feedback to neurons in dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN), feedback that has important functions in state-dependent regulation of thalamic transmission of visual input to cortex. We compared results from normal wild-type (WT) mice and synapsin knockout (KO) mice in several types of synaptic plasticity, and found clear differences between the responses of neurons in the synapsin I KO and the WT, but no significant differences between the synapsin II KO and the WT. These results are in contrast to the important role of synapsin II previously demonstrated in similar types of synaptic plasticity in other brain regions, indicating that the synapsins can have different roles in similar types of STP in different parts of the brain. ABSTRACT The synaptic vesicle associated proteins synapsin I (SynI) and synapsin II (SynII) have important functions in several types of synaptic short-term plasticity in the brain, but their separate functions in different types of synapses are not well known. We investigated possible distinct functions of the two synapsins in synaptic short-term plasticity at corticothalamic synapses on relay neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. These synapses provide excitatory feedback from visual cortex to the relay cells, feedback that can facilitate transmission of signals from retina to cortex. We compared results from normal wild-type (WT), SynI knockout (KO) and SynII KO mice, in three types of synaptic plasticity mainly linked to presynaptic mechanism. In SynI KO mice, paired-pulse stimulation elicited increased facilitation at short interpulse intervals compared to the WT. Pulse-train stimulation elicited weaker facilitation than in the WT, and also post-tetanic potentiation was weaker in SynI KO than in the WT. Between SynII KO and the WT we found no significant differences. Thus, SynI has important functions in these types of synaptic plasticity at corticothalamic synapses. Interestingly, our data are in contrast to the important role of SynII previously shown for sustained synaptic transmission during intense stimulation in excitatory synapses in other parts of the brain, and our results suggest that SynI and SynII may have different roles in similar types of STP in different parts of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Nikolaev
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, N-0317, Oslo, Norway.,I. M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry RAS, 194223, 44 Thorez pr., St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Paul Heggelund
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, N-0317, Oslo, Norway
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146
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Yamagata Y, Nairn AC. Contrasting features of ERK1/2 activity and synapsin I phosphorylation at the ERK1/2-dependent site in the rat brain in status epilepticus induced by kainic acid in vivo. Brain Res 2015; 1625:314-23. [PMID: 26320550 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) plays diverse roles in the central nervous system. Activation of ERK1/2 has been observed in various types of neuronal excitation, including seizure activity in vivo and in vitro. However, studies examining ERK1/2 activity and its substrate phosphorylation in parallel are scarce especially in seizure models. We have been studying the phosphorylation state of the presynaptic protein, synapsin I at ERK1/2-dependent and -independent sites in various types of seizure models and showed that ERK1/2-dependent phosphorylation of synapsin I was indeed under control of ERK1/2 activity in vivo. To further expand our study, here we examined the effects of prolonged seizure activity on ERK1/2 activity and synapsin I phosphorylation by using status epilepticus induced by kainic acid (KA-SE) in rats in vivo. In KA-SE, robust ERK1/2 activation was observed in the hippocampus, a representative limbic structure, with lesser activation in the parietal cortex, a representative non-limbic structure. In contrast, the phosphorylation level of synapsin I at ERK1/2-dependent phospho-site 4/5 was profoundly decreased, the extent of which was much larger in the hippocampus than in the parietal cortex. In addition, phosphorylation at other ERK1/2-independent phospho-sites in synapsin I also showed an even larger decrease. All these changes disappeared after recovery from KA-SE. These results indicate that the phosphorylation state of synapsin I is dynamically regulated by the balance between kinase and phosphatase activities. The contrasting features of robust ERK1/2 activation yet synapsin I dephosphorylation may be indicative of an irreversible pathological outcome of the epileptic state in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Yamagata
- Department of Information Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki 444-8787, Japan.
| | - Angus C Nairn
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065-6399, USA
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147
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Mul JD, Stanford KI, Hirshman MF, Goodyear LJ. Exercise and Regulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 135:17-37. [PMID: 26477909 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are the preferred substrate for contracting skeletal muscles during high-intensity exercise and are also readily utilized during moderate intensity exercise. This use of carbohydrates during physical activity likely played an important role during the survival of early Homo sapiens, and genes and traits regulating physical activity, carbohydrate metabolism, and energy storage have undoubtedly been selected throughout evolution. In contrast to the life of early H. sapiens, modern lifestyles are predominantly sedentary. As a result, intake of excessive amounts of carbohydrates due to the easy and continuous accessibility to modern high-energy food and drinks has not only become unnecessary but also led to metabolic diseases in the face of physical inactivity. A resulting metabolic disease is type 2 diabetes, a complex endocrine disorder characterized by abnormally high concentrations of circulating glucose. This disease now affects millions of people worldwide. Exercise has beneficial effects to help control impaired glucose homeostasis with metabolic disease, and is a well-established tool to prevent and combat type 2 diabetes. This chapter focuses on the effects of exercise on carbohydrate metabolism in skeletal muscle and systemic glucose homeostasis. We will also focus on the molecular mechanisms that mediate the effects of exercise to increase glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. It is now well established that there are different proximal signaling pathways that mediate the effects of exercise and insulin on glucose uptake, and these distinct mechanisms are consistent with the ability of exercise to increase glucose uptake in the face of insulin resistance in people with type 2 diabetes. Ongoing research in this area is aimed at defining the precise mechanism by which exercise increases glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity and the types of exercise necessary for these important health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joram D Mul
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kristin I Stanford
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael F Hirshman
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Laurie J Goodyear
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham, and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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148
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Castillo-Gómez E, Coviello S, Perez-Rando M, Curto Y, Carceller H, Salvador A, Nacher J. Streptozotocin diabetic mice display depressive-like behavior and alterations in the structure, neurotransmission and plasticity of medial prefrontal cortex interneurons. Brain Res Bull 2015; 116:45-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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149
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Hackett JT, Ueda T. Glutamate Release. Neurochem Res 2015; 40:2443-60. [PMID: 26012367 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1622-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Revised: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Our aim was to review the processes of glutamate release from both biochemical and neurophysiological points of view. A large body of evidence now indicates that glutamate is specifically accumulated into synaptic vesicles, which provides strong support for the concept that glutamate is released from synaptic vesicles and is the major excitatory neurotransmitter. Evidence suggests the notion that synaptic vesicles, in order to sustain the neurotransmitter pool of glutamate, are endowed with an efficient mechanism for vesicular filling of glutamate. Glutamate-loaded vesicles undergo removal of Synapsin I by CaM kinase II-mediated phosphorylation, transforming to the release-ready pool. Vesicle docking to and fusion with the presynaptic plasma membrane are thought to be mediated by the SNARE complex. The Ca(2+)-dependent step in exocytosis is proposed to be mediated by synaptotagmin.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Hackett
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908-0736, USA
| | - Tetsufumi Ueda
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, The University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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150
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Merlo L, Cimino F, Angileri FF, La Torre D, Conti A, Cardali SM, Saija A, Germanò A. Alteration in synaptic junction proteins following traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2015; 31:1375-85. [PMID: 24661152 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2014.3385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive research and scientific efforts have been focused on the elucidation of the pathobiology of cellular and axonal damage following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Conversely, few studies have specifically addressed the issue of synaptic dysfunction. Synaptic junction proteins may be involved in post-TBI alterations, leading to synaptic loss or disrupted plasticity. A Synapse Protein Database on synapse ontology identified 109 domains implicated in synaptic activities and over 5000 proteins, but few of these demonstrated to play a role in the synaptic dysfunction after TBI. These proteins are involved in neuroplasticity and neuromodulation and, most importantly, may be used as novel neuronal markers of TBI for specific intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Merlo
- 1 Department of Neurosciences, University of Messina , Messina, Italy
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